1.
Age of consent
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The distinguishing aspect of the age of consent laws is that the person below the minimum age is regarded as the victim, and their sex partner as the offender. The term age of consent rarely appears in legal statutes, generally, a law will instead establish the age below which it is illegal to engage in sexual activity with that person. It has sometimes used with other meanings, such as the age at which a person becomes competent to consent to marriage. It should not be confused with the age of majority, age of responsibility, the voting age, the drinking age. Age of consent laws vary widely from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, though most jurisdictions set the age of consent in the range 14 to 18. Charges resulting from a breach of laws may range from a misdemeanor such as corruption of a minor. These factors all make age of consent an often confusing subject, in traditional societies, the age of consent for a sexual union was a matter for the family to decide, or a tribal custom. In most cases, this coincided with signs of puberty, menstruation for a woman, the ancient Greek poet Hesiod in Works and Days suggests that a man should marry around the age of thirty, and that he should take a wife who is five years past puberty. Reliable data for ages at marriage is scarce, in England, for example, the only reliable data in the early modern period comes from property records made after death. Modern historians have shown reluctance to accept evidence of young ages of marriage. There were authorities that said that consent could take place earlier, marriage would then be valid as long as neither of the two parties annulled the marital agreement before reaching puberty, or if they had already consummated the marriage. Judges sometimes honored marriages based on mutual consent at ages younger than 7, in contrast to established canon, the phrase within age was later interpreted by jurist Sir Edward Coke as meaning the age of marriage, which at the time was 12 years of age. The American colonies followed the English tradition, and the law was more of a guide, for example, Mary Hathaway was only 9 when she was married to William Williams. In the 16th century, a number of Italian and German states set the minimum age for sexual intercourse for girls. Towards the end of the 18th century, other European countries also began to enact similar laws, the first French Constitution of 1791 established the minimum age at 11 years. Portugal, Spain, Denmark and the Swiss cantons initially set the age at 10–12 years. In Christian societies, sex outside marriage was forbidden, older children were often punished themselves for being complicit in sexual interaction with an adult. Until the late 18th century, there was understanding of childhood as a concept
2.
American Beauty (1999 film)
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American Beauty is a 1999 American drama film directed by Sam Mendes and written by Alan Ball. Kevin Spacey stars as Lester Burnham, a 42-year-old advertising executive who has a crisis when he becomes infatuated with his teenaged daughters best friend. Annette Bening co-stars as Lesters materialistic wife, Carolyn, and Thora Birch plays their insecure daughter, Wes Bentley, Chris Cooper, and Allison Janney also feature. Ball began writing American Beauty as a play in the early 1990s and he shelved the play after realizing the story would not work on stage. After several years as a screenwriter, Ball revived the idea in 1997 when attempting to break into the film industry. The modified script had a cynical outlook that was influenced by Balls frustrating tenures writing for several sitcoms, producers Dan Jinks and Bruce Cohen took American Beauty to DreamWorks, the then-fledgling film studio bought Balls script for $250,000, outbidding several other production bodies. DreamWorks financed the $15 million production and served as its North American distributor, principal photography took place between December 1998 and February 1999 on soundstages at the Warner Bros. backlot in Burbank, California, and on location in Los Angeles. Mendes dominant style was deliberate and composed, he made use of static shots and slow pans. Cinematographer Conrad Hall complemented Mendes style with peaceful shot compositions to contrast with the turbulent on-screen events, during editing, Mendes made several changes that gave the film a less cynical tone than the script. Released in North America on September 17,1999, American Beauty was positively received by critics, reviewers praised most aspects of the production, with particular emphasis on Mendes, Spacey, and Ball, criticism focused on the familiarity of the characters and setting. It was nominated for and won other awards and honors, mainly for the direction, writing. Lester Burnham is an advertising executive and magazine writer who despises his job. He is unhappily married to Carolyn, a neurotic yet fiercely ambitious real estate broker who grows red roses in their yard, their daughter, Jane. His job as a part-time bar caterer serves as a front for his secret marijuana dealings, Frank is a strict disciplinarian who previously sent Ricky to a military school and briefly committed him to a psychiatric hospital. Jim Olmeyer and Jim Berkley, a gay couple who live nearby, on the way to school, Frank reveals his homophobia while he angrily discusses the incident with Ricky. Lester becomes infatuated with Janes vain friend, Angela Hayes, after seeing her perform a dance routine at a high school basketball game with Jane. He starts having sexual fantasies about Angela, in red rose petals are a recurring motif. Carolyn begins an affair with her married business rival, Buddy Kane, when Lesters boss and efficiency expert, Brad, tells him that he is to be laid off, Lester instead blackmails him for $60,000 and quits his job
3.
Aphrodisiac
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An aphrodisiac is a substance that increases libido when consumed. Aphrodisiacs are distinct from substances that address fertility issues or secondary sexual function such as erectile dysfunction. The name comes from the Greek ἀφροδισιακόν, aphrodisiakon, i. e. sexual, aphrodisiac, from aphrodisios, i. e. pertaining to Aphrodite, the opposite substance is an anaphrodisiac. Throughout human history, food, drinks, and behaviors have had a reputation for making sex more attainable and/or pleasurable, however, from a historical and scientific standpoint, the alleged results may have been mainly due to mere belief by their users that they would be effective. Likewise, many medicines are reported to affect libido in inconsistent or idiopathic ways and this further complicates the assessment process. For example, Bupropion is known as an antidepressant that can counteract other co-prescribed antidepressants libido-diminishing effects, however, because Wellbutrin only increases the libido in the special case that it is already impaired by related medications, it is not generally classed as an aphrodisiac. Libido is clearly linked to levels of sex hormones, particularly testosterone, when a reduced sex drive occurs in individuals with relatively low levels of testosterone, testosterone supplements will often increase libido. Approaches using a number of precursors intended to raise testosterone levels have been effective in older males, some compounds that activate the melanocortin receptors MC3-R and MC4-R in the brain are effective aphrodisiacs. One compound from this class, bremelanotide, formerly known as PT-141, is undergoing trials for the treatment of sexual arousal disorder. It is intended for men and women. On 12 August 2009, Palatin, the developing the drug. Palatin is concurrently developing a compound they call PL-6983. Melanotan II, bremelanotides precursor, has demonstrated to have aphrodisiac properties. According to a new study, crocin has demonstrated the properties of an aphrodisiac in rats, methamphetamine markedly enhances sexual desire in some individuals, and an entire sub-culture known as party and play is based around sex and methamphetamine use. Pramipexole is the only dopamine agonist used in medicine as an aphrodisiac, the older dopamine agonist apomorphine has been used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction, but is of poor efficacy and has a tendency to cause nausea. Some antimuscarinic drugs, including dicycloverine, hyoscyamine, and scopolamine, are known to cause sexual arousal and aphrodisiac side effects, especially in the case of an overdose. The invention of an Aphrodisiac is the basis of a number of films including Perfume, The Story of a Murderer, Spanish Fly, Shell Follow You Anywhere, Love Potion No.9 and A Serbian Film. The first segment of Woody Allens Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* is called Do Aphrodisiacs Work. the novel Aphrodesia, A Novel of Suspense centers on an aphrodisiac perfume so powerful that it drives some people to kill their lovers in a fit of insatiable lust
4.
BDSM
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BDSM is a variety of often erotic practices or roleplaying involving bondage, discipline, dominance and submission, sadomasochism, and other related interpersonal dynamics. The term BDSM is first recorded in a Usenet posting from 1991, and is interpreted as a combination of the abbreviations B/D, D/s, BDSM is now used as a catch-all phrase covering a wide range of activities, forms of interpersonal relationships, and distinct subcultures. The terms submissive and dominant are often used to distinguish these roles, the terms top and bottom are also used, the top is the instigator of an action while the bottom is the receiver of the action. The abbreviations sub and dom are frequently used instead of submissive, sometimes the female-specific term domme is used to describe a dominant woman, instead of the gender-neutral term dom, both terms are pronounced the same. Individuals who can change between top/dominant and bottom/submissive roles—whether from relationship to relationship or within a given relationship—are known as switches, the precise definition of roles and self-identification is a common subject of debate within the community. BDSM is a term for certain kinds of erotic behavior between consenting adults. There are distinct subcultures under this umbrella term, terminology for roles varies widely among the subcultures. Top and dominant are widely used for partner in the relationship or activity who are, respectively. Bottom and submissive are widely used for partner in the relationship or activity who are, respectively. BDSM actions can take place during a specific period of time agreed to by both parties, referred to as play, a scene, or a session. Participants usually derive pleasure from this, even many of the practices—such as inflicting pain or humiliation or being restrained—would be unpleasant under other circumstances. Explicit sexual activity, such as penetration, may occur within a session. Such explicit sexual interaction is, for reasons, seen only rarely in public play spaces. Whether it is a public playspace—ranging from a party at an established community dungeon to a play zone at a nightclub or social event—the parameters of allowance can vary. Some have a policy of panties/nipple tape for women and some allow full nudity with explicit sexual interaction allowed, the fundamental principles for the exercise of BDSM require that it should be performed with the informed consent of all involved parties. It is mutual consent that makes a legal and ethical distinction between BDSM and such crimes as sexual assault or domestic violence. Advocates of RACK argue that SSC can hamper discussion of risk because no activity is truly safe, RACK may be seen as focusing primarily upon awareness and informed consent, rather than accepted safe practices. Consent is the most important criterion here, the consent and compliance for a sadomasochistic situation can be granted only by people who can judge the potential results
5.
Breast
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The breast is one of two prominences located on the upper ventral region of the torso of female primates. In females, it serves as the mammary gland, which produces and secretes milk, both females and males develop breasts from the same embryological tissues. At puberty, estrogens, in conjunction with growth hormone, cause breast development, the breasts of females are typically far more prominent than those of males. Subcutaneous fat covers and envelops a network of ducts that converge on the nipple, at the ends of the ducts are lobules, or clusters of alveoli, where milk is produced and stored in response to hormonal signals. Upon childbirth, the alveoli are stimulated to produce and secrete milk for infants, along with their function in feeding infants, female breasts have social and sexual characteristics. Breasts have been featured in ancient and modern sculpture, art. Female breasts can figure prominently in a perception of her body image. A number of Western cultures associate breasts with sexuality and tend to regard bare breasts in public as immodest or indecent, Breasts and especially the nipples are an erogenous zone on women. The English word breast derives from the Old English word brēost from Proto-Germanic breustam, the breast spelling conforms to the Scottish and North English dialectal pronunciations. The Merriam-Webster Dictionary states that Middle English brest, from Old English brēost, Old Irish brú, Russian bryukho, the first known usage of the term was before the 12th century. A large number of terms for breasts are used in English. Some vulgar slang expressions may be considered to be derogatory or sexist to women, at the front of the chest, the breast tissue can extend from the clavicle to the middle of the sternum. At the sides of the chest, the breast tissue can extend into the axilla, as a mammary gland, the breast is composed of differing layers of tissue, predominantly two types, adipose tissue, and glandular tissue, which affects the lactation functions of the breasts. Morphologically the breast is a cone, with the base at the chest wall and the apex at the nipple, the superficial tissue layer is separated from the skin by 0. 5–2.5 cm of subcutaneous fat. The suspensory Coopers ligaments are fibrous-tissue prolongations that radiate from the superficial fascia to the skin envelope, the female adult breast contains 14–18 irregular lactiferous lobes that converge at the nipple. Milk exits the breast through the nipple, which is surrounded by an area of skin called the areola. The size of the areola can vary widely among women, the areola contains modified sweat glands known as Montgomerys glands. These glands secrete oily fluid that lubricate and protect the nipple during breastfeeding, volatile compounds in these secretions may also serve as an olfactory stimulus for the newborns appetite
6.
Celibacy
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Celibacy is the state of voluntarily being unmarried, sexually abstinent, or both, usually for religious reasons. It is often in association with the role of an official or devotee. In its narrow sense, the term celibacy is applied only to those for whom the state is the result of a sacred vow, act of renunciation. In a wider sense, it is understood to only mean abstinence from sexual activity. Celibacy has existed in one form or another throughout history, in all the major religions of the world. Ancient Judaism was strongly opposed to celibacy, similarly, the Romans viewed it as an aberration and legislated fiscal penalties against it, with the sole exception granted to the Vestal Virgins. Christians in the Middle Ages and in particular Catholics believed that celibacy was a prerequisite for religious office, protestantism saw a reversal of this trend in the West and the Eastern Orthodox Church never adopted it. The Islamic attitudes toward celibacy have been complex as well, Muhammad denounced it, classical Hindu culture encouraged asceticism and celibacy in the later stages of life, after one has met his societal obligations. Jainism and Buddhism have been influenced by Hinduism in this respect, There were, however, significant cultural differences in the various areas where Buddhism spread, which affected the local attitudes toward celibacy. It was not well received in China, for example, where other religions such as Daoism were opposed to it. A somewhat similar situation existed in Japan, where the Shinto tradition also opposed celibacy, the English word celibacy derives from the Latin caelibatus, state of being unmarried, from Latin caelebs, meaning unmarried. This word derives from two Proto-Indo-European stems, *kaiwelo- alone and *libs- living, the words abstinence and celibacy are often used interchangeably, but are not necessarily the same thing. A. W. Sipe adds that even in the relatively uniform milieu of Catholic priests in the United States there is no clear operational definition of celibacy. The concept of new celibacy was introduced by Gabrielle Brown in her 1980 book The New Celibacy, in a revised version of her book, she claims that abstinence is a response on the outside to whats going on, and celibacy is a response from the inside. According to her definition, celibacy is much more than not having sex and it is more intentional than abstinence, and its goal is personal growth and empowerment. This new perspective on celibacy is echoed by authors including Elizabeth Abbott, Wendy Keller. The rule of celibacy in the Buddhist religion, whether Mahayana or Theravada, has a long history, in Japan, celibacy was an ideal among Buddhist clerics for hundreds of years. But violations of clerical celibacy were so common for so long that, finally, in 1872, subsequently, ninety percent of Buddhist monks/clerics married
