Foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic

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Sahrawi Arab Democratic
Republic (SADR)
Coat of arms of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.svg
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
the SADR

The foreign relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) are conducted by the Polisario Front, which maintains a network of representation offices and embassies in foreign countries.

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR) is the government in exile claiming sovereignty of the former Spanish colony of Western Sahara, the Polisario Front, the national liberation movement that administers the SADR, currently controls the area that it calls the Liberated Territories, a strip of Western Sahara territory east of the Moroccan Wall. It also administers the Sahrawi refugee camps at Tindouf, Algeria, where its headquarters are. It has conducted diplomatic relations with states and international organisations since its inception in 1973; in 1966, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 22/29 affirmed for the first time the Sahrawi right on self-determination. In 1979, United Nations General Assembly Resolution 34/37 reaffirmed again the right of the Western Sahara people to self-determination and independence, recognising also the Polisario Front as the representative of the Western Sahara people.

Recognition[edit]

As of 2017, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has been recognized by 84 UN member states. Of these, 38 have "frozen" or "withdrawn" recognition for a number of reasons. Several states that do not recognise the Sahrawi Republic nonetheless recognize the Polisario Front as the legitimate representative of the population of the Western Sahara, but not as the government-in-exile for a sovereign state.[citation needed] The republic has been a full member of the African Union (AU), formerly the Organization of African Unity (OAU), since 1984. Morocco withdrew from the OAU in protest and remains the only African nation not within the AU since South Africa's admittance in 1994, the SADR also participates as guest on meetings of the Non-Aligned Movement[1][2] or the New Asian–African Strategic Partnership,[3][4] over Moroccan objections to SADR participation.[5] On the other hand, upholding Moroccan "territorial integrity" is favoured by the Arab League.[6][7]

Besides Algeria, Mexico, Iran, Venezuela, Vietnam, Nigeria, and South Africa, India was the major middle power to have ever recognised SADR and maintained full diplomatic relations, having allowed the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic to open an embassy in New Delhi in 1985. However, India "withdrew" its recognition in 2000.[8]

As with any fluid political situation, diplomatic recognitions of either party's rights are subject to frequent and sometimes unannounced change.

Bilateral relations[edit]

Memorandum of understanding between Ecuador and SADR, in Quito, July 2012

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has, since its proclamation established diplomatic relations with a number of states, mainly in Africa and Latin America, which have recognised its independence; in connection with the "freezing", "withdrawing" and resuming of recognition, similar changes have occurred at the level of diplomatic relations. SADR has stable and developed relationships with states such as Algeria and South Africa.

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is represented abroad by the Polisario Front, which maintains a network of missions and embassies, some states that have recognised the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic have elevated the POLISARIO representation in their country to the status of SADR embassy. The Polisario Front maintains also a network of representations on countries that do not recognized the SADR as a sovereign country, mainly in Europe, with some of them having relations with the host country governments. Representation of foreign countries to the SADR is performed by embassies located abroad, mainly in Algiers, due to the Western Sahara conflict and the settlement of the Sahrawi refugee camps in south-western Algeria.

Current diplomatic relations[edit]

Current relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR):
  SADR, as claimed
  Diplomatic relations and recognition of SADR
  Recognition of SADR only

A total of 36 states presently maintain diplomatic relations with the SADR. Of these, 29 have continuously maintained relations with SADR without any interruptions, as of 5 June 2013, Honduras is probably the most recent nation to have formally established diplomatic relations with the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic. Eight states have frozen or canceled relations with the SADR in the past, but later resumed them, as of 7 January 2016, Panama is the most recent nation that reestablished diplomatic relations with SADR.

State Relations established Sahrawi mission Mission to Sahrawi Republic Notes
 Algeria 6 March 1976 Embassy (Algiers)[9] — AU, Arab League, OIC; Algeria–SADR relations
 Angola Yes[when?] Embassy (Luanda)[10] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers) AU
 Belize Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Managua)[11] — —
 Bolivia Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Caracas)[12] — —
 Cape Verde 30 September 1980[13] — — AU; Relations were frozen from 27 July 2007[14][15] to 6 February 2012 or shorter.[16][17]
 Cuba 21 January 1980[18] Embassy (Havana)[19] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[20] Cuba–SADR relations
 East Timor 20 May 2002[21] Embassy (Dili)[22] — East Timor–SADR relations
 Ecuador Yes[when?] Embassy (Quito)[23][24] Embassy, non-resident (New York City)[25] —
 El Salvador 1989[26][when?] Embassy, non-resident (Panama City) Embassy, non-resident (New York City) Relations were cancelled from April 1997[27] to 6 June 2009 or shorter.[28]
 Ethiopia Yes[when?] Embassy (Addis Ababa)[29] Embassy, non-resident (Rome)[30] AU
 Ghana Yes[when?] Embassy (Accra)[31][32] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers) AU
 Guyana 28 September 2012[33][34] Embassy, non-resident (Caracas)[35][36][37][38] — OIC
 Honduras 5 June 2013[39][40] — — —
 Kenya 31 March 2006[41] Embassy (Nairobi)[42][43] — AU; Relations were frozen from 18 October 2006[41] to 6 February 2014 or shorter.[42]
 Laos 3 August 1987[48] Embassy, non-resident (New Delhi) — —
 Lesotho Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Pretoria) Embassy, non-resident (Kuwait City)[49] AU
 Liberia 30 October 2012 or before[50] Embassy, non-resident[50][where?] — AU
 Mauritius 1983[51][when?] Embassy, non-resident (Dar es Salaam)[52] — AU; Relations are cancelled from 17 January 2014[53] to 23 November 2015.[54]
 Mexico 24 September 1979[55] Embassy (Mexico City)[56] Embassy, non-resident (New York City)[57] Mexico–SADR relations
 Mozambique Yes[when?] Embassy (Maputo)[58] — AU, OIC
 Namibia Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Luanda)[59] — AU
 Nicaragua Yes[when?] Embassy (Managua)[60] Embassy, non-resident (New York City)[61] Relations were frozen from 21 July 2000 to 12 January 2007.[62]
 Nigeria 11 November 1984[63] Embassy (Abuja)[64][65] Embassy, non resident (Algiers)[66] AU, OIC; Nigeria–SADR relations
 North Korea 16 March 1976[67] — — —
 Panama 1 June 1979[68] Embassy (Panama City)[69] — Relations were suspended from 20 November 2013[70] to 7 January 2016;[71] Panama–SADR relations
 Rwanda Yes[when?] Embassy, non resident (Kampala)[72] — AU
 Sierra Leone Yes[73][when?] — — AU, OIC
 South Africa 15 September 2004[74] Embassy (Pretoria)[75] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[76] AU; SADR–South Africa relations
 South Sudan 9 July 2011[77] Embassy, non-resident (Addis Ababa)[78] — AU
 Tanzania Yes[when?] Embassy (Dar es Salaam) — AU
 Uganda Yes[when?] Embassy (Kampala)[79] Embassy, non-resident (Tripoli)[80] AU, OIC
 Uruguay 26 December 2005[81] Embassy (Montevideo)[82] — —
 Vanuatu 31 July 2008[83] Embassy, non-resident (Dili) — —
 Venezuela December 1982[84] Embassy (Caracas) Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[85] SADR–Venezuela relations
 Zambia Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Dar es Salaam)[86][87] — AU; Relations were cancelled from 29 March 2011[88][89] to 21 November 2012.[90]
 Zimbabwe 3 June 1980[94] Embassy (Harare)[95][96][97] — AU

Former diplomatic relations[edit]

Former relations of the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (SADR):
  SADR, as claimed
  Diplomatic relations[note 1] and recognition[note 2] of SADR in the past
  Recognition[note 2] of SADR in the past only

A total of 13 states or more [note 1] maintained official diplomatic relations with the SADR in the past, their relations with SADR are now suspended, frozen or cancelled. As of 5 May 2017, Malawi is the most recent nation to formally cancel diplomatic relations with the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.

State Relations established Former Sahrawi mission[note 3][note 4] Former mission to Sahrawi Republic[note 3] Notes
 Burundi Yes[when?] — — AU; Relations were frozen from 5 May 2006 to 16 June 2008,[100] they are cancelled from 25 October 2010.[101][102]
 Colombia Yes[when?] — — Relations are frozen from 20 December 2000.[27][103]
 Costa Rica Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Panama City)[104] — Relations are frozen from 22 April 2000.[104][105][106]
 Guinea-Bissau Yes[when?] Embassy (Bissau)[27] — AU, OIC; Relations are cancelled from 30 March 2010.[107]
 Haiti 22 November 2006[108] Embassy (Port-au-Prince) — Relations are cancelled from 2 October 2013.[109]
 India 1985[110] Embassy (New Delhi)[111] Embassy, non-resident (Algiers)[112] Relations are cancelled from 26 June 2000.[8]
 Madagascar Yes[when?] Embassy (Antananarivo)[111] — AU; Relations are frozen from 6 April 2005.[113][114]
 Malawi 24 March 2002[115][116] Embassy, non-resident (Nairobi)[117][118][119] Embassy, non-resident (Cairo)[120] AU; Relations were cancelled from 27 December 2002[121] to 1 February 2008[122] and from 16 September 2008[123][124] to 6 March 2014 or shorter.[117] They are cancelled again from 5 May 2017.[125]
 Paraguay 9 February 2000[129][130] Embassy, non-resident (Montevideo)[131] — Relations were frozen from 25 July 2000 to 12 August 2008,[132] they are suspended from 3 January 2014.[133][134]
 Peru 5 May 1987[135] Embassy[136][where?] — Relations are frozen from 9 September 1996.[137]
 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 14 February 2002[140] Embassy, non-resident (Tindouf)[141][142] — Relations are frozen from 15 February 2013.[143]
 Seychelles Yes[when?] Embassy, non-resident (Antananarivo,[144] then Algiers)[145] — AU; Relations are cancelled from 17 March 2008.[146]
 Vietnam 2 March 1979[147] — — Current status of diplomatic relations with Vietnam is unclear.

Relations with international organisations[edit]

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic holds either 'member' or 'observer' status in several international organisations. It participates in the activities of organisations that have formalised its membership, as well as in activities of other organizations as a guest participant, the SADR is usually represented by a Government or national organisations such as the Sahrawi Trade Union.

International Organisation Status Representation Application date Admission date Notes
African Union (AU; formerly Organization for African Unity) member Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 23 June 1980[154] 31 August 1981[155] SADR representative is Vice President of the Pan-African Parliament (PAP) from May 2013.[156]
Committee of Intelligence and Security Services of Africa member[157][158] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
International Coalition against Enforced Disappearances member[159] Association of the Families of Sahrawi Prisoners and Disappeared (AFAPREDESA)
International Union of Socialist Youth (IUSY) member Sahrawi Youth Union (UJSARIO) UJSARIO representative is one of IUSY Vice Presidents for 2012-2014.[160]
Pan African Lawyers Union (PALU) member[161][162] Sahrawi Lawyers’ Union
Women's International Democratic Federation (WIDF) member National Union of Sahrawi Women (UNMS)
World Federation of Democratic Youth (WFDY) member[163] Sahrawi Youth Union
World Federation of Trade Unions member Sahrawi Trade Union (UGTSARIO) 28 March 2000[164]
Non-member status
Andean Community of Nations Andean Community of Nations observer[note 5] Sahrawi National Council September 2011[165] 26 October 2011[166]
Central American Parliament (PARLACEN) participant[note 6] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic — — SADR participated in the opening conference of the PARLACEN, July 2010.[167]
Ibero-American Summit participant[note 6] Polisario Front — — Polisario Front participated in 22nd Ibero-American Summit in Cádiz, November 2012.[168]
International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies observer[169] Sahrawi Red Crescent April 1977[170]
New Asian–African Strategic Partnership (NAASP) participant[note 7] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic — — SADR participated in first senior officials meeting of the NAASP in Durban, September 2006.[3][171]
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) guest[note 8] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic — — SADR participated as guest in 16th Summit of NAM in Tehran, August 2012.
Permanent Conference of Political Parties of the Latin American and the Caribbean
(COPPPAL)		 participant[note 6] Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic — — SADR participated in COPPPAL meeting in Managua, September 2006.[172]
SADR delegation participated in meeting of COPPPAL and ICAPP in Mexico City, October 2012.[173]
Progressive Alliance Progressive Alliance participant[174] Polisario Front — —
Socialist International observer[175] Polisario Front 30 June 2008[176]

International treaties and conventions[edit]

The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic has signed a number of international treaties, conventions, protocols and charters negotiated in the context of the African Union. SADR participates in protection of human rights, common defense or trade liberalisation by signature of following agreements.

International treaty or convention Signature Ratification Notes
African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights 10 April 1986[177] 2 May 1986
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child 23 October 1992[178] —
African Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zone Treaty (Treaty of Pelindaba) 20 June 2006[179] —
AU Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption 25 July 2010[180] —
AU Convention for the Protection and Assistance of Internally Displaced Persons in Africa (Kampala Convention) 23 August 2009[181] —
AU Non-aggression and Common Defence Pact 21 May 2007[182] 27 April 2009
Convention of the African Energy Commission 20 June 2006[183] 9 May 2007
Geneva Conventions 23 June 2015[184] Polisario Front made a unilateral declaration under Article 93.3 of Protocol I to apply the four Conventions and Protocol I in the Western Sahara conflict with Morocco. Polisario Front is not recognized as a party of Conventions, but declaration was accepted by the depositary of Convenions (Swiss Federal Council).[185][186]
OAU Convention on the Prevention and Combating of Terrorism 14 July 1999[187] 9 January 2002
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights 25 July 2010[188] —
Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa 20 June 2006[189] —
Treaty Establishing the African Economic Community (AEC Treaty) 3 June 1991[190] 25 August 1992[191] SADR signed to the AEC Treaty,[192] but not participates in any of the AEC pillars.

Participation in international sports federations[edit]

In 2015, the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic participated for the first time in the All Africa Games, the biggest African multi-sports event.

International Organisation Status Representation Application date Admission date Notes
African Union Sports Council[193] member Sahrawi Ministry of Youth and Sports[194] In September 2015, Sahrawi Republic participated in the 11th All Africa Games.[195]
N.F.-Board provisional member Sahrawi Football Federation December 2003 In 2012, a Sahrawi team participated for the first time in the Viva World Cup.

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ a b The number of States which maintained diplomatic relations with SADR in the past is likely to be more, but for any relations with States that "withdrew" or "froze" recognition of SADR many years ago we are missing sources.
  2. ^ a b According to international law regarding recognition of states, contained in article 6 of the Montevideo Convention on the Rights and Duties of States: "Recognition of a state simply means that the state recognizes it accepts the personality of the other with all the rights and duties determined by international law. Recognition is unconditional and irrevocable". Therefore, once one state recognizes another as a fellow sovereign state, this recognition cannot be revoked, except when one or the other ceases to exist. One can only revoke the recognition of a government (for example by breaking off diplomatic relations), not of the state itself.[98][99]
  3. ^ a b The number of former Embassies which existed in the past is likely to be more, but for any embassies to/of States that "withdrew" or "froze" recognition of SADR many years ago we are missing sources.
  4. ^ The former Embassies usually continue to work, but as a unilateral Representative Offices without diplomatic privileges from the host country.
  5. ^ In the framework of the Andean Parliament.
  6. ^ a b c There is not a formal status of the SADR, but here is the SADR official participation in the activities of this international organization.
  7. ^ NAASP does not have formalised membership, it is open to States of Asia and Africa.
  8. ^ There is no permanent guest status, but often several non-member states are represented as guests at NAM conferences.

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

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