1.
Point-of-view shot
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A point of view shot is a short film scene that shows what a character is looking at. It is usually established by being positioned between a shot of a looking at something, and a shot showing the characters reaction. The technique of POV is one of the foundations of film editing, a POV shot need not be the strict point-of-view of an actual single character in a film. Sometimes the point-of-view shot is taken over the shoulder of the character, sometimes a POV shot is shared, i. e. it represents the joint POV of two characters. Camera angles record the scene from a particular players viewpoint, the point-of-view is an objective angle, but since it falls between the objective and subjective angle, it should be placed in a separate category and given special consideration. A point-of-view shot is as close as a shot can approach a subjective shot—and still remain objective. The camera is positioned at the side of a subjective player—whose viewpoint is being depicted—so that the audience is given the impression they are standing cheek-to-cheek with the off-screen player. The viewer does not see the event through the players eyes and he sees the event from the players viewpoint, as if standing alongside him. Thus, the angle remains objective, since it is an unseen observer not involved in the action. —Joseph V. Mascelli, The Five Cs of Cinematography Supporting narrative elements are required to indicate the shot to the viewer as a POV shot and these may include shot sequencing, sound effects, visual effects and acting. When the leading actor is the subject of the POV it is known as the subjective viewpoint, the audience sees events through the leading actors eyes, as if they were experiencing the events themselves. Cameras were increasingly introduced into more difficult experiences, dick Barrymore, an early action filmmaker akin to Warren Miller, experimented with film cameras and counter weights mounted to a helmet. Barrymore could ski unencumbered while capturing footage of scenery and other skiers, though the unit was heavy relative to its manner of use, it was considered hands-free, and worked. On professional levels, the equipment is defined, expensive. However the race for hands-free POV cameras for use on a level has always faced problems. Gance wrote in the scenario that the camera defends itself as if it were Bonaparte himself. It is in the fortress and fights back and it clambers on the wall of snow and jumps down, as if it were human. Arms at the side of the camera as if the camera itself had arms, Camera K falls on the ground, struggles, gets up
2.
First-person (video games)
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In video games, the first person refers to a graphical perspective rendered from the viewpoint of the players character. In many cases, this may be the viewpoint from the cockpit of a vehicle, many different genres have made use of first-person perspectives, ranging from adventure games to flight simulators. The most notable genre to use of this device is the first-person shooter. Games with a first-person perspective are usually avatar-based, wherein the game displays what the players avatar would see with the avatars own eyes, thus, players typically cannot see the avatars body, though they may be able to see the avatars weapons or hands. A first-person perspective allows for aiming, since there is no representation of the avatar to block the players view. However, the absence of an avatar can make it difficult to master the timing, players have come to expect first-person games to accurately scale objects to appropriate sizes. However, key objects such as dropped items or levers may be exaggerated in order to improve their visibility, while many games featured a side-scrolling or top-down perspective during the 1970s and 80s, several early games attempted to render the game world from the perspective of the player. While light gun shooters often have a perspective, they are distinct from first-person shooters. It is not clear exactly when the earliest such first-person shooter video game was created, there are two claimants, Spasim and Maze War. The uncertainty about which was first stems from the lack of any accurate dates for the development of Maze War—even its developer cannot remember exactly, in contrast, the development of Spasim is much better documented and the dates more certain. The initial development of Maze War probably occurred in the summer of 1973, a single player made their way through a simple maze of corridors rendered using fixed perspective. Multiplayer capabilities, with attempting to shoot each other, were probably added later in 1973. Spasim was originally developed in the spring of 1974, players moved through a wire-frame 3D universe, with gameplay resembling the 2D game Empire ire. Graphically, Spasim lacked even hidden line removal, but did feature online multiplayer over the worldwide university-based PLATO network, Spasim had a documented debut at the University of Illinois in 1974. The game was a space flight simulator, which featured a first-person perspective. Another notable PLATO FPS was the tank game Panther, introduced in 1975, in 1976, Segas Road Race extended the car racing video game genre into three dimensions with a first-person perspective. It displayed a constantly changing S-shaped road with two race cars moving along the road that the player must avoid crashing while racing against the clock. In 1980, Segas arcade space shooter Space Tactics also allowed players to take aim using crosshairs, First-person light gun shooters would rise in popularity during the mid-1980s, with Nintendos Duck Hunt being a much-loved example
3.
First-person shooter
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The first-person shooter shares common traits with other shooter games, which in turn fall under the heading action game. From the genres inception, advanced 3D or pseudo-3D graphics have challenged hardware development, the first-person shooter has since been traced as far back as Maze War, development of which began in 1973, and 1974s Spasim. 1998s Half-Life—along with its 2004 sequel Half-Life 2—enhanced the narrative and puzzle elements, in 1999, Half-Lifes mod Counter-Strike was released and, together with Doom, is perhaps one of the most influential first-person shooters. GoldenEye 007 was a landmark first-person shooter for home consoles, while the Halo series heightened the consoles commercial and critical appeal as a platform for first-person shooter titles. In the 21st century, the shooter is the most commercially viable video game genre. Several first-person shooters have been popular games for eSports and competitive gaming competitions as well, first-person shooters are a type of three-dimensional shooter game, featuring a first-person point of view with which the player sees the action through the eyes of the player character. They are unlike third-person shooters, in which the player can see the character they are controlling, the primary design element is combat, mainly involving firearms. A more important key difference is that first-person light-gun shooters like Virtua Cop often feature on-rails movement, the first-person shooter may be considered a distinct genre in itself, or a type of shooter game, in turn a subgenre of the wider action game genre. Following the release of Doom in 1993, games in this style were commonly termed Doom clones, in time this term has largely been replaced by first-person shooter. Wolfenstein 3D, released in 1992, the year before Doom, has credited with inventing the genre. There are occasional disagreements regarding the design elements which constitute a first-person shooter. For example, Deus Ex or BioShock may be considered as first-person shooters, some commentators extend the definition to include combat flight simulators where the cockpit or vehicle takes place of the hands and weapons. Like most shooter games, first-person shooters involve an avatar, one or more ranged weapons, and a varying number of enemies. Because they take place in a 3D environment, these tend to be somewhat more realistic than 2D shooter games. First-person shooters played on computers are most often controlled with a combination of a keyboard. This system has claimed as superior to that found in console games. It is common to display the characters hands and weaponry in the view, with a head-up display showing health. Often, it is possible to overlay a map of the surrounding area, first-person shooters often focus on action gameplay, with fast-paced and bloody firefights, though some place a greater emphasis on narrative, problem-solving and logic puzzles
4.
Grammatical person
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Grammatical person, in linguistics, is the grammatical distinction between deictic references to participant in an event, typically the distinction is between the speaker, the addressee, and others. Put in simple colloquial English, first person is literally I, Second person is literally you, third person is everything else, grammatical person typically defines a languages set of personal pronouns. It also frequently affects verbs, sometimes nouns, and possessive relationships, in Indo-European languages, first-, second-, and third-person pronouns are typically also marked for singular and plural forms, and sometimes dual form as well. Some languages, especially European ones, distinguish degrees of formality and informality, some other languages use different classifying systems, especially in the plural pronouns. Many Malayo-Polynesian languages, such as Javanese and Balinese, are known for their complex systems of honorifics, Japanese. In many languages, the verb takes a form dependent on the person of the subject, in many languages, such as French, the verb in any given tense takes a different suffix for any of the various combinations of person and number of the subject. The grammars of some languages divide the space into more than three persons. The extra categories may be termed fourth person, fifth person, such terms are not absolute but can refer depending on context to any of several phenomena. Some Algonquian languages and Salishan languages divide the category of third person into two parts, proximate for a more topical third person, and obviative for a less topical third person, the obviative is sometimes called the fourth person. The term fourth person is sometimes used for the category of indefinite or generic referents. When the grammar treats them differently from ordinary third-person forms, the so-called zero person in Finnish and related languages, in addition to passive voice may serve to leave the subject-referent open. Zero person subjects are sometimes translated as one, but the problem with that is that English language constructions involving one, e. g. I, The Meaning of the First Person Term
5.
Protagonist
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A protagonist is the main character in any story, such as a literary work or drama. The protagonist is at the center of the story, typically makes the key decisions, the protagonist usually affects the main characters circumstances as well, as they are often the primary actor propelling the story forward. If a story contains a subplot, or is a made up of several stories. The word protagonist is used notably in stories and forms of literature and culture that contain stories, in those forms the protagonist may simply be the leading actor, or the principal character in the story. The antagonist will provide obstacles and complications and create conflict that test the protagonist, thus revealing the strengths, the earliest known examples of protagonist are dated back to Ancient Greece. At first dramatic performances involved merely dancing and recitation by the chorus, but then in Poetics, Aristotle describes how a poet named Thespis introduced the idea of having one actor step out and engage in a dialogue with the chorus. This was the invention of tragedy, which occurred about 536 B. C, then the poet Aeschylus, in his plays, introduced a second actor, inventing the idea of dialogue between two characters. Sophocles then wrote plays that required a third actor, euripides play Hippolytus may be considered to have two protagonists. The protagonist of the first half is Phaedra, who dies partway through the play and her stepson, the titular Hippolytus, assumes the dominant role in the second half of the play. In Ibsen’s play The Master Builder, the protagonist is the architect Halvard Solness, the young woman, Hilda Wangel, whose actions lead to the death of Solness, is the antagonist. In Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet, Romeo is the protagonist and he is actively in pursuit of his relationship with Juliet, and the audience is invested in that story. The character of Tybalt opposes Romeo’s desires, he is the antagonist, in Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, Prince Hamlet, who seeks revenge for the murder of his father, is the protagonist. The antagonist would be the character who most opposes Hamlet, Claudius, in the novel The Catcher in the Rye, the character Holden Caulfield is the protagonist. He is the character, and the reader is invested in his story. Sometimes, a work will have a false protagonist, who may seem to be the protagonist, the character Marion in Alfred Hitchcocks film Psycho is an example. A novel that contains a number of narratives may have a number of protagonists, alexander Solzhenitsyns The First Circle, for example, depicts a variety of characters imprisoned and living in a gulag camp. Leo Tolstoys War and Peace, depicts fifteen major characters involved in or affected by a war
6.
Jane Eyre
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Jane Eyre /ˈɛər/ is a novel by English writer Charlotte Brontë. It was published on 16 October 1847, by Smith, Elder & Co. of London, England, the first American edition was published the following year by Harper & Brothers of New York. Charlotte Brontë has been called the first historian of the private consciousness, the novel is a first-person narrative from the perspective of the title character. The novels setting is somewhere in the north of England, late in the reign of George III, John Rivers, proposes to her, and her reunion with, and marriage to, her beloved Rochester. During these sections the novel provides perspectives on a number of important social issues and ideas, Jane Eyre is divided into 38 chapters, and most editions are at least 400 pages long. The original publication was in three volumes, comprising chapters 1 to 15,16 to 27, and 28 to 38, Brontë dedicated the novels second edition to William Makepeace Thackeray. The novel begins with the character, Jane Eyre, aged 10, living with her maternal uncles family. It is several years after her parents died of typhus, Mr. Reed, Janes uncle, was the only person in the Reed family who was ever kind to Jane. Janes aunt, Sarah Reed, dislikes her, treats her as a burden, Mrs. Reed and her three children are abusive to Jane, physically, emotionally, and spiritually. The nursemaid Bessie proves to be Janes only ally in the household, excluded from the family activities, Jane is incredibly unhappy, with only a doll and books for comfort. She is subsequently attended to by the apothecary, Mr. Lloyd. He recommends to Mrs. Reed that Jane should be sent to school, Mrs. Reed then enlists the aid of the harsh Mr. Brocklehurst, director of Lowood Institution, a charity school for girls. Mrs. Reed cautions Mr. Brocklehurst that Jane has a tendency for deceit, during a school inspection by Mr. Brocklehurst, Jane accidentally breaks her slate, thereby drawing attention to herself. He then stands her on a stool, brands her a liar, Jane is later comforted by her friend, Helen. Miss Temple, the superintendent, facilitates Janes self-defence and writes to Mr. Lloyd. Jane is then cleared of Mr. Brocklehursts accusations. The 80 pupils at Lowood are subjected to cold rooms, poor meals, many students fall ill when a typhus epidemic strikes, and Janes friend Helen dies of consumption in her arms. When Mr. Brocklehursts maltreatment of the students is discovered, several benefactors erect a new building, conditions at the school then improve dramatically
7.
Fictional universe
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A fictional universe is a self-consistent imaginary setting with events, and often other elements, that differ from the real world. It may also be called an imagined, constructed or fictional realm, fictional universes may appear in novels, comics, films, television shows, video games and other creative works. What distinguishes a fictional universe from a setting is the level of detail. A fictional universe has a continuity and internal logic that must be adhered to throughout the work. So, for instance, many books may be set in conflicting fictional versions of Victorian London, however, the various film series based on Sherlock Holmes follow their own separate continuities, and so do not take place in the same fictional universe. The history and geography of a universe are well-defined, and maps. When subsequent works are written within the universe, care is usually taken to ensure that established facts of the canon are not violated. Even if the fictional universe involves concepts such as magic that dont exist in the real world, a famous example of a detailed fictional universe is Arda, of J. R. R. Tolkiens books The Lord of the Rings and The Silmarillion. He created first its languages and then the world itself, which he states was primarily linguistic in inspiration and was begun in order to provide the history for the Elvish tongues. Another, more recent, famous fictional universe is that of the Avatar film series, as James Cameron has invented an entire ecosystem, also, he commissioned a linguistics expert to invent the Navi language. Virtually every successful fictional TV series or comic book develops its own universe to keep track of the episodes or issues. Writers for that series must follow the story bible, which becomes the series canon. This creates a universe that future authors can write about. These stories about the universe or universes that existed before the retcon are usually not canonical, Crisis on Infinite Earths was an especially sweeping example. Some writers choose to introduce elements or characters from one work into another, for example, the character of Ursula Buffay from American sitcom Mad About You was also a recurring guest star in Friends, despite the two series having little else in common. Fellow NBC series Seinfeld also contained references to Mad About You. L. Frank Baum introduced the characters of Capn Bill and Trot, the two characters made a number of subsequent appearances in later Oz books. Sir Thomas Mores Utopia is one of the earliest examples of a fictional world with its own rules and functional concepts
8.
Unreliable narrator
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An unreliable narrator is a narrator, whether in literature, film, or theatre, whose credibility has been seriously compromised. The term was coined in 1961 by Wayne C, booth in The Rhetoric of Fiction. Sometimes the narrators unreliability is made immediately evident, a more dramatic use of the device delays the revelation until near the storys end. In some cases, the reader discovers that in the foregoing narrative, such a twist ending forces readers to reconsider their point of view and experience of the story. In some cases the narrators unreliability is never revealed but only hinted at, leaving readers to wonder how much the narrator should be trusted. Attempts have been made at a classification of unreliable narrators, william Riggan analysed in a 1981 study discernible types of unreliable narrators, focusing on the first-person narrator as this is the most common kind of unreliable narration. Examples in modern literature are Moll Flanders, Simplicius Simplicissimus or Felix Krull, the Madman a narrator who is either only experiencing mental defense mechanisms, such as dissociation and self-alienation, or severe mental illness, such as schizophrenia or paranoia. The Clown a narrator who does not take seriously and consciously plays with conventions, truth. Examples of the type include Tristram Shandy and Bras Cubas, the Naïf a narrator whose perception is immature or limited through their point of view. Examples of naïves include Huckleberry Finn, Holden Caulfield and Forrest Gump, the Liar a mature narrator of sound cognition who deliberately misrepresents themselves, often to obscure their unseemly or discreditable past conduct. John Dowell in Ford Madox Fords The Good Soldier exemplifies this kind of narrator, for example, in the three interweaving plays of Alan Ayckbourns The Norman Conquests, each confines the action to one of three locations during the course of a weekend. He writes, I have called a narrator reliable when he speaks for or acts in accordance with the norms of the work, unreliable when he does not. Peter J. Rabinowitz criticized Booths definition for relying too much on the extradiegetic facts such as norms and ethics and he consequently modified the approach to unreliable narration. An unreliable narrator however, is not simply a narrator who does not tell the truth – what fictional narrator ever tells the literal truth, in other words, all fictional narrators are false in that they are imitations. But some are imitations who tell the truth, some of people who lie, Rabinowitz main focus is the status of fictional discourse in opposition to factuality. Although there are ways to understand this duality, I propose to analyze the four audiences which it generates. Similarly, Tamar Yacobi has proposed a model of five criteria which determine if a narrator is unreliable, to determine a narrators unreliability one need not rely merely on intuitive judgments. It is neither the readers intuitions nor the implied authors norms and values that provide the clue to a narrators unreliability and these include both textual data and the readers preexisting conceptual knowledge of the world
9.
Herman Melville
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Herman Melville was an American novelist, short story writer, and poet of the American Renaissance period. His best known works include Typee, an account of his experiences in Polynesian life. His work was almost forgotten during his last thirty years and his writing draws on his experience at sea as a common sailor, exploration of literature and philosophy, and engagement in the contradictions of American society in a period of rapid change. Born in New York City as the child of a merchant in French dry goods, Melvilles formal education ended abruptly after his father died in 1832. Melville briefly became a schoolteacher before he took to sea in 1839 as a sailor on a merchant ship. In 1840 he signed aboard the whaler Acushnet for his first whaling voyage, after further adventures, he returned to Boston in 1844. His first book, Typee, a romanticized account of his life among Polynesians, became such a best-seller that he worked up a sequel. These successes encouraged him to marry Elizabeth Shaw, of a prominent Boston family and his first novel not based on his own experiences, Mardi, is a sea narrative that develops into a philosophical allegory, but was not well received. Redburn, a story of life on a merchant ship, and his 1850 expose of harsh life aboard a Man-of-War, White-Jacket yielded warmer reviews, Moby-Dick was another commercial failure, published to mixed reviews. Melvilles career as a popular author effectively ended with the reception of Pierre. His Revolutionary War novel Israel Potter appeared in 1855, from 1853 to 1856, Melville published short fiction in magazines, most notably Bartleby, the Scrivener, The Encantadas, and Benito Cereno. These and three stories were collected in 1856 as The Piazza Tales. In 1857, he voyaged to England, where he reunited with Hawthorne for the first time since 1852, the Confidence-Man, was the last prose work he published during his lifetime. He moved to New York to take a position as Customs Inspector, battle-Pieces and Aspects of the War was his poetic reflection on the moral questions of the Civil War. In 1867 his oldest child, Malcolm, died at home from a self-inflicted gunshot, Clarel, A Poem and Pilgrimage in the Holy Land, a metaphysical epic, appeared in 1876. In 1886, his son, Stanwix, died and Melville retired. Melvilles death from disease in 1891 subdued a reviving interest in his work. The 1919 centennial of his became the starting point of the Melville Revival
10.
Moby-Dick
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Moby-Dick, or, The Whale is a novel by American writer Herman Melville, published in 1851 during the period of the American Renaissance. The novel was a failure and out of print at the time of the authors death in 1891. William Faulkner confessed he wished he had written it himself, and D. H. Lawrence called it one of the strangest and most wonderful books in the world, call me Ishmael is among world literatures most famous opening sentences. The product of a year and a half of writing, the draws on Melvilles experience at sea, on his reading in whaling literature, and on literary inspirations such as Shakespeare. The white whale is modeled on the hard to catch actual albino whale Mocha Dick. In addition to prose, Melville uses styles and literary devices ranging from songs, poetry, and catalogs to Shakespearean stage directions, soliloquies. Hundreds of differences, mostly slight and some important, are seen between the two editions, the London publisher censored or changed sensitive passages and Melville made revisions, as well, including the last-minute change in the title for the New York edition. The whale, however, appears in both editions as Moby Dick, with no hyphen, because the British edition lacked the Epilogue, which accounts for Ishmaels survival, it seemed that the story was told by someone who was supposed to have perished. Many reviewers in British magazines recognized a violation of the rules of fiction, other reviewers, however, found the book too fascinating to dismiss it for these reasons. Some of the scornful British reviews were either reprinted or quoted in American periodicals, about 3,200 copies were sold during the authors life. Ishmael travels in December from Manhattan Island to New Bedford with plans to sign up for a whaling voyage, the inn where he arrives is overcrowded, so he must share a bed with the tattooed Polynesian Queequeg, a harpooneer whose father was king of the island of Rokovoko. The next morning, Ishmael and Queequeg attend Father Mapples sermon on Jonah, Ishmael signs up with the Quaker ship-owners Bildad and Peleg for a voyage on their whaler Pequod. Peleg describes Captain Ahab, Hes a grand, ungodly, god-like man who nevertheless has his humanities and they hire Queequeg the following morning. A man named Elijah prophesies a dire fate should Ishmael and Queequeg join Ahab, while provisions are loaded, shadowy figures board the ship. On a cold Christmas Day, the Pequod leaves the harbor, Ishmael discusses cetology, and describes the crew members. Ahab will give the first man to sight Moby Dick a doubloon, a gold coin, Starbuck objects that he has not come for vengeance but for profit. Ahabs purpose exercises a mysterious spell on Ishmael, Ahabs quenchless feud seemed mine, instead of rounding Cape Horn, Ahab heads for the equatorial Pacific Ocean via southern Africa. One afternoon, as Ishmael and Queequeg are weaving a mat — its warp seemed necessity, his free will
11.
William Faulkner
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William Cuthbert Faulkner was an American writer and Nobel Prize laureate from Oxford, Mississippi. Faulkner wrote novels, short stories, a play, poetry, essays and he is primarily known for his novels and short stories set in the fictional Yoknapatawpha County, based on Lafayette County, Mississippi, where he spent most of his life. Faulkner is one of the most celebrated writers in American literature generally, two of his works, A Fable and his last novel The Reivers, won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. Absalom, Absalom. is often included on similar lists, Faulkner was born William Cuthbert Falkner in New Albany, Mississippi, the first of four sons of Murry Cuthbert Falkner and Maud Butler. He had three brothers, Murry Charles Jack Falkner, author John Faulkner, and Dean Swift Falkner. Soon after his first birthday, his family moved to Ripley, Mississippi, Murry hoped to inherit the railroad from his father, John Wesley Thompson Falkner, but John had little confidence in Murrys ability to run a business and sold it for $75,000. Following the sale of the business, Murry became disappointed and planned a new start for his family by moving to Texas. Maud, however, disagreed with this proposition, and it was decided that they would move to Oxford, Mississippi, where Murrys father owned several businesses, making it easy for Murry to find work. Thus, four days prior to Williams fifth birthday on September 21,1902, the Falkner family settled in Oxford and his family, particularly his mother Maud, his maternal grandmother Lelia Butler, and Caroline Callie Barr crucially influenced the development of Faulkners artistic imagination. Both his mother and grandmother were avid readers and also painters and photographers, while Murry enjoyed the outdoors and encouraged his sons to hunt, track, and fish, Maud valued education and took pleasure in reading and going to church. She taught her sons to read before sending them to school and exposed them to classics such as Charles Dickens. Faulkners lifelong education by Callie Barr is central to his novels preoccupations with the politics of sexuality, as a schoolchild, Faulkner had much success early on. He excelled in the first grade, skipped the second, and continued doing well through the third, however, beginning somewhere in the fourth and fifth grades of his schooling, Faulkner became a much more quiet and withdrawn child. He began to play hooky occasionally and became indifferent to his schoolwork. The decline of his performance in school continued, and Faulkner wound up repeating the eleventh, and then final grade, Faulkner also spent much of his boyhood listening to stories told to him by his elders. These included war stories shared by the old men of Oxford and stories told by Barr of the Civil War, slavery, the Ku Klux Klan, and the Falkner family. Faulkners grandfather would tell him of the exploits of Williams great-grandfather, after whom he was named, William Clark Falkner, who was a successful businessman, writer. Telling stories about William Clark Falkner, whom the family called Old Colonel, had become something of a family pastime when Faulkner was a boy
12.
Frank Bunker Gilbreth Sr.
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Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Sr. was an early advocate of scientific management and a pioneer of time and motion study, and is perhaps best known as the father and central figure of Cheaper by the Dozen. Both he and his wife Lillian Moller Gilbreth were industrial engineers and efficiency experts who contributed to the study of engineering in fields such as motion study. Gilbreth was born in Fairfield, Maine on July 7,1868 and he was the third child and only son of John Hiram Gilbreth and Martha Bunker Gilbreth. His mother had been a schoolteacher and his father owned a hardware store and was a stockbreeder. When Gilbreth was three and a years old his father died suddenly from pneumonia. After his fathers death his mother moved the family to Andover, the substantial estate left by her husband was managed by her husbands family. By the fall of 1878 the money had been lost or stolen and she moved the family to Boston where there were good public schools. She opened a house, feeling that the salary of a schoolteacher would not support the family. Gilbreth was not a good student and he attended Rice Grammar School, but his mother was concerned enough to teach him at home for a year. He attended Bostons English High School and his grades improved when he became interested in his science and he took the entrance examinations for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but wanted his mother to be able to give up the boarding house. He decided to go to rather than to college. Renton Widden, Gilbreths old Sunday School teacher, hired him for his building company and he was to start as a laborer, learn the various building trades, and work his way up in the firm. In July 1885 at age 17 he started as a bricklayers helper, as he learned bricklaying he noticed the many variations in the bricklayers methods and efficiency. This began his interest in finding the one best way of executing any task and he quickly learned every part of building work and contracting and advanced rapidly. He took night classes to learn mechanical drawing. After five years he was a superintendent, which allowed his mother to give up her boarding house, using his observations of workmen laying brick, Gilbreth developed a multilevel scaffold that kept the bricks within easy reach of the bricklayer. He began patenting his innovations with this Vertical Scaffold and he developed and patented the Gilbreth Waterproof Cellar. He began to make innovations in concrete construction and he also joined the American Society of Mechanical Engineers
13.
Ernestine Gilbreth Carey
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Ernestine Moller Gilbreth, Mrs. Carey was an American author. She grew up in Montclair, New Jersey, with 11 siblings, the pair followed up with a successful sequel, Belles on Their Toes, which was adapted as an eponymous 1952 film. Ernestine graduated from Smith College and worked as a department store buyer and manager for 14 years. In 1930, she married Charles Everett Carey, Sr. with whom she had two children, Lillian Carey Barley and Charles Everett Carey, Jr. Carey resided in Reedley and she died of natural causes in Fresno, California, aged 98, on November 4,2006
14.
Cheaper by the Dozen
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Cheaper by the Dozen is a biographical novel written by Frank Bunker Gilbreth, Jr. and Ernestine Gilbreth Carey, published in 1948. The bestselling book was adapted into a feature film by Twentieth Century Fox in 1950 and followed up by the sequel, Belles on Their Toes. This fictionalized version tells the story of real-life pioneering industrial/organizational psychologist Lillian Gilbreth, her husband, and children. Lillian Gilbreth was described in the 1940s as “a genius in the art of living. ”The film was based on the biographical novel that two of her twelve children wrote about their childhoods. Gilberth’s home doubled as a sort of real-world laboratory that tested her and her husband Frank’s ideas about efficiency. The title comes from one of Frank Sr. s favorite jokes, it happened that when he and his family were out driving and stopped at a red light. How come you got so many kids, Gilbreth would pretend to ponder the question carefully, and then, just as the light turned green, would say, Well, they come cheaper by the dozen, you know, and drive off. In real life, the Gilbreths second eldest child, Mary, the book does not explicitly explain the absence of Mary Gilbreth. It was not until the sequel, Belles on Their Toes, was published in 1950 that her death is mentioned in a footnote, Cheaper by the Dozen was made into a 1950 motion picture, starring Clifton Webb and Myrna Loy as Frank and Lillian Gilbreth. Cheaper by the Dozen has been adapted as a play by Christopher Sergel. It played at Grey Lite Theatre in 1992, directed by Lori David, Cheaper by the Dozen has been adapted as a musical, dramatized by Christopher Sergel with a score by David Rogers and Mark Bucci. Cheaper by the Dozen and Cheaper by the Dozen 2, starring comedians Steve Martin and Bonnie Hunt, during a game of Apple Schmear, Nora tells Hank that her Great Grandma Gilbreth invented the game and Gilbreth is the name of the family in the original 1950 film. Furthermore, Lorraine and Tom argue about how much time she should be allotted in front of the mirror in the mornings and he allots her a few extra minutes, connecting back to the time efficiency specialist that the father, Frank Gilbreth, was in the 1950 film. Other than that, there are no known connections. Re-reading the book in 2003, Pulitzer Prize-winning critic Jonathan Yardley wrote in The Washington Post, cS1 maint, Multiple names, authors list
15.
Theodore Sturgeon
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Theodore Sturgeon was an American writer, primarily of fantasy, science fiction and horror. The Internet Speculative Fiction Database credits him with about 400 reviews, Sturgeons most famous work may be the science fiction novel More Than Human, an expansion of Baby Is Three. Ranked by votes for all of their pre-1965 novellas, Sturgeon was second among authors, the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame inducted Sturgeon in 2000, its fifth class of two deceased and two living writers. Sturgeon was born Edward Hamilton Waldo in Staten Island, New York in 1918 and his name was legally changed to Theodore Sturgeon at age eleven after his mothers divorce and remarriage to William Dicky Sturgeon. He sold his first story in 1938 to the McClure Syndicate and his first genre story was Ether Breather, published by John W. Campbell in the September 1939 issue of Astounding Science Fiction. At first he wrote short stories, primarily for genre magazines such as Astounding and Unknown. He used the pen name E. Waldo Hunter when two of his stories ran in the issue of Astounding. A few of his stories were signed Theodore H. Sturgeon. Sturgeon ghost-wrote one Ellery Queen mystery novel, The Player on the Other Side. This novel gained critical praise from critic H. R. F. Keating, had almost finished writing Crime and Mystery, placing the book squarely in the Queen canon when he learned that it had been written by Sturgeon. Winner of Mystery Writers of America awards, selecting his ten favorite mystery novels for the magazine Armchair Detective and he said, This book changed my life. And made a mystery fan out of me. The book must be one of the most skilful pastiches in the history of literature, an amazing piece of work, whomever did it. Sturgeon wrote the screenplays for the Star Trek episodes Shore Leave, the latter is known for its invention of pon farr, the Vulcan mating ritual, first use of the sentence Live long and prosper, and first use of the Vulcan hand symbol. Sturgeon is also credited as having deliberately put homosexual subtext in his work, like the back-rub scene in Shore Leave. Sturgeon also wrote episodes of Star Trek that were never produced. One of these was notable for having first introduced the Prime Directive and he also wrote an episode of the Saturday morning show Land of the Lost, The Pylon Express, in 1975. Two of Sturgeons stories were adapted for The New Twilight Zone, One, A Saucer of Loneliness, was broadcast in 1986 and was dedicated to his memory
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Frederik Pohl
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From about 1959 until 1969, Pohl edited Galaxy and its sister magazine If, the latter won three successive annual Hugo Awards as the years best professional magazine. He won the Campbell Memorial Award again for the 1984 collection of novellas Years of the City, for his 1979 novel Jem, Pohl won a U. S. National Book Award in the one-year category Science Fiction. It was a finalist for three other years best novel awards and he won four Hugo and three Nebula Awards. Pohl won the Hugo Award for Best Fan Writer in 2010, for his blog, Pohl was the son of Frederik George Pohl and Anna Jane Mason. Pohl Sr. held various jobs, and the Pohls lived in such locations as Texas, California, New Mexico. The family settled in Brooklyn when Pohl was around seven and he attended Brooklyn Technical High School, and dropped out at 17. In 2009, he was awarded a diploma from Brooklyn Tech. While a teenager, he co-founded the New York–based Futurians fan group, and began lifelong friendships with Donald Wollheim, Isaac Asimov and others who would become important writers and editors. Pohl later said that other friends came and went and were gone, many of the ones I met through fandom were friends all their lives – Isaac, Damon Knight, Cyril Kornbluth, Dirk Wylie, Dick Wilson. In fact, there are one or two – Jack Robins, Dave Kyle – whom I still count as friends, seventy-odd years later and he published a science fiction fanzine called Mind of Man. During 1936, Pohl joined the Young Communist League because of its positions for unions and against racial prejudice, Adolf Hitler and he became president of the local Flatbush III Branch of the YCL in Brooklyn. Pohl has said that after the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939, the party changed and he could no longer support it. Pohl served in the United States Army from April 1943 until November 1945, after training in Illinois, Oklahoma, and Colorado, he was mainly stationed in Italy with the 456th Bombardment Group. His first wife, Leslie Perri, was another Futurian, they were married in August 1940 and he then married Dorothy LesTina in Paris in August 1945 while both were serving in the military in Europe, the marriage ended in 1947. During 1948, he married Judith Merril, they had a daughter, Pohl and Merril divorced in 1952. In 1953, he married Carol M. Ulf Stanton, with whom he had three children and collaborated on books, they separated in 1977 and were divorced in 1983. From 1984 until his death, Pohl was married to science fiction expert and he fathered four children – Ann, Frederik III, Frederik IV and Kathy. Grandchildren include Canadian writer Emily Pohl-Weary and chef Tobias Pohl-Weary, from 1984 on, he lived in Palatine, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago
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Man Plus
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Man Plus is a 1976 science fiction novel by American writer Frederik Pohl. It won the Nebula Award for Best Novel in 1976, was nominated for the Hugo and Campbell Awards, Pohl teamed up with Thomas T. Thomas to write a sequel, Mars Plus, published in 1994. In the not-too-distant future, a cold war threatens to turn hot, colonization of Mars seems to be mankinds only hope of surviving certain Armageddon. To facilitate this, the American government begins a program to create a being capable of surviving the harsh Martian environment. In order to survive in the thin Martian atmosphere, Roger Torraways body must be replaced with an artificial one, at every step he becomes more and more disconnected from humanity, unable to feel things in his new body. It is only after arriving on Mars that his new body begins to make sense to him and it is perfectly adapted to this new world, and thus he becomes perfectly separated from his old world, and from humanity. The success of the Martian mission spurs similar cyborg programs in other spacefaring nations and it is revealed that the computer networks of Earth have become sentient, and that ensuring humanitys survival will guarantee theirs as well. In the end, the network is puzzled, it appears that something else was behind the push to space, new York Times reviewer Gerald Jonas received the novel unfavorably, saying Pohl seems to have lost his touch entirely. The social extrapolation in Man Plus is simple-minded and the irony heavy-handed, spider Robinson found Man Plus to be tight, suspenseful, at times gruesomely fascinating, but faulted it for one dumptruck-sized hole in its plotting. In Man Plus, a human being is transformed into a cyborg being, the physical transformation is examined in great detail as it is echoed in the increasing distance between Roger Torraway and his wife, and between Roger and the rest of humanity. Man Plus at Worlds Without End
18.
Jeffrey Eugenides
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Jeffrey Kent Eugenides is an American novelist and short story writer. He has written short stories and essays, as well as three novels, The Virgin Suicides, Middlesex, and The Marriage Plot. Eugenides was born in Detroit, Michigan, to a father of Greek descent, of his decision to study at Brown, Eugenides later remarked I chose Brown largely in order to study with John Hawkes, whose work I admired. I entered the program in English, which forced me to study the entire English tradition. I felt that since I was going to try to add to the tradition and he later earned an M. A. in Creative Writing from Stanford University. Eugenides knew he wanted to be a writer from a early age, stating I decided very early. We read A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man that year, Im half Irish and half Greek—my mothers family were Kentuckians, Southern hillbillies, and my paternal grandparents immigrants from Asia Minor—and, for that reason, I identified with Stephen Dedalus. Like me, he was bookish, good at academics, and possessed an “absurd name and it seemed to promise maximum alertness to life. It seemed holy to me, and almost religious, of his earliest literary influences, Eugenides has cited the great modernists. From these I went on to discover Musil, Woolf, and others and we were weaned on experimental writing before ever reading much of the nineteenth-century literature the modernists and postmodernists were reacting against. Eugenides was raised in Detroit, Michigan and cites the influence of the city and he has said that he has a perverse love of his birthplace. He also says he has been haunted by the decline of Detroit, in 1986, he received the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Nicholl Fellowship for his story Here Comes Winston, Full of the Holy Spirit. After living a few years in San Francisco, he moved to Brooklyn, New York, while in New York he made friends with numerous similarly struggling writers, including Jonathan Franzen. From 1999 to 2004, Eugenides lived in Berlin, Germany, Eugenides has lived in Princeton, New Jersey, since the fall of 2007, when Eugenides joined the faculty of Princeton Universitys Program in Creative Writing. Eugenides is now based, with his wife and child, in Princeton, New Jersey and that way, youll never dumb things down. You wont have to explain things that dont need explaining, youll assume an intimacy and a natural shorthand, which is good because readers are smart and dont wish to be condescended to. Eugenides 1993 novel, The Virgin Suicides, has translated into 34 languages. In 1999, the novel was adapted into an acclaimed film directed by Sofia Coppola
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The Virgin Suicides
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The Virgin Suicides is the 1993 debut novel by American writer Jeffrey Eugenides. The fictional story, which is set in Grosse Pointe, Michigan during the 1970s, centers on the lives of five sisters, the Lisbon girls. The novel is written in first person plural from the perspective of an group of teenage boys who struggle to find an explanation for the Lisbons deaths. The books first chapter appeared in The Paris Review in 1990, Eugenides told 3am Magazine, I think that if my name hadnt been Eugenides, people wouldnt have called the narrator a Greek chorus. The novel was adapted into a 1999 movie by director Sofia Coppola as her directorial debut, as an ambulance arrives for the body of Mary Lisbon, a group of anonymous neighborhood boys recall the events leading up to her death. The Lisbons are a Catholic family living in the suburb of Grosse Pointe, the father, Ronald, is a math teacher at the local high school. The family has five daughters, 13-year-old Cecilia, 14-year-old Lux, 15-year-old Bonnie, 16-year-old Mary, without warning, Cecilia attempts suicide by slitting her wrists in the bathtub. She is found in time and survives, a few weeks later, their parents allow the girls to throw a chaperoned party at their house in hopes of cheering Cecilia up. However, Cecilia excuses herself from the party, goes upstairs and she is impaled on the fence post below, and she dies almost immediately. The Lisbon parents begin to watch their four remaining daughters more closely, cecilias death also heightens the air of mystery about the Lisbon sisters to the neighborhood boys, who long for more insight into the girls lives. When school begins in the fall, Lux begins a romance with local heartthrob Trip Fontaine. Trip negotiates with the overprotective Mr. and Mrs. Lisbon to take Lux to a homecoming dance, after winning homecoming king and queen, Trip persuades Lux to ditch the group to have sex on the schools football field. Afterwards, Trip abandons Lux, she falls asleep and misses her curfew, in response, Mrs. Lisbon withdraws the girls from school and keeps them home. Mr. Lisbon also takes a leave of absence from his teaching job, through the winter, Lux is seen having sex on the roof of the Lisbon residence with unknown men at night. The community watches as the Lisbons lives deteriorate, but no one intervenes, after months of confinement, the sisters reach out to the boys across the street by using light signals and sending anonymous notes. The boys decide to call the Lisbon girls and communicate by playing records over the telephone for the girls to share, finally, the girls send a message to the boys to come over at midnight, leading the boys to believe they will help the girls escape. They meet Lux, who is alone and she invites them inside and tells them to wait for her sisters while she goes to start the car. As the boys wait, they explore the house, in the basement they discover Bonnie hanging from a rope tied to the ceiling rafters
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Karen Joy Fowler
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Karen Joy Fowler is an American author of science fiction, fantasy, and literary fiction. Her work often centers on the century, the lives of women. She is best known as the author of the best-selling novel The Jane Austen Book Club that was made into a movie of the same name, Fowler was born in Bloomington, Indiana, and spent the first eleven years of her life there. Her family then moved to Palo Alto, California, Fowler attended the University of California, Berkeley, and majored in political science. After having a child during the last year of her masters program, feeling restless, Fowler decided to take a dance class, and then a creative writing class at the University of California, Davis. Often these tales had a feminist theme or mindset and her first novel, Sarah Canary, was published to critical acclaim. The novel involves a group of people alienated by nineteenth century America experiencing a kind of first contact. One character is Chinese American, another putatively mentally ill, a third a feminist, similar to some of her other work, notably her award-winning short story What I Didnt See, Fowlers first novel, Sarah Canary, has been controversial in regards to its actual genre. Fowler states, If I tell that I believe that Sarah Canary is in fact an extraterrestrial, Fowler meant for Sarah Canary to read like a science fiction novel to a science fiction reader and like a mainstream novel to a mainstream reader. Both novels have been incorporated with aspects of fiction that typical readers would overlook. Fowlers intentions were to leave room for the readers’ own interpretation of the text, Fowler also collaborated with Pat Murphy to found the James Tiptree, Jr. Award in 1991, a literary prize for science fiction or fantasy that expands or explores our understanding of gender. As such, she serves as the inspiration for the protagonist in Fowler’s “What I Didn’t See. ”The awards main focus is to recognize the authors, male or female, who challenge and reflect shifting gender roles. Her other genre works also tended to focus on odd corners of the nineteenth century experiencing the unexpected or fantastic and her second novel, The Sweetheart Season is a romantic comedy infused with historical and fantasy elements. Her 1998 collection, Black Glass, won a World Fantasy Award, and her 2010 collection What I Didnt See and her 2004 novel The Jane Austen Book Club become a critical and popular success including being on The New York Times bestsellers list. Although it is not a fiction or fantasy work, science fiction does play an integral part to the novels plot. Fowler was an instructor at the Clarion Workshop 2007 in San Diego and she was one of the two Guests of Honor at Readercon 2007. In 2008, she won the Nebula Award for the time for Best Short Story for her 2007 story Always. Her short story “The Pelican Bar” won a Shirley Jackson Award in 2009, Fowlers most recent novel, We Are All Completely Beside Ourselves won the Pen/Faulkner Award for 2014, and has been nominated for a 2014 Nebula Award as well
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The Jane Austen Book Club
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The Jane Austen Book Club is a 2004 novel by American author Karen Joy Fowler. The story, which takes place near Sacramento, California, centers on a club consisting of five women. It was a success and became a national bestseller. A film adaptation of the name was released in autumn of 2007. The novel takes place over the course of months in Davis, California. Each of the six chapters is dedicated to one of the six book club members as well as one of Austens six works, in turn, each of Austens novels parallels the individual characters experiences with relationships and love. Jocelyn, a breeder of Rhodesian Ridgebacks and matchmaker who organized the Jane Austen Book Club, Jocelyn has been best friends with Sylvia since they were eleven and introduced her to her husband, Daniel, when they were in high school. Now in her fifties, she has never married and has no children and she originally invites Grigg to the book club for Sylvias sake, but ends up attracted to him herself. Allegra, the young and impetuous 30-year-old daughter of Sylvia and her husband Daniel, Allegra is an artist and a thrillseeker who enjoys activities such as rock climbing and skydiving. Allegra is separated from her partner, Corinne, and lives with Sylvia, Prudie, a 28-year-old French teacher at a local high school. She is married to Dean, whom she loves, but she becomes confused when witnessing everyday infatuations between her students, especially when one student in particular flirts with her, Grigg, an offbeat 40-something, and the only male member of the book club. Grigg grew up the boy among his three older sisters. He met Jocelyn outside a science fiction convention as she came to attend a dog breeding convention. Bernadette, a talkative, 67-year-old yoga enthusiast and she has been married multiple times and is the most satisfied with her lifestyle. Sylvia, Jocelyns best friend, Sylvia is also in her fifties and is separating from her husband, the book was on The New York Times Best Seller list for thirteen weeks. While the character names and some minor details remained the same, the film stars Maria Bello as Jocelyn, Emily Blunt as Prudie, Kathy Baker as Bernadette, Amy Brenneman as Sylvia, Maggie Grace as Allegra, and Hugh Dancy as Grigg. This Book Club stays true to Jane Austen, mr. Darcy Is a Boorish Snob. The New York Times May 2,2004
22.
Joshua Ferris
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Joshua Ferris is an American author best known for his debut 2007 novel Then We Came to the End. The book is a comedy about the American workplace, told in the first-person plural and it takes place in a fictitious Chicago ad agency that is experiencing a downturn at the end of the 90s Internet boom. Ferris graduated from the University of Iowa with a BA in English and he then moved to Chicago and worked in advertising for several years before obtaining an MFA in writing from UC Irvine. His first published story, Mrs. Blue, appeared in the Iowa Review in 1999, the New Yorker published a short story written by Ferris, entitled The Dinner Party, in August 2008. This story made him a nominee for the Shirley Jackson Awards, another story, entitled A Night Out, will be published in Tin Houses tenth anniversary issue. Other short fiction has appeared in Best New American Voices 2007 and his nonfiction has appeared in the anthologies State by State and Heavy Rotation. The New Yorker included him in their 201020 Under 40 list, Ferriss second novel, The Unnamed, was published in January 2010. Fiametta Rocco, Editor of Books and Arts at The Economist, after a four-year wait, Ferriss third novel, To Rise Again at a Decent Hour, was published in May 2014. The novel was shortlisted for the 2014 Man Booker Prize in the first year that American works of fiction were eligible, and won the 2014 Dylan Thomas Prize. Then We Came to the End The Unnamed To Rise Again at a Decent Hour The Dinner Party, Stories Mrs. Blue, Iowa Review 29.2 Ghost Town Choir, Prairie Schooner 80
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Then We Came to the End
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Then We Came to the End is the first novel by Joshua Ferris. It was released by Little, Brown and Company on March 1,2007, a satire of the American workplace, it is similar in tone to Don DeLillos Americana, even borrowing DeLillos first line for its title. It takes place in a Chicago advertising agency that is experiencing a downturn at the end of the 1990s Internet boom, the book was greeted with positive reviews from GQ, The New Yorker, Esquire, and Slate. The book was named one of the Best Books of 2007 by The New York Times, time magazines Lev Grossman named it one of the Top 10 Fiction Books of 2007, ranking it at #2. The book also won the PEN/Hemingway Award for best first novel
24.
Maxim Gorky
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Alexei Maximovich Peshkov, primarily known as Maxim Gorky, was a Russian and Soviet writer, a founder of the socialist realism literary method and a political activist. He was also a nominee for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Around fifteen years before success as a writer, he changed jobs and roamed across the Russian Empire. Gorkys most famous works were The Lower Depths, Twenty-six Men and he had an association with fellow Russian writers Leo Tolstoy and Anton Chekhov, Gorky would later mention them in his memoirs. Gorky was active with the emerging Marxist social-democratic movement and he publicly opposed the Tsarist regime, and for a time closely associated himself with Vladimir Lenin and Alexander Bogdanovs Bolshevik wing of the party. For a significant part of his life, he was exiled from Russia, in 1932, he returned to Russia on Joseph Stalins personal invitation and died there in June 1936. Born as Alexei Maximovich Peshkov on 28 March 1868, in Nizhny Novgorod and he was brought up by his grandmother and ran away from home at the age of twelve in 1880. After an attempt at suicide in December 1887, he travelled on foot across the Russian Empire for five years, changing jobs, as a journalist working for provincial newspapers, he wrote under the pseudonym Иегудиил Хламида. He began using the pseudonym Gorky in 1892, while working in Tiflis for the newspaper Кавказ, the name reflected his simmering anger about life in Russia and a determination to speak the bitter truth. Gorkys first book Очерки и рассказы in 1898 enjoyed a sensational success, Gorky wrote incessantly, viewing literature less as an aesthetic practice than as a moral and political act that could change the world. He described the lives of people in the lowest strata and on the margins of society, revealing their hardships, humiliations, and brutalisation, but also their inward spark of humanity. Gorkys reputation grew as a literary voice from the bottom strata of society and as a fervent advocate of Russias social, political. By 1899, he was associating with the emerging Marxist social-democratic movement. At the heart of all his work was a belief in the inherent worth, in his writing, he counterposed individuals, aware of their natural dignity, and inspired by energy and will, with people who succumb to the degrading conditions of life around them. But if thou art for thyself alone, wherefore art thou and he publicly opposed the Tsarist regime and was arrested many times. Gorky befriended many revolutionaries and became a friend of Vladimir Lenin after they met in 1902. He exposed governmental control of the press, in 1902, Gorky was elected an honorary Academician of Literature, but Tsar Nicholas II ordered this annulled. In protest, Anton Chekhov and Vladimir Korolenko left the Academy, from 1900 to 1905, Gorkys writings became more optimistic
25.
Jhumpa Lahiri
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Nilanjana Sudeshna Jhumpa Lahiri is an American author. Lahiris debut short story collection Interpreter of Maladies won the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction and she was born Nilanjana Sudeshna but goes by her nickname Jhumpa. Lahiri is a member of the Presidents Committee on the Arts and Humanities and her book The Lowland, published in 2013, was a nominee for the Man Booker Prize and the National Book Award for Fiction. Lahiri is currently a professor of writing at Princeton University. Lahiri was born in London, the daughter of Bengali Indian emigrants from the state of West Bengal and her family moved to the United States when she was two, Lahiri considers herself an American, stating, I wasnt born here, but I might as well have been. Lahiris mother wanted her children to grow up knowing their Bengali heritage, when she began kindergarten in Kingston, Rhode Island, Lahiris teacher decided to call her by her pet name, Jhumpa, because it was easier to pronounce than her proper name. Lahiri recalled, I always felt so embarrassed by my name and you feel like youre causing someone pain just by being who you are. Lahiris ambivalence over her identity was the inspiration for the ambivalence of Gogol, Lahiri graduated from South Kingstown High School and received her B. A. in English literature from Barnard College in 1989. Lahiri then received degrees from Boston University, an M. A. in English, an M. F. A. in Creative Writing, an M. A. in Comparative Literature. She took a fellowship at Provincetowns Fine Arts Work Center, which lasted for the two years. Lahiri has taught writing at Boston University and the Rhode Island School of Design. In 2001, Lahiri married Alberto Vourvoulias-Bush, a journalist who was deputy editor of TIME Latin America. Lahiri lives in Rome, Italy with her husband and their two children, Octavio and Noor, Lahiri joined the Princeton University faculty on July 1,2015 as a professor of creative writing in the Lewis Center for the Arts. Lahiris early short stories faced rejection from publishers for years and her debut short story collection, Interpreter of Maladies, was finally released in 1999. Lahiri later wrote, When I first started writing I was not conscious that my subject was the Indian-American experience. What drew me to my craft was the desire to force the two worlds I occupied to mingle on the page as I was not brave enough, or mature enough, to allow in life. The collection was praised by American critics, but received mixed reviews in India, many people criticise her by saying that she, in her stories, has portrayed India in unclear, untrue and faulty manner. So, the manner of trying to imagine and describe about the motherland, I think that we should coin a new term, i. e. Interpreter of Maladies sold 600,000 copies and received the 2000 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction
26.
I, Robot
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I, Robot is a collection of 9 science fiction short stories by Isaac Asimov. The stories are woven together by a narrative in which the fictional Dr. Susan Calvin tells each story to a reporter in the 21st century. Several of the feature the character of Dr. Calvin. Robots and Mechanical Men, Inc. the major manufacturer of robots, the book also contains the short story in which Asimovs Three Laws of Robotics first appear. Other characters that appear in short stories are Powell and Donovan. The collection shares a title with the 1939 short story I, Robot by Eando Binder, Asimov had wanted to call his collection Mind and Iron, and initially objected when the publisher made the title the same as Binders. Isaac Asimov was heavily influenced by the Binder short story, in his introduction to the story in Isaac Asimov Presents the Great SF Stories, Asimov wrote, It certainly caught my attention. Two months after I read it, I began Robbie, about a robot. Eleven years later, when nine of my robot stories were collected into a book and my book is now the more famous, but Ottos story was there first. Introduction Robbie Runaround Reason Catch That Rabbit Liar, also reviewing the Gnome release, P. Schuyler Miller recommended the collection For puzzle situations, for humor, for warm character, for most of the values of plain good writing. The first was a 1962 episode of Out of this World hosted by Boris Karloff called Little Lost Robot with Maxine Audley as Susan Calvin. Two short stories from the collection were made into episodes of Out of the Unknown, The Prophet, based on Reason, in the late 1970s, Warner Brothers acquired the option to make a film based on the book, but no screenplay was ever accepted. The most notable attempt was one by Harlan Ellison, who collaborated with Asimov himself to create a version which captured the spirit of the original, Asimov is quoted as saying that this screenplay would lead to the first really adult, complex, worthwhile science fiction movie ever made. Ellisons script builds a framework around Asimovs short stories that involves a reporter named Robert Bratenahl tracking down information about Susan Calvins alleged former lover Stephen Byerly, Asimovs stories are presented as flashbacks that differ from the originals in their stronger emphasis on Calvins character. Ellison placed Calvin into stories in which she did not originally appear, in constructing the script as a series of flashbacks that focused on character development rather than action, Ellison used the film Citizen Kane as a model. Although acclaimed by critics, the screenplay is generally considered to have been based upon the technology. The script was serialized in Asimovs Science Fiction magazine in late 1987, the film I, Robot, starring Will Smith, was released by Twentieth Century Fox on July 16,2004 in the United States. Its plot incorporates elements of Little Lost Robot, some of Asimovs character names, BBC Radio 4 aired an audio drama adaptation of five of the I, Robot stories on their 15 Minute Drama in 2017, dramatized by Richard Kurti and starring Hermione Norris
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Isaac Asimov
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Isaac Asimov was an American writer and professor of biochemistry at Boston University. He was known for his works of fiction and popular science. Asimov was a writer, and wrote or edited more than 500 books. His books have published in 9 of the 10 major categories of the Dewey Decimal Classification. Asimov wrote hard science fiction and, along with Robert A. Heinlein, Clarke, he was considered one of the Big Three science fiction writers during his lifetime. Asimovs most famous work is the Foundation Series, his major series are the Galactic Empire series. The Galactic Empire novels are set in earlier history of the same fictional universe as the Foundation series. He wrote hundreds of stories, including the social science fiction Nightfall. Asimov wrote the Lucky Starr series of juvenile science-fiction novels using the pen name Paul French, Asimov also wrote mysteries and fantasy, as well as much nonfiction. Most of his science books explain scientific concepts in a historical way. He often provides nationalities, birth dates, and death dates for the scientists he mentions, as well as etymologies, Asimov was a long-time member and vice president of Mensa International, albeit reluctantly, he described some members of that organization as brain-proud and aggressive about their IQs. He took more joy in being president of the American Humanist Association, the asteroid 5020 Asimov, a crater on the planet Mars, a Brooklyn elementary school, and a literary award are named in his honor. His exact date of birth within that range is unknown, the family name derives from a word for winter crops, in which his great-grandfather dealt. This word is spelled озимые in Russian, and азімыя in Belarusian, phonetically, both words are almost identical because in Russian О in the first unstressed syllable is always pronounced as А. Accordingly, his name originally was Исаак Озимов in Russian, however, he was known in Russia as Ayzek Azimov. Asimov had two siblings, a sister, Marcia, and a brother, Stanley, who was vice-president of New York Newsday. His family emigrated to the United States when he was three years old, since his parents always spoke Yiddish and English with him, he never learned Russian, but he remained fluent in Yiddish as well as English. Growing up in Brooklyn, New York, Asimov taught himself to read at the age of five, after becoming established in the U. S. his parents owned a succession of candy stores, in which everyone in the family was expected to work
28.
Stuart Dybek
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Stuart Dybek is an American writer of fiction and poetry. Dybek, a second-generation Polish American, was born in Chicago, Illinois and raised in Chicagos Little Village and Pilsen neighborhoods in the 1950s and early 1960s. He graduated from St. Rita of Cascia High School in 1959 and he has an MA in literature from Loyola University Chicago. Often compared to Saul Bellow and Theodore Dreiser for his portrayal of setting and landscapes. Dybeks two collections of poems are Brass Knuckles and Streets in Their Own Ink and his fiction includes Childhood and Other Neighborhoods, The Coast of Chicago, I Sailed With Magellan, a novel-in-stories, Paper Lantern, Love Stories, and Ecstatic Cahoots, Fifty Short Stories. His work has been anthologized and has appeared in such as Harpers, The New Yorker, Atlantic Monthly, Poetry, Tin House, Ploughshares. His collection, The Coast of Chicago, was selected as a New York Times Notable Book, a story from I Sailed With Magellan, titled “Breasts, ” appears in the 2004 Best American Short Stories. Dybek was a participant in the Michigan Writers Series at Michigan State University, dybeks awards include a Lannan Prize, a PEN/Malamud Award, a Whiting Award, a Guggenheim fellowship, and an O. Henry Award. Dybek was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship Childhood and Other Neighborhoods, Stories, New York Times review of Coast of Chicago Stuart Dybek interview at The Writing Disorder Stuart Dybek bio at Northwestern University Profile at The Whiting Foundation
29.
Rashomon
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Rashomon is a 1950 Japanese jidaigeki film directed by Akira Kurosawa, working in close collaboration with cinematographer Kazuo Miyagawa. It stars Toshiro Mifune, Machiko Kyō, Masayuki Mori, while the film borrows the title and setting from Ryūnosuke Akutagawas short story Rashōmon, it is actually based on Akutagawas short story In a Grove, which provides the characters and plot. The film is known for a device that involves various characters providing alternative, self-serving. The film opens on a woodcutter and a priest sitting beneath the Rajōmon city gate to stay dry in a downpour, a commoner joins them and they tell him that they have witnessed a disturbing story, which they then begin recounting to him. The priest says that he saw the samurai with his wife traveling the same day the murder happened, both men were then summoned to testify in court, where they met the captured bandit Tajōmaru, who claimed responsibility for killing the samurai and raping his wife. Tajōmaru, a brigand, claims that he tricked the samurai to step off the mountain trail with him. In the grove he tied the samurai to a tree, then brought the samurais wife there and she initially tried to defend herself with a dagger, but was eventually seduced by the bandit. The woman, filled with shame, then begged him to duel to the death with her husband, to save her from the guilt, Tajōmaru honorably set the samurai free and dueled with him. In Tajōmarus recollection they fought skillfully and fiercely, but in the end Tajōmaru was the victor, the samurais wife tells a different story to the court. She says that Tajōmaru left after raping her and she begged her husband to forgive her, but he simply looked at her coldly. She then freed him and begged him to kill her so that she would be at peace and he continued to stare at her with a look of loathing. His expression disturbed her so much that she fainted with dagger in hand and she awoke to find her husband dead with the dagger in his chest. She attempted to kill herself, but failed in all her efforts, the court then hears the story of the deceased samurai, told through a medium. The samurai claims that Tajōmaru, after raping his wife, asked her to travel with him and she accepted and asked Tajōmaru to kill her husband so that she would not feel the guilt of belonging to two men. Tajōmaru, shocked by this request, grabbed her, and gave the samurai a choice of letting the woman go or killing her, for these words alone, the dead samurai recounted, I was ready to pardon his crime. The woman fled, and Tajōmaru, after attempting to recapture her, gave up, the samurai then killed himself with his wifes dagger. Later, somebody removed the dagger from his chest, back at Rashōmon gate, the woodcutter explains to the commoner that all three stories were falsehoods. The woodcutter had actually witnessed the rape and murder, he says, according to the woodcutters new story, Tajōmaru begged the samurais wife to marry him, but the woman instead freed her husband
30.
The Sound and the Fury
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The Sound and the Fury is a novel written by the American author William Faulkner. It employs a number of styles, including stream of consciousness. Published in 1929, The Sound and the Fury was Faulkners fourth novel, in 1998, the Modern Library ranked The Sound and the Fury sixth on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. The Sound and the Fury is set in Jefferson, Mississippi, the novel centers on the Compson family, former Southern aristocrats who are struggling to deal with the dissolution of their family and its reputation. Over the course of the 30 years or so related in the novel, the falls into financial ruin, loses its religious faith and the respect of the town of Jefferson. The novel is separated into four distinct sections, the first, April 7,1928, is written from the perspective of Benjamin Benjy Compson, a cognitively disabled 33-year-old man. The characteristics of his impairment are not clear, but it is hinted that he has a learning disability, Benjys section is characterized by a highly disjointed narrative style with frequent chronological leaps. The second section, June 2,1910, focuses on Quentin Compson, Benjys older brother, in the third section, April 6,1928, Faulkner writes from the point of view of Jason, Quentins cynical younger brother. In the fourth and final section, set a day after the first, on April 8,1928, the last section primarily focuses on Dilsey, one of the Compsons black servants. Jason is also a focus in the section, but Faulkner presents glimpses of the thoughts, in 1945, Faulkner wrote a Compson Appendix to be included with future printings of The Sound and the Fury. It contains a 30-page history of the Compson family from 1699 to 1945 and his narrative voice is characterized predominantly by its nonlinearity, spanning the period 1898–1928, Benjys narrative is a series of non-chronological events presented in a stream of consciousness. The presence of italics in Benjys section is meant to indicate significant shifts in the narrative, originally Faulkner meant to use different colored inks to signify chronological breaks. Moreover, Benjys caretaker changes to indicate the period, Luster in the present, T. P. in Benjys teenage years. In this section we see Benjys three passions, fire, the course on land that used to belong to the Compson family. In the opening scene, Benjy, accompanied by Luster, a servant boy, when one of them calls for his golf caddie, Benjys mind embarks on a whirlwind course of memories of his sister, Caddy, focusing on one critical scene. In 1898 when their grandmother died, the four Compson children were forced to play outside during the funeral. In order to see what was going on inside, Caddy climbed a tree in the yard and this is Benjys first memory, and he associates Caddy with trees throughout the rest of his arc, often saying that she smells like trees. Quentin, the most intelligent of the Compson children, gives the novels best example of Faulkners narrative technique and we see him as a freshman at Harvard, wandering the streets of Cambridge, contemplating death, and remembering his familys estrangement from his sister Caddy
31.
Robert A. Heinlein
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Robert Anson Heinlein was an American science-fiction writer. Often called the dean of science writers, his controversial works continue to have an influential effect on the genre. Heinlein became one of the first science-fiction writers to break into mainstream magazines such as The Saturday Evening Post in the late 1940s. He was one of the best-selling science-fiction novelists for many decades, and he, Isaac Asimov and he also speculated on the influence of space travel on human cultural practices. Heinlein was named the first Science Fiction Writers Grand Master in 1974 and he also anticipated mechanical Computer Aided Design with Drafting Dan and described a modern version of a waterbed in his novel The Door into Summer, though he never patented or built one. In the first chapter of the novel Space Cadet he anticipated the cell-phone,35 years before Motorola invented the technology, several of Heinleins works have been adapted for film and television. Heinlein was born on July 7,1907 to Rex Ivar Heinlein and Bam Lyle Heinlein, in Butler and he was a 6th-generation German-American, a family tradition had it that Heinleins fought in every American war starting with the War of Independence. His childhood was spent in Kansas City, Missouri, Heinleins experience in the U. S. Navy exerted a strong influence on his character and writing. He graduated from the U. S. Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland with the class of 1929 and he was assigned to the new aircraft carrier USS Lexington in 1931, where he worked in radio communications, then in its earlier phases, with the carriers aircraft. The captain of this carrier was Ernest J. King, who served as the Chief of Naval Operations and Commander-in-Chief. Heinlein was frequently interviewed during his later years by historians who asked him about Captain King. Heinlein also served aboard the destroyer USS Roper in 1933 and 1934, reaching the rank of lieutenant. His brother, Lawrence Heinlein, served in the U. S. Army, the U. S. Air Force, and the Missouri National Guard, in 1929, Heinlein married Elinor Curry of Kansas City in Los Angeles, and their marriage lasted about a year. His second marriage in 1932 to Leslyn MacDonald lasted for 15 years, in 1934, Heinlein was discharged from the Navy due to pulmonary tuberculosis. During a lengthy hospitalization, he developed a design for a waterbed, Heinlein supported himself at several occupations, including real estate sales and silver mining, but for some years found money in short supply. Heinlein was active in Upton Sinclairs socialist End Poverty in California movement in the early 1930s, when Sinclair gained the Democratic nomination for Governor of California in 1934, Heinlein worked actively in the campaign. Heinlein himself ran for the California State Assembly in 1938, but was unsuccessful, while not destitute after the campaign—he had a small disability pension from the Navy—Heinlein turned to writing in order to pay off his mortgage. His first published story, Life-Line, was printed in the August 1939 issue of Astounding Science-Fiction, originally written for a contest, it was instead sold to Astounding for significantly more than the contests first-prize payoff
32.
The Number of the Beast (novel)
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The Number of the Beast is a science fiction novel by American writer Robert A. Heinlein, published in 1980. The first edition featured a cover and interior illustrations by Richard M. Powers, excerpts from the novel were serialized in the magazine Omni. The names Dejah Thoris, Burroughs, and Carter are overt references to John Carter and Dejah Thoris, the four travel in Zebadiahs modified air car Gay Deceiver, which is equipped with the professors continua device and armed by the Australian Defence Force. The continua device was built by Professor Burroughs while he was formulating his theories on n-dimensional non-euclidean geometry. The geometry of the universe contains six dimensions, the three spatial dimensions known to the real world, and three time dimensions - t, the real worlds temporal dimension, τ, and т. The continua device can travel on all six axes, the continua device allows travel into various fictional universes, such as the Land of Oz, as well as through time. E. R. B. s universe is no harder to reach any other. But that does not mean that you will find Jolly Green Giants, unless invited, you are likely to find a Potemkin Village illusion tailored to your subconscious. The novel lies somewhere between parody and homage in its use of the style of the 1930s pulp novels. Many of the lines and characters are derived directly from the pulps, as referenced by the first line of the novel, Hes a Mad Scientist. The Number of the Beast contains many in-jokes and references to the author, the name of every villain is an anagram of a name or pen name of Robert or Virginia Heinlein. This also plays into the ideology of Thou Art God from Heinleins earlier work Stranger in a Strange Land, jack Kirwan wrote in the National Review that the novel is about two men and two women in a time machine safari through this and other universes. But describing The Number of the Beast thus is like saying Moby Dick is about a guy trying to catch a fish. He goes on to say that Heinlein celebrates the competent person and its garbage, but right from the top of the heap. Heinlein buff David Potter explained on alt. fan and he noted that every single time theres a boring lecture or tedious character interaction going on in the foreground, theres an example of how to do it RIGHT in the background. The Number of the Beast title listing at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database
33.
Wuthering Heights
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Wuthering Heights is Emily Brontës only novel. Written between October 1845 and June 1846, Wuthering Heights was published in 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell, Brontë died the following year, Wuthering Heights and Anne Brontës Agnes Grey were accepted by publisher Thomas Newby before the success of their sister Charlottes novel, Jane Eyre. After Emilys death, Charlotte edited the manuscript of Wuthering Heights, the novel has inspired adaptations, including film, radio and television dramatisations, a musical by Bernard J. Taylor, a ballet, operas, and a 1978 song by Kate Bush. In 1801, Lockwood, a young man from the South of England who is seeking peace and recuperation. He visits his landlord, Heathcliff, who lives in a remote moorland farmhouse, snowed in, Lockwood is grudgingly allowed to stay and is shown to a bedchamber where he notices books and graffiti left by a former inhabitant named Catherine. He falls asleep and has a nightmare in which he sees the ghostly Catherine trying to enter through the window and he cries out in fear, rousing Heathcliff, who rushes into the room. Lockwood is convinced that what he saw was real, Heathcliff, believing Lockwood to be right, examines the window and opens it, hoping to allow Catherines spirit to enter. When nothing happens, Heathcliff shows Lockwood to his own bedroom, at sunrise, Heathcliff escorts Lockwood back to Thrushcross Grange. Lockwood asks the housekeeper, Nelly Dean, about the family at Wuthering Heights, thirty years earlier, the owner of Wuthering Heights is Mr. Earnshaw, who lives with his son Hindley and younger daughter Catherine. On a trip to Liverpool, Earnshaw encounters a homeless boy and he adopts the boy and names him Heathcliff. Hindley feels that Heathcliff has supplanted him in his fathers affections, Catherine and Heathcliff become friends and spend hours each day playing on the moors. Three years later Earnshaw dies and Hindley becomes the landowner, he is now master of Wuthering Heights and he returns to live there with his new wife, Frances. He allows Heathcliff to stay but only as a servant, a few months after Hindleys return, Heathcliff and Catherine walk to Thrushcross Grange to spy on Edgar and Isabella Linton, who live there. After being discovered they try to run away but are caught, Catherine is injured by the Lintons dog and taken into the house to recuperate, while Heathcliff is sent home. The Lintons are landed gentry and Catherine is influenced by their fine appearance, when she returns to Wuthering Heights her appearance and manners are more ladylike, and she laughs at Heathcliffs unkempt appearance. Catherine tries to comfort Heathcliff, but he vows revenge on Hindley, the following year, Frances Earnshaw gives birth to a son, named Hareton, but she dies a few months later. Two more years pass, and Catherine and Edgar Linton become friends, Edgar visits Catherine while Hindley is away and they declare themselves lovers soon afterwards. She hopes to use her position as Edgars wife to raise Heathcliffs standing, Heathcliff overhears her say that it would degrade her to marry him, and he runs away and disappears without a trace
34.
F. Scott Fitzgerald
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Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald, known professionally as F. Scott Fitzgerald, was an American novelist and short story writer, whose works illustrate the Jazz Age. While he achieved limited success in his lifetime, he is now regarded as one of the greatest American writers of the 20th century. Fitzgerald is considered a member of the Lost Generation of the 1920s and he finished four novels, This Side of Paradise, The Beautiful and Damned, The Great Gatsby, and Tender Is the Night. A fifth, unfinished novel, The Last Tycoon, was published posthumously, Fitzgerald also wrote numerous short stories, many of which treat themes of youth and promise, and age and despair. He was also named after his sister, Louise Scott Fitzgerald. Well, three months before I was born, he wrote as an adult, my mother lost her two children. I think I started then to be a writer and his mother was Mary Molly McQuillan Fitzgerald, the daughter of an Irish immigrant who had made his fortune in the wholesale grocery business. Fitzgerald was the first cousin once removed of Mary Surratt, hanged in 1865 for conspiring to assassinate Abraham Lincoln, Edward Fitzgerald had earlier worked as a wicker furniture salesman, he joined Procter & Gamble when the business failed. His parents, both Catholic, sent Fitzgerald to two Catholic schools on the West Side of Buffalo, first Holy Angels Convent and then Nardin Academy and his formative years in Buffalo revealed him to be a boy of unusual intelligence with a keen early interest in literature. His doting mother ensured that her son had all the advantages of an upper-middle-class upbringing and her inheritance and donations from an aunt allowed the family to live a comfortable lifestyle. In a rather unconventional style of parenting, Fitzgerald attended Holy Angels with the arrangement that he go for only half a day—and was allowed to choose which half. In 1908, his father was fired from Procter & Gamble, and the returned to Minnesota. When he was 13, he saw his first piece of writing appear in print—a detective story published in the school newspaper. In 1911, when Fitzgerald was 15 years old, his parents sent him to the Newman School, Fitzgerald played on the 1912 Newman football team. At Newman, he met Father Sigourney Fay, who noticed his incipient talent with the written word, after graduating from the Newman School in 1913, Fitzgerald decided to stay in New Jersey to continue his artistic development at Princeton University. He tried out for the football team, but was cut the first day of practice. He firmly dedicated himself at Princeton to honing his craft as a writer and he wrote for the Princeton Triangle Club, the Nassau Lit, and the Princeton Tiger. He also was involved in the American Whig-Cliosophic Society, which ran the Nassau Lit and his absorption in the Triangle—a kind of musical-comedy society—led to his submission of a novel to Charles Scribners Sons where the editor praised the writing but ultimately rejected the book
35.
The Great Gatsby
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The story primarily concerns the young and mysterious millionaire Jay Gatsby and his quixotic passion and obsession for the beautiful former debutante Daisy Buchanan. Progress was slow, with Fitzgerald completing his first draft following a move to the French Riviera in 1924 and his editor, Maxwell Perkins, felt the book was vague and persuaded the author to revise over the next winter. First published by Scribners in April 1925, The Great Gatsby received mixed reviews and sold poorly, in its first year, Fitzgerald died in 1940, believing himself to be a failure and his work forgotten. However, the experienced a revival during World War II. Today, The Great Gatsby is widely considered to be a literary classic, in 1998, the Modern Library editorial board voted it the 20th centurys best American novel and second best English-language novel of the same time period. Set on the prosperous Long Island of 1922, The Great Gatsby provides a social history of America during the Roaring Twenties within its fictional narrative. Fitzgerald educates his readers about the society of the Roaring Twenties by placing a timeless. Fitzgeralds visits to Long Islands north shore and his experience attending parties at mansions inspired The Great Gatsbys setting, today, there are a number of theories as to which mansion was the inspiration for the book. One possibility is Lands End, a notable Gold Coast Mansion where Fitzgerald may have attended a party, many of the events in Fitzgeralds early life are reflected throughout The Great Gatsby. Fitzgerald was a man from Minnesota, and like Nick, he was educated at an Ivy League school. Fitzgerald is also similar to Jay Gatsby, in that he fell in love while stationed far from home in the military, Fitzgerald became a second lieutenant, and was stationed at Camp Sheridan, in Montgomery, Alabama. There he met and fell in love with a wild seventeen-year-old beauty named Zelda Sayre, Zelda finally agreed to marry him, but her preference for wealth, fun, and leisure led her to delay their wedding until he could prove a success. Like Nick in The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald found this new lifestyle seductive and exciting, in many ways, The Great Gatsby represents Fitzgeralds attempt to confront his conflicting feelings about the Jazz Age. Like Gatsby, Fitzgerald was driven by his love for a woman who symbolized everything he wanted, even as she led him toward everything he despised. In her book Careless People, Murder, Mayhem and the Invention of The Great Gatsby, based on her forensic search for clues, she asserts that the two victims in the Hall-Mills murder case inspired the characters who were murdered in The Great Gatsby. The main events of the novel take place in the summer of 1922, Nick Carraway, a Yale graduate and veteran of the Great War from the Midwest—who serves as the novels narrator—takes a job in New York as a bond salesman. Nick drives around the bay to East Egg for dinner at the home of his cousin, Daisy Fay Buchanan, and her husband, Tom and they introduce Nick to Jordan Baker, an attractive, cynical young golfer with whom Nick begins a romantic relationship. She reveals to Nick that Tom has a mistress, Myrtle Wilson, who lives in the valley of ashes, not long after this revelation, Nick travels to New York City with Tom and Myrtle to an apartment Tom keeps for his affairs with Myrtle and others
36.
Lemuel Gulliver
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Lemuel Gulliver is the fictional protagonist and narrator of Gullivers Travels, a novel written by Jonathan Swift, first published in 1726. According to Swifts novel, Gulliver was born in Nottinghamshire c,1661, where his father had a small estate, the Gulliver family is said to have originated in Oxfordshire, however. He also educated himself in navigation and mathematics, leaving the University around 1685, prior to the voyages whose adventures are recounted in the novel, he is described as having traveled less remarkably to the Levant and later to the East Indies and West Indies. Between his travels he married Miss Mary Burton, daughter of a London hosier, though no specific details are given, several references to his wife and his family would indicate that he and his wife had children. Gullivers remarkable travels begin in 1699 and end in 1715, having changed Gullivers personality to that of a recluse and he claims to have written his memoirs five years following his last return to England, i. e. in 1720 or 1721. The frontispiece to the 1726 edition of Gullivers Travels shows an engraving of Gulliver at the age of 58. An additional preface, attributed to Gulliver, added to a version of the work is given the fictional date of April 2,1727. The earliest editions of the book credited Gulliver as the author, Swift, an Anglican clergyman, had published much of his work anonymously or pseudonymously. Gulliver leads the League until his death of cancer in 1799 and is buried in Lilliput. Gulliver is mentioned throughout the recent Malplaquet trilogy of novels by Andrew Dalton. Taking much of their inspiration from T. H. Whites Mistress Mashams Repose, the books describe the adventures of a colony of Lilliputians living secretly in the enormous and mysterious grounds of an English Country House. In The Temples of Malplaquet, for example, Jamie Thompson has a vision of the episode in which Gulliver is first captured by the Lilliputians. In the Gullivers Travels film released in 2010, Gulliver, played by Jack Black, is a mail room worker who fancies himself a writer but plagiarizes most of his work from the Internet. After Gulliver is assigned to write a story about the Bermuda Triangle, his ship becomes lost at sea, Lilliput and Blefuscu Brobdingnag Laputa Luggnagg The Engine Gullivers Travels by Jonathan Swift
