1.
Cheb
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Cheb, is a city in the Karlovy Vary Region of the Czech Republic, with about 33,000 inhabitants. It is situated on the river Ohře, at the foot of one of the spurs of the Smrčiny, from 1850 it was given the twin official names of Eger and Cheb. From 1938 to 1945 it was one of the municipalities in Sudetenland, the twin towns of Cheb are Hof in Germany, Rheden in the Netherlands, Nizhny Tagil in Russia and Bắc Ninh in Vietnam. The earliest settlement excavated in the area was a Slavic stronghold at what is now called Jánský Vrch, north of the town-centre. In 807 the district of todays Cheb was included in the new margraviate of East Franconia, which belonged at first to the Babenbergs, depold II of Vohburg built the castle about which the town then grew. In 1179 town status was achieved, in 1265 it was taken by the king Ottokar II of Bohemia, who retained it for eleven years. Several imperial privileges, however, continued to be enjoyed by the town until 1849 and it suffered severely during the Hussite Wars, during the Swedish invasion in 1631 and 1647, and in the War of the Austrian Succession in 1742. In 1634, during the Thirty Years War, Albrecht von Wallenstein was killed here, married his daughter and fathered two sons in the city. From the Middle Ages until 1945, the lands around the town were known by the German name Egerland, in 1723, Cheb became a free royal town. The northern quarter of the town was devastated by a fire in 1809. Until 1851, the renowned spa-town of Františkovy Lázně belonged to the Magistrate of Cheb, the carbonated mineral water coming from these springs was delivered to spa visitors residing in Cheb. Geographers of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy proclaimed the nearby 939m high Tillen as the centre of Europe. This claim was documented on a plaque mounted at the summit. Austrian National Socialism and hence German National Socialism can trace its origins to Cheb when Franko Stein transferred a small newspaper from Vienna to Cheb in 1897, there he organized a German workers congress called the Deutschvölkischer Arbeitertag, which published the 25-point program. The terms of the 1919 Treaty of St. Germain triggered civil unrest between the Sudeten German population and the new Czechoslovak administration, just as in the rest of the Sudetenland, as elsewhere, protests in the town – now officially named Cheb – were eventually suppressed by force. On 3 October 1938, the town was visited by Adolf Hitler, shortly afterwards German troops marched into the Sudetenland, from 1938 until 1945 the town was annexed to Germany. The administrative seat of the Regierungspräsident lay in Karlsbad, however, Cheb was liberated by the 97th Infantry Division of the US Army on 25 April,1945. After the end of World War II the region was returned to Czechoslovakia, under the Beneš decrees of the same year, the German-speaking majority of the town was dispossessed of their homes and property, and was forcibly expelled from the country
2.
Czech Republic
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The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a nation state in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast. The Czech Republic covers an area of 78,866 square kilometres with mostly temperate continental climate and it is a unitary parliamentary republic, has 10.5 million inhabitants and the capital and largest city is Prague, with over 1.2 million residents. The Czech Republic includes the territories of Bohemia, Moravia. The Czech state was formed in the late 9th century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire, after the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power transferred from Moravia to Bohemia under the Přemyslid dynasty. In 1002, the duchy was formally recognized as part of the Holy Roman Empire, becoming the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 and reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy alongside the Archduchy of Austria, the Protestant Bohemian Revolt against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years War. After the Battle of the White Mountain, the Habsburgs consolidated their rule, reimposed Roman Catholicism, the Czech part of Czechoslovakia was occupied by Germany in World War II, and was liberated in 1945 by the armies of the Soviet Union and the United States. The Czech country lost the majority of its German-speaking inhabitants after they were expelled following the war, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia won the 1946 elections. Following the 1948 coup détat, Czechoslovakia became a one-party communist state under Soviet influence, in 1968, increasing dissatisfaction with the regime culminated in a reform movement known as the Prague Spring, which ended in a Soviet-led invasion. Czechoslovakia remained occupied until the 1989 Velvet Revolution, when the communist regime collapsed, on 6 March 1990, the Czech Socialistic Republic was renamed to the Czech Republic. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully dissolved, with its constituent states becoming the independent states of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004, it is a member of the United Nations, the OECD, the OSCE, and it is a developed country with an advanced, high income economy and high living standards. The UNDP ranks the country 14th in inequality-adjusted human development, the Czech Republic also ranks as the 6th most peaceful country, while achieving strong performance in democratic governance. It has the lowest unemployment rate in the European Union, the traditional English name Bohemia derives from Latin Boiohaemum, which means home of the Boii. The current name comes from the endonym Čech, spelled Cžech until the reform in 1842. The name comes from the Slavic tribe and, according to legend, their leader Čech, the etymology of the word Čech can be traced back to the Proto-Slavic root *čel-, meaning member of the people, kinsman, thus making it cognate to the Czech word člověk. The country has traditionally divided into three lands, namely Bohemia in the west, Moravia in the southeast, and Czech Silesia in the northeast. Following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia at the end of 1992, the Czech part of the former nation found itself without a common single-word geographical name in English, the name Czechia /ˈtʃɛkiə/ was recommended by the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs
3.
Kit (association football)
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In association football, kit is the standard equipment and attire worn by players. The sports Laws of the Game specify the minimum kit which a player must use, footballers generally wear identifying numbers on the backs of their shirts. Professional clubs also usually display players surnames or nicknames on their shirts, Football kit has evolved significantly since the early days of the sport when players typically wore thick cotton shirts, knickerbockers and heavy rigid leather boots. The Laws of the Game set out the equipment which must be worn by all players in Law 4. Five separate items are specified, shirt, shorts, socks, footwear, goalkeepers are allowed to wear tracksuit bottoms instead of shorts. While most players wear studded football boots, the Laws do not specify that these are required, shirts must have sleeves, and goalkeepers must wear shirts which are easily distinguishable from all other players and the match officials. Thermal undershorts may be worn, but must be the colour as the shorts themselves. Shin pads must be covered entirely by the stockings, be made of rubber, plastic or a similar material, and provide a reasonable degree of protection. The only other restriction on equipment defined in the Laws of the Game is the requirement that a player must not use equipment or wear anything that is dangerous to himself or another player. In the event of a match between teams who would wear identical or similar colours the away team must change to a different colour. The England national team plays in red shirts even when it is not required. Many professional clubs also have a kit, ostensibly to be used if both their first-choice and away colours are deemed too similar to those of an opponent. Most professional clubs have retained the basic colour scheme for several decades. Teams representing countries in international competition generally wear national colours in common with other sporting teams of the same nation, shirts are normally made of a polyester mesh, which does not trap the sweat and body heat in the same way as a shirt made of a natural fibre. Depending on local rules, there may be restrictions on how large these logos may be or on what logos may be displayed, competitions such as the Premier League may also require players to wear patches on their sleeves depicting the logo of the competition. The captain of team is usually required to wear an elasticated armband around the left sleeve to identify him as the captain to the referee. Most current players wear specialist football boots, which can be either of leather or a synthetic material. Modern boots are cut slightly below the ankles, as opposed to the high-ankled boots used in former times, studs may be either moulded directly to the sole or be detachable, normally by means of a screw thread
4.
Association football
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
5.
Football at the 1980 Summer Olympics
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The football tournament at the 1980 Summer Olympics started on July 20 and ended on August 2. Only one event, the tournament, was contested. A few of the countries which qualified did not participate because of the such as Malaysia. The football tournament was the most attended event on these Olympics,1,821,624 spectators watched 32 matches of it at the stadiums, due to the American-led political boycott, some countries who qualified did not enter the Final Tournament. The following 16 teams qualified for the 1980 Olympics football tournament, Remark, with five goals, Sergey Andreyev of Soviet Union is the top scorer in the tournament. In total,82 goals were scored by 52 different players,5 goals Sergey Andreyev 4 goals 3 goals 2 goals 1 goal Own goals Mahboub Mubarak Below the final ranking after the end of the tournament. Olympic Football Tournament Moscow 1980, FIFA. com RSSSF Summary FIFA Technical Report
6.
Bohemians 1905
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Bohemians Praha 1905 is a Prague-based football club, which was founded in 1905 as AFK Vršovice. The club won the 1982–83 Czechoslovak First League, its league championship. Its colours are green and white, the best known player from Bohemians history is Antonín Panenka, who is now the club chairman. Bohemians mascot is a kangaroo, the legacy of a 1927 tour of Australia, following the tour, the club was awarded two live kangaroos, which they donated to the Prague Zoo. Founded as AFK Vršovice, the played at the top level of football in the Czechoslovak First League between 1925 and 1935. They spent seasons in and out of the top division for the next 40 years before remaining in the top flight between 1973 and 1995, the most successful era for the club. In the 1982–83 season the club won the Czechoslovak First League, in the year 2005 it survived a crisis, which was a consequence of bad management. The club was prevented from taking part in the part of the 2004–05 Czech 2. Liga and its results were expunged, the club was relegated to the 3rd Czech division due to its financial insolvency, but later was saved by its fans who paid off portion of the clubs debts. The club was able to advance back to the top flight in 2007. After only one season in 2, liga Bohemians returned to the First League in 2013. The club functioned normally until financial troubles came up and the club collapsed in 2005. TJ Bohemians took advantage of the situation and rented out the Bohemians logo to FC Střížkov Praha 9, TJ were able to pour money into the small club and help them rise to the first division. However, fans remained loyal to the Bohemians 1905 team, in September 2012, a Czech court ruled that the former Střížkov club must not continue to use the name Bohemians after 31 January 2013. However, in December 2012, the club was granted the right to appeal against the decision, the home stadium, located in Vršovice, is called Ďolíček. However, from the 2010–11 season, for a period of five years and this arrangement was discontinued in 2012 after the club was relegated from the Czech First League, due to the regulations on stadiums being different between the two leagues. Bohemians are one of the most popular clubs in the Czech Republic, the club is one of the few in the country to have fans with a left-wing ideology, although most fan groups identify themselves as apolitical, and there are supporters who are right-wing. The ultras group is one of the strongest in terms of choreographies and they maintain friendly contacts with Dubliners Bohemian FC, in the past they had friendships with FC St. Pauli and Górnik Wałbrzych
7.
Mitropa Cup
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The Mitropa Cup, officially called the La Coupe de lEurope Centrale or Central European Cup, was one of the first international major European football cups for club sides. The tournament declined and was discontinued after 1992, Mitropa Cup had 51 editions in history, including a different format edition held in 1960 and won by Hungary. The most successful club is Vasas Budapest with 6 titles, a first International competition for football clubs was founded in 1897 in Vienna. The Challenge Cup was invented by John Gramlick Sr. a co-founder of the Vienna Cricket, the Challenge Cup was carried out until the year 1911 and is today seen as the predecessor to the Mitropa Cup and consequently the European Cup and Champions League. The last winner of the cup was Wiener Sport-Club, one of the oldest and most traditional clubs of Austria where the cup still remains. The idea of a European cup competition was shaped after World War I which brought the defeat, the centre of this idea were the Central European countries that, at this time, were still leading in continental football. In the early 1920s they introduced professional leagues, the first continental countries to do so, Austria started in 1924, followed by Hungary in 1925 and Czechoslovakia in 1926. Moreover, the creation of a European Cup for national teams - that unlike the Challenge Cup, the first matches were played on 14 August 1927. The competition was between the top teams of Central Europe. Initially two teams each from Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia entered, competing in a knock-out competition, the countries involved could either send their respective league winners and runners-up, or league winners and cup winners to take part. The first winners were the Czech side, AC Sparta Prague, in 1929 Italian teams replaced the Yugoslavian ones. The competition was expanded to four teams each of the competing countries in 1934. Other countries were invited to participate - Switzerland in 1936, and Romania, Switzerland, Austria was withdrawn from the competition following the Anschluss in 1938. In 1939, prior to the start of WW II, the cup involved only eight teams, the level of the competing nations is clearly shown by Italys two World Cup titles, Czechoslovakias and Hungarys World Cup final, and Austrias and Yugoslavias semi-finals. Out of the different teams competing in the first three World Cups, five were part of the Mitropa Cup. A tournament was started in 1940, but abandoned before the match due to World War II. Again, only eight teams competed, three each from Hungary and Yugoslavia and two from Romania, hungarian Ferencváros and Romanian Rapid qualified for the final, but did not meet because the northern part of Transylvania was ceded back to Hungary from Romania. After World War II, the cup was resumed in 1951, the Cup, once again named Mitropa Cup, lost much of its status because of the introduction of other European Club Competitions, and faced an ongoing decline
8.
FC Slovan Liberec
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FC Slovan Liberec /ˈsloʊvən ˈlɪbərɛts/ is a Czech football club founded in the city of Liberec. The club is one of the most successful in the Czech Republic, the main sponsor of the club is the glass making company Preciosa a. s. Because Liberec was a city where the majority of inhabitants were of German nationality, until 1945, it was Germans who first established clubs, the first Czech football club SK Liberec was established after World War I, on 11 May 1919. In 1922, the originally German club FK Rapid Ober Rosenthal turned into the Czech club SK Rapid Horní Růžodol, in the same year, another Liberec-based club – SK Doubí – was established, followed by AFK Stráž bezpečnosti in 1931. The rivalry that existed in Liberec between Rapid and Slavia can be compared to a smaller version of the rivalry between Pragues two most famous clubs, Sparta and Slavia. After Liberec was incorporated into the German Reich, Czech football in the city came to a halt for a seven years. At the end of World War II and with the liberation of Czechoslovakia in 1945, the first post-war game was played in Turnov on 10 June 1945 by Liberecs football club Slavia. On 15 July 1945, representatives of Czech football clubs from the areas that had started up again met at the Radnice hotel. The result of the meeting was the verdict that each border-area club continue in the league that it had played in up until 1938. After seven years of forced inactivity, Slavia Liberec was again included in Class I A, in February 1948 the Communists seized power in Czechoslovakia. Under the new name of Kolora, Rapid Liberec, former Horní Růžodol, at the time, Slavoj had only played in the regional league. This reorganization created a lot of bad blood in Liberec, after one season, Slavoj was relegated to the second league. Three years later, Kolora once again battled its way up to be promoted to the premier league, whenever Kolora, which later played under the name of Jiskra, met up with Slavoj Liberec, the match was always important and a rough battle to the end. In 1958, the decision was taken to close the Jiskra and Slavoj clubs, as a result, TJ Slovan Liberec was formed on 12 July 1958. With this name, the club affirmed the Czech character of the club as well as the region where it played. The very first competitor the newly created team faced was Spartak Praha Sokolovo, despite of all its efforts, for a long time Slovan Liberec was unsuccessful in its fight for a place in the premier league. At certain stages of its history, it was relegated to the regional division or third league. In the 1970s, Slovan managed to be promoted back to the second league, due to the vast distances, the footballers from Liberec even had to board planes to play against teams in Bardejov or Michalovce, located in the eastern parts of the country
9.
AC Sparta Prague
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AC Sparta Prague is a Czech football club based in Prague. Sparta have also successful on the international stage, winning the Pequeña Copa del Mundo de Clubes. Sparta have won 36 domestic league titles, the Czech Cup 27 times, also a record, and the Czech Supercup twice. Sparta was long the main source for the Czech Republic national football team, however lately this has ceased to be the case, Sparta play at Pragues Generali Arena, also known as Letná Stadium. At the close of 1893, a group of young people based around three brothers – Václav, Bohumil and Rudolf Rudl – had the idea of setting up a sports club. On 16 November, the meeting approved the clubs articles of association and one month later, on 17 December. Soon after that, the Athletic Club Sparta came up with its tricolour, in which blue symbolises Europe, red is the symbol of the royal city, though the reason for the yellow is not known any more. At the very beginning of the football history, the players used to wear black jerseys with a big S on the front. They then played for two years in black-and-white striped jerseys, which returned to, wearing them as a reserve strip. In 1906, club president Dr. Petřík was in England where he saw the famous Arsenal play with their red jerseys, at that time, he did not realise he was setting up one of the clubs greatest traditions. Together with the red jerseys, Sparta players wear white shorts, shortly after World War I, a team was put together that triggered off the famous period of the 1920s and 30s referred to as Iron Sparta. A football league in Czechoslovakia was established in the mid-twenties and the collected title after title. To this day, the fans still recall the names of the players of that period with admiration, Peyer, Hojer, Perner, Káďa, Kolenatý, Červený. A few years later, some no less famous names appeared, such as Hochman, Burgr, Hajný, Šíma, Silný, Čtyřoký, Košťálek and in particular Oldřich Nejedlý, the top scorer at the 1934 FIFA World Cup. Shortly before this most famous era kicked off, Vlasta Burian, the milestones of the first golden period of the clubs history are two Central European Cup titles, which in the 20 and the 30s enjoyed the same recognition as that of todays Champions League. Spartas three titles are important milestones in the cups history, after two triumphs in 1927 and 1935, the third came in 1964, at a time when the cups importance was gradually falling behind that of other European cups. In 1946, AC Sparta toured Great Britain opening with a 2–2 draw against Arsenal on 2 October, on Thursday 16 February 2017, They suffered a humiliating defeat to Russian Minnows Rostov. Golden periods alternated with years when Sparta fans only nostalgically remembered the old times
10.
Czech First League
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The Czech First League, currently known as the ePojisteni. cz liga, is a Czech professional league for football clubs. At the top of the Czech football league system, it is the primary football competition. It is contested by 16 clubs, operating a system of promotion and relegation with the Czech National Football League, seasons run from August to May, with teams playing 30 games each. The league is currently ranked 13th in Europe in the UEFA league rankings, the history of the Czech football league began at the end of the 20th century. It was reorganised for the 1993–1994 season, after the dissolution of former Czechoslovakia, having won more than half of league titles, Sparta Prague are the most successful team in Czech First League history. Other clubs who have won the title are Slavia Prague, Slovan Liberec, Baník Ostrava, there are 16 clubs in the league. During the course of a season, which lasts from August to May, each plays the others twice, once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents. In the inaugural season, two points were awarded for a win, before switching to three points for a win in 1994, teams receive one point for a draw and no points are awarded for a loss. The two lowest placed teams are relegated to the second tier Czech National Football League, the following 16 clubs are competing in the 2015–16 Czech First League. In 1997 the league started a deal with Plzeňský Prazdroj. In 2008, the sponsorship was extended until the end of the 2013–14 season, in May 2014, the league announced a four-year sponsorship deal with betting firm Synot, becoming the Synot liga. However, in January 2016 the company announced that their deal would conclude at the end of the 2015–16 season, in July 2016 a new two-year sponsorship deal has been announced with an online insurance company ePojisteni. cz, the league is officially called ePojisteni. cz liga. In October 2016 FAČR, LFA and Czech betting company Fortuna signed a 6-year partnership deal, according to this deal the Czech First League will be called Fortuna liga from the 2018–19 season. Last update,17 September 2016 1993–94 – 2012–13 Point reductions, Czech Republic – List of Champions, RSSSF. com
