1.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
2.
Michelle Branch
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Michelle Jacquet DeSevren Branch is an American singer, songwriter and actress. During the early 2000s, she released two top-selling albums, The Spirit Room and Hotel Paper and she won a Grammy with Santana for The Game of Love. In 2005, she formed the music duo The Wreckers with friend and fellow musician Jessica Harp. The Wreckers disbanded in 2007 to pursue their solo careers. Since then, she released extended plays in 2010 and 2011, Branch was born on July 2,1983, in Sedona, Arizona, to David and Peggy Branch. Her father is Irish, and her mother is of Dutch-Indonesian and her siblings include an older half-brother named David and a younger sister named Nicole. Beginning to sing at the age of three, Branch enrolled in voice lessons at Northern Arizona University when she was eight, after teaching herself chords, she composed her first song Fallen within a week of receiving her guitar. She initially attended Sedona Red Rock High School, but finished the last two years of her school education through home schooling so that she could focus on her music career. To support Branchs interests, her parents helped her book local gigs in Sedona, Arizona and her set list at these gigs included covers of songs by Sheryl Crow, Lisa Loeb, Jewel, and Fleetwood Mac. In June 2000, Branch self-produced Broken Bracelet, a compilation of songs she wrote when she was 14 and 15 and its title was inspired from a bracelet made by pop singer Jewel, given to Branch by musician Steve Poltz at a Lisa Loeb concert she attended. Poltz told Branch that when it breaks, youll be famous, the Broken Bracelet recordings were destroyed in the Nashville floods in May 2010. In 2001, Branch signed a deal with Maverick Records. The album, The Spirit Room, was released in August 2001, the single was a commercial success, winning the 2002 MTV Video Music Awards Viewers Choice Award. Everywhere was later followed by singles All You Wanted and Goodbye to You, in August 2001, she appeared on Total Request Live after Everywhere reached No.4 on their charts. Due to the success of those released singles, The Spirit Room was certified Double Platinum by the RIAA for selling over two million copies in the United States. Michelle also sang in Hansons 2004 album, Underneath in the song, VH1 released Branchs Pop-Up Video for her song All You Wanted. Branch met Justincase before her debut on Maverick Records, becoming friends over the Internet before meeting in Las Vegas for a convention in 2000. Justincase was signed to Maverick Records in late 2001 with the help of Branch, a self-titled debut album on October 29,2002 which included several collaborations with Michelle Branch—including the lead single, Dont Cry for Us—who promoted the album on MTVs Total Request Live
3.
The Spirit Room
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The Spirit Room is the major-label debut album by singer-songwriter Michelle Branch, released by the Maverick Recording Company and Warner Bros. Records in the United States on August 14,2001. The album was recorded at Sunset Sound, Henson Recording Studios and Ananda Studios in Hollywood, California and mastered by Stephen Marcussen at Marcussen Mastering in Los Angeles, the albums title comes from the name of a bar in Jerome, Arizona, near Branchs hometown of Sedona. In August 19,2011, the album was certified platinum by RIAA for shipping over two million copies. The Spirit Room reached number 28 on the American Billboard 200 chart, the Spirit Room was certified gold in Canada, selling 50,000 copies by the end of October 2003. It was also certified Gold in Australia with shipments of 35,000, All tracks written by Michelle Branch, except where noted. You Get Me became the song for the MTV reality series Sorority Life. You Get Me is featured in the 2003 film What a Girl Wants You Set Me Free was featured in the trailer of the 2002 DreamWorks animated film Spirit and you Set Me Free can also be heard towards the closing credits of the 2003 film Just Married. You Set Me Free is featured in the 2005 film Ice Princess and is featured on the movies soundtrack
4.
Maverick (company)
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Maverick was an entertainment company founded in 1992 by Madonna, Frederick DeMann and Veronica Ronnie Dashev. It was owned and operated by Warner Music Group and it included a recording company, a film production company, book publishing, music publishing, Latin record division and a television production company. The first releases for the company were Madonnas 1992 coffee table publication, Sex, DeMann was bought out of the company for a reported $20 million in 1998. Guy Oseary increased his stake in the company and took control as Chairman, Madonna and Dashev left in 2004 after a lawsuit between Maverick and Warner Music Group. As of 2014, the company was revived as a management group founded by Oseary in partnership with Live Nation Entertainment. It consists of Oseary and other recording artist managers Ron Laffitte, Caron Veazey, Gee Roberson, Cortez Bryant, Larry Rudolph, Adam Leber, Scott Rodger, all nine managers and their companies joined and rebranded as Maverick on October 17,2014. Maverick Records was launched in April 1992 as a unit of the Maverick entertainment company and it was a joint venture between Madonna, Frederick DeMann, Veronica Ronnie Dashev and Time Warner. The name is combined from the names of three of the founders, Madonna, Veronica and Frederick, the company had divisions for recording, music publishing, television, film, merchandising and book-publishing. The venture was part of a $60 million recording and business deal between Madonna and Time Warner. It gave her 20% royalties from the proceedings, one of the highest rates in the industry. At the time of its launch, the company was bi-coastal, having offices in both New York City and Los Angeles. The record company division of Maverick also consisted of sub-label, Maverick Musica, the first releases for the company were Madonnas 1992 coffee table publication, Sex and her studio album Erotica which were released simultaneously to great controversy. DeMann was bought out of the company for a reported $20 million in 1998, after which Guy Oseary increased his stake in the company and took control as Chairman and CEO. Throughout the 1990s to the middle 2000s, Maverick would also release albums by Michelle Branch, Meshell Ndegeocello, dana Dane, N-Phase, Dalvin DeGrate, The Prodigy, Cleopatra, Tyler Hilton, Deftones, No Authority and William Orbit. By the early 2000s, Maverick saw its fortunes decline. In March 2004, the label and Madonna filed suit against Warner Music Group, claiming that mismanagement of resources, Warner filed a countersuit, alleging that Maverick had lost tens of millions of dollars on its own. Then Maverick CEO Guy Oseary, meanwhile, retained his position until WMG purchased his shares in 2006. Madonna was still signed to Warner under her recording contract, the same year, the band Lillix, which at the time was signed to the label, claimed that the Maverick no longer existed and that all the artists were now handled by Warner Bros. directly
5.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
6.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
7.
All You Wanted
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All You Wanted is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Michelle Branch, released as the second single from her debut album The Spirit Room. It was released by the Maverick Recording Company and Warner Bros. Records on October 28,2001, the song was written by Branch and was produced by John Shanks. However, the song under-performed in the United Kingdom, significantly in the Netherlands, All You Wanted was written by Branch and produced by John Shanks. If you want to/I can save you/I can take you away from here, lyrically, it talks about a heartbreak. All You Wanted received mostly positive reviews music critics. In 2009, Sputnikmusic said that the song was the most recognizable while reviewing Branchs The Spirit Room album, jeff C of Popdirt called the track amazing while reviewing The Spirit Room in 2002. In December 2005, Pam Avoledo embraced the song, she called it a teen fairytale worth believing in, hot Sauce Reviews called All You Wanted a favorite and that its one of the tracks that were listenable, tuneful, and they are great for singalongs too. In 2003, IGN Music stated that The lyrics, while not the deepest, are not simple or cheesy by any means and they added that The song features some nice guitar work and again, an insanely catchy chorus. The music video was directed by Liz Friedlander and it begins with Branch entering a club where her boyfriend is. During the chorus, everything around her freezes, and she takes the opportunity to sing at him, If you want to, I can save you, I can take you away from here. They then go on a bus together, she sits down, assuming he will sit next to her, but he runs into friends and she again sings at him during the chorus. After they exit the bus, it begins to rain and her surroundings are again, frozen, and she sings at him, when she realizes this, her boyfriend looks at her, the rain is still stopped. She realizes he was able to hear everything she said before the rain begins to pour again, in 2002, the video was nominated on MTV Video Music Awards in 2 categories, Best Female Video and Best Pop Video. Australian CD Single All You Wanted Everywhere If Only She Knew Promo CD Single All You Wanted
8.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
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United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
10.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
11.
Philippines
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The Philippines, officially the Republic of the Philippines, is a sovereign island country in Southeast Asia situated in the western Pacific Ocean. It consists of about 7,641 islands that are categorized broadly under three main geographical divisions from north to south, Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao, the capital city of the Philippines is Manila and the most populous city is Quezon City, both part of Metro Manila. The Philippines has an area of 300,000 square kilometers, and it is the eighth-most populated country in Asia and the 12th most populated country in the world. As of 2013, approximately 10 million additional Filipinos lived overseas, multiple ethnicities and cultures are found throughout the islands. In prehistoric times, Negritos were some of the archipelagos earliest inhabitants and they were followed by successive waves of Austronesian peoples. Exchanges with Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Islamic nations occurred, then, various competing maritime states were established under the rule of Datus, Rajahs, Sultans or Lakans. The arrival of Ferdinand Magellan in Homonhon, Eastern Samar in 1521 marked the beginning of Hispanic colonization, in 1543, Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of Philip II of Spain. With the arrival of Miguel López de Legazpi from Mexico City, in 1565, the Philippines became part of the Spanish Empire for more than 300 years. This resulted in Roman Catholicism becoming the dominant religion, during this time, Manila became the western hub of the trans-Pacific trade connecting Asia with Acapulco in the Americas using Manila galleons. Aside from the period of Japanese occupation, the United States retained sovereignty over the islands until after World War II, since then, the Philippines has often had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of a dictatorship by a non-violent revolution. It is a member of the United Nations, World Trade Organization, Association of Southeast Asian Nations, the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum. It also hosts the headquarters of the Asian Development Bank, the Philippines was named in honor of King Philip II of Spain. Spanish explorer Ruy López de Villalobos, during his expedition in 1542, named the islands of Leyte, eventually the name Las Islas Filipinas would be used to cover all the islands of the archipelago. Before that became commonplace, other such as Islas del Poniente. The official name of the Philippines has changed several times in the course of its history, during the Philippine Revolution, the Malolos Congress proclaimed the establishment of the República Filipina or the Philippine Republic. From the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the name Philippines began to appear, since the end of World War II, the official name of the country has been the Republic of the Philippines. The metatarsal of the Callao Man, reliably dated by uranium-series dating to 67,000 years ago is the oldest human remnant found in the archipelago to date and this distinction previously belonged to the Tabon Man of Palawan, carbon-dated to around 26,500 years ago. Negritos were also among the archipelagos earliest inhabitants, but their first settlement in the Philippines has not been reliably dated, there are several opposing theories regarding the origins of ancient Filipinos
12.
Indonesia
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Indonesia, officially the Republic of Indonesia, is a unitary sovereign state and transcontinental country located mainly in Southeast Asia with some territories in Oceania. Situated between the Indian and Pacific oceans, it is the worlds largest island country, with more than seventeen thousand islands. At 1,904,569 square kilometres, Indonesia is the worlds 14th-largest country in terms of area and worlds 7th-largest country in terms of combined sea. It has an population of over 260 million people and is the worlds fourth most populous country. The worlds most populous island, Java, contains more than half of the countrys population, Indonesias republican form of government includes an elected legislature and president. Indonesia has 34 provinces, of which five have Special Administrative status and its capital and countrys most populous city is Jakarta, which is also the most populous city in Southeast Asia and the second in Asia. The country shares land borders with Papua New Guinea, East Timor, other neighbouring countries include Singapore, Vietnam, the Philippines, Australia, Palau, and the Indian territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Despite its large population and densely populated regions, Indonesia has vast areas of wilderness that support the second highest level of biodiversity. The country has abundant natural resources like oil and natural gas, tin, copper, agriculture mainly produces rice, palm oil, tea, coffee, cacao, medicinal plants, spices and rubber. Indonesias major trading partners are Japan, United States, China, the Indonesian archipelago has been an important region for trade since at least the 7th century, when Srivijaya and then later Majapahit traded with China and India. Local rulers gradually absorbed foreign cultural, religious and political models from the early centuries CE, Indonesian history has been influenced by foreign powers drawn to its natural resources. Indonesia consists of hundreds of native ethnic and linguistic groups. The largest – and politically dominant – ethnic group are the Javanese, a shared identity has developed, defined by a national language, ethnic diversity, religious pluralism within a Muslim-majority population, and a history of colonialism and rebellion against it. Indonesias national motto, Bhinneka Tunggal Ika, articulates the diversity that shapes the country, Indonesias economy is the worlds 16th largest by nominal GDP and the 8th largest by GDP at PPP, the largest in Southeast Asia, and is considered an emerging market and newly industrialised country. Indonesia has been a member of the United Nations since 1950, Indonesia is a member of the G20 major economies and World Trade Organization. The name Indonesia derives from the Greek name of the Indós, the name dates to the 18th century, far predating the formation of independent Indonesia. In 1850, George Windsor Earl, an English ethnologist, proposed the terms Indunesians—and, his preference, in the same publication, one of his students, James Richardson Logan, used Indonesia as a synonym for Indian Archipelago. However, Dutch academics writing in East Indies publications were reluctant to use Indonesia, they preferred Malay Archipelago, the Netherlands East Indies, popularly Indië, the East, and Insulinde
13.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
14.
AllMusic
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AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first reference book was published the following year. When first released onto the Internet, AMG predated the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site, the AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in July 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. All Media Network, LLC. was formed by the founders of SideReel. com. The following are contributors to AllMusic, as of this date, All Media Network also produced the AllMusic guide series that includes the AllMusic Guide to Rock, the All Music Guide to Jazz and the All Music Guide to the Blues. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president of the series, in August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its Top 100 Classic Websites list. All Media Network AllGame AllMovie SideReel All Music Guide to the Blues All Music Guide to Jazz Stephen Thomas Erlewine Official website
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Sputnikmusic
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Sputnikmusic, or simply Sputnik, is a music website offering music criticism and music news alongside features commonly associated with wiki-style websites. Over time, the site has come to be established as a source, becoming a featured reviewer on Metacritic. As a general rule, the writers tend to focus on new releases, however. In June 2006, following claims made by the MPA about the illegality of music tabs, MXTabs was closed. At this time, Sputnikmusic became its own entity, with MusicianForums renamed as the SputnikMusic Forums. It was at point that the focus of Sputnik began to shift toward providing professional content, with a news page added. As part of this shift, several features have also sporadically been provided by the staff writers, including live reviews, interviews, exclusive MP3 streams. Currently on Sputnikmusic, four classes of reviewer exist that demarcate whether content should be considered professional or not, staff Writers are the writers who contribute the professional-standard content, which includes featured articles in addition to reviews. There are currently 25 staff reviewers, three of whom act as moderators and administrators for the site. Contributing Reviewers can contribute features, but are not eligible for inclusion by either Metacritic or Wikipedia, there are currently 23 contributing reviewers. Emeritus is a given to former staff writers who no longer contribute to the site. Reviews by these users are acknowledged as professional, users includes everybody who has not yet been promoted to any of the higher levels. Despite this, they can contribute new reviews, artists, and albums to the database, edit data already present. Sputnikmusic operates a simple 5-point rating system, starting at 1, as a guide to new reviewers, each of these values is assigned a word, ranging from Awful to Classic. However, certain albums have a rating system, where users cannot rate the album lower than a 2.0. This is the case with Kendrick Lamars To Pimp a Butterfly, the staff of Sputnik have not commented on this, despite being asked. As well as showing the score a reviewer has given to the album, a page will also show the scores given by other individual reviewers. A bar chart will also show how many votes each rating has once it has received at least two and a review
16.
IGN
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The website was the brainchild of media entrepreneur Chris Anderson and launched on September 29,1996. It focuses on games, films, television, comics, technology, the company is located in San Franciscos SOMA district in California, United States. Originally a network of websites, IGN is now distributed on mobile platforms, console programs on the Xbox and PlayStation, FireTV, Roku, and via YouTube, Twitch, Hulu. IGN was sold to publishing company Ziff Davis in February 2013 and now operates as a J2 Global subsidiary. com, PSXPower, Saturnworld, Next-Generation. com and Ultra Game Players Online. Imagine expanded on its owned-and-operated websites by creating a network that included a number of independent fansites such as PSX Nation. com, Sega-Saturn. com, Game Sages. In 1998, the network launched a new homepage that consolidated the individual sites as system channels under the IGN brand, the homepage exposed content from more than 30 different channels. Next-Generation and Ultra Game Players Online were not part of this consolidation, dissolved with the cancellation of the magazine, and Next-Generation was put on hold when Imagine decided to concentrate on launching the short-lived Daily Radar brand. In February 1999, Imagine Media incorporated a spin-off that included IGN and its channels as Affiliation Networks. In September, the newly spun-out standalone internet media company, changed its name to Snowball. com, at the same time, small entertainment website The Den merged into IGN and added non-gaming content to the growing network. Snowball held an IPO in 2000, but shed most of its properties during the dot-com bubble. In June 2005, IGN reported having 24,000,000 unique visitors per month, with 4.8 million registered users through all departments of the site, IGN is ranked among the top 200 most-visited websites according to Alexa. In September 2005, IGN was acquired by Rupert Murdochs multi-media business empire, News Corporation, IGN celebrated its 10th anniversary on January 12,2008. IGN was headquartered in the Marina Point Parkway office park in Brisbane, California, on May 25,2011, IGN sold its Direct2Drive division to Gamefly for an undisclosed amount. In 2011, IGN Entertainment acquired its rival UGO Entertainment from Hearst Corporation, ultimately, News Corp. planned to spin off IGN Entertainment as a publicly traded company, continuing a string of divestitures for digital properties it had previously acquired. Financial details regarding the purchase were not revealed, prior to its acquisition by UGO, 1UP. com had previously been owned by Ziff Davis. Soon after the acquisition, IGN announced that it would be laying off staff and closing GameSpy, 1UP. com, the role-playing video game interest website Vault Network was acquired by IGN in 1999. GameStats, a review website, was founded by IGN in 2004. GameStats includes a GPM rating system incorporates an average press score and average gamer score
17.
The Phoenix (newspaper)
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These publications emphasize local arts and entertainment coverage as well as lifestyle and political coverage. The papers are somewhat similar in format and editorial content to the Village Voice, the Phoenix was founded in 1965 by Joe Hanlon, a former editor at MITs student newspaper, The Tech. Since many Boston-area college newspapers were printed at the printing firm, Hanlons idea was to do a four-page single-sheet insert with arts coverage. He began with the Harvard Business Schools newspaper The Harbus News, a student there, James T. Lewis, became Hanlons advertising manager. Boston After Dark began March 2,1966, theater enthusiast Larry Stark began contributing theater reviews with the second issue. When the insert idea did not pan out, the trio continued Boston After Dark as a free paper. A year after the launch, Hanlon sold off his half to Lewis, as the paper expanded, Mindich acquired a half interest. Stark quit in 1972 and began reviewing for the rival Cambridge Phoenix, the first managing editor of the Cambridge Phoenix was April Smith, who later became a novelist and TV writer-producer. Following a two-week writers strike in August 1972, the Cambridge Phoenix was sold to Boston After Dark, in the conflicts between writers and management, ousted writers immediately started another weekly, The Real Paper, while management continued the Boston Phoenix. In 1988, the company owns the Phoenix, Phoenix Media/Communications Group, bought a similar publication in neighboring Rhode Island called the NewPaper. In 1999, PM/CG branched out into Portland, Maine by creating the Portland Phoenix and that same year the nameplate changed from Phoenix B. A. D. to The Boston Phoenix. From 1992 through 2000, there was also a Worcester Phoenix, in 2005, the Phoenix underwent a major redesign, switching from a broadsheet/Berliner format to a tabloid format and introduced a new logo in order to increase its appeal to younger readers. Towards the end of its existence, The Phoenix had a circulation of 253,000. On August 1,2012, it was announced that Stuff Magazine and the Boston Phoenix newspaper would merge, the first issue of the new, glossy-paper Phoenix had a cover date of September 21,2012. On March 14,2013, the announced that the Boston Phoenix would fold effective as of the March 15,2013 print edition, though the Portland. In October 2014, The Phoenix announced that their Providence paper would cease publication. The Boston Phoenix published its last issue on March 14,2013, in November 2014, Mindich sold the Portland Phoenix to the Portland News Club LLC, publishers of The Portland Daily Sun. Although the Daily Sun would cease publication one month later, the Portland Phoenix continues to be published by the new weekly as of 2017
18.
Vanessa Carlton
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Vanessa Lee Carlton is an American singer-songwriter. Upon completion of her education at the School of American Ballet, Carlton chose to pursue singing instead, performing in New York City bars, three months after recording a demo with producer Peter Zizzo, she signed with A&M Records. She began recording her album, which was unsuccessful until Ron Fair took over. Her debut single, A Thousand Miles, reached the top five on the Billboard Hot 100 in 2002 and her debut album, Be Not Nobody, followed and received a platinum certification in the United States. Her subsequent albums, Harmonium and Heroes & Thieves, failed to match the success of the first. She produced an album, Rabbits on the Run, independently before seeking a record label to release it. Carlton released a holiday EP titled Hear the Bells in November 2012, Carlton was born in Milford, Pennsylvania, the first of three children of Edmund Ed Carlton, a pilot, and Heidi Lee, a pianist and school music teacher. Her two younger siblings are a sister, Gwen, and a brother, Edmund, Carlton is of half Russian Jewish and half Scandinavian ancestry. Her interest in music began at an early age, at the age of 2, she visited Disneyland Park and played Its a Small World on the piano when she came home. Her mother then began to tutor her and she was introduced to classical music from a young age. By the age of 9, she had become passionate about ballet, in 1994, when Carlton was 14 years old, she enrolled at the School of American Ballet. Upon graduation, she put on performances at nightclubs in the community, beginning to feel more comfortable. Carlton was signed to A&M Records in 2001, Carlton first met songwriter/producer Peter Zizzo at a singer-songwriter circle. A few months later, Zizzo invited Carlton to his studio to record a demo, three months after recording the demo, Carlton was signed by Jimmy Iovine and began to record the album, Rinse. It was never released, but a few tracks were reworked for Be Not Nobody, one song, Carnival, was re-recorded as Dark Carnival for the video game SpyHunter 2. Other tracks included in Rinse are Interlude, Rinse, Ordinary Days, Twilight, Pretty Baby, All I Ask, of these, only the first five are included in her first album, Be Not Nobody. Other unreleased tracks from her early demo tapes include Faces, Meggie Sue, Little Mary, Burden, Wonder, Devil Dance, with her previous unsuccessful recording efforts, Carlton felt there was a lack of direction at her label. However, A&M president Ron Fair upon hearing her demo to A Thousand Miles, Fair would produce the rest of the album
19.
A Thousand Miles
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A Thousand Miles is the debut single written and recorded by American pop singer Vanessa Carlton. Produced by Curtis Schweitzer and Ron Fair, the song was released as the single for Carltons album Be Not Nobody. Her signature song, it became Carltons breakthrough hit and one of the most popular songs of the year, to date, it remains Carltons biggest hit in the United States, and her only single to reach the top ten of the Billboard Hot 100. Due to its success, it was featured on the 2002 US compilation album Now Thats What I Call Music. It has been covered by artists including Icarus the Owl, Victoria Justice, David Archuleta, Terry Crews and the Glee Cast. A Thousand Miles is a pop song supported by a string orchestral arrangement. Carlton said that she wrote the song about her grandfather, who had died earlier and she has also called the song a combination of reality and fantasy. Its about a love that so consumes you that you do anything for it, Thats how I felt at that time. A Thousand Miles is written in the key of B major, Carlton wrote the songs piano riff in the summer of 1998 at her parents house in Philadelphia, her mother, who had been listening to her, said, Vanessa, thats a hit song. Carlton was unable to finish the song because of a case of writers block, while looking for a record label that would sign her, Carlton played the beginning of the song for a record producer, who said, You have to finish that. She returned to her parents home and finished it in a one evening, naming it Interlude. Some years later, Carlton recorded a tape and sent it to various producers. Some expressed interest, but Carlton did not agree with their suggestions for alternative titles for the song. One of the tapes found its way to Ron Fair, head of A&M Records, who recalled that It was extraordinary and it didnt press the emotional buttons the way I envisioned it. Carlton met with Fair for a session to alter the arrangement of the song, so the heartbeat came in a different way. During the session, more time signatures and transitions were inserted into the song, additionally, the instrumental opening was shortened and an orchestra section was added by Fair, the lyrics, however, remained the same. He explained, It has a lot of starts and stops to it, which makes it hard to achieve a flow, the song is like a mini musical of its own. A Thousand Miles took fourteen sessions to record, and was the first song recorded for Be Not Nobody
20.
Tori Amos
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Tori Amos is an American singer-songwriter, pianist and composer. She is a trained musician with a mezzo-soprano vocal range. She was expelled at age eleven for what Rolling Stone described as musical insubordination, Amos was the lead singer of the short-lived 1980s pop group Y Kant Tori Read before achieving her breakthrough as a solo artist in the early 1990s. Her songs focus on a range of topics, including sexuality, feminism, politics. Amos has received five MTV VMA nominations, eight Grammy nominations, Amos is the third child of Mary Ellen and the Rev. Edison McKinley Amos. She was born at the Old Catawba Hospital in Newton, North Carolina during a trip from their Georgetown home in Washington, D. C. When she was two, her moved to Baltimore, Maryland, where her father had transplanted his Methodist ministry from its original base in Washington. Her older brother and sister took piano lessons, but Amos didnt need them. From the time she could reach the piano, she herself to play. She has described seeing music as structures of light since early childhood, as long as Ive been doing this, which is more than thirty-five years, Ive never seen the same light creature in my life. For instance, the sound of the words with the sound of the chord progression combined with the rhythm manifests itself in an expression of the architecture of color-and-light. I started visiting this world when I was three, listening to a piece by Béla Bartók, I visited a configuration that day that wasnt on this earth, at five, she became the youngest student ever admitted to the preparatory division of the Peabody Conservatory of Music. She studied classical piano at Peabody from 1968 to 1974, in 1974, when she was 11, her scholarship was discontinued and she was asked to leave. Amos has asserted that she lost the scholarship because of her interest in rock and popular music, in 1972, the Amos family moved to Silver Spring, Maryland, where her father became pastor of the Good Shepherd United Methodist church. At 13, Amos began playing at gay bars and piano bars, Amos won a county teen talent contest in 1977, singing a song called More Than Just a Friend. As a senior at Richard Montgomery High School, she co-wrote Baltimore with her brother Mike Amos for a competition involving the Baltimore Orioles. The song won the contest and became her first single, released as a 7 single pressed locally for family and friends during 1980 with another Amos-penned composition as a B-side, Walking With You. Before this, she had performed under her name, Ellen, but permanently adopted Tori after a friends boyfriend told her she looked like a Torrey pine
21.
Fiona Apple
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Fiona Apple McAfee-Maggart is an American singer-songwriter, pianist and record producer. Classically trained on piano as a child, Apple began composing her own songs when she was 8 years old. Her debut album, Tidal, written when Apple was 17, was released in 1996 and she followed with When the Pawn. produced by Jon Brion, which was also critically and commercially successful and was certified platinum. For her third album, Extraordinary Machine, Apple again collaborated with Brion, however, Apple was reportedly unhappy with the production and opted not to release the record, leading fans to erroneously protest Epic Records, believing that the label was withholding its release. The album was eventually re-produced without Brion and released in October 2005 to critical acclaim, in 2012, she released her fourth studio album, The Idler Wheel. which received universal critical praise and was followed by an extensive tour of the USA. Born in New York City in 1977, Apple is the daughter of singer Diane McAfee and actor Brandon Maggart and her maternal grandparents were dancer Millicent Green and big band vocalist Johnny McAfee. Her sister sings cabaret under the stage name Maude Maggart, Apple grew up in Morningside Gardens in Harlem with her mother and sister, but spent summers with her father in Los Angeles. Apple was classically trained on piano as a child, and began composing her own pieces by the age of eight, when learning to play piano, she would often take sheet music and translate guitar tablature into the corresponding notes. Apple later began to play along with jazz standard compositions after becoming proficient, through which she discovered Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald, at age 12, Apple was raped outside the apartment she shared with her mother and sister. She then developed an eating disorder, purposely slimming her developing body, in 2000, she insisted that she did not write songs about the trauma, It doesnt get into the writing. Its such a fuckin old pain that, you know, theres nothing poetic about it, schenker then passed the tape along to Sony Music executive Andy Slater. Apples abilities captured his attention, and Slater signed her to a record deal, in 1996, Apples debut album, Tidal, was released by Work Records and Columbia Records. The album sold 2.7 million copies and was certified three times platinum in the U. S. Criminal, the single, became a hit. The songs controversial Mark Romanek-directed music video played on MTV, other singles from Tidal included Shadowboxer, Sleep to Dream, and Never Is a Promise. Apple accepted MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist for her song Sleep to Dream in 1997 The New Yorker, when I have something to say, Ill say it, she said, responding to these criticisms in an article in Rolling Stone in January 1998. During this period, Apple also made recordings of The Beatles Across the Universe and she later canceled the last twenty-one dates on a tour in support of her album due to personal family problems. Apples second album, When the Pawn. was released in 1999 and its full title is a poem Apple wrote after reading letters that appeared in Spin regarding an article that had cast her in a negative light in an earlier issue. The titles length earned it a spot in the Guinness Book of Records for 2001
22.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
23.
The Game of Love (Santana song)
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The Game of Love is a song performed by Santana from the album Shaman by Santana. The vocal performance on the song is by Michelle Branch and it was composed by Gregg Alexander and Rick Nowels. The song was launched as single in 2002, and won a Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals, Branch would recall, It was the first time for me to sing somebody elses song. Its just that with all honor and respect to Michelle, theres the girl and theres the woman, the music video depicts Santana and Branch in an alley with heterosexual couples around them, each expressing their love for one another. The director was Paul Fedor and the video was filmed in the Pilsen neighborhood of Chicago, the Game of Love – Santana, Michelle Branch Come to My World – Santana Curacion – Santana The Game of Love – Santana, Michelle Branch Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
24.
Yellowcard
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Yellowcard was an American pop punk band that formed in Jacksonville, Florida, in 1997 and were based in Los Angeles beginning in 2000. The band is known for its singles Ocean Avenue, Only One. The groups music is distinctive within its genre because it features the prominent use of a violin, the band released ten studio albums, with its most recent and final one, Yellowcard, released on September 30,2016. The band played its final show on March 25,2017, at the House of Blues in Anaheim, California. Yellowcard was formed in 1997 in Jacksonville, Fla. after meeting at Douglas Anderson School of the Arts. ”The original lineup featured Ben Dobson on vocals, Todd Clary on guitar and vocals, Ben Harper on guitar, Warren Cooke on bass, and Longineu Parsons III on drums. Modern Amusement frontman Ryan Key appeared as a guest, on background vocals, Key had also been in California band Craigs Brother. Yellowcard recorded its first album, Midget Tossing, at the Music Factory in Jacksonville Beach with Michael Ray FitzGerald at the board, where We Stand, Yellowcards second album, featured the same lineup as Midget Tossing, and Mackin was brought in for more songs. Soon, however, the band fired Dobson and replaced him with former guest vocalist Key and this changed the bands style from hardcore punk to pop punk. In early 2000, the band recorded the Still Standing EP, soon after Still Standing EP was released, Todd Clary left the band. Key then filled both Clarys and Dobsons duties, guitar and vocals respectively, the group released its third album, One for the Kids, in 2001 and followed up with The Underdog EP in 2002. Both of these were well received by fans, however, soon after The Underdog EP was released, Warren Cooke left for personal reasons on July 16,2002. The band then asked Pete Mosely from Inspection 12, to play bass, shortly after releasing The Underdog EP, Yellowcard signed with Capitol Records, which was looking to sign pop punk groups at the time. The group began recording its debut in February 2003. During the recording of Ocean Avenue, Mosely left Yellowcard, devoting his time to his first band, Inspection 12, and finishing the bands album, Get Rad. The members of Yellowcard began the search for a new player and chose Alex Lewis, whose sister, Alieke Wijnveldt. After Lewis joined, the band filmed a music video for the song Powder. The video was put on the enhanced version of the bands next album. The band released its first single from the album, Way Away, the song did well on MTV2 and rock radio, peaking at No.25 on the modern-rock charts
25.
Sara Lumholdt
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Sara Helena Lumholdt is a Swedish pop singer. She was a member of the Swedish quartet A-Teens, in 1998, Lumholdt signed a record deal with Stockholm Records along with her then bandmates Marie, Dhani and Amit. Together they performed as the A-Teens, in 1999, they released their first single, a cover of ABBAs Mamma Mia. The single topped the charts in Sweden for 8 consecutive weeks, by 2000, the A-Teens first album, The ABBA Generation had sold 4 million copies, and they became one of the most internationally successful Swedish pop bands. After 6 years together and more than 5 million albums sold, the A-Teens disbanded following a Greatest Hits album, despite worldwide success, the A-Teens disbanded in 2004 and Lumholdt took a short break from the limelight. In September 2005, Lumholdt landed a part in the Swedish release of Electronic Arts racing game, Burnout. She also booked a couple of gigs in local club, Ballbreaker. Since late 2005, Lumholdt has been working with local Swedish producers and song writers, as well as producers in New York City and Los Angeles on her solo debut tracks. On 14 March 2007, using the stage name Sara Love, she released a cover of Olivia Newton-Johns hit, Physical for a promotional CD for clothing company WeSC, in early 2008, she released several new tracks, including Glamour Bitch featuring Milano Money. The song was first released on her MySpace profile, and was picked up by NRJ radio. The single debuted at No.57 on the Swedish Single Charts for the week of 13 September 2007, in 2011 she participated in Melodifestivalen 2011, singing the song Enemy, finished 7th in the third semi-final on 19 February. In 2012 she was the host of Xtra Factor on TV11, lately Lumholdt has been working as a pole dancing instructor and is one of the founders of FLOW, a pole dance studio based in Sweden. In 2014, Sara won Swedish Championships in pole dance, Lumholdt spent February to May 2008 in Los Angeles, writing and recording songs with Josh Skinner, with the help of Grammy award winning producer Ted Perlman. In June she released a pop song titled First, Lumholdt said about the song that its about putting yourself first, its about self-esteem. The team also wrote songs titled Where Does the Love Go. summer 2010 Back to You Lets Get Physical Glamour Bitch First Enemy
26.
American Pie 2
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American Pie 2 is a 2001 American sex comedy film and the sequel to the 1999 film American Pie and the second film in the American Pie film series. It was written by Adam Herz and David H. Steinberg, the film picks up the story of the five friends from the first film as they reunite during the summer after their first year of college. It was released in the United States on August 10,2001 and it was followed by another sequel, American Wedding. The film tells the story of five friends Jim, Kevin, Steve, Chris and Paul, much of the film takes place at a summer beach house in Grand Haven, Michigan, per Kevins older brothers suggestion. After breaking up for the summer, the four friends regroup for a party held by Stifler, their overtly sex-crazed class clown and his party is shut down thanks in part to the neighbors calling the police. Kevin is inspired by his brother to make his summer with his friends count by renting a beach home and he, Jim, Oz and Finch plan to take off to a beach house together, where they intend to spend the summer. Kevin realizes a problem and worked out that they can afford the house if they have a fifth member to work along with them. Stifler takes charge of much of the organizing, often ending up leading the group in their misadventures, Oz is miserable, being away from his girlfriend Heather who is in Spain. During the stay at the house, they proceed to start having phone sex to vent some of their loneliness. Heather later shows up early to the party, ending the storyline that Oz is involved in. After arriving in Grand Harbor they settle in, they manage to work painting a house in the area together. Jim, Stifler and Finch end up performing like for like sexual acts on each other in return for being able to watch the girls doing the same thing, Oz and Kevin take turns watching up a ladder and listening on the walkie-talkie also in the room. The conversation is accidentally picked up and heard by other people in the neighborhood. Finally at the end of the last party, Stifler manages to have a threesome with the owners of the house. After this, many concurrent stories run at the time, some interacting with each other. Nadia is coming to visit Jim in August, when she arrives early, Jim asks for help from band geek Michelle, humiliating himself in front of the audience when he pretends to be Petey, a mentally challenged boy who plays the trombone. They pretend to be in a relationship so that Nadia will not expect Jim to have sex, Nadia also realizes this and tells him, Go, get your band geek, and I will find mine. Jim goes and plays the trombone once more whilst Michelle is playing the flute at a recital in order to show her that she is the one he wants to be with
27.
Chase (bank)
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The bank was known as Chase Manhattan Bank until it merged with J. P. Morgan & Co. in 2000. Chase Manhattan Bank was formed by the merger of the Chase National Bank, the bank has been headquartered in Columbus, Ohio since its merger with Bank One Corporation in 2004. The bank acquired the deposits and most assets of Washington Mutual, Chase offers more than 5,100 branches and 16,100 ATMs nationwide. JPMorgan Chase has 250,355 employees and operates in more than 100 countries, JPMorgan Chase currently has assets of roughly US$2.49 trillion. JPMorgan Chase, through its Chase subsidiary, is one of the Big Four banks of the United States. From September 1,1799, to 1955, it was called The Bank of The Manhattan Company, Chase National Bank was formed in 1877 by John Thompson. It was named after former United States Treasury Secretary and Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase, the Chase National Bank acquired a number of smaller banks in the 1920s, through its Chase Securities Corporation. In 1926, for instance, it acquired Mechanics and Metals National Bank, however, its most significant acquisition was the Equitable Trust Company of New York in 1930, the largest stockholder of which was John D. Rockefeller, Jr. This made Chase the largest bank in America and indeed, in the world, in 1955, Chase National Bank and The Manhattan Company merged to create The Chase Manhattan Bank. The deal was structured as an acquisition by the Bank of the Manhattan Company of Chase National. This avoided the need for consent by shareholders. For Chase Manhattan Banks new logo, Chermayeff & Geismar designed a stylized octagon in 1961, the Chase logo is a stylized representation of the primitive water pipes laid by the Manhattan Company, which were made by nailing together wooden planks. The bank included a management business called the Chase Investors Management Corporation. Under McCloys successor, George Champion, the bank relinquished its antiquated 1799 state charter for a modern one, in 1969, under the leadership of David Rockefeller, the bank became part of a bank holding company, the Chase Manhattan Corporation. In July 1996, Chemical Bank of New York purchased Chase Manhattan Bank, chemicals previous acquisitions included Manufacturers Hanover Corporation, in 1991, and Texas Commerce Bank, in 1987. Although Chemical was the survivor, the merged company retained the Chase name since it was better known. In December 2000, the combined Chase Manhattan completed the acquisition of J. P. Morgan & Co. in one of the largest banking mergers to date, the combined company was renamed JPMorgan Chase. In 2004, the bank acquired Bank One, making Chase the largest credit card issuer in the United States, JPMorgan Chase added Bear Stearns & Co. and Washington Mutual to its acquisitions in 2008 and 2009 respectively
28.
Automated teller machine
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According to the ATM Industry Association, there are now close to 3 million ATMs installed worldwide. Authentication is provided by the customer entering a personal identification number which must match the PIN stored in the chip on the card or in the financial institutions database. Using an ATM, customers can access their deposit or credit accounts in order to make a variety of transactions such as cash withdrawals, check balances. If the currency being withdrawn from the ATM is different from that in which the account is denominated the money will be converted at an official exchange rate. Thus, ATMs often provide the best possible exchange rates for foreign travellers, the idea of out-of-hours cash distribution developed from bankers needs in Asia, Europe and North America. Little is known of the Japanese device other than it was called Computer Loan Machine, the device was operational in 1966. In the US patent record, Luther George Simjian has been credited with developing a prior art device, specifically his 132nd patent, which was first filed on 30 June 1960. The roll-out of this machine, called Bankograph, was delayed by a couple of years, an experimental Bankograph was installed in New York City in 1961 by the City Bank of New York, but removed after six months due to the lack of customer acceptance. The Bankograph was an automated envelope deposit machine and did not have cash dispensing features and it is widely accepted that the first ATM was put into use by Barclays Bank in its Enfield Town branch in north London, United Kingdom, on 27 June 1967. This machine was inaugurated by English comedy actor Reg Varney and this instance of the invention is credited to the engineering team led by John Shepherd-Barron of printing firm De La Rue, who was awarded an OBE in the 2005 New Year Honours. Shepherd-Barron stated, It struck me there must be a way I could get my own money, I hit upon the idea of a chocolate bar dispenser, but replacing chocolate with cash. The Barclays-De La Rue machine beat the Swedish saving banks and a company called Metiors machine by a nine days. The online version of the Swedish machine is listed to have been operational on 6 May 1968, the collaboration of a small start-up called Speytec and Midland Bank developed a fourth machine which was marketed after 1969 in Europe and the US by the Burroughs Corporation. The patent for this device was filed on September 1969 by John David Edwards, Leonard Perkins, John Henry Donald, Peter Lee Chappell, Sean Benjamin Newcombe & Malcom David Roe. Both the DACS and MD2 accepted only a token or voucher which was retained by the machine while the Speytec worked with a card with a magnetic stripe at the back. They used principles including Carbon-14 and low-coercivity magnetism in order to make more difficult. The idea of a PIN stored on the card was developed by a British engineer working on the MD2 named James Goodfellow in 1965, the essence of this system was that it enabled the verification of the customer with the debited account without human intervention. This patent is also the earliest instance of a complete currency dispenser system in the patent record and this patent was filed on 5 March 1968 in the US and granted on 1 December 1970
29.
Lizzie McGuire
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Lizzie McGuire is an American live-action scripted teen sitcom, which features an animated version of the title character performing soliloquy. The animated sequences were interspersed with the shows live-action sequences and it premiered on the Disney Channel on January 12,2001, following the premiere of Zenon, The Zequel, and ended February 14,2004. A total of 65 episodes were produced and aired and its target demographic was preteens and adolescents. The series won Favorite TV Show at the Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards in 2002 and 2003. The series follows 13-year-old Lizzie McGuire, a shy, compassionate, episodes center on Lizzies life, dealing with her family, mostly her parents Jo and Sam and her younger brother Matt, and normal teenage life issues. Lizzie has an animated alter-ego that represents her feelings, the series was created by Terri Minsky. The shows working title was Whats Lizzie Thinking, before being changed to Lizzie McGuire. The shows producer Stan Rogow says the visual look of the show was inspired by the film Run Lola Run. Though production wrapped in June 2002, the show did not end its run on Disney Channel until 2004. In 2014, Hilary Duff announced that she would be open to a Lizzie McGuire reunion, elizabeth Lizzie Brooke McGuire is portrayed as a shy, compassionate, and clumsy teen who dreams to fit in and be popular, although her animated alter ego often tells her true feelings. Lizzie constantly gets into arguments with her brother, Matt. Shes a Straight B student and is good at rhythmic gymnastics. Always the first to apologize and incredibly loyal, Lizzie sometimes loses herself in her nature and impulsiveness. Lizzies allergic to strawberries and oysters, Miranda Isabella Sanchez is Lizzies best friend. Despite showcasing great confidence, she is the most self-conscious of the three friends and her family is Mexican American, but she speaks very little Spanish. Like Lizzie, Miranda struggles with being a girl and growing up. She did not appear in the last six episodes, nor in The Lizzie McGuire Movie, during this time, her character was said to be sick, visiting her aunt, and vacationing with her family in Mexico City. During the events of The Lizzie McGuire Movie, Miranda is still on vacation in Mexico with her family, Miranda sings and in Season 2 its shown that she plays the violin
30.
Radio Disney
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Radio Disney Networks broadcasts three separated digital channels, Radio Disney, Radio Disney Country and Radio Disney Junior, via radio stations HD channel or by online stream sites. Recently Radio Disney has become a Mainstream Top 40 Indicator reporter on Nielsen-BDS eventually being upgraded to monitored status with Nielsen-BDS, Radio Disney is also a monitored reporter on the Mediabase 24/7 Top 40 panel. The network is headquartered in Burbank, California, on August 13,2014, Disney announced that it would sell its remaining Radio Disney stations, with the exception of KDIS in Los Angeles. Disney announced that it would begin to syndicate Radio Disney through affiliations with HD Radio subchannels, Disney had for a long time be involved in the music business building off its success in movies and TV shows, which later became Disney Music Group. However, with radio, Disney was not committed to the medium only doing a few shows, Radio Disney is Disneys third foray into radio. In late 1955, Walt Disney started The Magic Kingdom radio show—running Monday through Fridays, even before the 1996 Disney-CC/ABC merger, Disney and ABC Radio considered as early as 1992 planned for a childrens radio network but dropped the idea. Starting on July 31,1994, Disney started a radio show, Live From Walt Disney World. In November 1995, ABC Radio Networks and Childrens Broadcast Corp. reached an agreement for ABC Radio to provide marketing and sales to Radio AAHS. After Disneys acquisition of CC/ABC, Disney had ABC Radio cancel the agreement in August 1996 plus announced the start of its own childrens network and ended AAHSs Disney World broadcasting rights. Radio Disney was test launched in November 1996 in four markets, Minneapolis, Atlanta, Salt Lake City and Birmingham, on August 26,1997, Radio Disney was launched in Los Angeles on KTZN-AM. A nationwide roll out occurred in 1998 with 28 stations affiliating by August 1998 with an expected 63 stations by the end of 1999, Radio Disney purchased KAAM for $12 million and switched the station to the network in July. In 1998, the network was based out of its Dallas station, the network ran its Radio Disney Project Family Initiative from July 1 to September 15,2003 with family-themed programming and events to get family to sign on to the Radio Disney Family Pledge. Radio Disney began being carried by SiriusXM in 2002, Disney entered a joint venture to launch Capital Disney digital radio channel in Britain and operated from 2002 until June 29,2007. In 2004, Disney paid the former Childrens Broadcasting Corporation $12.4 million in a lawsuit settlement, also, as part of the 10th anniversary, Radio Disney held the Totally 10 Birthday Concert on July 22,2006 at the Arrowhead Pond in Anaheim, California. It also included a live webcast on the Radio Disney website. A second concert was held in Dallas, Texas on November 18,2006 at the Dallas Convention Center, Disney spun off and merged on June 12,2007 its ABC Radio Networks with Citadel Broadcasting into Citadel Communications while retaining its ESPN Radio and Radio Disney networks and stations. Operational duties of Radio Disney were transferred to the companys Disney–ABC Cable Networks Group, in March 2008, Radio Disney and Gracenotes signed a licensing agreement starting immediately that allow the lyrics be seen along with the song online on Radio Disney Internet Radio Player. The channel began streaming live on iTunes Radio Tuner in August 2008, in November 2008, Radio Disney relocated its main operations from Dallas to Los Angeles
31.
Gilmore Girls
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Gilmore Girls is an American comedy-drama television series created by Amy Sherman-Palladino starring Lauren Graham and Alexis Bledel. Sherman-Palladino, her husband Daniel Palladino, David S. Rosenthal, the series debuted on October 5,2000, on The WB and remained a tent-pole to the network until its move to The CW on September 26,2006. The series originally ran for seven seasons and ended its run on May 15,2007, the show follows single mother Lorelai Gilmore and her daughter Rory, living in the fictional town of Stars Hollow, Connecticut. The town is filled with characters and is located approximately 30 minutes from Hartford. The series explores issues of family, friendship and romance, as well as generational divides, ambition, education, work, love, family, and questions of class constitute some of the series central concerns. Gilmore Girls was released to critical acclaim and it featured fast-paced dialogue filled with pop-culture references. It won one Emmy Award for makeup in 2004, the show placed No.32 on Entertainment Weeklys New TV Classics list, and was listed as one of Time magazines All-TIME100 TV Shows in 2007. In 2016, the main cast and Sherman-Palladino returned for a four-part miniseries revival titled Gilmore Girls, A Year in the Life, Lorelai Gilmore grew up with her old money parents, Richard and Emily, in Hartford, Connecticut, but always felt stifled by this environment. At age sixteen she accidentally became pregnant, and a year later left home to raise her daughter Rory in the town of Stars Hollow. Later episodes reveal that Lorelai and infant Rory were taken in by Mia, owner of the Independence Inn, Lorelai and Rory develop a very close relationship, akin to best friends, and Lorelai is proud of the independent life she has formed away from her parents. Desperation and determination lead Lorelai to approach her parents, who she has only once or twice a year since leaving home. Emily and Richard provide her with a loan in exchange for an agreement that every Friday night she, the contrasting mother–daughter relationships of Emily–Lorelai and Lorelai–Rory become a defining theme of the show. The series also focuses on both girls ambition, Rory to become a journalist, and Lorelai to open an inn with her best friend Sookie St James. Rory has three boyfriends during the run of the show - local boy Dean Forrester, bad boy Jess Mariano, the quirky townspeople of Stars Hollow are a constant presence in the show. Rory has a difficult time settling in at Chilton, struggling to match the demands of private school and she meets her first boyfriend, Dean, but the pair break up when Rory doesnt reciprocate his I love you. She is also pursued by arrogant Chilton student Tristan, but she has little interest, Lorelai begins dating Rorys English teacher, Max Medina, though their relationship is complicated by the situation. At the same time, she has a friendship with the local diner owner, Luke Danes. Rorys father, Christopher Hayden, returns and also wants Lorelai, all the while, Lorelai struggles to adjust to having her parents in her life on a regular basis
32.
The WB
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The WB Television Network was an American television network that was first launched on broadcast television on January 11,1995 as a joint venture between the Warner Bros. Entertainment division of Time Warner and the Tribune Broadcasting subsidiary of the Tribune Company, on January 24,2006, CBS Corporation and Warner Bros. Entertainment announced plans to shut down the network and launch The CW later that same year, the WB Television Network shut down on September 17,2006, with select programs from both it and competitor UPN moving to The CW when it launched the following day, September 18. Time Warner re-used The WB brand for a network that launched on April 28,2008. The website could only be accessed within the United States, on November 2,1993, the Warner Bros. Only five of these stations – along with a sixth that Tribune acquired the following year – would join The WB at launch, when the network was announced, The WB planned to run a predominately network programmed schedule over time. The WB Television Network premiered on January 11,1995, with the episode of The Wayans Bros. as its first program. The classic Warner Bros. cartoon character Michigan J. Frog appeared on-air as the official mascot. Much of the branding was based around Warner Bros. locations and characters. Pictures shield logo, network promotions and imaging campaigns for The WB, the networks first programs were mostly sitcoms targeted at an ethnically black audience. Even though four of the five shows that debuted in the netlets first nine months were renewed beyond the first year – The Wayans Bros, unhappily Ever After, The Parent Hood and Sister, Sister – none of them made a significant impact. On August 17,1995, the Tribune Company acquired a 12. 5% on March 31,1997, the WB expanded its programming to Sunday nights for the 1995–96 season, but none of the new shows managed to garner much viewing interest. The WB continued to expand in the 1996–97 season, adding programming on Monday nights and this season gave The WB modest hits in the Aaron Spelling-produced family drama 7th Heaven and comedies The Steve Harvey Show and The Jamie Foxx Show. The WB first began to experience success with Buffy the Vampire Slayer and it debuted with the highest Monday night ratings in the networks history, attracting not only new teenage viewers, but new advertisers as well. The networks breakout hit and, arguably, its series was Dawsons Creek. At the start of the 1998–99 season, the network expanded its programming to Thursday nights, for the 1999–2000 season, the network concluded its primetime expansion with the addition of programming on Friday nights. During this season, The WB was the network to have gains in its total audience viewership. As the teen boom of the late 1990s began to wane, although teen-oriented fare like Popular and Roswell had premiered to strong ratings, both series saw serious ratings erosion in their sophomore seasons, leading the network to cancel them both
33.
ARIA Charts
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The ARIA Charts are the main Australian music sales charts, issued weekly by the Australian Recording Industry Association. The charts are a record of the highest selling singles and albums in various genres in Australia, ARIA became the official Australian music chart in June 1988, succeeding the Kent Music Report which had been Australias national charts since 1974. The Go-Set charts were Australias first national singles and albums charts published from 5 October 1966 until 24 August 1974, succeeding Go-Set, the Kent Music Report began issuing the national top 100 charts in Australia from May 1974. The compiler, David Kent, also published Australias national charts from 1940–1974 in a retrospective fashion using state based data, in mid 1983, the Australian Recording Industry Association commenced licensing the Kent Music Report chart. The first printed national top 50 chart available in record stores, ARIA began compiling its own charts in-house from the chart dated week ending 26 June 1988. Various artists compilation albums were included in the albums chart, as they had been on the Kent Report chart, until 2 July 1989. The ARIA Report, detailing the top 100 singles and albums charts, was first available via subscription in January 1990, the printed top 50 chart ceased publication in June 1998, but resumed publication later in the year. The printed top 50 chart again ceased publication at the end of 2000, the ARIA charts are based on data collected from physical and digital retailers in Australia. Data of physical sales come from such as Sanity and JB Hi-Fi, while data of digital sales come from online retailers such as iTunes, Bandit FM, GetMusic. Since 17 February 1997, all physical sales data contributing towards the chart has been recorded electronically at point of sale. In March 1991, Do the Bartman by The Simpsons was the first single to reach #1 in Australia that was not available on 7 inch vinyl, but cassingle only. Starting from 8 October 2006, due to low physical single sales at the time, in 2006, it was announced that the Brazin retailing group, comprising major retailers HMV, Sanity and Virgin music/DVD stores would no longer contribute sales data to the ARIA charts. However, after an absence, Brazin reportedly re-commenced contributing sales figures to the ARIA Charts on 26 November 2006. The ARIA website publishes the top 50 singles and albums charts, top 40 digital tracks chart, the ARIA Report lists all charts in full and is available via paid e-mail subscription each week. These reports are uploaded to the Pandora Archive periodically, on 5 February 2006, the ARIA Chart Show was a radio program launched on the Nova network and broadcast throughout Australia, playing the official ARIA top 50 singles. The live music program was hosted by Jabba each Sunday afternoon at 3, the show was aired before the top 50 chart, dated for the following Monday, is published on the ARIA website at 6,00 pm. The charts were published online at 6,00 pm each Sunday. The diamond certification was created for albums in November 2015 to mark 500,000 sales/shipments, for music DVDs, a gold accreditation originally represented 7,500 copies shipped, with a platinum accreditation representing 15,000 units shipped. co. uk
34.
GfK Entertainment Charts
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The GfK Entertainment Charts are the official music charts in Germany and are gathered and published by GfK Entertainment GmbH on behalf of Bundesverband Musikindustrie. Following a lawsuit in March 2014 by Media Control AG, Media Control® GfK International had to change its name, dissemination of the charts is conducted by various media outlets, some of which include VIVA music channel, and the Swiss charts website. Other entities that present the charts are MusicLoad and MIX1, furthermore, GfK Entertainment also runs a dedicated website providing chart-related news and access to most of the charts. Charts have been published in Germany since 1959, in a magazine called Der Musikmarkt, since 1959, the growing desire to have a well-developed music program has made Bundesverband Musikindustrie work together with charts providers to improve the way the charts are determined. For this purpose, different research institutes were tested, out of which Media Control, hence, the first official charts were made available in the magazine Der Musikmarkt in September 1977. Initially, there used to be 50 positions only, which later in January 1980, was extended to 75 slots, since 1989, however, GfK Entertainment has adapted the international standards providing 100 positions, now called Offizielle Top 100 Charts. In 2001, the Top-100 singles charts was modified to reflect the sales of the singles, Media Control developed Music Video charts in 2001, which later, in 2004, was renamed as DVD charts. While music-videos have their own charts, in 2001, GfK Entertainment made it possible for the music-video singles to have the ability to enter the Top-100 singles chart. Similarly, in 2002, it was available for music-video albums to chart on the Top-100 album chart. If not, then, the DVD album could qualify for the DVD chart only, in the same vein, if an audio CD contains at least 50% of video recording, then, it could qualify to chart on the DVD chart. In 2003, Media Control joined forces with GfK, thus the name officially being changed to Media Control GfK International GmbH. In 2004, Germany became one of the first music markets wherein sales charts were reflected by online digital downloads, digital-only releases came into existence on 13 July 2007, for online downloads only, which also altered the way the sales figures were conducted up to that point. Consequently, chart positions would no longer be affected by the number of music downloads as before. Thus, the albums would not necessarily be the ones ending up in the number-one position on the charts. In March 2014, GfK announced that the official chart providers name in Germany will change from Media Control GfK International GmbH to GfK Entertainment, there are currently 3,000 outlets that report their sales on weekly bases in Germany. The weekly sales data is transmitted to GfK Entertainment via communication network channel and this is the list of categories, for each of which charts are provided by GfK Entertainment
35.
Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana
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The Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana is an umbrella organization that keeps track of virtually all aspects of the music recording industry in Italy. It was established in 1992, when major corporate labels left the previously existing Associazione dei Fonografici Italiani, during the following years, most of the remaining Italian record labels left AFI to join the new organization. As of 2011, FIMI represents 2,500 companies operating in the music business, FIMI is a member of the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry and of the Italian employers federation, Confindustria. Its main purpose is to protect the interests of the Italian record industry, starting in March 1995, the Italian Music Industry Federation began providing the Italian official albums chart. In January 1997, FIMI also became the provider of the Italian official singles chart, due to the decrease of CD singles sales in Italy, FIMI replaced its physical singles chart with a digital downloads chart—based on legal internet and mobile downloads—on 1 January 2008. In July 2011, Enzo Mazza was confirmed as FIMI chairman, the Italian Music Industry Federation compiled its first album chart in March 1995. Issued on 7 March 1995, it was based on sales between 23 February 1995 and 1 March 1995 and this period coincided with the first week of sales for the albums released by the 45th Sanremo Music Festival contestants, the most important music event in Italy. The first number-one album was Bruce Springsteens Greatest Hits, between 1995 and 2009, the FIMI Album Chart was based on data provided by Nielsen. From January 2010, the FIMI Album Charts positions have been derived from GfK Retail, in 1995, the chart was based on data digitally gathered by 130 sellers. The number of sellers was later increased and, as of 2011, starting from 14 October 2011, the FIMI Albums Chart also includes digital sales. In March 1995, alongside the FIMI Album Chart, the Italian Music Industry Federation also began the FIMI Compilations Chart and these albums are not included in the FIMI Album Chart. The first number-one was Sanremo 95, released by RTI Music, in January 1997, the Italian Music Industry Federation also started an official singles chart. The first number-one single was Depeche Modes Barrel of a Gun, compiled by Nielsen, the chart listed the best-selling physical singles in Italy, but on 1 January 2008 it was replaced by the Top Digital Download, listing the best-selling digital singles. The last number one on the physical FIMI Singles Chart was The Singles Collection by Vasco Rossi, the Italian DVD Chart was established by the Italian Music Industry Federation in October 2003. The first Italian DVD Chart listed only the first ten positions, as of July 2011, it lists the 20 best-selling music DVDs in Italy, and is compiled by ACNielsen. On 10 April 2006, FIMI published the first chart listing the best-selling digital singles in Italy, compiled by Nielsen SoundScan, the chart was based on data provided by 10 digital stores. The first number-one single was Sei nellanima by Gianna Nannini, due to the decrease of CD singles sales in Italy, on 1 January 2008 the Top Digital Download became the Italian official singles chart, replacing the chart based on physical sales. A certification system has existed in Italy since the mid 1970s, during that period, albums had to sell 500,000 units to qualify for a Silver status, while for Gold, the requirement was 1,000,000 units
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