1.
Baptists
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Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency, salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, elders and deacons, Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity. Historians trace the earliest church labeled Baptist back to 1609 in Amsterdam, in accordance with his reading of the New Testament, he rejected baptism of infants and instituted baptism only of believing adults. Baptist practice spread to England, where the General Baptists considered Christs atonement to extend to all people, while the Particular Baptists believed that it extended only to the elect. Thomas Helwys formulated a distinctively Baptist request that the church and the state be kept separate in matters of law, Helwys died in prison as a consequence of the religious persecution of English dissenters under King James I. In 1638, Roger Williams established the first Baptist congregation in the North American colonies, in the mid-18th century, the First Great Awakening contributed to Baptist growth in both New England and the South. Baptist missionaries have spread their church to every continent, the largest Baptist denomination is the Southern Baptist Convention, with the membership of associated churches totaling more than 15 million. Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of the original Protestant denominations and this view of Baptist origins has the most historical support and is the most widely accepted. Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be minimal and it was a time of considerable political and religious turmoil. Both individuals and churches were willing to give up their theological roots if they became convinced that a more biblical truth had been discovered, during the Protestant Reformation, the Church of England separated from the Roman Catholic Church. There were some Christians who were not content with the achievements of the mainstream Protestant Reformation, there also were Christians who were disappointed that the Church of England had not made corrections of what some considered to be errors and abuses. Of those most critical of the Churchs direction, some chose to stay and they became known as Puritans and are described by Gourley as cousins of the English Separatists. Others decided they must leave the Church because of their dissatisfaction, historians trace the earliest Baptist church back to 1609 in Amsterdam, with John Smyth as its pastor. Three years earlier, while a Fellow of Christs College, Cambridge, reared in the Church of England, he became Puritan, English Separatist, and then a Baptist Separatist, and ended his days working with the Mennonites. He began meeting in England with 60–70 English Separatists, in the face of great danger, Smyth and his lay supporter, Thomas Helwys, together with those they led, broke with the other English exiles because Smyth and Helwys were convinced they should be baptized as believers. In 1609 Smyth first baptized himself and then baptized the others, in 1609, while still there, Smyth wrote a tract titled The Character of the Beast, or The False Constitution of the Church. In it he expressed two propositions, first, infants are not to be baptized, and second, Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism. Hence, his conviction was that a church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been baptized on a personal confession of faith
2.
Ajax, Ontario
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Ajax is a town in the Durham Region of Southern Ontario, Canada, located in the eastern part of the Greater Toronto Area. The town is named for HMS Ajax, a Royal Navy cruiser that served in World War II. It is approximately 25 kilometres east of Toronto on the shores of Lake Ontario and is bordered by the City of Pickering to the west and north, before the Second World War, the territory in which Ajax is situated was a rural part of the township of Pickering. The town itself was first established in 1941 when a Defence Industries Limited shell plant was constructed, the entire D. I. L. plant site included some 12 km2. People came from all over Canada to work at D. I. L, the burgeoning community received its name in honour of the first significant British naval victory of the war. Ajax was chosen as the name of this war-born community, after the war, the University of Toronto leased much of the D. I. L. plant to house the flood of newly discharged soldiers who had enrolled as engineering students. War machines were moved out and the buildings were converted to classrooms, by 1949, the last year of the University of Toronto, Ajax Division, some 7,000 engineering students had received their basic training there. From 1941 to 1950, Ajax had no municipal government of its own. In 1950, as a result of a petition, the community became the Corporation of the Improvement District of Ajax with three appointed by the Lieutenant-Governor in Council. By 1953, the desire for full and active participation by its citizens in an elected council, the Municipal Board approved this step, and on December 13,1954, the people elected the first Town Council and the first Public School Board. The Region and Town both officially came into being on January 1,1974, Ajax is bordered to the West and North by the City of Pickering, to the East by the Town of Whitby and to the South by Lake Ontario. Today, Ajax is commonly considered part of the Greater Toronto Area, as is true for most suburban areas in the Greater Toronto Area, Ajax has grown considerably since the 1980s. What was once a town mostly surrounded by agricultural areas has increasingly become a bedroom community to Toronto. Many residents commute to work in Toronto or other municipalities in Durham Region, the following is a summary of major changes in the past several decades, Recent rapid low density population growth. Only one greenfield area of the Town remains, located in the western corner of the town. As the town becomes increasingly built-out, the town is attempting to increase intensity of development, however, development in Ajax still principally consists of single-family detached houses on separate lots, and so the fundamental nature of the town seems fixed for the near future. Recently, these areas have expanded to north Ajax. the reason is the amount of land that can be capitalized on for housing investment. Although these projects have been going on for years, until recently these homes have been constructed
3.
Ontario
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Ontario, one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, is located in east-central Canada. It is Canadas most populous province by a margin, accounting for nearly 40 percent of all Canadians. Ontario is fourth-largest in total area when the territories of the Northwest Territories and it is home to the nations capital city, Ottawa, and the nations most populous city, Toronto. There is only about 1 km of land made up of portages including Height of Land Portage on the Minnesota border. Ontario is sometimes divided into two regions, Northern Ontario and Southern Ontario. The great majority of Ontarios population and arable land is located in the south, in contrast, the larger, northern part of Ontario is sparsely populated with cold winters and is heavily forested. The province is named after Lake Ontario, a thought to be derived from Ontarí, io, a Huron word meaning great lake, or possibly skanadario. Ontario has about 250,000 freshwater lakes, the province consists of three main geographical regions, The thinly populated Canadian Shield in the northwestern and central portions, which comprises over half the land area of Ontario. Although this area mostly does not support agriculture, it is rich in minerals and in part covered by the Central and Midwestern Canadian Shield forests, studded with lakes, Northern Ontario is subdivided into two sub-regions, Northwestern Ontario and Northeastern Ontario. The virtually unpopulated Hudson Bay Lowlands in the north and northeast, mainly swampy. Southern Ontario which is further sub-divided into four regions, Central Ontario, Eastern Ontario, Golden Horseshoe, the highest point is Ishpatina Ridge at 693 metres above sea level located in Temagami, Northeastern Ontario. In the south, elevations of over 500 m are surpassed near Collingwood, above the Blue Mountains in the Dundalk Highlands, the Carolinian forest zone covers most of the southwestern region of the province. A well-known geographic feature is Niagara Falls, part of the Niagara Escarpment, the Saint Lawrence Seaway allows navigation to and from the Atlantic Ocean as far inland as Thunder Bay in Northwestern Ontario. Northern Ontario occupies roughly 87 percent of the area of the province. Point Pelee is a peninsula of Lake Erie in southwestern Ontario that is the southernmost extent of Canadas mainland, Pelee Island and Middle Island in Lake Erie extend slightly farther. All are south of 42°N – slightly farther south than the border of California. The climate of Ontario varies by season and location, the effects of these major air masses on temperature and precipitation depend mainly on latitude, proximity to major bodies of water and to a small extent, terrain relief. In general, most of Ontarios climate is classified as humid continental, Ontario has three main climatic regions
4.
Canada
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Canada is a country in the northern half of North America. Canadas border with the United States is the worlds longest binational land border, the majority of the country has a cold or severely cold winter climate, but southerly areas are warm in summer. Canada is sparsely populated, the majority of its territory being dominated by forest and tundra. It is highly urbanized with 82 per cent of the 35.15 million people concentrated in large and medium-sized cities, One third of the population lives in the three largest cities, Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver. Its capital is Ottawa, and other urban areas include Calgary, Edmonton, Quebec City, Winnipeg. Various aboriginal peoples had inhabited what is now Canada for thousands of years prior to European colonization. Pursuant to the British North America Act, on July 1,1867, the colonies of Canada, New Brunswick and this began an accretion of provinces and territories to the mostly self-governing Dominion to the present ten provinces and three territories forming modern Canada. With the Constitution Act 1982, Canada took over authority, removing the last remaining ties of legal dependence on the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Canada is a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy, with Queen Elizabeth II being the head of state. The country is officially bilingual at the federal level and it is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, the product of large-scale immigration from many other countries. Its advanced economy is the eleventh largest in the world, relying chiefly upon its abundant natural resources, Canadas long and complex relationship with the United States has had a significant impact on its economy and culture. Canada is a country and has the tenth highest nominal per capita income globally as well as the ninth highest ranking in the Human Development Index. It ranks among the highest in international measurements of government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic freedom, Canada is an influential nation in the world, primarily due to its inclusive values, years of prosperity and stability, stable economy, and efficient military. While a variety of theories have been postulated for the origins of Canada. In 1535, indigenous inhabitants of the present-day Quebec City region used the word to direct French explorer Jacques Cartier to the village of Stadacona, from the 16th to the early 18th century Canada referred to the part of New France that lay along the St. Lawrence River. In 1791, the area became two British colonies called Upper Canada and Lower Canada collectively named The Canadas, until their union as the British Province of Canada in 1841. Upon Confederation in 1867, Canada was adopted as the name for the new country at the London Conference. The transition away from the use of Dominion was formally reflected in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act, later that year, the name of national holiday was changed from Dominion Day to Canada Day
5.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
6.
Red (color)
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Red is the color at the longer-wavelengths end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange, at the opposite end from violet. Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620–740 nanometers, light with a longer wavelength than red but shorter than terahertz radiation and microwave is called infrared. Red is one of the secondary colors, resulting from the combination of yellow. Traditionally, it was viewed as a primary colour, along with yellow and blue, in the RYB color space and traditional color wheel formerly used by painters. Reds can vary in shade from light pink to very dark maroon or burgundy. Red is the color of cyan. In nature, the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin, the red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. It also causes the red color of the planet Mars, the color of autumn leaves is caused by pigments called anthocyanins, which are produced towards the end of summer, when the green chlorophyll is no longer produced. One to two percent of the population has red hair, the color is produced by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin. Since red is the color of blood, it has historically been associated with sacrifice, danger, modern surveys in the United States and Europe show red is also the color most commonly associated with heat, activity, passion, sexuality, anger, love and joy. In China, India and many other Asian countries it is the color of symbolizing happiness, since the 19th century, red has also been associated with socialism and communism. The word red is derived from the Old English rēad, the word can be further traced to the Proto-Germanic rauthaz and the Proto-Indo European root rewdʰ-. In Sanskrit, the word means red or blood. In the Akkadian language of Ancient Mesopotamia and in the modern Inuit language of Inuit, the words for colored in Latin and Spanish both also mean red. In Portuguese the word for red is vermelho, which comes from Latin vermiculus, in the Russian language, the word for red, Кра́сный, comes from the same old Slavic root as the words for beautiful—красивый and excellent—прекрасный. Thus Red Square in Moscow, named long before the Russian Revolution, in heraldry, the word gules is used for red. Red can vary in hue from orange-red to violet-red, and for each hue there is a variety of shades and tints. Red hematite powder was found scattered around the remains at a grave site in a Zhoukoudian cave complex near Beijing
7.
Black
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Black is the darkest color resulting from the absence or complete absorption of light. Like white and grey, it is a color, literally a color without hue. It is one of the four colors in the CMYK color model, along with cyan, yellow. Black is often used to represent darkness, it is the symbolic opposite of white, Black was one of the first colors used by artists in neolithic cave paintings. In the 14th century, it began to be worn by royalty and it became the color worn by English romantic poets, businessmen and statesmen in the 19th century, and a high fashion color in the 20th century. In the Roman Empire, it became the color of mourning, according to surveys in Europe and North America, it is the color most commonly associated with mourning, the end, secrets, magic, force, violence, evil, and elegance. More distant cognates include Latin flagrare, and Ancient Greek phlegein, the Ancient Greeks sometimes used the same word to name different colors, if they had the same intensity. Kuanos could mean both dark blue and black, the Ancient Romans had two words for black, ater was a flat, dull black, while niger was a brilliant, saturated black. Ater has vanished from the vocabulary, but niger was the source of the country name Nigeria the English word Negro, old High German also had two words for black, swartz for dull black and blach for a luminous black. These are parallelled in Middle English by the terms swart for dull black, swart still survives as the word swarthy, while blaek became the modern English black. In heraldry, the used for the black color is sable, named for the black fur of the sable. Black was one of the first colors used in art, the Lascaux Cave in France contains drawings of bulls and other animals drawn by paleolithic artists between 18,000 and 17,000 years ago. They began by using charcoal, and then made more vivid black pigments by burning bones or grinding a powder of manganese oxide, for the ancient Egyptians, black had positive associations, being the color of fertility and the rich black soil flooded by the Nile. It was the color of Anubis, the god of the underworld, who took the form of a black jackal, and offered protection against evil to the dead. For the ancient Greeks, black was also the color of the underworld, separated from the world of the living by the river Acheron and those who had committed the worst sins were sent to Tartarus, the deepest and darkest level. In the center was the palace of Hades, the king of the underworld, Black was one of the most important colors used by ancient Greek artists. In the 6th century BC, they began making pottery and later red figure pottery. In black-figure pottery, the artist would paint figures with a clay slip on a red clay pot
8.
Christianity
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Christianity is a Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ, who serves as the focal point for the religion. It is the worlds largest religion, with over 2.4 billion followers, or 33% of the global population, Christians believe that Jesus is the Son of God and the savior of humanity whose coming as the Messiah was prophesied in the Old Testament. Christian theology is summarized in creeds such as the Apostles Creed and his incarnation, earthly ministry, crucifixion, and resurrection are often referred to as the gospel, meaning good news. The term gospel also refers to accounts of Jesuss life and teaching, four of which—Matthew, Mark, Luke. Christianity is an Abrahamic religion that began as a Second Temple Judaic sect in the mid-1st century, following the Age of Discovery, Christianity spread to the Americas, Australasia, sub-Saharan Africa, and the rest of the world through missionary work and colonization. Christianity has played a prominent role in the shaping of Western civilization, throughout its history, Christianity has weathered schisms and theological disputes that have resulted in many distinct churches and denominations. Worldwide, the three largest branches of Christianity are the Catholic Church, the Eastern Orthodox Church, and the denominations of Protestantism. There are many important differences of interpretation and opinion of the Bible, concise doctrinal statements or confessions of religious beliefs are known as creeds. They began as baptismal formulae and were expanded during the Christological controversies of the 4th and 5th centuries to become statements of faith. Many evangelical Protestants reject creeds as definitive statements of faith, even agreeing with some or all of the substance of the creeds. The Baptists have been non-creedal in that they have not sought to establish binding authoritative confessions of faith on one another. Also rejecting creeds are groups with roots in the Restoration Movement, such as the Christian Church, the Evangelical Christian Church in Canada, the Apostles Creed is the most widely accepted statement of the articles of Christian faith. It is also used by Presbyterians, Methodists, and Congregationalists and this particular creed was developed between the 2nd and 9th centuries. Its central doctrines are those of the Trinity and God the Creator, each of the doctrines found in this creed can be traced to statements current in the apostolic period. The creed was used as a summary of Christian doctrine for baptismal candidates in the churches of Rome. Most Christians accept the use of creeds, and subscribe to at least one of the mentioned above. The central tenet of Christianity is the belief in Jesus as the Son of God, Christians believe that Jesus, as the Messiah, was anointed by God as savior of humanity, and hold that Jesus coming was the fulfillment of messianic prophecies of the Old Testament. The Christian concept of the Messiah differs significantly from the contemporary Jewish concept, Jesus, having become fully human, suffered the pains and temptations of a mortal man, but did not sin
9.
Protestantism
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Protestantism is a form of Christianity which originated with the Reformation, a movement against what its followers considered to be errors in the Roman Catholic Church. It is one of the three divisions of Christendom, together with Roman Catholicism and Orthodoxy. The term derives from the letter of protestation from German Lutheran princes in 1529 against an edict of the Diet of Speyer condemning the teachings of Martin Luther as heretical. Although there were earlier breaks from or attempts to reform the Roman Catholic Church—notably by Peter Waldo, John Wycliffe, Protestants reject the notion of papal supremacy and deny the Roman Catholic doctrine of transubstantiation, but disagree among themselves regarding the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist. The Five solae summarize the reformers basic differences in theological beliefs, in the 16th century, Lutheranism spread from Germany into Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, the Baltic states, and Iceland. Reformed churches were founded in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Scotland, Switzerland and France by such reformers as John Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, the political separation of the Church of England from Rome under King Henry VIII brought England and Wales into this broad Reformation movement. Protestants developed their own culture, which made major contributions in education, the humanities and sciences, the political and social order, the economy and the arts, some Protestant denominations do have a worldwide scope and distribution of membership, while others are confined to a single country. A majority of Protestants are members of a handful of families, Adventism, Anglicanism, Baptist churches, Reformed churches, Lutheranism, Methodism. Nondenominational, evangelical, charismatic, independent and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity. Six princes of the Holy Roman Empire and rulers of fourteen Imperial Free Cities, the edict reversed concessions made to the Lutherans with the approval of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V three years earlier. During the Reformation, the term was used outside of the German politics. The word evangelical, which refers to the gospel, was more widely used for those involved in the religious movement. Nowadays, this word is still preferred among some of the historical Protestant denominations in the Lutheran and Calvinist traditions in Europe, above all the term is used by Protestant bodies in the German-speaking area, such as the EKD. In continental Europe, an Evangelical is either a Lutheran or a Calvinist, the German word evangelisch means Protestant, and is different from the German evangelikal, which refers to churches shaped by Evangelicalism. The English word evangelical usually refers to Evangelical Protestant churches, and it traces its roots back to the Puritans in England, where Evangelicalism originated, and then was brought to the United States. Protestantism as a term is now used in contradistinction to the other major Christian traditions, i. e. Roman Catholicism. Initially, Protestant became a term to mean any adherent to the Reformation movement in Germany and was taken up by Lutherans. Even though Martin Luther himself insisted on Christian or Evangelical as the only acceptable names for individuals who professed Christ, French and Swiss Protestants preferred the word reformed, which became a popular, neutral and alternative name for Calvinists
10.
Puritans
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Puritanism in this sense was founded as an activist movement within the Church of England. The founders, clergy exiled under Mary I, returned to England shortly after the accession of Elizabeth I of England in 1558, Puritanism played a significant role in English history during the first half of the 17th century. One of the most effective stokers of anti-Catholic feeling was John Pym, Puritans were blocked from changing the established church from within and were severely restricted in England by laws controlling the practice of religion. They took on distinctive beliefs about clerical dress and in opposition to the episcopal system and they largely adopted Sabbatarianism in the 17th century, and were influenced by millennialism. Consequently, they became a political force in England and came to power as a result of the First English Civil War. Almost all Puritan clergy left the Church of England after the Restoration of 1660, the nature of the movement in England changed radically, although it retained its character for a much longer period in New England. Puritans by definition were dissatisfied with the extent of the English Reformation. They formed and identified with various groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine, as well as personal. Puritans adopted a Reformed theology and, in sense, were Calvinists. In church polity, some advocated separation from all other established Christian denominations in favor of autonomous gathered churches. The Puritans were never a formally defined sect or religious division within Protestantism, the Congregationalist tradition, widely considered to be a part of the Reformed tradition, claims descent from the Puritans. Historically, the word Puritan was considered a term that characterized Protestant groups as extremists. According to Thomas Fuller in his Church History, the dates to 1564. Archbishop Matthew Parker of that used it and precisian with the sense of the modern stickler. In modern times, the word puritan is often used to mean against pleasure, in this sense, the term Puritan was coined in the 1560s, when it first appeared as a term of abuse for those who found the Elizabethan Religious Settlement of 1559 inadequate. The term Puritan, therefore, was not intended to refer to strict morality, a common modern misunderstanding, the word Puritan was applied unevenly to a number of Protestant churches from the late 16th century onwards. Puritans did not originally use the term for themselves, the practitioners knew themselves as members of particular churches or movements, and not by a single term. Precise men and Precisians were other early derogatory terms for Puritans, seventeenth century English Puritan preacher Thomas Watson used the godly to describe Puritans in the title of one of his more famous works The Godly Mans Picture
11.
Anabaptism
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Anabaptism is a Christian movement which traces its origins to the Radical Reformation in Europe. Traditionally this movement is seen as an offshoot of European Protestantism, Anabaptists are Christians who believe that baptism is only valid when the candidate confesses his or her faith in Christ and wants to be baptized. This believers baptism is opposed to baptism of infants, who are not able to make a decision to be baptized. Anabaptists are those who are in a line with the early Anabaptists of the 16th century. Other Christian groups, like Baptists, who practice believers baptism but have different roots, are not seen as Anabaptist. The Amish, Hutterites, and Mennonites are direct descendants of the early Anabaptist movement, schwarzenau Brethren, Bruderhof, and the Apostolic Christian Church are considered later developments among the Anabaptists. The name Anabaptist means one who baptizes again and their persecutors named them this, referring to the practice of baptizing persons when they converted or declared their faith in Christ, even if they had been baptized as infants. Anabaptists required that baptismal candidates be able to make a confession of faith that is freely chosen, the early members of this movement did not accept the name Anabaptist, claiming that infant baptism was not part of scripture and was therefore null and void. They said that baptizing self-confessed believers was their first true baptism, but the right baptism of Christ, which is preceded by teaching and oral confession of faith, I teach, and say that infant baptism is a robbery of the right baptism of Christ. Anabaptists were persecuted largely because of their interpretation of scripture that put them at odds with official state church interpretations, most Anabaptists adhered to a literal interpretation of the Sermon on the Mount, which precluded taking oaths, participating in military actions, and participating in civil government. Some groups that are now extinct, who practised rebaptism, however, felt otherwise and they were thus technically Anabaptists, even though conservative Amish, Mennonites, and Hutterites and some historians tend to consider them as being outside of true Anabaptism. Conrad Grebel wrote in a letter to Thomas Müntzer in 1524, True Christian believers are sheep among wolves, Neither do they use worldly sword or war, since all killing has ceased with them. For instance, Petr Chelčický, a 15th-century Bohemian reformer, taught most of the beliefs considered integral to Anabaptist theology, medieval antecedents may include the Brethren of the Common Life, the Hussites, Dutch Sacramentists, and some forms of monasticism. The Waldensians also represent a similar to the Anabaptists. The believer must not bear arms or offer forcible resistance to wrongdoers, no Christian has the jus gladii. Matthew 5,39 Civil government belongs to the world, the believer belongs to Gods kingdom, so must not fill any office nor hold any rank under government, which is to be passively obeyed. But no force is to be used towards them, on December 27,1521, three prophets appeared in Wittenberg from Zwickau who were influenced by Thomas Müntzer—Thomas Dreschel, Nicholas Storch, and Mark Thomas Stübner. They preached an apocalyptic, radical alternative to Lutheranism and their preaching helped to stir the feelings concerning the social crisis which erupted in the German Peasants War in southern Germany in 1525 as a revolt against feudal oppression
12.
Universal priesthood
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The exact meaning of this belief and its implications vary widely among denominations. The universal priesthood is a concept of Protestantism. In this way we are all priests, as many of us as are Christians, there are indeed priests whom we call ministers. They are chosen from among us, and who do everything in our name and that is a priesthood which is nothing else than the Ministry. Thus 1 Corinthians 4,1, No one should regard us as anything else than ministers of Christ and dispensers of the mysteries of God. The Bible passage considered to be the basis of belief is the First Epistle of Peter,2,9, But you are not like that. You are royal priests, a nation, God’s very own possession. As a result, you can show others the goodness of God, other relevant Scripture passages include Exodus 19, 5–6, First Peter 2, 4–8, Book of Revelation 1, 4–6,5, 6–10, and the Epistle to the Hebrews. In ancient Israel, priests acted as mediators between God and people and they ministered according to Gods instruction and they offered sacrifices to God on behalf of the people. Once a year, the high priest would enter the holiest part of the temple and offer a sacrifice for the sins of all the people, including all the priests. Although many religions use priests, most Protestant faiths reject the idea of a priesthood as a group that is distinct from lay people. They typically employ professional clergy who perform many of the functions as priests such as clarifying doctrine, administering communion, performing baptisms, marriages. In many instances, Protestants see professional clergy as servants acting on behalf of the local believers and this is in contrast to the priest, whom some Protestants see as having a distinct authority and spiritual role different from that of ordinary believers. Most Protestants today recognize only Christ as a mediator between themselves and God, the Epistle to the Hebrews calls Jesus the supreme high priest, who offered himself as a perfect sacrifice. Protestants believe that through Christ they have given direct access to God, just like a priest. God is equally accessible to all the faithful, and every Christian has equal potential to minister for God and this doctrine stands in opposition to the concept of a spiritual aristocracy or hierarchy within Christianity. The belief in the priesthood of all believers does not preclude order, for example, Lutheranism maintains the biblical doctrine of the preaching office or the office of the holy ministry established by God in the Christian Church. To obtain such faith God instituted the office of preaching, giving the gospel, through these, as through means, he gives the Holy Spirit who produces faith, where and when he wills, in those who hear the gospel
13.
Sola scriptura
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Sola scriptura is a Christian theological doctrine which holds that the Christian Scriptures are the sole infallible rule of faith and practice. However, sola scriptura rejects any original infallible authority other than the Bible, in this view, all secondary authority is derived from the authority of the Scriptures and is therefore subject to reform when compared to the teaching of the Bible. Sola scriptura is a principle of many Protestant Christian denominations. The Catholic Church regards the Apostolic preaching and writing as equal since both came from the Apostles, the Catholic Church describe this as one common source. With two distinct modes of transmission, while some Protestant authors call it a source of revelation. Sola scriptura is one of the five solas, considered by some Protestant groups to be the pillars of the Reformation. Luther said, a simple layman armed with Scripture is greater than the mightiest pope without it, the intention of the Reformation was to correct what he asserted to be the errors of the Catholic Church by appeal to the uniqueness of the Bibles textual authority. Catholic doctrine is based in Church tradition, as well as Scripture, Sola scriptura meant rejecting the infallible authority given to the Magisterium to interpret both Scripture and Church tradition. Sola scriptura, however, does not ignore Christian history, tradition, rather, it sees the church as the Bibles interpreter, the regula fidei as the interpretive context, and Scripture as the only final authority in matters of faith and practice. As Luther said, The true rule is this, Gods Word shall establish articles of faith, Lutheranism teaches that the Bible of the Old and New Testaments is the only divinely inspired book and the only source of divinely revealed knowledge. Scripture alone is the principle of the faith in Lutheranism, the final authority for all matters of faith and morals because of its inspiration, authority, clarity, efficacy. Lutheranism teaches that the Bible does not merely contain the Word of God, but every word of it is, because of verbal inspiration, as Lutherans confess in the Nicene Creed, the Holy Spirit spoke through the prophets. The Apology of the Augsburg Confession identifies Holy Scripture with the Word of God, a mistranslation is not Gods word, and no human authority can invest it with divine authority. Holy Scripture, the Word of God, carries the authority of God in Lutheranism, every single statement of the Bible calls for instant. Every doctrine of the Bible is the teaching of God and therefore requires full agreement, every promise of the Bible calls for unshakable trust in its fulfillment, every command of the Bible is the directive of God himself and therefore demands willing observance. It also teaches that readers must understand the language Gods Word is presented in and it teaches that, consequently, no one needs to wait for any clergy, and pope, scholar, or ecumenical council to explain the real meaning of any part of the Bible. Lutheranism teaches that Scripture is united with the power of the Holy Spirit and with it, not only demands and this teaching produces faith and obedience. Holy Scripture is not a letter, but rather, the power of the Holy Spirit is inherent in it
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John Smyth (Baptist minister)
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John Smyth was an early Baptist minister of England and a defender of the principle of religious liberty. Historians consider John Smyth a founder of the Baptist churches, Smyth is thought to have been the son of John Smyth, a yeoman of Sturton-le-Steeple, Nottinghamshire. He was educated locally at the school in Gainsborough and in Christs College, Cambridge. Smyth was ordained as an Anglican priest in 1594 in England and he preached in the city of Lincoln in 1600 to 1602. Soon after his ordination, he broke with the Church of England and left for Holland where he, in 1609, Smyth, along with a group in Holland, came to believe in believers baptism and they came together to form one of the earliest Baptist churches. Baptists believe that baptism is a sign of obedience to God, likewise, baptism according to the Bible does not save one from sin, but is a believers identification with the death, burial and resurrection of Jesus Christ. This is why Baptists reject the notion of infant baptism, because baptism follows, in the beginning, Smyth was closely aligned with his Anglican heritage. As time passed, his views evolved, first, Smyth insisted that true worship was from the heart and that any form of reading from a book in worship was an invention of sinful man. This rejection of liturgy remains strong among many Baptists still today, prayer, singing and preaching had to be completely spontaneous. This idea stemmed from the belief that worship should be ordered by the Spirit, second, Smyth introduced a twofold church leadership, that of pastor and deacon. This was in contrast to the Anglican traditional hierarchy of bishop, priest, and deacon, and the Reformed Protestant trifold leadership of Pastor-Elder, Lay-Elders, third, with his newfound position on baptism, a whole new concern arose for these Baptists. Having been baptized as infants, like the Anabaptists of the Radical Reformation they came to believe they would need to be re-baptized, since there was no other minister to administer baptism, Smyth baptized himself and then proceeded to baptize his flock. It was so dark we were obliged to have torch lights, elder Brewster prayed, Mister Smith made a good confession, walked to Epworth in his cold clothes, but received no harm. The distance was two miles. All of our friends were present, to the triune God be praise. However this account was revealed to have been a forgery connected with the rebuilding of the Baptist Church at Crowle. Before his death, Smyth regretted the fact that he baptized himself, due to some shared views, including the Christology, he began a rapprochement with the Mennonite church. This resulted in his excommunication from the church by Thomas Helwys, Smyth and part of the church joined a Mennonite church, while Helwys and another part of the church returned to England to found the first permanent Baptist church in 1611
15.
Thomas Helwys
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Thomas Helwys, an Englishman, was one of the joint founders, with John Smyth, of the General Baptist denomination. Thomas Helwys was an advocate of liberty at a time when to hold to such views could be dangerous. He died in prison as a consequence of the persecution of Protestant dissenters under King James I. Not a great deal of detail is known about Thomas Helwys early life and he was the second son of Edmund and Margaret Helwys who were descendants of an old Norman family which had significant holdings in Lincoln, Northampton, Nottingham, and York. Edmund had sold his land in Lincolnshire and Northamptonshire and had taken a lease on Broxtowe Hall in Bilborough parish, Helwys family was on the rise in London. Geoffrey Helwys, his uncle, was a merchant, an alderman. His cousin, Gervase, was knighted by King James before becoming lieutenant of the Tower of London, after completing his studies at Grays Inn in 1593, Thomas himself spent some time in the capital. Thomas married Joan Ashmore at St, Martins Church, Bilborough and they had seven children over the next twelve years and lived at Broxtowe Hall. At some point, Thomas Helwys developed a bond with dissenter John Smyth and he and his wife became committed members of Smyths separatist congregation in Gainsborough. The sixty or seventy Separatists in Gainsborough were allowed to meet in secret in Gainsborough Old Hall by the Halls sympathetic owner Sir William Hickman, inevitably, the Church authorities were unable to tolerate any significant degree of puritan independence. In 1607, the High Court of Ecclesiastical Commission resolved to clamp down on the Gainsborough and Scrooby dissenters. Sometime later in the winter of 1607/08, Helwys, John Smyth, Protestant dissenters in England still faced being burnt at the stake for Heresy. On 11 April 1611 Anabaptist Edward Wightman became the last religious martyr to be burnt, assuming their safety, Helwys allowed his family to remain in England. Unfortunately, his wife was arrested and, after refusing to take the oath in court. It is likely that she was banished after three months in prison and it was in the Dutch Republic that a distinctive Baptist faith first emerged amongst the English émigrés. John Smyth became convinced that baptism should be for Christian believers only, however, at the same time as Smyth started to embrace Mennonite doctrines, Helwys and a dozen or so others began to formulate the earliest Baptist confessions of faith. This confession became the articles in A Declaration of Faith of English People Remaining at Amsterdam in Holland. For Helwys, religious liberty was a right for everyone, even for those he disagreed with, despite the obvious risks involved, Helwys and twelve Baptist émigrés returned to England to speak out against religious persecution
16.
Roger Williams
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Williams was the 1638 founder of the First Baptist Church in America, also known as the First Baptist Church of Providence. He is best remembered as the originator of the principle of separation of church and his father James Williams was a merchant tailor in Smithfield, his mother was Alice Pemberton. At an early age, Williams had a conversion of which his father disapproved. As a teen, Williams was apprenticed under Sir Edward Coke, under Cokes patronage, Williams was educated at Charterhouse and also at Pembroke College, Cambridge. He seemed to have a gift for languages and early acquired familiarity with Latin, Hebrew, Greek, Dutch, years later, Williams tutored John Milton in Dutch in exchange for refresher lessons in Hebrew. Williams took holy orders in the Church of England in connection with his studies, after graduating from Cambridge, Williams became the chaplain to Puritan gentleman Sir William Masham. Williams married Mary Barnard on December 15,1629 at the Church of High Laver, Essex and they ultimately had six children, all born in America, Mary, Freeborn, Providence, Mercy, Daniel, and Joseph. Williams knew that Puritan leaders planned to migrate to the New World and he did not join the first wave, but he decided before the year ended that he could not remain in England under Archbishop William Lauds rigorous administration. Williams regarded the Church of England as corrupt and false, by the time that he and his wife boarded the Lyon in early December, however, Williams declined the position on grounds that it was an unseparated church. In addition, Williams asserted that civil magistrates must not punish any sort of breach of the first table, and these three principles became central to Williams subsequent career, separatism, freedom of religion, and separation of state and church. As a separatist, Williams considered the Church of England irredeemably corrupt and his search for the true church eventually carried him out of Congregationalism, the Baptists, and any visible church. From 1639 forward, Williams waited for Christ to send a new apostle to reestablish the church, years later in 1802, Thomas Jefferson used the wall of separation phrase in a letter to the Danbury Baptist Association, echoing Roger Williams. Meanwhile, the Salem church was more inclined to Separatism. When the leaders in Boston learned of this, they vigorously protested, as the summer of 1631 ended, Williams moved to Plymouth colony where he was welcomed, and informally assisted the minister there. He regularly preached and, according to Governor Bradford, his teachings were well approved, after a time, Williams decided that the Plymouth church was not sufficiently separated from the Church of England. Furthermore, his contact with Native Americans had caused him to doubt the validity of the colonial charters, Governor Bradford later wrote that Williams fell into some strange opinions which caused some controversy between the church and him. In December 1632, Williams wrote a tract that openly condemned the Kings charters. He even charged that King James had uttered a lie in claiming that he was the first Christian monarch to have discovered the land
17.
John Clarke (Baptist minister)
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Clarke was born in Westhorpe, Suffolk, England. He received an education, including a masters degree in England followed by medical training in Leiden. He arrived in Boston in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1637 during the Antinomian Controversy and he became a co-founder of Portsmouth and Newport, Rhode Island, and he established the second Baptist Church in America in Newport. Baptists were considered heretics and were banned from Massachusetts, but Clarke wanted to make inroads there, following his poor treatment in prison, he went to England where he published a book on the persecutions of the Baptists in Massachusetts and on his theological beliefs. The fledgling Rhode Island colony needed an agent in England, so he remained there for more than a decade handling the colonys interests, all of the other New England colonies were hostile to Rhode Island, and both Massachusetts and Connecticut had made incursions into Rhode Island territory. After the restoration of the monarchy in England in 1660, it was imperative that Rhode Island receive a charter to protect its territorial integrity. It was Clarkes role to obtain such a document, and he saw this as an opportunity to include religious freedoms never seen before in any constitutional charter and he wrote ten petitions and letters to King Charles II and negotiated for months with Connecticut over territorial boundaries. Finally, he drafted the Rhode Island Royal Charter and presented it to the king and this charter granted unprecedented freedom and religious liberty to Rhode Islanders and remained in effect for 180 years, making it the longest-lasting constitutional charter in history. Clarke returned to Rhode Island following his success at procuring a charter, he became active in civil affairs there. He left an extensive will, setting up the first educational trust in America and he was an avid proponent of the notion of soul-liberty that was included in the Rhode Island charter—and later in the United States Constitution. John Clarke was born at Westhorpe in the county of Suffolk, England and baptized there on 8 October 1609 and he was one of seven children, six of whom left England and settled in New England. No definitive record has been found concerning his life in England, other than the records of his baptism. Clarke was apparently highly educated, judging from the fact that he arrived in New England at the age of 28 qualified as both a physician and a Baptist minister, the difficulty with tracing Clarkes existence in England stems largely from his very common name. Another clue to his education comes from a catalog of students from Leiden University in Holland, the schools ledger of graduates includes, in Latin, Johannes Clarcq, Anglus,17 July 1635-273. It is apparent that Clarke earned a degree from the concordance that he wrote. Clarke arrived in Boston in the Massachusetts Bay Colony in November 1637, when he arrived, the colony was in the midst of a major theological and political crisis, usually referred to as the Antinomian Controversy. Members of the Boston Church could sense a difference in the preaching between the original pastor, John Wilson, and that of their second pastor, John Cotton. Anne Hutchinson, a theologically astute midwife who had the ear of many of the women, became outspoken during gatherings, or conventicles
18.
John Bunyan
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John Bunyan was an English writer and Puritan preacher best remembered as the author of the Christian allegory The Pilgrims Progress. In addition to The Pilgrims Progress, Bunyan wrote nearly sixty titles, Bunyan came from the village of Elstow, near Bedford. He had some schooling and at the age of sixteen joined the Parliamentary army during the first stage of the English Civil War, after three years in the army he returned to Elstow and took up the trade of tinker, which he had learned from his father. He became interested in religion after his marriage, attending first the church and then joining the Bedford Meeting, a nonconformist group in Bedford. After the restoration of the monarch, when the freedom of nonconformists was curtailed, Bunyan was arrested, Bunyans later years, in spite of another shorter term of imprisonment, were spent in relative comfort as a popular author and preacher, and pastor of the Bedford Meeting. He died aged 59 after falling ill on a journey to London and is buried in Bunhill Fields, the Pilgrims Progress became one of the most published books in the English language,1,300 editions having been printed by 1938,250 years after the authors death. He is remembered in the Church of England with a Lesser Festival on 30 August, Some other churches of the Anglican Communion, such as the Anglican Church of Australia, honour him on the day of his death. John Bunyan was born in 1628 to Thomas and Margaret Bunyan at Bunyans End in the parish of Elstow, Bunyans End is located about halfway between the hamlet of Harrowden and Elstow High Street. Bunyans date of birth is not known, but he was baptised on 30 November 1628, the name Bunyan was spelt in many different ways and had its origins in the Norman-French name Buignon. There had been Bunyans in north Bedfordshire since at least 1199, Bunyans father was a brazier or tinker who travelled around the area mending pots and pans, and his grandfather had been a chapman or small trader. As a child Bunyan learned his fathers trade of tinker and was given some rudimentary schooling, in the summer of 1644 Bunyan lost both his mother and his sister Margaret. That autumn, shortly before or after his birthday, Bunyan enlisted in the Parliamentary army when an edict demanded 225 recruits from the town of Bedford. There are few details available about his service, which took place during the first stage of the English Civil War. A muster roll for the garrison of Newport Pagnell shows him as private John Bunnian, Bunyan spent nearly three years in the army, leaving in 1647 to return to Elstow and his trade as a tinker. His father had remarried and had children and Bunyan moved from Bunyans End to a cottage in Elstow High Street. Within two years of leaving the army, Bunyan married and he also recalled that, apart from these two books, the newly-weds possessed little, not having so much household-stuff as a Dish or a Spoon betwixt us both. The couples first daughter, Mary, was born in 1650 and they would have three more children, Elizabeth, Thomas and John. By his own account, Bunyan had as a youth enjoyed bell-ringing, dancing and playing games including on Sunday, thought by many to be the Sabbath, one Sunday the vicar of Elstow preached a sermon against Sabbath breaking, and Bunyan took this sermon to heart
19.
Shubal Stearns
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Shubal Stearns, was a colonial evangelist and preacher during the Great Awakening. He converted after hearing George Whitefield and planted a Baptist Church in Sandy Creek, Guilford County, Stearns highly successful ministry was related to the rise and expansion of the Separate Baptists — especially in much the American South. The Baptist faith today is held by the majority of people in the South. His family were members of the Congregational church in Tolland, Connecticut, Whitefield preached that, instead of trying to reform the Congregational church over doctrinal issues, members needed to separate from it, hence his followers were called the New-Lights. Stearns was converted, became a preacher, and adopted the Great Awakenings view of revival and conversion. The New Lights also came to be called the Separates, in part because they pointed to 2 Cor.6,17 be ye separate, ie, Stearns church became involved in the controversy over the proper subjects of baptism in 1751. Soon, Stearns rejected infant baptism and sought baptism at the hands of Wait Palmer, Baptist minister of Stonington, by March, Shubal Stearns was ordained into the Baptist ministry by Palmer and Joshua Morse, the pastor of New London, Connecticut. His church of Separates, by becoming Baptists, were then on to be known as the Separate Baptists. In 1754, Stearns and some of his followers moved south to Opequon, Virginia, here he joined Daniel Marshall and wife Martha, who were already active in a Baptist church there. On November 22,1755, Stearns and his party moved south to Sandy Creek, in Guilford County. This party consisted of eight men and their wives, mostly relatives of Stearns and he pastored at Sandy Creek until his death. From there, Separate Baptists spread in the South, the church quickly grew from 16 members to 606. Church members moved to areas and started other churches. The Sandy Creek Association was formed in 1758, based on the testimony of those who remembered him, Edwards described Stearns as fervent and charismatic preacher who was capable of inspiring the most powerful emotions in his congregation. None of Stearns sermons has survived in writing and his central theme was recounted as discussing the need for followers of Christ to be born again from within. At first churchgoers in North Carolina found this a difficult concept, who never thought of their religion as anything more than external. But, Stearns style of preaching and emphasis on internal conversion were highly important to Southern religion and he became the model for many other preachers who sought to copy his example, down to the least gesture or inflection of voice. Stearns was married to Sarah Johnson, but they never had children, john Sparks, The Roots of Appalachian Christianity, the Life and Legacy of Elder Shubal Stearns
20.
Andrew Fuller
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Andrew Fuller was an English Particular Baptist minister and theologian. Known as a promoter of missionary work, he took part in theological controversy. Fuller was born in Wicken, Cambridgeshire, and settled at Kettering, during his life, Fuller pastored two congregations — Soham and Kettering, which is now the Fuller Baptist Church, He died on 7 May 1815 at Kettering. Fuller is best known in connection with the foundation of the Baptist Missionary Society and his work in promoting the missionary enterprises of the Baptist church began about 1784. The Baptist Missionary Society was formed at Kettering in 1792, William Carey, impressed by Fullers work The Gospel Worthy of all Acceptation, became the first missionary. Fuller took on the work at home, Fuller, a Particular Baptist, was a controversialist in defence of the governmental theory of the atonement against hyper-Calvinism on the one hand and Socinianism and Sandemanianism on the other. Abraham Booth accused him of giving up true Calvinism, Fuller debated theology with the General Baptist Dan Taylor, but they remained on good terms. His book The Gospel Worthy of All Acceptation,1785, restated Calvinist theology for Baptists influenced by the Evangelical Revival and his Doctorate of Divinity was bestowed by Brown University, Rhode Island. Fuller wrote, The Gospel worthy of all acceptation, or the Obligations of Men fully to credit, the Calvinistic and Socinian Systems examined and compared as to their Moral Tendency,1794,1796,1802. The Gospel its own Witness, or the Holy Nature and Divine Harmony of the Christian Religion contrasted with the Immorality and Absurdity of Deism, an Apology for the late Christian Missions to India. Memoirs of the Rev. Samuel Pearce, A. M. of Birmingham,1800, expository Discourses on Genesis,2 vols. Expository Discourses on the Apocalypse,1815, Fuller also wrote pamphlets, sermons, and essays. John Ryland, in his Life of Fuller, enumerated 167 articles that Fuller had contributed, editions of his Complete Works appeared in 1838,1840,1845,1852, and 1853. Joseph Belcher edited an edition in three volumes for the Baptist Publication Society of Philadelphia, and his publications were issued with a memoir by his son in Bohns Standard Library,1852. Deathless Sermon Strict Baptist Reformed Baptist Brackney, William H, a Genetic History of Baptist Thought, With Special Reference to Baptists in Britain and North America. Macon, GA, Mercer University Press,2004, oliver, Robert, History of the English Calvinistic Baptists 1771 -1892, Banner of Truth, ISBN 0-85151-920-2 Piper, John. Andrew Fuller, Holy faith, worthy Gospel, world mission and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Wood, James, ed. Fuller, Andrew. London and New York, Frederick Warne, Andrew Fuller Project — is preparing a modern critical edition of The Works of Andrew Fuller
21.
Charles Spurgeon
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Charles Haddon Spurgeon was an English Particular Baptist preacher. Spurgeon remains highly influential among Christians of various denominations, among whom he is known as the Prince of Preachers and he also famously denied being a Protestant, and held to the view of Baptist Successionism. Spurgeon was the pastor of the congregation of the New Park Street Chapel in London for 38 years and he was part of several controversies with the Baptist Union of Great Britain and later he left the denomination over doctrinal convictions. In 1867, he started a charity organisation which is now called Spurgeons and he also founded Spurgeons College, which was named after him posthumously. Spurgeon was an author of many types of works including sermons, an autobiography, commentaries, books on prayer, devotionals, magazines, poetry, hymns. Many sermons were transcribed as he spoke and were translated into many languages during his lifetime, Spurgeon produced powerful sermons of penetrating thought and precise exposition. His oratory skills held his listeners spellbound in the Metropolitan Tabernacle, born in Kelvedon, Essex, Spurgeons conversion from nominal Anglicanism came on 6 January 1850, at age 15. The text that moved him was Isaiah 45,22 – Look unto me, and be ye saved, all the ends of the earth, for I am God, later that year on 4 April 1850, he was admitted to the church at Newmarket. His baptism followed on 3 May in the river Lark, at Isleham, later that same year he moved to Cambridge, where he later became a Sunday school teacher. He preached his first sermon in the winter of 1850–51 in a cottage at Teversham while filling in for a friend, from the beginning of his ministry his style and ability were considered to be far above average. In the same year, he was installed as pastor of the small Baptist church at Waterbeach, Cambridgeshire, where he published his first literary work and this was the largest Baptist congregation in London at the time, although it had dwindled in numbers for several years. Within a few months of Spurgeons arrival at Park Street, his ability as a preacher made him famous, the following year the first of his sermons in the New Park Street Pulpit was published. Spurgeons sermons were published in printed form every week and had a high circulation, by the time of his death in 1892, he had preached nearly 3,600 sermons and published 49 volumes of commentaries, sayings, anecdotes, illustrations and devotions. Immediately following his fame was criticism, the first attack in the press appeared in the Earthen Vessel in January 1855. His preaching, although not revolutionary in substance, was a plain-spoken and direct appeal to the people, critical attacks from the media persisted throughout his life. The congregation quickly outgrew their building, and moved to Exeter Hall, in these venues Spurgeon frequently preached to audiences numbering more than 10,000. At 22, Spurgeon was the most popular preacher of the day, on 8 January 1856, Spurgeon married Susannah, daughter of Robert Thompson of Falcon Square, London, by whom he had twin sons, Charles and Thomas born on 20 September 1856. At the end of year, tragedy struck on 19 October 1856
22.
James Robinson Graves
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James Robinson Graves was an American Baptist preacher, publisher, evangelist, debater, author, and editor. He was born in Chester, Vermont, the son of Z. C, Graves, and died in Memphis, Tennessee. His remains are interred in Elmwood Cemetery in Memphis, though raised in a Congregationalist family, Graves joined a Baptist church at age 15. Contemporary fellow ministers in the Southern Baptist Convention praised his preaching abilities, thomas Treadwell Eaton wrote, We have seen him hold a congregation packed uncomfortably, for three hours and a half without any sign of weariness on their part. This was not done once or twice, but scores of times, denominational leader J. B. Gambrell described one of Graves sermons at a small church in Mississippi as The Greatest Sermon I Ever Heard. Scholars have recognized Graves as an early and chief promulgator of the Landmark movement, the subjects Nashville publishing house, Graves, Marks, & Co, which later became South-Western Publishing, published all of fellow Landmarker Amos Cooper Daytons books. Both were expelled as schismatics between 1858 and 1859 from the Nashville First Baptist Church due to their theological perspectives on their apostolic connection, the Work of Christ in Seven Dispensations Intercommunion Inconsistent, Unscriptural, and Productive of Evil What Is It To Eat and Drink Unworthily. Johns Baptism, Was It From Moses or Christ, sketches of Tennessees Pioneer Baptist Preachers George, Timothy, Baptist theologians Hailey, O. L. J. R. Graves, life, times and teachings Patterson, James A.2012. James Robinson Graves, Staking the Boundaries of Baptist Identity, works by or about James Robinson Graves at Internet Archive
23.
William Bullein Johnson
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William Bullein Johnson was one of the founders of the South Carolina State Baptist Convention in 1821, and later was the first president of the Southern Baptist Convention from 1845 to 1851. Johnson was born on 13 June 1782 on Johns Island, South Carolina, near Charleston and was educated at home in Georgetown, South Carolina by his mother and by private tutors. His mother was of the Particular Baptist faith, believing that the work of Christ only applied to those who were saved. As a child he met President George Washington and Dr. Richard Furman, pastor of the First Baptist Church Charleston and he attended Brown University, receiving a degree in 1804. He had intended to become a lawyer, but was converted during a Baptist revival in 1804 and he married Henrietta Hornby in 1803. One of their eight children who reached maturity, Francis C, Johnson, became a Southern Baptist missionary to China in 1846. After preaching in churches from 1804 to 1806, Johnson was appointed pastor of the Baptist church at Euhaw near Beaufort. In October 1809 he baptized five new converts in the Congaree River in Columbia, in 1810 he was invited to become chaplain of South Carolina College, Columbia. In 1811 he accepted an offer to pastor of the Baptist church in Savannah. He was one of the framers of the constitution of this convention, Johnson was one of nine men who formed the South Carolina State Baptist Convention in 1821. He succeeded Richard Furman as president of the convention and served from 1825 to 1852, in 1830 he moved to Edgefield to become principal of Edgefield Female Academy and pastor of Edgefield Baptist Church. Johnson became the last southern president of the General Missionary Convention of the Baptist Denomination in the United States of America for Foreign Missions between 1841 and 1844. In this role he helped found the Furman University, which became Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in 1859, based in Greenville, towards the end of his life he was chancellor of Johnson University, Anderson, South Carolina. The period between the American Revolution and the Civil War marks a period of increase in the number of institutions providing higher education. In noting the part Baptists played in the movement, historian J. Bradley Creed called it an industry due to the number of Baptist institutions established during the period. W. B. Johnson was among the Baptist leaders in the expansion and his vision for Baptist higher education went further than the more conventional schools of the time, his dream was such a school for women. The earliest schools for women were called seminaries and were places where they were trained as teachers, few of these schools existed when Johnson Female Seminary was founded in Anderson, South Carolina in 1848. Later known as Johnson University, the institution did not survive Johnsons death, the legacy of Johnson University continued, however
24.
William Carey (missionary)
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William Carey was a British Christian missionary, Particular Baptist minister, translator, social reformer and cultural anthropologist. He went to Kolkata in 1793, but was forced to leave the British Indian territory by non-Baptist Christian missionaries and he joined the Baptist missionaries in the Danish colony of Frederiksnagar in India. One of his first contributions was to start schools for impoverished children where they were reading, writing, accounting. He opened the first theological university in Serampore offering divinity degrees, Carey is known as the father of modern missions. His essay, An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians to Use Means for the Conversion of the Heathens, led to the founding of the Baptist Missionary Society. ”He translated the Hindu classic the Ramayana into English, and the Bible into Bengali, Oriya, Assamese, Arabic, Marathi, Hindi and Sanskrit. William Carey has been called a reformer and illustrious Christian missionary, as well as an ideologue with prejudice, hyperbole. William Carey, the oldest of five children, was born to Edmund and Elizabeth Carey, William was raised in the Church of England, when he was six, his father was appointed the parish clerk and village schoolmaster. As a child he was naturally inquisitive and keenly interested in the natural sciences and he possessed a natural gift for language, teaching himself Latin. At the age of 14, Careys father apprenticed him to a cordwainer in the village of Piddington. His master, Clarke Nichols, was a churchman like himself, through his influence Carey would eventually leave the Church of England and join with other Dissenters to form a small Congregational church in nearby Hackleton. While apprenticed to Nichols, he taught himself Greek with the help of a local villager who had a college education. When Nichols died in 1779, Carey went to work for the local shoemaker, Thomas Old, he married Olds sister-in-law Dorothy Plackett in 1781 in the Church of St. John the Baptist, Piddington. Unlike William, Dorothy was illiterate, her signature in the register is a crude cross. William and Dorothy Carey had seven children, five sons and two daughters, both died in infancy, as well as son Peter, who died at the age of 5. Thomas Old himself died soon afterward, and Carey took over his business, during which time he taught himself Hebrew, Italian, Dutch, Carey acknowledged his humble origins and referred to himself as a cobbler. However, the community often knew him by the higher status of a shoemaker. John Brown Myers entitled his biography of Carey William Carey the Shoemaker Who Became the Father and Founder of Modern Missions and they invited him to preach in their church in the nearby village of Earls Barton every other Sunday. On 5 October 1783, William Carey was baptised by Ryland, in 1785, Carey was appointed the schoolmaster for the village of Moulton
25.
Luther Rice
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He also raised funds to establish The Columbian College in Washington, DC. Luther Rice was born March 25,1783 in Northborough, Massachusetts to Amos Rice and Sarah Rice. As a young man at Williams College he became part of a group of young ministers and he sailed to Calcutta, India on 18 February 1812 with Adoniram Judson as a Congregationalist missionary and met with English Baptist missionary William Carey. However, after both Rice and Judson became Baptists, Rice returned to America to break ties with the Congregationalists and he spent the rest of his life garnering support for missionaries and Baptist work, traveling across America by horseback to raise funds and awareness for Baptist missions. Rice also founded Columbian College in 1821, the unit of The George Washington University in Washington. He served as the treasurer of Columbian College from 1826 until his death, the main administration building at GW, Luther Rice Hall, is named in his honor. He died September 25,1836 at Edgefield, South Carolina while traveling through the Southern United States raising funds for the missions and he was interred at Pine Pleasant Cemetery, Saluda County, South Carolina. Although his life was not without controversy, Rices contribution to the support of work was invaluable in the early years of the Triennial Convention. During Rices lifetime, the Triennial Conventions membership grew from 8,000 to 600,000, by the time of his death,15 Baptist universities and colleges had been formed. Luther Rice University founded in 1962 and located in Lithonia, Georgia, USA, was named after Luther Rice in recognition of his work in the Baptist missions and seminary education. Schmeltekopf and Dianna M. Vitanza Guide to the Luther Rice Papers, 1812-1832, Special Collections Research Center, Estelle and Melvin Gelman Library, The George Washington University
26.
Martin Luther King Jr.
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Martin Luther King Jr. was an American Baptist minister and activist who was a leader in the Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience based on his Christian beliefs, King became a civil rights activist early in his career. He led the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott and helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference in 1957, with the SCLC, King led an unsuccessful 1962 struggle against segregation in Albany, Georgia, and helped organize the 1963 nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama. King also helped to organize the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his famous I Have a Dream speech, on October 14,1964, King received the Nobel Peace Prize for combating racial inequality through nonviolent resistance. In 1965, he helped to organize the Selma to Montgomery marches, in the final years of his life, King expanded his focus to include opposition towards poverty and the Vietnam War, alienating many of his liberal allies with a 1967 speech titled Beyond Vietnam. In 1968, King was planning a national occupation of Washington, D. C. to be called the Poor Peoples Campaign, Kings death was followed by riots in many U. S. cities. Ray, who fled the country, was arrested two months later at London Heathrow Airport, King was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom and the Congressional Gold Medal. Martin Luther King Jr. Day was established as a holiday in numerous cities and states beginning in 1971, hundreds of streets in the U. S. have been renamed in his honor, and a county in Washington State was also renamed for him. The Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial on the National Mall in Washington, King was born on January 15,1929, in Atlanta, Georgia, to the Reverend Martin Luther King, Sr. and Alberta Williams King. It was during this time he chose to be called Martin Luther King in honor of the German reformer Martin Luther, King had Irish ancestry through his paternal great-grandfather, as well as African ancestry. King was a child, between an older sister, Willie Christine King, and a younger brother, Alfred Daniel Williams King. King sang with his choir at the 1939 Atlanta premiere of the movie Gone with the Wind. His mother was an accomplished organist and choir leader, and she took him to various churches to sing and he received attention for singing I Want to Be More and More Like Jesus. King later became a member of the choir in his church. King said that his father regularly whipped him until he was fifteen, King saw his fathers proud and fearless protests against segregation, such as King Sr. When King was a child, he befriended a boy whose father owned a business near his familys home. When the boys were six, they started school, King had to attend a school for African Americans, King lost his friend because the childs father no longer wanted the boys to play together. King suffered from depression throughout much of his life, in his adolescent years, he initially felt resentment against whites due to the racial humiliation that he, his family, and his neighbors often had to endure in the segregated South
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Billy Graham
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He held large indoor and outdoor rallies, sermons were broadcast on radio and television, some still being re-broadcast today. In his six decades of television, Graham is principally known for hosting the annual Billy Graham Crusades and he also hosted the popular radio show Hour of Decision from 1950 to 1954. Graham was an adviser to American presidents, he was particularly close to Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson. He insisted on integration for his revivals and crusades in 1953 and invited Martin Luther King, Graham bailed King out of jail in the 1960s when King was arrested in demonstrations. He was also friends with another televangelist, Robert H. Schuller. Graham operates a variety of media and publishing outlets, according to his staff, more than 3.2 million people have responded to the invitation at Billy Graham Crusades to accept Jesus Christ as their personal savior. As of 2008, Grahams estimated lifetime audience, including radio and television broadcasts, because of his crusades, Graham has preached the gospel to more people in person than anyone in the history of Christianity. Graham has repeatedly been on Gallups list of most admired men and women and he has appeared on the list 60 times since 1955, more than any other individual in the world. William Franklin Graham, Jr. was born on November 7,1918, in 1927, when he was eight years old, the family moved about 75 yards from their white frame house to a newly built red brick home. He was raised in the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church by his parents and is of Scotch-Irish descent, before this, in 1924, when Graham was only five, he focused on the outdoors, but rarely did he walk, as he was running and zooming, constantly. At the same time, he started as a student at the Sharon Grammar School, starting to read books from an early age, Graham loved to read novels for boys, especially Tarzan. Like Tarzan, he would hang on the trees, and gave the popular Tarzan yell, according to his father, that yelling had led him to become a minister. In 1933, when he was fourteen, as Prohibition in the United States ended, Grahams father forced him and this created such an aversion that both avoided alcohol and drugs for the rest of their lives. After Graham was turned down for membership in a youth group because he was too worldly, Albert McMakin. According to his autobiography, Graham was converted in 1934, at age 16 during a series of meetings in Charlotte led by Ham. After graduating from Sharon High School in May 1936, Graham attended Bob Jones College, then located in Cleveland, after one semester, he found it too legalistic in both coursework and rules. At this time, he was influenced and inspired by Pastor Charley Young from Eastport Bible Church. He was almost expelled, but Bob Jones, Sr. warned him not to throw his life away, At best and you have a voice that pulls
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Higher education in Ontario
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The current minister is Deb Matthews who was appointed in 2016. The ministry administers laws covering 22 public universities,24 public colleges,17 privately funded religious universities,18 of the top 50 research universities in Canada are in Ontario. The Constitution of Canada provides each province with the responsibility for higher education, each higher education system aims to improve participation, access, and mobility for students. There are two organizations that assist with the process of applying to Ontario universities and colleges, the Ontario Universities Application Centre. While application services are centralized, admission and selection processes vary and are the purview of each institution independently, admission to many Ontario postsecondary institutions can be highly competitive. The Constitutional Act of 1791 by the British House of Commons divided the old province of Quebec into two British colonies, the western colony became Upper Canada with John Graves Simcoe as its first head of state by fulfilling the role of Lieutenant Governor. Higher education preceded Canadian confederation with the establishment of private and sectarian universities in Ontario during the early 19th century, initially, Ontarios first three universities were formed with religious affiliations. Established in 1827, Kings College was associated with the Church of England through its first president John Strachan, the Presbyterian Church established Queens University in 1841. In addition, the Roman Catholic Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate established the College of Bytown in 1848, in 1849, the government of Upper Canada decided to secularize Kings College and the institution became the University of Toronto. In 1866, the College of Bytown completed its conversion to the University of Ottawa through incorporation by Royal charter from the government in London, in 1868, the province of Ontario withdrew financial support for religious universities. In 1874, the Canadian government established the first federal institution of education in Kingston, Ontario. In 1876, the Ontario Society of Artists founded the forerunner to the Ontario College of Art & Design at the Toronto Normal School, in 1887, William McMaster founded McMaster University by merging Toronto Baptist College and Woodstock College. By 1899, there were seven higher education established in Ontario. In 1900, the Dominican Order established the Dominican College of Philosophy, in 1911, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada founded the Waterloo Lutheran Seminary that was associated with the development of the University of Waterloo and Wilfrid Laurier University. In 1942, the Ottawa Association for the Advancement of Learning established the non-denominational Carleton College that later became Carleton University, by 1945, there were three publicly supported secular universities, six denominational private colleges, and several vocational institutes. In 1946, the government of Ontario established the Lakehead Technical Institute in Port Arthur that later became Lakehead University, in 1948, Howard Hillen Kerr persuaded the government of Ontario to turn the Training and Re-Establishment Institute for veterans into the Ryerson Institute of Technology. Over the following years, the institute expanded its vocational focus to become Ryerson University. In 1957, Gerry Hagey, Ira Needles, and Rev. Cornelius Siegfried founded the Waterloo College Associate Faculties that later became the University of Waterloo, in 1959, the government of Ontario established York University and Murray Ross served as the founding president
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Algoma University
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Algoma University is a post-secondary institution in Sault Ste. Established in 1965, Algoma University is the smallest undergraduate-only university in Ontario, Algoma U also offers satellite programming in Brampton and Timmins, Ontario. From its founding in 1965 until June 18,2008, Algoma U was a college of Laurentian University in Sudbury and was officially known as Algoma University College. The enabling legislation is the Algoma University Act,2008, the initial building was constructed in Garden River First Nation in 1873 and housed 16 students. It tragically burnt down 6 days later, a new building was erected in Sault Ste. The residential school provided instruction and occupational training for Indian youth. Shingwauk Hall would eventually become part of the movement across Canada to assimilate Canadas Indigenous peoples. Students in the school system endured poor living conditions, physical and emotional abuse. Shingwauk Hall, presently the main building of Algoma University College, was erected in 1935 after it was deemed the Shingwauk Home original building had deteriorated beyond repair, Shingwauk Hall ceased operation as a residential school in 1970. The desire to establish a liberal arts college in Sault Ste. Marie originated as a broad movement in the 1950s. In October 1964, the Algoma College Association was incorporated by letters patent of the Province of Ontario, one year later, on 17 December 1965, Algoma University College was established as a non-sectarian institution affiliated with Laurentian University after the Affiliation Agreement was signed. Part-time enrolment expanded to over 1000 students by 1969-70, the year 1971 marked a significant turning point in Algoma University Colleges history in respect to both program and facilities. In addition, in September 1971, the Algoma University College was relocated to a new site, acquiring by lease Shingwauk Hall and the former Shingwauk Indian Residential School site. In 1975, with the assistance of a grant from the Ministry of Colleges and Universities, Algoma University College would later purchase Shingwauk Hall. By purchasing Shingwauk Hall, tensions arose between university members, the community, and the First Nations population, a curriculum was proposed to soothe and entrench understanding and demonstrate Algoma University Colleges commitment to cross-cultural learning and diversity. The Shingwauk Project was founded in 1979, which laid the foundation for the reaffirmation of a positive, Algoma University College also received its own emblem, the Thunderbird, as designed by Dora de Pedery-Hunt in 1972. Construction began to enhance the new site of Algoma University College
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Brock University
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Brock University is a public research university in St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada. It is the university in Canada in a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. The university bears the name of Maj. -General Sir Isaac Brock, Brock offers a wide range of programs at the undergraduate and graduate levels, including professional degrees. Brock was ranked third among Canadian universities in the category for research publication output. Brock University is the school in Canada and internationally to offer the MICA program. Brock Universitys Department of Health Sciences offers the undergraduate degree in Public Health in Canada. At the graduate level, Brock offers 49 programs, including nine PhD programs, Brocks co-op program is Canada’s fifth-largest, and the third largest in Ontario as of 2011. Graduates enjoy one of the highest employment rates of all Ontario universities at 97.2 percent, in 1963 the Brock University Founders’ Committee, chaired by Arthur Schmon, offered Dr. James A. Gibson the invitation to become the founding president. Brock University was established by the passage of the Brock University Act by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1964. When the university first opened in September 1964, classes were held at the St. Paul Street United Church in downtown St. Catharines for 13 weeks until the Glenridge Campus was completely renovated. Brocks Glenridge campus was opened on October 19,1964 with Gibson as the universitys founding president. In 1996 Brock University honoured Gibson by naming the university library in his honour, richard L. Hearn was appointed the universitys inaugural chancellor in 1967. Brock University is named after Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, who commanded the British, although the British and Canadian forces went on to win, Brock lost his life during the Battle of Queenston Heights in 1812, fought 20 km from the present-day site of the campus. His last words are said to have been Surgite, — now used as the universitys motto. For his contribution to Canada, Brock was voted the 28th Greatest Canadian in a 2004 poll, Jack N. Lightstone became the schools president on July 1,2006. The universitys current chancellor is actress Shirley Cheechoo, the Arthur Schmon Tower was built in 1968 and houses the administrative offices for the university. Schmon was the force behind getting a university established in the Niagara peninsula and was the chairman of the Brock University Founders Committee. The Schmon Tower, along with the surrounding Thistle Complex, are characterized by their distinctive brutalist architecture, the Schmon Tower also houses the James A
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Carleton University
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Carleton University is a comprehensive university located in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The enabling legislation is The Carleton University Act,1952, S. O and it was founded on rented premises in 1942, and grew to meet the needs of returning World War II veterans and later became Ontarios first private, non-denominational college. It would expand further in the 1960s, consistent with government policy that saw increased access to education as a social good. Carleton is a university that offers more than 65 academic programs across a wide range of disciplines. It is named after the former Carleton County, Ontario, which included the city of Ottawa at the time Carleton was founded, Carleton County, in turn, was named in honour of Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester, an early Governor-General of British North America. As of 2016, Carleton has enrollment of more than 22,000 undergraduate, the university is represented in U Sports by the Carleton Ravens. I learned very early the lesson that it is people, not buildings. And if we put our hearts to it we can do something worthwhile, – Henry Marshall Tory Carleton College, a non-denominational institution, was founded in 1942 at the height of the Second World War by the Ottawa Association for the Advancement of Learning. It began in a building and only offered night courses in public administration. When the war ended in 1945, the college began expanding to meet the needs of veterans coming home, the Faculty of Arts and Science was established, which included courses in journalism and first-year engineering. In 1946, the moved to First Avenue in The Glebe neighbourhood. Its first degrees were conferred in 1946 to graduates of its programs in Journalism, for nearly a decade the college operated on a shoestring budget, with funds raised mainly through community initiatives and modest student fees. During the war, student fees were low and Carleton gave special grants to veterans returning home who wished to continue their studies. The faculty was composed largely of part-time professors who worked full-time in the Public Service, however, full-time teaching staff were still mostly young scholars at the beginning of their careers. In 1952 the Carleton College Act was passed by the Ontario Legislature, changing its name to Carleton College. Carleton thus became the provinces first private, non-sectarian college, in the same year, the 62-hectare property nestled between the Rideau Canal and the Rideau River on which the current campus is located was acquired. Some of the land was donated by a prominent Ottawa businessman Harry Stevenson Southam, construction began on the new campus in 1953. In 1957 the Carleton University Act,1952 was amended, granting Carleton status as a public university, Carletons motto, Ours the Task Eternal, is taken from Walt Whitmans poem, Pioneers
32.
University of Guelph
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The University of Guelph is a comprehensive public research university in Guelph, Ontario, Canada. It offers over 94 undergraduate degrees,48 graduate programs, and 6 associate degrees in different disciplines. The Veterinary medicine program at the University of Guelph has ranked 4th in the world and it is given top marks for student satisfaction among medium-sized universities in Canada by The Globe and Mail. It has held these rankings with its reputation, innovative research-intensive programs, according to Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, the universitys Hospitality and Tourism Management program has Canadas highest research index. The University of Guelph has also been ranked 50th by Times Higher Education in their list of the top 100 universities under 50 years old, the university has a key focus on life science and has ranked 76-100 in the world by ARWU. The faculty at the University of Guelph hold 39 Canada Research Chair positions in the areas of natural sciences, engineering, health sciences. Its first building was Moreton Lodge, located where Johnston Hall now stands, which included classrooms, residences, a library, the Macdonald Institute was established in 1903 to house womens home economics programs, nature studies, and some domestic art and science. It was named after its financier, Sir William Macdonald, who worked to promote domestic sciences in rural Canada, the Ontario Veterinary College, founded in Toronto in 1862, was moved to Guelph in 1922. Famous economist John Kenneth Galbraith was an undergraduate at the college, the Ontario Legislature amalgamated the three colleges into the single body of the University of Guelph on May 8,1964. The University of Guelph Act also brought about the Board of Governors to oversee operations and financial management. The non-denominational graduate and undergraduate institution was, and remains known especially for the agricultural, the Macdonald Institute would also be renamed the College of Family and Consumer Studies during the split. After this split, the University of Guelph started reorganizing into its present-day form, the College of Physical Science would be married to the OACs School of Engineering in 1989, creating the College of Physical and Engineering Sciences. The College of Social Science and the College of Family and Consumer Studies were joined to create the College of Social, finally, the College of Management and Economics would be established from the segregation of offered business, management and economic degrees and courses in 2006. The university is named after the city, Guelph comes from the Italian Guelfo and the Bavarian-Germanic Welf also known as Guelf. The main university campus spans 412 hectares, including the 165-hectare University of Guelph Arboretum, the campus also has a number of notable midcentury modernist buildings, mostly in the Brutalism style, which were constructed in the 1960s as part of the schools expansion plan. Complexes such as the MacKinnon arts building and the McLaughlin library, overseen by architect Josep Lluis Sert, the campus is well-populated with trees which line the main walkways, many of which are paved with red clay brick. Campus safety is provided by the University of Guelph Campus Community Police, First Response Team, at one time, courses were offered in English in Guelph, Kemptville and Ridgetown, and in French at Campus dAlfred near Ottawa. In 2014, the University of Guelph announced that academic programmes at the Alfred, in early 2017, the University of Guelph web site clearly indicated that this institution was no longer offering programs at either location
33.
Lakehead University
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Lakehead University is a public research university with campuses in Thunder Bay and Orillia, Ontario, Canada. Lakehead University, shortened to Lakehead U, or LU, is non-denominational and it has undergraduate programs, graduate programs, the Bora Laskin Faculty of Law, and is home to the western campus of the Northern Ontario School of Medicine. The school has more than 45,000 alumni, the main campus in Thunder Bay has more than 7,900 students. As of September 2006, a new permanent extension campus in Orillia, Lakehead Technical Institute was established in 1946 in response to a brief that outlined the need for an institution of higher education in northwestern Ontario. Lakehead University evolved from Lakehead Technical Institute and Lakehead College of Arts, Science, Lakehead Technical Institute was established on June 4,1946, by an Order-in-Council of the Province of Ontario. Classes commenced in January 1948, in rented quarters in downtown Port Arthur. In September of that year, the first university courses were added to the curriculum. Lakehead College of Arts, Science and Technology was established by an Act of the Ontario Legislature proclaimed on August 1,1957. Years later, the original Lakehead College of Arts, Science and Technology Act was amended to grant the college authority to establish new faculties, and confer degrees in arts and sciences. The Lakehead University Act,1965, was given royal assent on June 22,1965, the Lakehead College of Arts, Science and Technology, thereafter known as Lakehead University, was continued under this new charter. The first degrees were conferred on May 5,1965, the first university chancellor was Senator Norman McLeod Paterson. The original college site comprised some 32 hectares of land in south-west Port Arthur, from 1962 to 1965, an additional 87 hectares of adjoining land were purchased in anticipation of future expansion. The first building was opened in 1957, in 2005 the Northern Ontario School of Medicine was formed as a joint initiative between Lakehead University and Laurentian University in Sudbury. NOSM is organised within the Faculty of Medicine of both Laurentian and Lakehead universities, the medical school has multiple teaching and research sites across Northern Ontario, including large and small communities. Students are given a choice of attending one of the two main NOSM campuses. NOSM is the only Canadian medical school to be established as a stand-alone not-for-profit corporation, with its own Board of Directors, a new law school was established, the faculty accepted its first students in 2013. The program is housed in the former Port Arthur Collegiate Institute, in 2014 it was named the Bora Laskin Faculty of Law, after the fourteenth Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada. Lakehead Universitys physical plant now consists of 39 buildings and 116 hectares of property including 40 hectares of landscaped and maintained grounds, Lakehead University opened a campus in Downtown Orillia in 2006, and in September 2010 expanded to its new 500 University Avenue location
34.
Laurentian University
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Laurentian University, which was incorporated on March 28,1960, is a mid-sized bilingual university in Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. While primarily focusing on programming, Laurentian also features the east campus of Canadas newest medical school—the Northern Ontario School of Medicine—which opened in 2005. Its school of Graduate Studies offers a number of graduate-level degrees. Laurentian is the largest bilingual provider of education in Canada. The citys Idylwylde golf course also borders on the university campus, the university has a federated school structure, similar to that of the University of Toronto. The school also has an unusual and sometimes controversial student government structure — there are two student unions. The Francophone Students Association is for francophones, while the Students General Association is for both anglophones and francophones, consequently, in practice, the two student unions often compete with each other rather than serving distinct groups. Laurentians historical roots lie in the Roman Catholic church, a university federation combining representatives from the Roman Catholic, United, and Anglican churches was formed in the 1959–60 academic year. Marie were previously affiliated with Laurentian, nipissing University and Algoma University were established as independent universities, in 1992 and in 2008 respectively. There is a plaque at the entrance to the R. D. Parker Building, in 2004, the university, along with Lakehead University, formed the Northern Ontario Medical School. In addition, Laurentian University has a partnership with St. Lawrence College Tri-campus. The university is a member of LAssociation des universités de la francophonie canadienne, upon the resignation of the last president, Judith Woodsworth, Dominic Giroux became the president of Laurentian University. Woodsworth had been president of Laurentian University since July 2002, in April 2006, she had been reappointed by the Board of Governors for a second five-year term which commenced in July 2007. She left the university as the new President and Vice-Chancellor of Concordia University, the Board of Governors heads the university with the president. Directly to the left and right of the president is the assistant to the president, aline Chrétien, the wife of former Canadian Prime Minister Jean Chrétien, was named the universitys first chancellor on September 22,2010. She was succeeded by Steve Paikin on October 26,2013, Laurentian Universitys affiliate universities each have a chancellor. The chancellor is largely a ceremonial role, and has participation in the day-to-day operations of the university. The chancellor for the affiliated University of Sudbury is prominent Sudbury lawyer André Lacroix Q. C. /c. r, the chancellor for the affiliated Thorneloe University is Ernie Checkeris
35.
Wilfrid Laurier University
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Wilfrid Laurier University is a Canadian public research university located in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. Laurier has several campuses, including in Toronto, Ontario, Brantford, Ontario, Kitchener, Ontario. It is named in honour of Sir Wilfrid Laurier, the seventh Prime Minister of Canada, the University offers a full range of undergraduate and graduate programs in a variety of fields, with more than 17,000 full-time undergraduate students. The twin cities of Kitchener, Ontario and Waterloo, Ontario have the largest concentration of companies in North America apart from California. In 1910, the Lutheran Synod established a seminary, which opened to students in 1911, in 1914 the seminary developed non-theological courses under the name the Waterloo College School. In 1924, the Waterloo College of Arts was established, Waterloo College of Arts became affiliated with the University of Western Ontario in 1925 and soon began to offer honours degree programs in the arts. In 1960, the Lutheran church relinquished its sponsorship of Waterloo College, the seminary obtained a revised charter changing the name of the institution to Waterloo Lutheran University. On November 1,1973, Wilfrid Laurier University was established with Royal Assent by the Lieutenant Governor of Ontario Ross Macdonald, while Lauriers colours remain, it ended its affiliation with Western in 1960. Laurier opened a campus, in Brantford, Ontario, in 1999. The Brantford campus is centred on a number of properties in the downtown area which have been restored for university use. They include a former Carnegie library, Brantfords 1880 post office, and 1870 mansion, the Kitchener campus is located in the historic and fully renovated former St. Jeromes high school building. The university has enrollment of about 17,000 full-time and part-time undergraduate students,781 full-time and part-time graduate students, Laurier has been transitioning from a primarily undergraduate university to a mid-size research university. In the 2016 Macleans magazine survey of Canadian universities, Laurier was ranked 10th out of 15 comprehensive universities in Canada, among Ontario universities, Laurier was behind Waterloo, Guelph, York, and Ryerson but ahead of Windsor and Brock. In addition, Laurier is home to the Penderecki String Quartet - an internationally recognised group playing largely new compositions, the music faculty boasts two performance spaces, the Theatre Auditorium and the Maureen Forrester Recital Hall. The faculty also attracts a greater percentage of students from outside Ontario than any faculty at Laurier. Lauriers Music program offers the only degree in Music Therapy. Laurier is the headquarters of the Academic Council of the United Nations System which has been hosted by Yale, Brown, the ACUNS goal is to strengthen the study of international organizations and to create strong ties between the academic community and diplomats within international organizations. Laurier is also a prominent partner in the new Balsillie School of International Affairs, the school offers three programs, a masters in arts in global governance, a masters in international public policy and a PhD program in global governance
36.
McMaster University
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McMaster University is a public research university located in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The main campus is located on 121 hectares of land near the neighbourhoods of Ainslie Wood and Westdale. The university operates six academic faculties, the DeGroote School of Business, Engineering, Health Sciences, Humanities, Social Science and it is a member of the U15, a group of research-intensive universities in Canada. The university bears the name of Honourable William McMaster, a prominent Canadian Senator, McMaster University was incorporated under the terms of an act of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1887, merging the Toronto Baptist College with Woodstock College. It opened in Toronto in 1890, inadequate facilities and the gift of land in Hamilton prompted the institution to relocate in 1930. McMaster was controlled by the Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec until it became a privately chartered, the university is co-educational, and has over 25,000 undergraduate and over 4,000 post-graduate students. Alumni and former students of the university can be found all across Canada, notable alumni include government officials, academics, business leaders, one Rhodes Scholar, and two Nobel laureates. The McMaster athletic teams are known as the Marauders, and are members of the Canadian Interuniversity Sport, McMaster University resulted from the outgrowth of educational initiatives undertaken by Baptists as early as the 1830s. It was founded in 1881 as Toronto Baptist College, in 1887 the Act to unite Toronto Baptist College and Woodstock College was granted royal assent, and McMaster University was officially incorporated. Woodstock College, Woodstock, and Moulton Ladies College, Toronto, were maintained in close connection, the new university, housed in McMaster Hall in Toronto, was sponsored by the Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec as a sectarian undergraduate institution for its clergy and adherents. The first courses—initially limited to arts and theology leading to a BA degree—were taught in 1890, as the university grew, McMaster Hall started to become overcrowded. By the 1920s, after previous proposals between various university staff, the Hamilton Chamber of Commerce launched a campaign to bring McMaster University to Hamilton, as the issue of space at McMaster Hall became more acute, the university administration debated the future of the university. The university nearly became federated with the University of Toronto, as had been the case with Trinity College, instead, in 1927, the university administration decided to transfer the university to Hamilton. The Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec secured $1.5 million, the lands for the university and new buildings were secured through gifts from graduates. Lands were transferred from Royal Botanical Gardens to establish the campus area, the first academic session on the new Hamilton campus began in 1930. McMasters property in Toronto was sold to the University of Toronto when McMaster moved to Hamilton in 1930, McMaster Hall is now home to the Royal Conservatory of Music. Professional programs during the period were limited to just theology. By the 1940s the McMaster administration was under pressure to modernize, during the Second World War and post-war periods the demand for technological expertise, particularly in the sciences, increased
