1.
Atlantic City, New Jersey
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Atlantic City is a resort city in New Jersey, United States, known for its casinos, boardwalk and beach. In 2010, it had a population of 39,558, incorporated on May 1,1854, from portions of Egg Harbor Township and Galloway Township, the city borders Absecon, Brigantine, Pleasantville, Ventnor City, West Atlantic City and the Atlantic Ocean. Atlantic City inspired the American version of the board game Monopoly, especially the street names, since 1921, Atlantic City has been the home of the Miss America pageant. Because of its location in South Jersey, hugging the Atlantic Ocean between marshlands and islands, Atlantic City was viewed by developers as prime real estate and a resort town. In 1853, the first commercial hotel, the Belloe House, was built at the intersection of Massachusetts, the city was incorporated in 1854, the same year in which the Camden and Atlantic Railroad train service began. Built on the edge of the bay, this served as the link of this remote parcel of land with Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. That same year, construction of the Absecon Lighthouse, designed by George Meade of the Corps of Topographical Engineers, was approved, by 1874, almost 500,000 passengers a year were coming to Atlantic City by rail. In Boardwalk Empire, The Birth, High Times, and Corruption of Atlantic City, the hotel was owned by the railroad. It was a sprawling, four-story structure built to house 2,000 guests and it opened while it was still under construction, with only one wing standing, and even that wasnt completed. By years end, when it was constructed, the United States Hotel was not only the first hotel in Atlantic City. Its rooms totaled more than 600, and its grounds covered some 14 acres, the first boardwalk was built in 1870 along a portion of the beach in an effort to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies. Businesses were restricted and the boardwalk was removed each year at the end of the peak season, because of its effectiveness and popularity, the boardwalk was expanded in length and width, and modified several times in subsequent years. The historic length of the boardwalk, before the destructive 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane, was about 7 miles and it extended from Atlantic City to Longport, through Ventnor, the first road connecting the city to the mainland at Pleasantville was completed in 1870 and charged a 30-cent toll. Albany Avenue was the first road to the mainland available without a toll, by 1878, because of the growing popularity of the city, one railroad line could no longer keep up with demand. Soon, the Philadelphia and Atlantic City Railway was also constructed to transport tourists to Atlantic City, at this point massive hotels like The United States and Surf House, as well as smaller rooming houses, had sprung up all over town. The United States Hotel took up a city block between Atlantic, Pacific, Delaware, and Maryland Avenues. These hotels were not only impressive in size, but featured the most updated amenities, in the early part of the 20th century, Atlantic City went through a radical building boom. Many of the modest boarding houses dotted the boardwalk were replaced with large hotels
2.
Bayonne Bridge
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The Bayonne Bridge is an arch bridge spanning the Kill Van Kull connecting Bayonne, New Jersey with Staten Island, New York City. It carries NY440 and NJ440, the Bayonne Bridge is the fifth-longest steel arch bridge in the world, and was the longest in the world at the time of its completion. Starting in 2013, there has been a project to raise the roadbed from its old height of 155 feet to a new height of 215 feet above mean high waters. This provides increased clearance for shipping to accommodate neo-Panamax ships, a new roadway, completed in November 2016, spans the length of the bridge, and opened to traffic on February 20,2017. The new navigational clearance is expected to be achieved in late 2017, the original roadway carries two lanes of motor traffic in each direction, as well as a walkway that is temporarily closed for reconstruction. The roadway deck could accommodate an expansion for two traffic lanes or two light-rail lanes. The new roadways will each carry two lanes of motor traffic, in addition to a walkway. During construction, all traffic uses the new northbound roadway with one lane in each direction, in 1921, the Port of New York Authority was created to oversee transportation in the Port of New York and New Jersey. At the time, bridges in New York City were being built at a brisk pace, not long after, in 1928, the Port Authority opened its first two bridges between New Jersey and Staten Island, the Goethals Bridge and the Outerbridge Crossing. There was plans for a bridge to Staten Island near Bayonne, New Jersey. All three bridges were built to complement the traffic from a fourth bridge or a tunnel from Staten Island to Brooklyn. This required a longer span than if the bridge had been built perpendicular to the Kill Van Kull. In particular, the Port Richmond viaduct was 2,010 feet long, the total length of the bridge is 5,780 feet with a mid-span clearance above the water of 150 feet in order to make room for the United States Navys tallest ships at the time. The arch resembles a parabola, but is made up of 40 linear segments, the design of the steel arch is influenced by the Hell Gate Bridge designed by Ammanns mentor, Gustav Lindenthal. It was the first bridge to employ the use of steel for the main arch ribs. Construction on the began in 1928. At the time, it was supposed to be open in early 1932 and was supposed to cost $16 million, the bridge had to be built without blocking shipping traffic on the Kill Van Kull. Afterward, prefabricated pieces of the support structure were hung from cables connected to the arch
3.
Branch Brook Park
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Branch Brook Park is a county park of Essex County, New Jersey in the United States, located in the North Ward of Newark, between the neighborhoods of Forest Hill and Roseville. A portion of the park is located within the Township of Belleville. At 360 acres, Branch Brook Park is the largest public park in the city of Newark, the park was formally created in 1895 by the newly created Essex County Parks Commission, making it the nations first county park. The area had served as an Army training ground during the American Civil War, at the time, the northern portion of the area had been a marsh known as Old Blue Jay Swamp. In 1898, a public appropriation financed the conversion of the swamp into a landscaped lake, the Morris Canal originally ran on the parks west side, until its old bed was turned into the Newark City Subway, providing access to the park from Downtown Newark. The first designs of the park, based largely on romantic themes, were proposed in 1895 and 1898. In 1900, the commission hired the Olmsted Brothers firm to redesign the park, the result was the parks current naturalistic look and feel, with acres of meadows and forests, in a manner similar to their fathers earlier designs of Central Park and Prospect Park. The park is home to many significant structures, including bridges, buildings, gates. Many of these were designed by the architectural firm of Carrère and Hastings headed by John Merven Carrère. The pair designed two Subway Bridges now referred to as Subway 1, East and Subway 2, West, the famous cherry trees were the result of a 1927 gift from Caroline Bamberger Fuld, sister of department store magnate Louis Bamberger and widow of the stores vice president. The Cherry Blossom Festival attracts approximately 10,000 visitors each April, during World War II, the parks grounds served a tent city for recruits, as well as a landing strip for airplanes of the United States Postal Service. The neighborhood on the east side of the park, Forest Hill, is Newarks most affluent, also on the east side of the park is the Cathedral of the Sacred Heart Basilica, one of the largest cathedrals in the United States. It has been placed on both the New Jersey and National Registers of Historic Places, Branch Brook Park is undergoing a $25 million ten-year restoration program. In 2004, the Park Avenue bridge was repaired, as were the fields in the center of the park. In 2007, a plan was created to provide for more than 5,000 cherry trees in the park and renovate, the plan uses a $650,000 grant from the Essex County Recreation and the Open Space Trust Fund from 2006 and private donations. In 2012, statues dedicated to sports figures Althea Gibson and Roberto Clemente were unveiled in the park, National Register of Historic Places listings in Essex County, New Jersey Official site
4.
Bridgewater Township, New Jersey
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Bridgewater Township is a township in Somerset County, New Jersey, United States. Bridgewater Township was originally created by Royal charter on April 4,1749 and it was incorporated as one of New Jerseys initial group of 104 townships by the New Jersey Legislature on February 21,1798, under the Township Act of 1798. During the nineteenth century, portions of the township were taken to form Warren Township, Branchburg Township, Somerville, Raritan, Bridgewater is a relatively large, suburban township located in the center of Somerset County. The area of the present Township of Bridgewater was originally purchased from a local Lenape Native American tribe, Bridgewater was chartered by George II of Great Britain in 1749, and incorporated on February 21,1798, as one of New Jerseys 104 original townships. It is named after the town of Bridgwater in the English county of Somerset, by special order of Congress, a Thirteen Star Flag is flown 24 hours a day at the Washington Camp Ground, part of the former Middlebrook encampment, in Bridgewater. Since 1889, the first hoisting of the flag is commemorated annually each July 4 with a changing of the flag, a reading of the Declaration of Independence, until the 1960s, Bridgewater was largely known as a farming community. Subsequently, Bridgewater started to receive an influx of residents who worked in the pharmaceutical, telecommunications and financial industries in Bridgewater. Bridgewater is now a developed suburban community, with only a few traces of its rural past still evident in the town. Bridgewater is now Somerset Countys second-most populous municipality, after Franklin Township, according to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 32.510 square miles, including 32.037 square miles of land and 0.473 square miles of water. While much of Bridgewater has relatively flat terrain, the portion of the township is very hilly. Additionally the Second Ridge passes just north of the township border, the Raritan River and its branches and tributaries form much of Bridgewaters borders with other municipalities and a number of smaller rivers and streams run through Bridgewater. The Raritan itself runs along Bridgewaters southern border and the North Branch of the Raritan River forms the western border with Branchburg. Bradley Gardens, Finderne, Green Knoll and Martinsville are census-designated places, other unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Chimney Rock, Middle Brook Heights, Milltown and Sunset Lake. Its longest borders are with Branchburg Township, Bedminster Township, Bernards Township, Warren Township, Bound Brook, Somerville and it also borders Green Brook, Middlesex, South Bound Brook, Franklin Township, Manville, and Hillsborough Township. Bridgewater Townships ZIP Code is 08807, with 08836 used in the community of Martinsville, Bridgewaters area codes are 908 and 732/848. Bridgewater lies in the division of the Raritan Valley along with Branchburg. Bridgewater contains a number of communities and sections, many of which do not have defined boundaries. They include, Bradley Gardens, Located in southwestern Bridgewater, bordered on the east by Raritan and this is one of Bridgewaters older residential areas but also includes some newer developments as well as a commercial area along Old York Road
5.
Cape May Lighthouse
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The Cape May Lighthouse is a lighthouse located in New Jersey at the tip of Cape May, in Lower Townships Cape May Point State Park. It was built in 1859 under the supervision of U. S. Army engineer William F. Raynolds, was automated in 1946 and it is the third fully documented lighthouse to be built at Cape May Point. The first was built in 1823, the second in 1847, the exact locations of the first two lighthouses are now underwater due to erosion. There are 199 steps to the top of the Lighthouse, the view from the top extends to Cape May City and Wildwood to the north, Cape May Point to the south, and, on a clear day, Cape Henlopen, Delaware, to the west. The lighthouse is owned by the state of New Jersey after ownership was transferred from the Coast Guard in 1992, the State of New Jersey leases the structure and grounds to the Mid-Atlantic Center for the Arts & Humanities. MAC raises funds for the restoration and upkeep of the structure, MAC has installed interpretive exhibits about the lighthouses history, the lives of the former lighthouse keepers, and other maritime history of the Jersey Cape for visitors who climb. In 2013, MAC celebrated the 25th anniversary of the opening of the lighthouse to the public for climbs, from its opening in May 1988, over 2.1 million people have paid to climb to the top. Every October, the Cape May Lighthouse is a participant in the New Jersey Lighthouse Challenge, the tower is 157 feet 6 inches tall, from the ground to the towers cast iron spiral staircase. There are 217 steps from the ground to the top, with 199 steps in the towers cast iron spiral staircase, the lighthouse has two separate walls. The outside wall is cone-shaped, and is 3 feet 10 inches thick at the bottom, the inside wall is a cylinder with 8. 5-inch-thick walls which support the spiral staircase. The walls were designed to withstand winds several times above hurricane force. com
6.
Colonial Club
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Colonial Club is one of the eleven current eating clubs of Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey, United States. Founded in 1891, it is the fifth oldest of the clubs and it is located on 40 Prospect Avenue. As the first eating club to abandon the selective bicker process and become coeducational in 1969, Colonial Club has been heralded for its progressive legacy. Colonial Club has been affiliated with over 7 Rhodes Scholars and several Valedictorians of Princeton University, among the Princetonians who were involved in the World War II code-breaking at Bletchley Park, some were allegedly from Colonial Club. And former CEO of Google, and Ted Cruz 92, U. S, Senator and candidate for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 2016 election. The club occupies a large mansion on the side of Prospect Avenue in Princeton. The building is recognizable by its four large white columns fashioned in Colonial style. The current building has served as the clubhouse for Colonial since 1906, Colonials first clubhouse was located on 306 Nassau Street and served as the clubs residence for only one year. In 1892, the moved to a house on 186 Nassau Street fashioned in the periods cottage architecture. The club subsequently moved to Prospect Avenue in 1897, taking over the old Ivy Club house and changing the exterior by adding decorative columns and this third clubhouse lasted 9 years until the current clubhouse was built, funded by the issuance of bonds to graduate members and alumni. The clubs undergraduate officers reside in the third floor. Founded in 1891 under the presidency of H. P, bert Fisher 93, the club was formed by a group of 13 Princeton University juniors, who originally called themselves the Plug and Ulster Club. After agreeing to several provisions, Colonial Club was founded and situated itself in an old Virginian, the original section consisted of several notable students including Booth Tarkington, founder of the Princeton Triangle Club. The club later was incorporated in 1896 as The Colonial Club of Princeton University. After the sinking of the Lusitania, military training became the principal activity on campus, only a few of the eating clubs remained open during this time. Colonial Club temporarily considered combining with Tiger Inn until the full membership of the clubs returned to college after the war. Almost the entire 1917 section left college to enter various branches of service, and the entirety of the 1919 section was drafted, leading to the closing of the club. Several club members perished during World War I, including John G. Agar Jr.14, Joseph M. Duff Jr.12, Gordon C. Gregory 18, surprisingly, Colonial Club enjoyed its biggest years in the thirties
7.
Georgian Court University
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Georgian Court University is a private Roman Catholic university located in Lakewood Township, New Jersey, United States. Founded in 1908 by the Sisters of Mercy, the university has more than 1,500 undergraduates, in 2004, the institution was recognized with university status by the New Jersey Commission on Higher Education. In 2013, Georgian Court became fully coeducational after more than 100 years as a womens college, the university is open to students of all faiths, while emphasizing its mission of Mercy, which incorporates respect, justice, integrity, compassion, and service. The Sisters of Mercy founded Mount Saint Mary College as an arts school for women in 1908, in North Plainfield. In 1924, the Sisters of Mercy purchased Georgian Court, the estate of George Jay Gould I in Lakewood Township, New Jersey, moved the college there, the college was granted university status by the State of New Jersey in February 2004. For more than a century, from 1908 to 2015, the institution was headed by Sisters of Mercy nuns, the Sisters of Mercy organization continues to sponsor Georgian Court through the Conference for Mercy Higher Education. The full transition to an institution, admitting both women and men into all academic programs, became complete at the outset of the Fall 2013 semester. Georgian Court is the only Catholic college or university located in Central or South New Jersey, most of its enrollment is drawn from these areas. In 2015, Joseph R. Marbach, Ph. D. became the first permanent lay president —, GCU identifies itself as a vibrant learning community, attempting to adapt to the needs of todays students in its programs of study. Georgian Court offers 33 undergraduate majors through the School of Arts and Sciences, the School of Business and Digital Media, Georgian Court University is nondiscriminatory and welcomes people of all faiths. The School of Business and Digital Media offers both undergraduate and MBA programs, and has expanded its global partnerships through COIL, the School of Arts and Sciences has small class sizes and offers hands-on, valuable laboratory experiences. Students also can conduct research with faculty scholars. Students also can work closely with faculty and staff on meaningful service projects, in 2014-15, students, faculty and staff contributed more than 90,000 volunteer hours to projects in the community and abroad. Additional graduate programs developed in recent years include Applied Behavioral Analysis, Homeland Security, in 2015, the school also launched an online graduate certificate program in Mercy Spirituality. Georgian Court offers classes for students who live on campus, as well as for non-residential undergraduate and graduate students, about 95% of students receive some form of financial aid or scholarship assistance. The university is located on the summer estate of the millionaire George Jay Gould I. Named by the Goulds as Georgian Court, the estate was designed by the New York architect and he also designed three of the gardens that are featured on the campus today, the Italian Gardens, the Sunken Garden, and the Formal Garden. Takeo Shiota designed the Japanese Garden, in addition to the gardens, GCU has maintained much of the original architecture and the Sister Mary Grace Burns Arboretum
8.
Great Falls (Passaic River)
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The Great Falls of the Passaic River is a prominent waterfall,77 feet high, on the Passaic River in the city of Paterson in Passaic County, New Jersey, United States. The falls and surrounding area are protected as part of the Paterson Great Falls National Historical Park, the Congress authorized its establishment in 2009. One of the United States largest waterfalls, it played a significant role in the industrial development of New Jersey starting in the earliest days of the nation. It is part of the Great Falls of Paterson-Garret Mountain National Natural Landmark and it has also been designated as a National Historic Landmark District since 1976. The Great Falls raceway and power systems were designated an Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1977, geologically, the falls were formed at the end of the last ice age approximately 13,000 years ago. Formerly the Passaic had followed a course through the Watchung Mountains near present-day Summit. As the glacier receded, the previous course was blocked by a newly formed moraine. A large lake, called Glacial Lake Passaic, formed behind the Watchungs, the falls later became the site of a habitation for Lenape Native Americans, and later for Dutch settlers in the 1690s. In 1778, Alexander Hamilton visited the falls and was impressed by its potential for industry, later when Hamilton was the nations Secretary of Treasury, he selected the site of the nations first planned industrial city, which he called a national manufactory. In 1791, Hamilton helped found the Society for the Establishment of Useful Manufactures, the town of Paterson was founded by the society and named after New Jersey Governor William Paterson in appreciation of his efforts to promote the society. As a result, Paterson became the nucleus for a burgeoning mill industry, in 1793, two years after the societys foundation, the falls was the site of the first water-powered cotton spinning mill in New Jersey. In 1812, it was the site of the states first continuous roll paper mill, other products whose construction used the falls as a power source include the Rogers Locomotive Works, the Colt revolver, and the USS Holland. The oldest extant structure in the district is the Phoenix Mill. The industrial area became the site of labor unrest, as it was a center for the 1913 Paterson silk strike. Immigrant workers, facing harsh conditions in factories staged numerous strikes, the society continued operation until 1945 when its charter and property were sold to the city of Paterson. The area fell into disuse with the decline of industry in the region during the 20th century. In 1971, the Great Falls Preservation and Development Corporation was established to restore and redevelop the mill buildings. The State of New Jersey has announced plans for a new state park in Paterson surrounding the Great Falls
9.
Hoboken Terminal
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Hoboken Terminal is one of the New York metropolitan areas major transportation hubs. The commuter-oriented intermodal facility is in Hoboken, Hudson County, New Jersey, Hoboken Terminal is wheelchair accessible, with high-level platforms for light rail and PATH services and portable lifts for commuter rail services. The site of the terminal has been used since colonial times to link Manhattan Island and it was long a ferry landing accessible via turnpike roads, and later plank roads. In 1811, the first steam-powered ferries began service under John Stevens, the coming of the railroads brought more and more travelers to the west bank of the Hudson River. At the peak, five passenger terminals were operated by competing railroad companies along the Hudson Waterfront, of these, Hoboken Terminal is the only one still in active use. Cuts and tunnels were constructed through Bergen Hill to the terminals on the west bank of the river, one of the Bergen Hill Tunnels under Jersey City Heights was opened in 1876 by the Morris and Essex Railroad. A parallel tunnel was added in 1908 by Delaware, Lackawanna, both are still used by NJ Transit. It resumed in 1989 on the side of the terminal. The Phoebe Snow was a passenger train that departed daily from the station. In 1956, four years before its merger with the DL&W to form the Erie Lackawanna Railway, the Erie Railroad began shifting its trains from its Jersey City terminal to Hoboken. In October 1965, on former Erie routes, there were five trains ran to Midvale. All those trains were dropped in 1966, trains to Chicago and Buffalo were discontinued on January 5,1970. Numerous streetcar lines, including the Hoboken Inclined Cable Railway, originated/terminated at the station until bustitution was completed on August 7,1949, the station was badly damaged during Hurricane Sandy on October 29,2012, with a 5 feet storm surge inundating the facility. The waiting room reopened in January 2013, while repairs were still in progress. On the morning of September 29,2016, an NJ Transit train crashed through a block and into the concourse of the station, killing one person. In 1930, Thomas Edison was at the controls for the first departure of an electric multiple unit train from Hoboken Terminal to Montclair. One of the first installations of central air-conditioning in a space was at the station. PATH trains provide 24-hour service on three routes from an underground station located north of the surface platforms
10.
McGuire Air Force Base
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McGuire is under the jurisdiction of the Air Mobility Command. It was consolidated with two adjoining US Army and Navy facilities to become part of Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst on 1 October 2009, the McGuire Air Force Base census-designated place is located in portions of both New Hanover Township and North Hanover Township. As of the 2010 United States Census, the McGuire Air Force Base CDP had a population of 3,710. The host unit at McGuire AFB is the 87th Air Base Wing, United States Air Force Expeditionary Center, the 87 ABW provides installation management to all of JB MDL. The wing also provides mission-ready, expeditionary Airmen to support Unified Combatant Commanders in ongoing military operations, the wing consists of more than 3,100 officers, enlisted, and civilian personnel from the Air Force, Army and Navy. The 87th Air Base Wing is commanded by Colonel James Hodges and its Command Chief Master Sergeant is Chief Master Sergeant Phillip K. Robinson. McGuire originated in 1941 as Fort Dix Army Air Force Base, closed briefly after World War II, it reopened in 1948 as McGuire Air Force Base. The base was named after Major Thomas B, McGuire, Jr. Medal of Honor recipient, and the second leading ace in American history. S. Air Force hosting three AMC-gained flying wings of the Regular Air Force, Air Force Reserve and Air National Guard, Air Force and civilian AMC-contracted aircraft use McGuires two runways to facilitate this mission. Many hundreds of thousands of Air Force, Army, Navy, airplanes from McGuire have provided the flyovers for Philadelphia Eagles games and Major League Baseball All-Star and World Series games played in Philadelphia at the end of the National Anthem. These same planes were also responsible for the Super Bowl XLVIII flyover, McGuire Air Force Base was established as Fort Dix Airport in 1937 and first opened to military aircraft on 9 January 1941. On 13 January 1948 the United States Air Force renamed the facility McGuire Air Force Base in honor of Major Thomas Buchanan McGuire, flight operations to support Camp Dix at an adjacent airfield took place as early as 1926. Facilities and runways to support an air mission began in 1937 as a Civilian Conservation Corps project and this was on newly acquired land for the great Army Air Forces expansion approved by the Roosevelt Administration. This nascent airfield and wooden structures was named Rudd Field, to meet the requirements for a possible world war, Rudd Field was renamed Fort Dix Army Air Base in 1939, and underwent massive expansion from 1940–1941. Runways constructed consisted of three concrete surfaced, 7100x150, 7100x150, 5400x150, and one macadam surfaced, 8100x150, the base had its first permanent Army Air Force occupant in November 1941 when the 59th Observation Group took up station on 14 November. Initially during 1941–42 the Group operated a range of aircraft, including the BC-1A, L-59, O-46, O-47, O-49 Vigilant. After the United States entry into World War II, Fort Dix Army Air Base was used as a training, the service group also had its own mess section. The service group had approximately 30 officers and 300 to 400 enlisted men, in late 1942, Army Air Forces Antisubmarine Command took up tenant status at Fort Dix AAB
11.
Morris Canal
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Primarily, it was part of an extensive anthracite toll road of coal canals built in response to deforestation near eastern cities in the early industrial revolution. In use from the late 1820s to the 1926, it stretched from Phillipsburg on the Delaware River eastward to Jersey City on the Hudson River and it was considered an ingenious technological marvel for its use of water-driven inclined planes to cross the northern New Jersey hills. Completed to Newark in 1831, the canal was extended eastward to Jersey City between 1834 and 1836, in 1839 Hot Blast technology was married to blast furnaces fired entirely using anthracite, and the continuous high volume production of plentiful anthracite pig iron began. It also carried iron ore westward to iron furnaces in western New Jersey, by mid-century, railroads had begun to eclipse canals in the United States, although the Morris Canal remained in heavy use through the 1860s. It was leased to the Lehigh Valley Railroad in 1871, taken over by the state of New Jersey late in 1922, although it was largely dismantled in the following five years, portions of the canal and its accompanying feeders and ponds are preserved. From Phillipsburg, the Morris Canal ran eastward through the valley of the Musconetcong River, from there it continued eastward across Kearny Point and through Jersey City to the Hudson River. The extension through Jersey City was at sea level and was supplied with water from the lower Hackensack River, with its two navigable feeders, the canal was 107 mi long. The idea for constructing the canal is credited to Morristown businessman George P. MacCulloch, in 1822, MacCulloch brought together a group of interested citizens at Morristown to discuss the idea. The Palladium of Liberty, a Morristown newspaper of the day, macculloch initially greatly underestimated the height difference between the Passaic and Lake Hopatcong, pegging it at only 185 ft. On December 31,1824, the New Jersey Legislature chartered the Morris Canal and Banking Company, the corporation issued 20,000 shares of stock at $100 a share, providing $2 million of capital, divided evenly between funds for building the canal and funds for banking privileges. The charter provided that New Jersey could take over the canal at the end of 99 years. In the event that the state did not take over the canal, in 1823, the Canal Company hired Ephraim Beach, who was originally an assistant engineer on the Erie Canal, as their chief engineer, to survey the routes for the Morris Canal. Construction started in 1824 in Newark, with a channel 31 feet wide and 4 feet deep, on 15 October 1825, ground was broken at the summit level at the Great Pond. By 1828,82 of the 97 eastern sections, and 43 of the 74 western sections were finished, by 1829, some sections were completed and opened for traffic, and in 1830, the 38 mile section from Newark to Rockaway was opened. Because the locks could only handle boats of 25 tons, that meant that traffic from the Lehigh Canal was impossible. In the end, Renwick used only 23 inclined planes and 23 locks, nevertheless, the inclined planes were built with overshot water wheels to supply power. The early planes were done by different contractors, and differed greatly, in 1829, the Canal hired David Bates Douglass from West Point, who became the chief engineer of the planes. He supervised the construction of the planes to be built
12.
Newark Liberty International Airport
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Newark Liberty International Airport, originally Newark Metropolitan Airport and later Newark International Airport, is an international airport located about 15 miles southwest of Midtown Manhattan. It straddles the boundary between Newark and Elizabeth, New Jersey, the airport is owned by the city of Newark and leased to and operated by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Newark Airport was the first major airport in the United States, in 2015 Newark Airport handled 37.5 million passengers, JFK handled 56.8 million and LaGuardia Airport handled 28.4 million. In 2016 Newark served a record 40 million passengers, Newark serves 50 carriers and is the third-largest hub for United Airlines, which is the airports largest tenant. Newarks second-largest tenant is FedEx Express, whose third-largest cargo hub uses three buildings on two square feet of airport property. During the 12-month period ending in July 2014, over 68% of all passengers at the airport were carried by United Airlines. Newark opened October 1,1928 on 68 acres of reclaimed land along the Passaic River, the Art Deco Newark Metropolitan Airport Administration Building, adorned with murals by Arshile Gorky, was built in 1934 and dedicated by Amelia Earhart in 1935. It served as the terminal until the opening of the North Terminal in 1953 and it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1979 and is now a museum and Port Authority Police headquarters. During World War II the field was closed to commercial aviation while it was taken over by the United States Army for logistics operations. The airlines returned to Newark in February 1946 and the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey assumed control of the airport in 1948, later building new hangars, the February 1947 C&GS diagram shows 5940-ft runway 1, 7900-ft runway 6 and 7100-ft runway 10. On December 16,1951 a Miami Airlines C-46 bound for Tampa lost a cylinder on takeoff from runway 28, on January 22,1952 an American Airlines CV-240 crashed in Elizabeth, while on approach to runway 6 killing all 23 aboard and seven on the ground. On February 11,1952 a National DC-6 crashed in Elizabeth after takeoff from runway 24, killing 29 of 63 on board, a proposal to build a new airport at what is now the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge was defeated by local opposition. In 1964, American and TWA started flying nonstop to California, tWAs 707 nonstop to Heathrow in 1978 was probably Newarks first trans-Atlantic nonstop. In the 1970s the airport became Newark International Airport, present Terminals A and B opened in 1973, although some charter and international flights requiring customs clearance remained at the North Terminal. The main building of Terminal C was completed at the same time and it lay dormant until the mid-1980s, when for a brief time the west third of the terminal was equipped for international arrivals and used for some People Express transcontinental flights. Terminal C was finally completed and opened in June 1988, underutilized in the 1970s, Newark expanded dramatically in the 1980s. People Express struck a deal with the Port Authority to use the North Terminal as its air terminal and corporate office in 1981 and it grew quickly, increasing Newarks traffic through the 1980s. Virgin Atlantic began service between Newark and London in 1984, challenging JFKs status as New Yorks international gateway, Federal Express opened its second hub at the airport in 1986
