1.
United Kingdom
–
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
United Kingdom
–
Stonehenge, in
Wiltshire, was erected around 2500 BC.
United Kingdom
–
Flag
United Kingdom
–
The
Bayeux Tapestry depicts the
Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it.
United Kingdom
–
The
Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain.
2.
Republic of Ireland
–
Ireland, also known as the Republic of Ireland, is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the part of the island. The state shares its land border with Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, Saint Georges Channel to the south-east, and it is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The head of government is the Taoiseach, who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President, the state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. It was officially declared a republic in 1949, following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948, Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955. It joined the European Economic Community, the predecessor of the European Union, after joining the EEC, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth. The country achieved considerable prosperity between the years of 1995 and 2007, which known as the Celtic Tiger period. This was halted by a financial crisis that began in 2008. However, as the Irish economy was the fastest growing in the EU in 2015, Ireland is again quickly ascending league tables comparing wealth and prosperity internationally. For example, in 2015, Ireland was ranked as the joint sixth most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index and it also performs well in several national performance metrics, including freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. Ireland is a member of the European Union and is a member of the Council of Europe. The 1922 state, comprising 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland, was styled, the Constitution of Ireland, adopted in 1937, provides that the name of the State is Éire, or, in the English language, Ireland. Section 2 of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 states, It is hereby declared that the description of the State shall be the Republic of Ireland. The 1948 Act does not name the state as Republic of Ireland, because to have done so would have put it in conflict with the Constitution. The government of the United Kingdom used the name Eire, and, from 1949, Republic of Ireland, for the state, as well as Ireland, Éire or the Republic of Ireland, the state is also referred to as the Republic, Southern Ireland or the South. In an Irish republican context it is referred to as the Free State or the 26 Counties. From the Act of Union on 1 January 1801, until 6 December 1922, during the Great Famine, from 1845 to 1849, the islands population of over 8 million fell by 30%
Republic of Ireland
–
The
Irish Parliamentary Party was formed in 1882 by
Charles Stewart Parnell (1846–1891).
Republic of Ireland
–
Flag
Republic of Ireland
–
In 1922 a new parliament called the
Oireachtas was established, of which
Dáil Éireann became the
lower house.
Republic of Ireland
–
Éamon de Valera (1882–1975)
3.
Education
–
Education is the process of facilitating learning, or the acquisition of knowledge, skills, values, beliefs, and habits. Educational methods include storytelling, discussion, teaching, training, Education frequently takes place under the guidance of educators, but learners may also educate themselves. Education can take place in formal or informal settings and any experience that has an effect on the way one thinks, feels. The methodology of teaching is called pedagogy, in most regions education is compulsory up to a certain age. Etymologically, the education is derived from the Latin ēducātiō from ēducō which is related to the homonym ēdūcō from ē-. Education began in prehistory, as trained the young in the knowledge. In pre-literate societies this was achieved orally and through imitation, story-telling passed knowledge, values, and skills from one generation to the next. As cultures began to extend their knowledge beyond skills that could be learned through imitation. Schools existed in Egypt at the time of the Middle Kingdom, plato founded the Academy in Athens, the first institution of higher learning in Europe. The city of Alexandria in Egypt, established in 330 BCE, there, the great Library of Alexandria was built in the 3rd century BCE. European civilizations suffered a collapse of literacy and organization following the fall of Rome in CE476, after the Fall of Rome, the Catholic Church became the sole preserver of literate scholarship in Western Europe. The church established cathedral schools in the Early Middle Ages as centres of advanced education, some of these establishments ultimately evolved into medieval universities and forebears of many of Europes modern universities. During the High Middle Ages, Chartres Cathedral operated the famous, founded in 1088, the University of Bologne is considered the first, and the oldest continually operating university. The Renaissance in Europe ushered in a new age of scientific and intellectual inquiry and appreciation of ancient Greek, around 1450, Johannes Gutenberg developed a printing press, which allowed works of literature to spread more quickly. The European Age of Empires saw European ideas of education in philosophy, religion, arts, the Enlightenment saw the emergence of a more secular educational outlook in Europe. In most countries today, full-time education, whether at school or otherwise, is compulsory for all children up to a certain age, formal education occurs in a structured environment whose explicit purpose is teaching students. Usually, formal education takes place in a environment with classrooms of multiple students learning together with a trained, certified teacher of the subject. Most school systems are designed around a set of values or ideals that govern all educational choices in that system, such choices include curriculum, organizational models, design of the physical learning spaces, student-teacher interactions, methods of assessment, class size, educational activities, and more
Education
–
Lecture at the Faculty of Biomedical Engineering,
CTU, in Prague
Education
–
School children sitting in the shade of an orchard in Bamozai, near Gardez, Paktya Province,
Afghanistan
Education
–
Student participants in the
FIRST Robotics Competition, Washington, D.C.
Education
–
Nalanda, ancient center for higher learning
4.
Secondary school
–
A secondary school is both an organization that delivers level 2 junior secondary education or level 3 secondary education phases of the ISCED scale, and the building where this takes place. Level 2 junior secondary education is considered to be the second, Secondary schools typically follow on from primary schools and lead into vocational and tertiary education. Attendance is compulsory in most countries for students between the ages 11 and 16, the systems and terminology remain unique to each country. School building design does not happen in isolation, schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, storage, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from the roll of the school. A general classroom for 30 students needs to be 55m2, or more generously 62m2, a general art room for 30 students needs to be 83m2, but 104 m2 for 3D textile work. A drama studio or a specialist science laboratory for 30 needs to be 90 m2, examples are given on how this can be configured for a 1,200 place secondary. The building providing the education has to fulfil the needs of, The students, the teachers, the support staff, the adminstrators. It has to should meet health requirements, minimal functional requirements- such as classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity, textbooks, Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establish building costs. Future plans are audited to ensure that standards are not exceeded. The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula in 2014 and it said the floor area should be 1050m² +6. 3m²/pupil place for 11- to 16-year-olds + 7m²/pupil place for post-16s. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m², a secondary school, locally may be called high school, junior high school, senior high school. Sweden, gymnasium Switzerland, gymnasium, secondary school, collège or lycée Taiwan, Junior High School, Senior High School, Vocational High School, Military School, in Nigeria, secondary school starts from JSS1 until SSS3. Most students start at the age of 10 or 11 and finish at 16 or 17, Students are required to sit for the West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination. To progress to university students must obtain at least a credit in Maths, English, in Somalia, secondary school starts from 9th grade until 12th. Students start it when they are around 14 to 15 years of age, Students are required to study Somali and Arabic, with the option of either English or Italian depending on the type of school. Religion, chemistry, physics, biology, physical education, textile, art, design, when secondary school has been completed, students are sent to national training camp before going to either college, or military training. In South Africa, high school begins at grade 8, Students study for five years, at the end of which they write a Matriculation examination
Secondary school
–
Piarist Secondary School in
Kecskemét,
Hungary
Secondary school
–
Secondary school in
Miri,
Malaysia
5.
Higher education
–
Higher education, post-secondary education, or third level education is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after completion of secondary education. Tertiary education at non-degree level is referred to as further education or continuing education as distinct from higher education. The right of access to education is mentioned in a number of international human rights instruments. In Europe, Article 2 of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights, adopted in 1950, in the days when few pupils progressed beyond primary education, the term higher education was often used to refer to secondary education, which can create some confusion. Higher education includes teaching, research, exacting applied work, within the realm of teaching, it includes both the undergraduate level, and beyond that, graduate-level. The latter level of education is referred to as graduate school. Higher education is important to national economies, both as an industry, in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy. College educated workers have commanded a measurable wage premium and are less likely to become unemployed than less educated workers. However, the admission of so many students of average ability to higher education inevitably requires a decline in academic standards. There is some question as to whether advanced mathematical skills or talent are in fact necessary for such as history, English, philosophy. In contrast, the higher education and training that takes place at vocational universities and schools usually concentrates on practical applications. Requirements for admission to such high-level graduate programs is extremely competitive, in the United States, there are large differences in wages and employment associated with different degrees. Medical doctors and lawyers are generally the highest paid workers, and have among the lowest unemployment rates and it may encompass using insights to conceive, model and scale an appropriate solution to a problem or objective. Engineering disciplines include, aerospace, biological, civil, chemical, computer, electrical, industrial, examples are painting, sculpture, and drawing, etc. Higher educational institutions in these arts include Film schools and Art schools, Higher vocational education and training takes place at the non-university tertiary level. Such education combines teaching of practical skills and theoretical expertise. Higher education differs from other forms of education such as that offered by institutions of vocational education. Higher vocational education might be contrasted with education in a broader scientific field
Higher education
–
The University of al-Qarawiyyin in
Fes, Morocco is the world's oldest existing, continually operating and the first degree awarding institution of higher learning in the world according to
UNESCO and
Guinness World Records.
Higher education
–
University of Bologna, located in
Bologna, Italy, is the oldest institution of higher education in the
Western world.
Higher education
–
The
University of Pennsylvania considers itself the first institution to use the term "university" in its name.
Higher education
–
The
University of Cambridge is an institution of higher learning in
Cambridge,
United Kingdom.
6.
Universities
–
A university is an institution of higher education and research which grants academic degrees in various academic disciplines. Universities typically provide undergraduate education and postgraduate education, the word university is derived from the Latin universitas magistrorum et scholarium, which roughly means community of teachers and scholars. Universities were created in Italy and evolved from Cathedral schools for the clergy during the High Middle Ages, the original Latin word universitas refers in general to a number of persons associated into one body, a society, company, community, guild, corporation, etc. Like other guilds, they were self-regulating and determined the qualifications of their members, an important idea in the definition of a university is the notion of academic freedom. The first documentary evidence of this comes from early in the life of the first university, the University of Bologna adopted an academic charter, the Constitutio Habita, in 1158 or 1155, which guaranteed the right of a traveling scholar to unhindered passage in the interests of education. Today this is claimed as the origin of academic freedom and this is now widely recognised internationally - on 18 September 1988,430 university rectors signed the Magna Charta Universitatum, marking the 900th anniversary of Bolognas foundation. The number of universities signing the Magna Charta Universitatum continues to grow, the university is generally regarded as a formal institution that has its origin in the Medieval Christian setting. The earliest universities were developed under the aegis of the Latin Church by papal bull as studia generalia and it is possible, however, that the development of cathedral schools into universities was quite rare, with the University of Paris being an exception. Later they were founded by Kings or municipal administrations. In the early period, most new universities were founded from pre-existing schools. Many historians state that universities and cathedral schools were a continuation of the interest in learning promoted by monasteries, the first universities in Europe with a form of corporate/guild structure were the University of Bologna, the University of Paris, and the University of Oxford. The students had all the power … and dominated the masters, princes and leaders of city governments perceived the potential benefits of having a scholarly expertise develop with the ability to address difficult problems and achieve desired ends. The emergence of humanism was essential to understanding of the possible utility of universities as well as the revival of interest in knowledge gained from ancient Greek texts. The rediscovery of Aristotles works–more than 3000 pages of it would eventually be translated–fuelled a spirit of inquiry into natural processes that had begun to emerge in the 12th century. Some scholars believe that these represented one of the most important document discoveries in Western intellectual history. Richard Dales, for instance, calls the discovery of Aristotles works a turning point in the history of Western thought and this became the primary mission of lecturers, and the expectation of students. The university culture developed differently in northern Europe than it did in the south, Latin was the language of the university, used for all texts, lectures, disputations and examinations. Professors lectured on the books of Aristotle for logic, natural philosophy, and metaphysics, while Hippocrates, Galen, outside of these commonalities, great differences separated north and south, primarily in subject matter
Universities
–
Degree ceremony at the
University of Oxford. The Pro-Vice-Chancellor in
MA gown and hood,
Proctor in official dress and new
Doctors of Philosophy in scarlet full dress. Behind them, a
bedel, a Doctor and Bachelors of Arts and Medicine graduate.
Universities
–
The
University of Bologna is the oldest University in history, founded in 1088.
Universities
–
Meeting of doctors at the
University of Paris. From a medieval manuscript.
Universities
–
Sapienza University of Rome is the largest university in Europe and one of the most prestigious European universities.
7.
College
–
College is an educational institution or a constituent part of one. A college may be a tertiary educational institution, a part of a collegiate or federal university. In ancient Rome a collegium was a club or society, a group of living together under a common set of rules. Aside from the educational context - nowadays the most common use of college - there are various other meanings also derived from the original Latin term. In the United States, college can be a synonym for university, in Singapore and India, this is known as a junior college. The municipal government of the city of Paris uses the sixth form college as the English name for a lycée. In some national education systems, secondary schools may be called colleges or have college as part of their title, in Australia the term college is applied to any private or independent primary and, especially, secondary school as distinct from a state school. Melbourne Grammar School, Cranbrook School, Sydney and The Kings School, there has also been a recent trend to rename or create government secondary schools as colleges. In the state of Victoria, some high schools are referred to as secondary colleges. Interestingly, the pre-eminent government secondary school for boys in Melbourne is still named Melbourne High School, in Western Australia, South Australia and the Northern Territory, college is used in the name of all state high schools built since the late 1990s, and also some older ones. In New South Wales, some schools, especially multi-campus schools resulting from mergers, are known as secondary colleges. In Queensland some newer schools which accept primary and high school students are styled state college, in Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory, college refers to the final two years of high school, and the institutions which provide this. In this context, college is an independent of the other years of high school. Here, the expression is a version of matriculation college. This is because these schools have traditionally focused on academic, rather than vocational, subjects. Some private secondary schools choose to use the college in their names nevertheless. Some secondary schools elsewhere in the country, particularly ones within the school system. In New Zealand the word normally refers to a secondary school for ages 13 to 17
College
–
King's College, one of the constituent
colleges of the University of Cambridge
College
–
King's College London, established by Royal Charter having been founded by
King George IV and the
Duke of Wellington in 1829, is one of the founding colleges of the
University of London.
College
–
Scotch College, Melbourne is an independent secondary school
College
–
St John's College, Johannesburg
8.
City and Guilds
–
The City and Guilds of London Institute is a vocational education organisation in the United Kingdom. The Prince of Wales later King Edward VII was then appointed the first President of the Institute, City & Guilds is a registered charity. The Institutes president is HRH The Princess Royal who accepted this role in June 2011, and the Chairman of Council is Sir John Armitt, the two main objectives were to create a Central Institution in London and to conduct a system of qualifying examinations in technical subjects. At the time John Watney was both secretary to the Gresham Committee and the CGLI, the school proved such a success that new premises had to be found in nearby Leonard Street, which was formally opened on 19 February 1893 as Finsbury Technical College. The Institutes director at the time was Sir Philip Magnus, later University MP, Finsbury College was intended as the first of a number of feeder colleges for the Central Institution, but was almost the only one founded. Finsbury College continued its existence until 1926. The City & Guilds of London Art School was established in 1854, as one of the first Government Schools of Design, in Kennington and it was originally named Lambeth School of Art and was set up to provide training in carving, modelling and architectural decoration. In 1879 the art school began a working relationship with the City. This lasted until 1971, when the art became an independent charity. The art school focuses on undergraduate and postgraduate study of art, stone and wood carving. The City and Guilds Institute accredits the carving courses and maintains a link with the Art School, the Central Technical College building was designed by Alfred Waterhouse, better known as the architect of the Natural History Museum. Located adjacent to the Central Institute on the site were the Royal School of Mines, in 2002, under Imperial Colleges new faculty structure, City & Guilds College, along with the other constituent colleges, ceased to exist as a separate entity. In September 2013 the Mechanical and Aeronautical engineering building at Imperial College was renamed City, alumni of the CGLI Central Technical College, the City & Guilds College and the new Imperial College Faculty of Engineering, unite under the City & Guilds College Association. Established in 1897 as the Old Centralians, the Association adopted its current name in 1992, the Links Club is a club for students and alumni of the Faculty of Engineering, Imperial College, formerly The City and Guilds College. Members are elected on the basis of good sportsmanship and meet each Thursday in South Kensington, in 1953 the Associated Examinations Board was established and administered by City & Guilds. 1964 saw the creation of the National Examining Board for Supervisory Management as part of the City & Guilds group, specialising in qualifications for supervisors and junior managers. In 1973, the Technician Education Council was created to unify technical education and these courses led to Ordinary National Certificates and Diplomas and Higher National Certificates and Diplomas, which were previously the responsibility of professional bodies. In 1974, the Business Education Council was established, again administered by City & Guilds and this had a remit to rationalise and improve the relevance of sub-degree vocational education in Further Education and Higher Education colleges and in Polytechnics
City and Guilds
–
Headquarters of City & Guilds
City and Guilds
–
City and Guilds of London Institute
9.
Edexcel
–
Edexcel, now known as Pearson - London Examinations, is a multinational education and examination body owned by Pearson. Pearson Edexcel, the privately owned examination board in the UK. It regulates school examinations under the British Curriculum and offers qualifications for schools on the international and regional scale, Edexcel is the UK’s largest awarding organisation offering academic and vocational qualifications in schools, colleges and work places in the UK and abroad. Edexcel was formed in 1996 by the merger of two bodies, the BTEC and ULEAC. In 2003, the Edexcel Foundation formed a partnership with Pearson PLC to set up a new company called London Qualifications Ltd, London Qualifications Limited changed its name to Edexcel Limited in November 2004, and is now known colloquially as Edexcel and formally as Edexcel Pearson - London Examinations. In 2005, Edexcel became the only large examination board to be held in private hands, Edexcel subsequently received investment from their new parent company. Edexcel also offers IAL, known as International Advanced Levels and it is offered only to schools outside the UK. It is considered by the UK NARIC to be of a standard as the GCE Advanced Level. In addition, Edexcel provides the Edexcel International Diploma which involves the study of 4 A-Levels, other exam boards do not allow the practice of checking discs, with AQA specifically instructing teachers not to open the packages containing the CDs before exams. The replacement paper was criticised for including questions that were not present on the syllabus, on a Sky News segment, presenter Adam Boulton answered one of the papers hardest questions with a former maths teacher. As a result, GCSE students all over the UK signed a petition made by a candidate requesting that the exam board lowers the grade boundaries as the examination was too hard. In the same year, a petition was started by a 17-year-old student requesting to Ensure the representation of women on the A-Level Music syllabus. The petition asks that music composed by women be added to the Edexcel A-Level Music syllabus which has a total of 63 different set works from a variety of musical genres, after six days, the petition had over 1,800 signatures and was featured in The Guardian
Edexcel
–
Edexcel
10.
Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations
–
OCR is an examination board that sets examinations and awards qualifications. It is one of England, Wales and Northern Irelands five main examination boards, OCR is based in Cambridge, with an office in Coventry. It is part of the University of Cambridges Cambridge Assessment, which operates in over 160 countries, OCR delivers GCSE and A Level examinations in the United Kingdom whereas for other countries Cambridge Assessment operates the examination board Cambridge International Examinations. An important distinction between OCR and CIE is that the British exam board OCR is required to comply with UK government regulations and CIE with international GCSEs and GCE A Levels is not. The name OCR reflects the fact that it was created in 1998 through the amalgamation of the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate, after the merger, the OCR name replaced all previous names. The overall supervisor for the merger was Joseph Dudley, UCLES had previously taken over the University of Oxford Delegacy of Local Examinations and the Oxford and Cambridge Schools Examinations Board. The acquisition of RSAEB was completed in 1998 brought a new range of qualifications, another error happened where an impossible maths question was set. In addition, there were errors in Section B of the Latin Literature paper, also of the same exam period, many students protested against an A2 Biology paper on Control, Genomes and Environment which had a large emphasis on Ecology. This issue was public in a Facebook page which generated support from thousands of students. The Times and The Times Educational Supplement reported on this story, OCR released a statement, but refused to answer questions from candidates. However, OCR were not the only board to make a mistake, another incident included a statement of the Exam Board Chief of OCR that, according to him, students should be allowed to use Google and the Internet to research information during examinations. This statement evoked a heated debate with support on the one hand, all the UK schools examinations and vocational qualifications of the UCLES Group were transferred to OCR
Oxford, Cambridge and RSA Examinations
–
OCR
11.
Apprenticeship
–
An apprenticeship is a system of training a new generation of practitioners of a trade or profession with on-the-job training and often some accompanying study. Apprenticeship also enables practitioners to gain a license to practice in a regulated profession, Apprenticeships typically last 3 to 7 years. People who successfully complete an apprenticeship reach the journeyman or professional level of competence. In early modern usage, the clipped form prentice was common, the system of apprenticeship first developed in the later Middle Ages and came to be supervised by craft guilds and town governments. A master craftsman was entitled to employ young people as a form of labour in exchange for providing food, lodging. Most apprentices were males, but female apprentices were found in such as seamstress, tailor. Apprentices usually began at ten to fifteen years of age, in Coventry those completing seven-year apprenticeships with stuff merchants were entitled to become freemen of the city. Subsequently, governmental regulation and the licensing of technical colleges and vocational education formalized and bureaucratized the details of apprenticeship, Australian Apprenticeships encompass all apprenticeships and traineeships. They cover all sectors in Australia and are used to achieve both entry-level and career upskilling objectives. There were 470,000 Australian Apprentices in-training as at 31 March 2012, Australian Government employer and employee incentives may be applicable, while State and Territory Governments may provide public funding support for the training element of the initiative. Australian Apprenticeships combine time at work with formal training and can be full-time, part-time or school-based, Australian Apprentice and Traineeship services are dedicated to promoting retention, therefore much effort is made to match applicants with the right apprenticeship or traineeship. This is done with the aid of aptitude tests, tips, information and resources on potential apprenticeship and traineeship occupations are available in over sixty industries. The distinction between the terms apprentices and trainees lies mainly around traditional trades and the time it takes to gain a qualification, Australia also has a fairly unusual safety net in place for businesses and Australian Apprentices with its Group Training scheme. It is a safety net, because the Group Training Organisation is the employer and provides continuity of employment and it lasts two to four years – the duration varies among the 250 legally recognized apprenticeship trades. About 40 percent of all Austrian teenagers enter apprenticeship training upon completion of compulsory education and this number has been stable since the 1950s. The five most popular trades are, Retail Salesperson, Clerk, Car Mechanic, Hairdresser, there are many smaller trades with small numbers of apprentices, like EDV-Systemtechniker which is completed by fewer than 100 people a year. The Apprenticeship Leave Certificate provides the apprentice with access to two different vocational careers, the person responsible for overseeing the training inside the company is called Lehrherr or Ausbilder. An Ausbilder must prove he has the qualifications needed to educate another person
Apprenticeship
–
The profession of
thatching is learned through apprenticeship in Germany
Apprenticeship
–
Carpentry is another profession learned through apprenticeship
Apprenticeship
–
A medieval baker with his apprentice. The Bodleian Library, Oxford.
Apprenticeship
–
A
master chimney sweep and apprentice in 2008
12.
Accountant
–
In many jurisdictions, professional accounting bodies maintain standards of practice and evaluations for professionals. Such professionals are granted certain responsibilities by statute, such as the ability to certify an organizations financial statements, non-qualified accountants may be employed by a qualified accountant, or may work independently without statutory privileges and obligations. The Big Four auditors are the largest employers of accountants worldwide, however, most accountants are employed in commerce, industry and the public sector. The Institute of Chartered Accountants of Scotland received its Royal Charter in 1854 and is the worlds first professional body of accountants, a Chartered Management Accountant must be a member of the Chartered Institute of Management Accountants. A Chartered Public Finance Accountant must be a member of the Chartered Institute of Public Finance, an International Accountant is a member of the Association of International Accountants. An Incorporated Financial Accountant is a member of the Institute of Financial Accountants, a Public Accountant may be a member of the Institute of Public Accountants. Registered Qualified Accountant is a member of Accountants Institute, excepting the Association of Certified Public Accountants, each of the above bodies admits members only after passing examinations and undergoing a period of relevant work experience. Once admitted, members are expected to comply with ethical guidelines, the ICAEW, ICAS, ICAI, ACCA and AAPA are five Recognised Supervisory Bodies RSB in the UK. It is illegal for any individual or firm that is not a Statutory Auditor to perform a company audit, the ICAEW, ICAS, ICAI, ACCA, AIA and CIPFA are six Recognised qualifying bodies statutory RQB in the UK. A member of one them may become a Statutory Auditor in accordance with the Companies Act. All six RQBs are listed under EU mutual recognition directives to practise in 27 EU member states, further restrictions apply to accountants who carry out insolvency work. In addition to the bodies above, technical qualifications are offered by the Association of Accounting Technicians, ACCA and AIA, other international bodies such as ACCA and Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales enjoy recognition for the purposes of supporting their members in their careers. For instance, ACCA has achieved recognition by the Tax Practitioner Board, as Tax and BAS agents, Chartered accountancy is governed in Bangladesh by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Bangladesh. And The Institute of Cost and Management Accountants of Bangladesh offers management accountant studies in Bangladesh, up to 2013, there were three nationally recognized accounting designations in Canada, Chartered Accountant, Certified General Accountant, and Certified Management Accountants. The national CA and CGA bodies were created by Acts of Parliament in 1902 and 1913 respectively, cGA-Canada integrated with CPA Canada on October 1,2014, completing the unification of Canada’s accounting profession at the national level. All recognized national and provincial accounting bodies in Canada have now unified under the CPA banner, the Canadian CPA designation is held by more than 200,000 members in Canada and around the world. Chartered accountancy is offered in India by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India and this Institute was established in 1949 under the Chartered Accountants Act,1949 for the regulation of the profession of Chartered Accountants in India. The ICAI set up the Accountancy Museum of India in 2009 and it is currently located at ICAIs office in Noida
Accountant
–
Accounting
13.
Engineer
–
Engineers design materials, structures, and systems while considering the limitations imposed by practicality, regulation, safety, and cost. The word engineer is derived from the Latin words ingeniare and ingenium, the work of engineers forms the link between scientific discoveries and their subsequent applications to human and business needs and quality of life. His/her work is predominantly intellectual and varied and not of a mental or physical character. It requires the exercise of original thought and judgement and the ability to supervise the technical, he/she is thus placed in a position to make contributions to the development of engineering science or its applications. In due time he/she will be able to give authoritative technical advice, much of an engineers time is spent on researching, locating, applying, and transferring information. Indeed, research suggests engineers spend 56% of their time engaged in various information behaviours, Engineers must weigh different design choices on their merits and choose the solution that best matches the requirements. Their crucial and unique task is to identify, understand, Engineers apply techniques of engineering analysis in testing, production, or maintenance. Analytical engineers may supervise production in factories and elsewhere, determine the causes of a process failure and they also estimate the time and cost required to complete projects. Supervisory engineers are responsible for major components or entire projects, Engineering analysis involves the application of scientific analytic principles and processes to reveal the properties and state of the system, device or mechanism under study. Most engineers specialize in one or more engineering disciplines, numerous specialties are recognized by professional societies, and each of the major branches of engineering has numerous subdivisions. Civil engineering, for example, includes structural and transportation engineering and materials engineering include ceramic, metallurgical, mechanical engineering cuts across just about every discipline since its core essence is applied physics. Engineers also may specialize in one industry, such as vehicles, or in one type of technology. Several recent studies have investigated how engineers spend their time, that is, research suggests that there are several key themes present in engineers’ work, technical work, social work, computer-based work, information behaviours. Amongst other more detailed findings, a recent work sampling study found that engineers spend 62. 92% of their time engaged in work,40. 37% in social work. The time engineers spend engaged in activities is also reflected in the competencies required in engineering roles. There are many branches of engineering, each of which specializes in specific technologies, typically engineers will have deep knowledge in one area and basic knowledge in related areas. When developing a product, engineers work in interdisciplinary teams. For example, when building robots an engineering team will typically have at least three types of engineers, a mechanical engineer would design the body and actuators
Engineer
–
An electrical engineer, circa 1950
Engineer
–
Engineers conferring on prototype design, 1954
Engineer
–
NASA Launch Control Center Firing Room 2 as it appeared in the Apollo era
Engineer
–
The
Challenger disaster is held as a case study of
engineering ethics.
14.
Veterinary surgeon
–
Most general practice veterinarians perform routine surgery, some also perform additional procedures. The goal of veterinary surgery may be different in pets. In the former, situation is a bit like in human beings, in the latter, the cost of the operation must not exceed the economic benefit in surgically treating the illness. Local anesthesia is used for wound closure and removal of small tumors. Lidocaine, mepivacaine, and bupivacaine are the most commonly used local anesthetics used in veterinary medicine, sedation without general anesthesia is used for more involved procedures. Sedatives commonly used include acepromazine, hydromorphine, midazolam, diazepam, xylazine, α2 agonists like xylazine and medetomidine are especially useful because they can be reversed, xylazine by yohimbine and medetomidine by atipamezole. Xylazine is approved for use in dogs, cats, horses, deer, most surgeries in ruminants can be performed with regional anesthesia. General anesthesia is used in animals for major surgery. Animals are often premedicated intravenously or intramuscularly with a sedative, analgesic, the next step is induction, usually with an intravenous drug. Dogs and cats commonly receive thiopental, ketamine with diazepam, tiletamine with zolazepam, alfaxalone is a steroid anaesthetic used in many practices in the UK to induce anaesthesia in cats and sometimes dogs. It is similar in effect but different in composition to the now withdrawn Saffan. Horses commonly receive thiopental and guaifenesin, following induction, the animal is intubated with an endotracheal tube and maintained on a gas anesthetic. Elective procedures are performed on a non-emergency basis, and which do not involve immediately life-threatening conditions. These are in contrast to emergency procedures, one of the most common elective surgical procedures in animals are those that render animals incapable of reproducing. Neutering in animals describes spaying or castration, to spay is to completely remove the ovaries and often the uterus of a female animal. In a dog, this is accomplished through a ventral midline incision into the abdomen, in a cat, this is accomplished either by a ventral midline abdominal incision, or by a flank incision. With an ovariectomy ligatures are placed on the vessels above and below the ovary. With an ovariohysterectomy, the ligaments of the uterus and ovaries are broken down, the body wall, subcutis, and skin are sutured
Veterinary surgeon
–
A cat spay
Veterinary surgeon
–
Preparing a cow for udder surgery in field conditions: the physical restraint with a set of ropes is necessary next to xylazine tranquilisation
Veterinary surgeon
Veterinary surgeon
–
Pyometra surgery
15.
Sixth form college
–
In Singapore and India, this is known as a junior college. The municipal government of the city of Paris uses the sixth form college as the English name for a lycée. In England and the Caribbean, education is compulsory until the end of year 13, in the independent sector, sixth forms are an integral part of secondary schools, and there is also a number of smaller-scale independent sixth form colleges. In Wales, education is compulsory until the end of year 11. Students at sixth form college typically study for two years, some students sit AS examinations at the end of the first year, and A-level examinations at the end of the second. These exams are called C. A. P. E. in the Caribbean, in addition, in recent years a variety of vocational courses have been added to the curriculum. There are currently over 90 sixth form colleges in England and Wales, most perform extremely well in national examination league tables. In addition, they offer a range of courses at a lower cost per student than most school sixth forms. In a few areas, authorities run sixth form schools which function like sixth form colleges but are completely under the control of the education authorities. Unlike further education colleges, sixth form colleges rarely accept part-time students or run evening classes, there are a few schools in Brunei providing sixth form education. Five of them are dedicated sixth form colleges, with four located in Brunei-Muara District, belait has yet to have its own sixth form centre and sixth form education is presently housed in Sayyidina Ali Secondary School, sharing facilities with the secondary education. There is no sixth form education in Temburong — prospective students go to sixth form colleges in Brunei-Muara where they may stay in dormitories, almost all sixth form schools are government schools. Five of them provide education leading up to Brunei-Cambridge GCE A Level qualification, jerudong International School is the only non-government school which has sixth form education and its A Level is independent of those offered by its counterpart. Another school, Hassanil Bolkiah Boys Arabic Secondary School, is a government sixth form centre for students in the specialised Arabic stream, instead of A Level subjects, students generally learn subjects pertaining to Islamic knowledge in Arabic medium. The schooling culminates in the sitting of Sijil Tinggi Pelajaran Ugama Brunei and they may then proceed to Islamic universities, locally or abroad such as Al-Azhar University. In the English-speaking Caribbean, there are many sixth form colleges, students must usually attain a grade A-C in 1-3 in the Caribbean Examinations Council, examinations. Students that fail these exams are not accepted into the sixth form program and either can do courses in other tertiary facilities, after sixth form, students are presented with an Associate Degree. Higher Grade qualifications can be taken in both the fifth and sixth years, the first comprehensive intake sixth form college in England was established in Mexborough, South Yorkshire, and took its first intake of students in September 1964
Sixth form college
–
Shrewsbury Sixth Form College in
Shropshire.
16.
Department for Education
–
The Department for Education is a department of Her Majestys Government responsible for child protection, education, apprenticeships and wider skills in England. The DfE is also responsible for women and equalities policy, the DfE was formed on 12 May 2010 by the incoming Cameron ministry, taking on the responsibilities and resources of the Department for Children, Schools and Families. In July 2016, the Department took over responsibilities for higher and further education and for apprenticeship from the dissolved Department for Business, Innovation, the Permanent Secretary is Jonathan Slater. DfE is responsible for education, children’s services, higher and further education policy, apprenticeships and wider skills in England, and equalities. The predecessor department employed the equivalent of 2,695 staff as of April 2008 and as at June 2016, in 2015-16, the DfE has a budget of £58. 2bn, which includes £53. 6bn resource spending and £4. 6bn of capital investments. The EFA was formed on 1 April 2012 by bringing together the functions of two non-departmental public bodies, the Young Peoples Learning Agency and Partnerships for Schools and it was established on 1 April 2013, when the Teaching Agency merged with the National College for School Leadership. The Skills Funding Agency is responsible for funding skills training for further education in England, as well as running the National Apprenticeship Service, the SFA was formed on 1 April 2010, following the closure of the Learning and Skills Council. It shares a Chief Executive, Peter Lauener, and Chief Financial Officer with the Education Funding Agency, the Standards and Testing Agency is responsible for developing and delivering all statutory assessments for school pupils in England. It was formed on 1 October 2011 and took over the functions of the Qualifications, the STA is regulated by the examinations regulator, Ofqual. The DfE is also supported by 10 public bodies, Education, youth, following Michael Goves speech in 2012, the subject of Information Communication Technology has been disapplied and replaced by Computing. With the new curriculum, materials have been written by companies, to support non-specialist teachers. The Computing at Schools organisation has created a Network of Teaching Excellence to support schools with the new curriculum, deflecting European Union influence on national education policy-making, the case of the United Kingdom. Official website Official department YouTube channel Official Flickr presence
Department for Education
Department for Education
–
Department for Education
17.
Department for Business, Innovation and Skills
–
It was disbanded on the creation of the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy on 14 July 2016. Following the departments dissolution, it no longer has ministers responsible, the Permanent Secretary was Sir Martin Donnelly. Economic policy is devolved but several important policy areas are reserved to Westminster. Further and higher education policy is mostly devolved, reserved and excepted matters are outlined below. Official website bis. gov. uk/ Archived Website Precursor departments, Department for Business and Regulatory Reform Archived Website Department for Innovation, Universities and Skills Archived Website
Department for Business, Innovation and Skills
Department for Business, Innovation and Skills
–
Department for Business, Innovation and Skills
Welsh: Yr Adran Fusnes, Arloesi a Sgiliau
18.
Education Funding Agency
–
The Department for Education is a department of Her Majestys Government responsible for child protection, education, apprenticeships and wider skills in England. The DfE is also responsible for women and equalities policy, the DfE was formed on 12 May 2010 by the incoming Cameron ministry, taking on the responsibilities and resources of the Department for Children, Schools and Families. In July 2016, the Department took over responsibilities for higher and further education and for apprenticeship from the dissolved Department for Business, Innovation, the Permanent Secretary is Jonathan Slater. DfE is responsible for education, children’s services, higher and further education policy, apprenticeships and wider skills in England, and equalities. The predecessor department employed the equivalent of 2,695 staff as of April 2008 and as at June 2016, in 2015-16, the DfE has a budget of £58. 2bn, which includes £53. 6bn resource spending and £4. 6bn of capital investments. The EFA was formed on 1 April 2012 by bringing together the functions of two non-departmental public bodies, the Young Peoples Learning Agency and Partnerships for Schools and it was established on 1 April 2013, when the Teaching Agency merged with the National College for School Leadership. The Skills Funding Agency is responsible for funding skills training for further education in England, as well as running the National Apprenticeship Service, the SFA was formed on 1 April 2010, following the closure of the Learning and Skills Council. It shares a Chief Executive, Peter Lauener, and Chief Financial Officer with the Education Funding Agency, the Standards and Testing Agency is responsible for developing and delivering all statutory assessments for school pupils in England. It was formed on 1 October 2011 and took over the functions of the Qualifications, the STA is regulated by the examinations regulator, Ofqual. The DfE is also supported by 10 public bodies, Education, youth, following Michael Goves speech in 2012, the subject of Information Communication Technology has been disapplied and replaced by Computing. With the new curriculum, materials have been written by companies, to support non-specialist teachers. The Computing at Schools organisation has created a Network of Teaching Excellence to support schools with the new curriculum, deflecting European Union influence on national education policy-making, the case of the United Kingdom. Official website Official department YouTube channel Official Flickr presence
Education Funding Agency
Education Funding Agency
–
Department for Education
19.
Skills Funding Agency
–
The Skills Funding Agency is one of two successor organisations that emerged from the closure of the Learning and Skills Council. The restructuring of the English skills system was announced by Gordon Brown shortly after he took office in 2007, the office of the Chief Executive of Skills Funding was established in law by the Apprenticeships, Skills, Children and Learning Act 2009. The Chief Executive is appointed by the Secretary of State for Business, Innovation, further legislation was passed in 2012, with the Agency becoming an Executive Agency of the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills. The Skills Funding Agency funds skills training for further education in England and it supports over 1,000 colleges, private training organisations, and employers with more than £4 billion of funding each year. The SFAs mission is to ensure that people and businesses can access the skills training they need to succeed in playing their part in society and in growing England’s economy. This is done in the context of policy set by government and informed by the needs of businesses, communities and regions, the SFA employs around 925 staff at its head office in Coventry and in offices around England. It runs the National Apprenticeship Service and the National Careers Service, in November 2014, Peter Lauener was appointed as Chief Executive
Skills Funding Agency
–
Cheylesmore House,
Cheylesmore,
Coventry
20.
Ofsted
–
The Office for Standards in Education, Childrens Services and Skills is a non-ministerial department of the UK government, reporting to Parliament via the Department for Education. Ofsted is responsible for inspecting a range of institutions, including state schools. It also inspects childcare, adoption and fostering agencies and initial teacher training, the official position of the Chief Inspector is appointed by an Order-in-Council and thus becomes an office holder under the Crown. The current office holder is Amanda Spielman, since 2017, since August 2016 the Interim Chair of Ofsted has been James Kempton, to monitor the effectiveness of the grant, two inspectors of schools were appointed in 1837, Seymour Tremenheere and the Rev. John Allen. Dr. James Kay-Shuttleworth, then secretary of the Privy Council education committee, the grant and inspection system was extended in 1847 to Roman Catholic elementary schools established by the Catholic Poor School Committee. Inspectors were organised on denominational lines, with the churches having a say in the choice of inspectors, until 1876, after the Education Act 1902, inspections were expanded to state-funded secondary schools along similar lines. Over time, more inspections were carried out by inspectors based in local education authorities, previously this was done by 150 local authorities, based on their implementation by 1992 of the Daycare Standards provisions of the 1989 Children Act. Schedule 11 of the Education and Inspections Act 2006 changed the way in which Ofsted works without significantly changing the provision, in April 2007 the former Office for Standards in Education merged with the Adult Learning Inspectorate to provide an inspection service that includes all post-16 government funded education. It also monitors the work of the Independent Schools Inspectorate, Ofsted distributes its functions amongst its offices in London, Manchester, Nottingham, and Bristol. The current Chief Inspector is Amanda Spielman, who was appointed in January 2017 replacing Sir Michael Wilshaw, between 2011 and 2016, Amanda was chair of Ofqual, the qualifications regulator. From 2005 she was a member of the leadership team at the academy chain Ark Schools, where she became Research and Policy Director and an education adviser to Ark. She previously spent more than 15 years in consulting, finance and investment at KPMG, Kleinwort Benson, Mercer Management Consulting. Ofsted directly employs Her Majestys Inspectors, who are appointed by the Queen in Council. As of July 2009 there were 443 HMIs, of whom 82 were engaged in management,245 in the inspection of schools, all HMIs inspecting schools have teaching experience. Most school inspections were carried out by Additional Inspectors employed by external companies known as Regional Inspection Service Providers, as of July 2009 there were 1,948 AIs, of whom 1,567 inspect schools. A further scandal surrounded headteachers dismissed following poor OFSTED reports being hired as inspectors, in 2015, 40% of additional inspectors who wanted to continue working for OFSTED were not re-hired after a contractual change. An HMI accompanies an AI on 6–7% of inspections, including 75% of those of secondary schools, reports produced by RISPs must be checked and signed off by HMI, sometimes with amendments, before publication. New Additional Inspectors must be monitored and signed off by HMI before working independently, an adverse report may include a recommendation for further intervention in the running of the school
Ofsted
–
Poster outside village school in
Gilsland, referring to an Ofsted inspection report.
Ofsted
–
Office for Standards in Education, Children's Services and Skills
21.
Department for Employment and Learning
–
The Department for Employment and Learning, was a devolved Northern Ireland government department in the Northern Ireland Executive. The minister with responsibility for the department was the Minister for Employment. The department was known as the Department of Higher and Further Education, Training and Employment. DELs overall aim was to promote learning and skills, to people for work. The departments network of job centres and jobs and benefits offices advertised job opportunities for Northern Ireland residents, dELs main counterparts in the United Kingdom Government were, the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, and the Department for Work and Pensions. In the Irish Government, its main counterparts were, the Department of Education and Skills, the process was known as devolution and was set up to return devolved legislative powers to Northern Ireland. DEL is one of five new devolved Northern Ireland departments created in December 1999 by the Northern Ireland Act 1998, a devolved minister first took office on 2 December 1999. Since 8 May 2007, devolution has operated without interruption, on 11 January 2012, the First Minister and deputy First Minister, Peter Robinson and Martin McGuinness respectively, announced their intention to abolish the department. The departments functions would be divided principally between the Department of Education and the Department of Enterprise, Trade and Investment in an agreed manner. The proposal was resisted by the Alliance Party, which viewed it as power grab by the Democratic Unionist Party and Sinn Féin, no timescale for the abolition was outlined and the department remained in operation, as of February 2015. Department for Employment and Learning Act 2001
Department for Employment and Learning
–
Northern Ireland
22.
Belfast Metropolitan College
–
Belfast Metropolitan College is a further and higher education institution in Belfast, Northern Ireland. The college offers vocational education and academic qualifications. With over 50,000 enrolments and a budget in the region of £45 million. It was created in 2007 by the merger of the Belfast Institute of Further and Higher Education, the college encompasses a number of different campuses around the city. Although some support staff remained based in College Square they were moved out by winter 2013 with the building being sold, College Square East was formally known colloquially as the Black Man Tech. This is because of the statue of Dr Henry Cooke, a leading 19th century Presbyterian, the statue of Cooke is not marble, but copper, like most other architecture around the city of Belfast around the same time. Due to exposure to the elements, most of these statues and domes around the city have oxidised, producing a colour of copper oxide. Millfield specialises in sports and social sciences and this campus offers courses from GCSE level to GNVQ and undergraduate courses. Castlereagh campus specialises in Art and Design, Media and Business, the college also has campuses in Brunswick Street, Whiterock and Tower Street. Belfast Metropolitan College – official website
Belfast Metropolitan College
–
Belfast Metropolitan College
23.
Northern Regional College
–
Northern Regional College is a third level educational institution in Northern Ireland, United Kingdom. The college has seven campuses around the north-east of Northern Ireland, Ballymena, Ballymoney, Coleraine, Felden, Larne, Magherafelt and Newtownabbey. It also had a campus in Antrim but the Antrim campus has since closed The college was set up following a review of education in Northern Ireland. NRC includes campuses from three predecessor institutions, Causeway Institute East Antrim Institute North East Institute
Northern Regional College
–
Administration
24.
South Eastern Regional College
–
South Eastern Regional College is a regional further and higher education college in the south-east of Northern Ireland. SERC was created following the merger of three institutes of further and higher education in the south-east of Northern Ireland and these were East Down Institute, Lisburn Institute and North Down and Ards Institute. The merger took effect from 1 August 2007, the colleges main campuses are situated in, Ballynahinch Bangor Downpatrick Lisburn Newcastle Newtownards. In addition, these campuses are augmented with a group of smaller sites or out-centres. SERC also has full libraries, all SERC students can access any SERC library, the college offers a range of full- and part-time courses and has over 30,000 students and over 1,000 members of staff. The college also has a canteen in all main buildings, a Levels, Government and Politics, Sociology, Psychology, Applied ICT, Mathematics, Religious Studies, History and English Literature. South Eastern Regional College official web site
South Eastern Regional College
–
Administration
25.
Southern Regional College
–
Southern Regional College is a further and higher education college in the southern area of Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom. The Southern Regional College was formed on 1 August 2007 when three further education colleges merged to become the SRC, the new SRC comprises the former FE colleges at Armagh, Newry and Upper Bann. There are a total of six campuses across the geographical region, Southern Regional College is the largest further and higher education college in Northern Ireland outside Belfast. At further education level, the college offers Level 2 traineeships, Apprenticeships, Extended Diplomas, full-time and part-time courses are available. SRC also offers training programmes. SRC currently caters for approximately 32,000 students each year and has in excess of 900 members of staff, the colleges main campuses locations are, Armagh Banbridge Kilkeel Lurgan Newry Portadown. Southern Regional College official web site
Southern Regional College
–
Southern Regional College logo
26.
Wales
–
Wales is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain. It is bordered by England to the east, the Irish Sea to the north and west, and it had a population in 2011 of 3,063,456 and has a total area of 20,779 km2. Wales has over 1,680 miles of coastline and is mountainous, with its higher peaks in the north and central areas, including Snowdon. The country lies within the temperate zone and has a changeable. Welsh national identity emerged among the Celtic Britons after the Roman withdrawal from Britain in the 5th century, Llywelyn ap Gruffudds death in 1282 marked the completion of Edward I of Englands conquest of Wales, though Owain Glyndŵr briefly restored independence to Wales in the early 15th century. The whole of Wales was annexed by England and incorporated within the English legal system under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535–1542, distinctive Welsh politics developed in the 19th century. Welsh Liberalism, exemplified in the early 20th century by Lloyd George, was displaced by the growth of socialism, Welsh national feeling grew over the century, Plaid Cymru was formed in 1925 and the Welsh Language Society in 1962. Established under the Government of Wales Act 1998, the National Assembly for Wales holds responsibility for a range of devolved policy matters, two-thirds of the population live in south Wales, mainly in and around Cardiff, Swansea and Newport, and in the nearby valleys. Now that the countrys traditional extractive and heavy industries have gone or are in decline, Wales economy depends on the sector, light and service industries. Wales 2010 gross value added was £45.5 billion, over 560,000 Welsh language speakers live in Wales, and the language is spoken by a majority of the population in parts of the north and west. From the late 19th century onwards, Wales acquired its popular image as the land of song, Rugby union is seen as a symbol of Welsh identity and an expression of national consciousness. The Old English-speaking Anglo-Saxons came to use the term Wælisc when referring to the Celtic Britons in particular, the modern names for some Continental European lands and peoples have a similar etymology. The modern Welsh name for themselves is Cymry, and Cymru is the Welsh name for Wales and these words are descended from the Brythonic word combrogi, meaning fellow-countrymen. The use of the word Cymry as a self-designation derives from the location in the post-Roman Era of the Welsh people in modern Wales as well as in northern England and southern Scotland. It emphasised that the Welsh in modern Wales and in the Hen Ogledd were one people, in particular, the term was not applied to the Cornish or the Breton peoples, who are of similar heritage, culture, and language to the Welsh. The word came into use as a self-description probably before the 7th century and it is attested in a praise poem to Cadwallon ap Cadfan c. 633. Thereafter Cymry prevailed as a reference to the Welsh, until c.1560 the word was spelt Kymry or Cymry, regardless of whether it referred to the people or their homeland. The Latinised forms of names, Cambrian, Cambric and Cambria, survive as lesser-used alternative names for Wales, Welsh
Wales
–
Bryn Celli Ddu, a late Neolithic chambered tomb on Anglesey
Wales
–
Flag
Wales
–
This article is about the country. For other uses, see
Wales (disambiguation).
Wales
–
Coin of
Magnus Maximus
27.
Sixth form colleges
–
In Singapore and India, this is known as a junior college. The municipal government of the city of Paris uses the sixth form college as the English name for a lycée. In England and the Caribbean, education is compulsory until the end of year 13, in the independent sector, sixth forms are an integral part of secondary schools, and there is also a number of smaller-scale independent sixth form colleges. In Wales, education is compulsory until the end of year 11. Students at sixth form college typically study for two years, some students sit AS examinations at the end of the first year, and A-level examinations at the end of the second. These exams are called C. A. P. E. in the Caribbean, in addition, in recent years a variety of vocational courses have been added to the curriculum. There are currently over 90 sixth form colleges in England and Wales, most perform extremely well in national examination league tables. In addition, they offer a range of courses at a lower cost per student than most school sixth forms. In a few areas, authorities run sixth form schools which function like sixth form colleges but are completely under the control of the education authorities. Unlike further education colleges, sixth form colleges rarely accept part-time students or run evening classes, there are a few schools in Brunei providing sixth form education. Five of them are dedicated sixth form colleges, with four located in Brunei-Muara District, belait has yet to have its own sixth form centre and sixth form education is presently housed in Sayyidina Ali Secondary School, sharing facilities with the secondary education. There is no sixth form education in Temburong — prospective students go to sixth form colleges in Brunei-Muara where they may stay in dormitories, almost all sixth form schools are government schools. Five of them provide education leading up to Brunei-Cambridge GCE A Level qualification, jerudong International School is the only non-government school which has sixth form education and its A Level is independent of those offered by its counterpart. Another school, Hassanil Bolkiah Boys Arabic Secondary School, is a government sixth form centre for students in the specialised Arabic stream, instead of A Level subjects, students generally learn subjects pertaining to Islamic knowledge in Arabic medium. The schooling culminates in the sitting of Sijil Tinggi Pelajaran Ugama Brunei and they may then proceed to Islamic universities, locally or abroad such as Al-Azhar University. In the English-speaking Caribbean, there are many sixth form colleges, students must usually attain a grade A-C in 1-3 in the Caribbean Examinations Council, examinations. Students that fail these exams are not accepted into the sixth form program and either can do courses in other tertiary facilities, after sixth form, students are presented with an Associate Degree. Higher Grade qualifications can be taken in both the fifth and sixth years, the first comprehensive intake sixth form college in England was established in Mexborough, South Yorkshire, and took its first intake of students in September 1964
Sixth form colleges
–
Shrewsbury Sixth Form College in
Shropshire.
28.
Welsh Assembly Government
–
The Welsh Government is the executive of the devolved National Assembly for Wales. The government consists of cabinet secretaries, who attend meetings, and ministers who do not. It is led by the first minister, usually the leader of the largest party in the National Assembly, the government is responsible for tabling policy in devolved areas for consideration by the assembly and implementing policy that has been approved by it. As initially established, the Welsh Government had no independent executive powers in law, following separation, the Welsh ministers exercise functions in their own right. Further transfers of functions from the British government can be made directly to the Welsh ministers by an Order in Council approved by the British parliament. Separation was designed to clarify the roles of the assembly. The result mirrored much more closely the relationship between the British government and British parliament and that between the Scottish Government and the Scottish Parliament. This separation between the two bodies took effect on the appointment of the First Minister by Queen Elizabeth II following the election on 3 May 2007. Separation was meant to clarify the roles of the assembly. The role of the government is to make decisions, develop and implement policy, exercise executive functions, Assembly measures can now go further than the subordinate legislation which the assembly had the power to make prior to 2007. The assemblys functions, including that of making subordinate legislation, in the main, a third body was also established under the 2006 Act from May 2007, called the National Assembly for Wales Commission. It employs the staff supporting the new National Assembly for Wales, the 2006 Act made new provision for the appointment of Welsh ministers. The First Minister is nominated by the Assembly and then appointed by Her Majesty the Queen, the First Minister then appoints the Welsh Ministers and the Deputy Welsh Ministers, with the approval of Her Majesty. The Act created a new post of Counsel General for Wales, the Counsel General is appointed by the Queen, on the nomination of the First Minister, whose recommendation must be agreed by the National Assembly. The Counsel General may be, but does not have to be, the Act permits a maximum of 12 Welsh Ministers, which includes Deputy Welsh Ministers, but excludes the First Minister and the Counsel General. Accordingly, the size of the Welsh Government is 14. Subject to limitations prescribed by the Government of Wales Act 2006, the government is composed of cabinet secretaries and ministers. The counsel general attends cabinet meetings, the current government is formed by Welsh Labour and also the sole Liberal Democrats Assembly Member, Kirsty Williams
Welsh Assembly Government
–
The old Crown Building in Cathays Park – original home of the
Welsh Office.
Welsh Assembly Government
–
Logo of the Welsh Government
Welsh Assembly Government
–
The New Crown Building is today home to many of the Welsh Government's civil servants.
Welsh Assembly Government
–
Tŷ Hywel houses the offices of the cabinet.
29.
Jisc
–
It is funded by a combination of the UK further and higher education funding bodies, and individual higher education institutions. JISC was to provide national vision and leadership for the benefit of the entire Higher Education sector, the organisation inherited the functions of the Information Systems Committee and the Computer Board, which had served universities. An initial challenge was to support a larger community of institutions, including the ex-polytechnics. Four sub-committees initially supporting the JISC committee, their remits covered Networking, Awareness, Liaison and Training, Electronic Information, in 1995, the Northern Ireland Department of Education became a full partner in JISC. The organisation expanded again in 1999 when the education funding bodies became funding partners. This expansion prompted a restructuring and a new set of committees, JISC Committee for Authentication, the work of this committee was taken over by JCN2 and JCIE3. JISC Committee for Electronic Information November 1999 – January 2002, the work of this committee was taken over by JCIE3 and JCCS4. JISC Committee for Integrated Environments for Learners November 1999 – January 2002, the work of this committee was taken over by JCLT5. JISC Committee for Awareness, Liaison and Training The work of this committee was taken over by JOS6, the expansion also raised wider concerns about JISCs governance, and Professor Sir Brian Follett was appointed to carry out an independent enquiry. His report, published in November 2000, concluded that JISC is perceived as a UK success story, providing a network of world-class standard, importantly, it evolves continuously and is an excellent example of collaboration between the community and the funding bodies. However, Follett made various recommendations for reform, most of which were accepted by the funding bodies, a new structure was therefore put in place from December 2001, consisting of a JISC Board, advised by a Steering committee made up of senior officers from each funding body. In January 2005, the Freedom of Information Act came into full effect, JISC took an important lead in raising the Act’s profile in the academic community and published its own FOI Publication Scheme. In the spring of 2005, the Learning and Skills Council announced a reduction in its contribution to JISC. The LSC and JISC Executive negotiated a package of services that the LSC would continue to contribute towards in the future, Funding for SuperJANET5 was provided by all JISCs funding partners. Other activities were funded by the Higher Education Funding Councils for England, a review of JISCs work, commissioned by the Higher Education Funding Council for England under the chairmanship of Professor Sir Alan Wilson, was published in February 2011. One of the findings of the review was that there is no comparable body to JISC within the UK. The Review concluded that, JISC is a national resource which has evolved in response to increasing demands over 20 years. Ronald Urwick Cooke, then retired as Vice-Chancellor of the University of York, was appointed Chair of JISC in 2004
Jisc
–
Jisc
30.
National Union of Students (United Kingdom)
–
The National Union of Students of the United Kingdom is a confederation of students unions in the United Kingdom. Around 600 students unions are affiliated, accounting for more than 95% of all higher and further education unions in the UK, there is also an NUS Area for London, called NUS London. NUS is a member of the European Students Union, constituent members and associate members are required to pay a subscription fee as a condition of their membership. The NUS was formed on 10 February 1922 at a meeting held at the University of London, at this meeting, the Inter-Varsity Association and the International Students Bureau agreed to merge. Founding members included the unions of University of Birmingham, Birkbeck College, London, LSE, Imperial College London, Kings College London, during the 1950s it had thus concerned itself with collective bargaining over student grants, teaching salaries and education. This apolitical consensus was challenged in concert with the protests of 1968. At the 1969 NUS conference, then president Trevor Fisk came up against Jack Straw over the issue, Straw supported student protests against US military involvement in the Vietnam War, while Fisk advocated neutrality, Straws side won and the no politics clause was removed. A new-era began for the NUS, where agitation and protest became institutionalized. Straw was followed up as president by Digby Jacks, also representing the Radical Student Alliance, according to contemporary British government reports, the RSA was connected to the Trotskyite-led Vietnam Solidarity Campaign and had close links with the Sozialistischer Deutscher Studentenbund. The government report stated If they have an ideological bible it consists of the work of Professor Herbert Marcuse, at the time this was aimed at the National Front and the Monday Club. Indeed, two presidents of the NUS earlier on in the 1960s were from Queens University, Belfast, T. William Savage, the 1968-69 unrest in Northern Ireland saw the onset of The Troubles and a sectarian divisiveness come to the fore. Following a meeting in Galway in 1972, to combat divisions it was agreed that a called the NUS-USI would be founded with dual-membership to cover Northern Ireland. In 1970, NUS vice president Tony Klug visited South Africa, members also attempted to disrupt South African rugby and cricket matches in the United Kingdom during the 1970s. In the 1980s, the NUS played a significant role in getting Barclays Bank to divest from South Africa and they did so to work as a voting bloc against both the Conservatives and Militant. The first of these Broad Left presidents was Charles Clarke who as a member of the Clause Four Group, other presidents included Sue Slipman, Trevor Phillips and David Aaronovitch. The Fairtrade NUS Campaign was started by students at the University of Edinburgh in autumn 2005, the campaign is supported by a number of NGOs and charities, including Oxfam, Trade Justice Movement, People & Planet and CAFOD. Before the 2010 General Election, the NUS invited candidates sign a pledge not to raise tuition fees, the NUS, under new leader Aaron Porter, organised a national protest attended by thousands in November 2010, demanding an end to education cuts. The march route passed Whitehall and the Conservative Party headquarters at Millbank Tower, as they marched past the building, some protesters diverted in to the courtyard of Millbank Tower and began an occupation of the building
National Union of Students (United Kingdom)
–
National Union of Students
31.
Technical and Further Education
–
Fields covered include business, finance, hospitality, tourism, construction, engineering, visual arts, information technology and community work. Individual TAFE institutions are known as colleges or institutes, depending on the state or territory. TAFE colleges are owned, operated and financed by the various state and this is in contrast to the university sector, whose funding is predominantly the domain of the federal government and whose universities are predominantly owned by the state governments. In NZ the equivalent of a TAFE is a Polytech, in many instances TAFE study can be used as partial credit towards bachelors degree-level university programs. As at June 200910 TAFE colleges now confer their own awards and post graduate diplomas. However Melbourne Polytechnic has been accredited in 2015 to offer two masters degree courses, some high schools also deliver courses developed and accredited by TAFEs. While Universities have the ability and power to design and offer their own degree courses, TAFEs in some states can also teach senior high school qualifications, like the VCE, Victorian Certificate of Applied Learning, and the Higher School Certificate. Some universities, e. g. Charles Darwin University and Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, offer TAFE courses, some high schools also deliver courses developed and accredited by TAFEs. Some private institutions offer courses from TAFEs, however they more commonly offer other vocational education. Many Australians refer to all sub-degree courses as TAFE courses, no matter what institution creates or delivers the course, before the 1990s, the TAFEs had a near monopoly in the sector. TAFE courses provide students an opportunity for certificate, diploma, in most cases, TAFE campuses are grouped into TAFE institutions along geographic lines. Most TAFEs are given a locally recognised region of the country where they exclusively operate covering a range of subjects. A few TAFEs specialise in a area of study. These are usually found near the middle of the capital cities, or the William Angliss Institute of TAFE in Melbourne which specialises in food, hospitality and tourism courses for Victoria
Technical and Further Education
–
Perth Central TAFE campus.
32.
Australia
–
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia
Australia
–
Aboriginal rock art in the
Kimberley region of Western Australia
Australia
Australia
–
Portrait of Captain
James Cook, the first European to map the eastern coastline of Australia in 1770
Australia
–
Tasmania's
Port Arthur penal settlement is one of eleven UNESCO World Heritage-listed
Australian Convict Sites.
33.
Early childhood education
–
Early childhood education is a branch of education theory which relates to the teaching of young children up until the age of about eight. Infant/toddler education, a subset of childhood education, denotes the education of children from birth to age two. It emerged as a field of study during the Enlightenment, particularly in European countries with high literacy rates and it continued to grow through the nineteenth century as universal primary education became a norm in the Western world. In recent years, early education has become a prevalent public policy issue, as municipal, state. It is described as an important period in childs development. It refers to the development of a childs personality. The history of childhood care and education refers to the development of care. ECCE has a scope, and caring for and educating young children has always been an integral part of human societies. Historically, such arrangements have largely been informal, involving family, household, while the first two years of a childs life are spent in the creation of a childs first sense of self, most children are able to differentiate between themselves and others by their second year. This differentiation is crucial to the ability to determine how they should function in relation to other people. Parents can be seen as a childs first teacher and therefore a part of the early learning process. Early childhood attachment processes that occurs during childhood years 0–2 years of age. With proper guidance and exploration children begin to more comfortable with their environment. Parents who are consistent with response times, and emotions will properly make this attachment early on, if this attachment is not made, there can be detrimental effects on the child in their future relationships and independence. There are proper techniques that parents and caregivers can use to establish these relationships, academic Journal Reference This provides experimental research on the emphasis on caregiving effecting attachment. Education for young students can help them excel academically and socially, with exposure and organized lesson plans children can learn anything they want to. The tools they learn to use during these beginning years will provide benefits to their success. Developmentally, having structure and freedom, children are able to reach their full potential, Childrens curiosity and imagination naturally evoke learning when unfettered. Learning through play will allow a child to develop cognitively, thus, children learn more efficiently and gain more knowledge through activities such as dramatic play, art, and social games
Early childhood education
–
Test written by four-year-old child in 1972, former
Soviet Union. The lines are not ideal but the teacher (all red writing) gave the best grade (5) anyway.
Early childhood education
–
Children
remember and repeat actions they
observe.
34.
Primary education
–
Primary education or elementary education is typically the first stage of compulsory education, coming between early childhood education and secondary education. Primary education usually takes place in a school or elementary school. In some countries, primary education is followed by school, an educational stage which exists in some countries. In order to achieve the goal by 2015, the United Nations estimated that all children at the entry age for primary school would have had to have been attending classes by 2009. This would depend on the duration of the level, as well as how well the schools retain students until the end of the cycle. As of 2010, the number of new teachers needed in sub-Saharan Africa alone, however, the gender gap for children not in education had also been narrowed. Between 1999 and 2008, the number of not in education worldwide had decreased from 57 percent to 53 percent, however it should also be noted that in some regions. According to the United Nations, there are things in the regions that have already been accomplished. The country doubled its enrollment ratio over the same period, other regions in Latin America such as Guatemala and Nicaragua as well as Zambia in Southern Africa broke through the 90 percent towards greater access to primary education. In Australia, students undertake preschool then 13 years of schooling before moving to vocational or higher education, Primary schooling for most children starts after they turn 5 years old. In most states, children can be enrolled earlier at the discretion of individual school principals on the basis of intellectual giftedness, in Victoria, New South Wales, Northern Territory, ACT and Tasmania students then move through Kindergarten/Preparatory School/Reception and Years 1 to 6 before starting high school. Pre-School/Kindergarten,4 to 5 years old Prep, currently, at the age of 6 children attend from the grade 1 to 4 what is called Ensino Primário, and afterwards from grade 5 to 9 the Ensino Fundamental. At the age of 15 the teenagers go to Ensino Médio, which is equivalent High School in other countries, Primary school is mandatory and consists in nine years called Ensino Fundamental, separated in Ensino Fundamental I and Ensino Fundamental II. Primary school is followed by the three years called Ensino Médio. 1st grade, 15- to 16-year-olds, 2nd grade, 16- to 17-year-olds, 3rd grade, in Canada, primary school usually begins at ages three or four, starting with either Kindergarten or Grade 1 and lasts until age 13 or 14. Many places in Canada have a split between primary and elementary schools, in Nova Scotia elementary school is the most common term. The provincial government of Nova Scotia uses the term Primary instead of Kindergarten, most children are pupils in the Danish Folkeskolen, which has the current grades, Kindergarten, 3–6 years https, //meta. wikimedia. The first three grades of school are called Algkool which can be translated as beginning school and can be confused with primary school
Primary education
–
A large elementary school in
Magome,
Japan
Primary education
–
Children and teacher in a primary school classroom in
Laos
Primary education
–
An elementary school in California, United States
Primary education
–
A poster at the
United Nations Headquarters in
New York City,
New York,
USA, showing the Millennium Development Goals.
35.
Secondary education
–
Secondary education covers two phases on the ISCED scale. Level 2 or junior secondary education is considered the second and final phase of basic education, every country aims to provide basic education, but the systems and terminology remain unique to them. Secondary education typically takes place six years of primary education and is followed by higher education. In most countries it is compulsory for students between the ages 11 and 16, Compulsory education sometimes extends to age 19. In classical and mediaeval times secondary education was provided by the church for the sons of nobility and to boys preparing for universities, as trade required navigational and scientific skills the church reluctantly expanded the curriculum and widened the intake. As late as 1868, secondary schools were organised to satisfy the needs of different social classes with the labouring classes getting 4yrs, the merchant class 5yrs, only then did it become accepted that girls could be sent to school. The rights to an education were codified after 1945, and countries are still working to achieve the goal of mandatory. It is at this education level, particularly in its first cycle. Within a country these can be implemented in different ways, with different age levels, Level 1 and Level 2, that is primary education and lower secondary together form basic education. Though they may be dated they do provide a set of definitions. The educational aim is to complete provision of education, completing the delivery of basic skills. The end of secondary education often coincides with the end of compulsory education in countries where that exists. There are also vocational schools that last only three years. Secondary schools supply students with primary subjects needed for the work environment in Croatia. People who completed secondary school are classified as medium expertise, there are currently around 90 gymnasiums and some 300 vocational schools in Croatia. The public secondary schools are under the jurisdiction of regional government, the two secondary phases are the Gymnasium followed by Eniaio Lykeio or Unified Lyceum. The third phase is the Post-secondary education consisting of public institutions or universities. Due to historic reasons, the Czech school system is almost the same as the German school system, the school system is free and mandatory until age 15
Secondary education
–
High school in
Bratislava,
Slovakia (Gymnázium Grösslingová 18)
Secondary education
–
Sydney Boys High School
Secondary education
–
Krabbesholm Højskole
Secondary education
–
Helsingin normaalilyseo
36.
Tertiary education
–
Tertiary education, also referred to as third stage, third level, and post-secondary education, is the educational level following the completion of a school providing a secondary education. Tertiary education generally culminates in the receipt of certificates, diplomas, Tertiary education includes further education, as well as higher education. Since the 1970s specialized FE colleges called “tertiary colleges” have been set up to courses such as A Levels. An early example of this expanded in September 1982 as part of a reorganization of education in the Halesowen area which also saw three-tier education axed after just 10 years in force. In some areas where schools do not universally offer sixth forms, unlike sixth form colleges, the staff join lecturers rather than teachers unions. Within Australia Tertiary Education refers to continuing studies after a students Higher School Certificate and it also refers to any education a student receives after there final compulsory schooling, which occurs at the age of 17 within Australia. Tertiary Education options include University, TAFE or private colleges, List of countries by tertiary education attainment Education by country List of universities and colleges by country Brick, Jean. Academic Culture, A Students Guide to Studying at University, sydney, N. S. W, National Centre for English Language Teaching and Research
Tertiary education
–
Students attend a lecture at a tertiary institution.
37.
Preschool
–
They may be privately operated or government run, and one option is to subsidize the costs. In 1779, Johann Friedrich Oberlin and Louise Scheppler founded in Strassbourg an early establishment for caring for, at about the same time, in 1780, similar infant establishments were established in Bavaria In 1802, Pauline zur Lippe established a preschool center in Detmold. In 1816, Robert Owen, a philosopher and pedagogue, opened the first British and probably globally the first infant school in New Lanark, Scotland. In conjunction with his venture for cooperative mills Owen wanted the children to be given a moral education so that they would be fit for work. His system was successful in producing obedient children with basic literacy and numeracy, samuel Wilderspin opened his first infant school in London in 1819, and went on to establish hundreds more. He published many works on the subject, and his became the model for infant schools throughout England. Play was an important part of Wilderspins system of education and he is credited with inventing the playground. In 1823, Wilderspin published On the Importance of Educating the Infant Poor and he began working for the Infant School Society the next year, informing others about his views. He also wrote The Infant System, for developing the physical, intellectual, in 1836 she established an institute for the foundation of preschool centers. The idea became popular among the nobility and the class and was copied throughout the Hungarian kingdom. Women trained by Fröbel opened Kindergartens throughout Europe and around the World, the first kindergarten in the United States was founded in Watertown, Wisconsin in 1856 and was conducted in German. Louis in 1873 by Susan Blow, the countrys first public-school kindergartens were established in Berlin, Ontario in 1882 at Central School. In 1885, the Toronto Normal School opened a department for Kindergarten teaching, Head Start was the first publicly funded preschool program in the US, created in 1965 by President Johnson for low-income families—only 10% of children were then enrolled in preschool. Due to large demand, various states subsidized preschool for low-income families in the 1980s, the most important years of learning begin at birth. During these early years, humans are capable of absorbing more information than later on, the brain grows most rapidly in the early years. High quality teachers and preschools can have an effect on improving outcomes for disadvantaged students. The areas of development that preschool education covers varies, however, the following main themes are typically offered. Curriculum is designed for differing ages, for example, counting to 10 is generally after the age of four
Preschool
–
Young children in a
kindergarten in Japan
Preschool
–
Samuel Wilderspin, one of the founders of preschool education. 1848 engraving by
John Rogers Herbert.
Preschool
–
A
Kindergarten in Germany in 1954
38.
Kindergarten
–
Kindergarten is a preschool educational approach traditionally based on playing, singing, practical activities such as drawing, and social interaction as part of the transition from home to school. The first such institutions were created in the late 18th century in Bavaria, the term was coined by the German Friedrich Fröbel, whose approach globally influenced early-years education. In 1779, Johann Friedrich Oberlin and Louise Scheppler founded in Strasbourg an early establishment for caring for, at about the same time, in 1780, similar infant establishments were established in Bavaria. In 1802, Princess Pauline zur Lippe established a center in Detmold. In 1816, Robert Owen, a philosopher and pedagogue, opened the first British and probably globally the first infants school in New Lanark, Scotland. In conjunction with his venture for cooperative mills Owen wanted the children to be given a moral education so that they would be fit for work. His system was successful in producing obedient children with basic literacy and numeracy, samuel Wilderspin opened his first infant school in London in 1819, and went on to establish hundreds more. He published many works on the subject, and his became the model for infant schools throughout England. Play was an important part of Wilderspins system of education and he is credited with inventing the playground. In 1823, Wilderspin published On the Importance of Educating the Infant Poor and he began working for the Infant School Society the next year, informing others about his views. He also wrote The Infant System, for developing the physical, intellectual, in 1836 she established an institute for the foundation of preschool centers. The idea became popular among the nobility and the class and was copied throughout the Kingdom of Hungary. He renamed his institute Kindergarten on June 28,1840, reflecting his belief that children should be nurtured and nourished like plants in a garden, women trained by Fröbel opened kindergartens throughout Europe and around the world. The first kindergarten in the US was founded in Watertown, Wisconsin in 1856 and was conducted in German, elizabeth Peabody founded the first English-language kindergarten in the US in 1860. The first free kindergarten in the US was founded in 1870 by Conrad Poppenhusen, a German industrialist and philanthropist, the first publicly-financed kindergarten in the US was established in St. Louis in 1873 by Susan Blow. Canadas first private kindergarten was opened by the Wesleyan Methodist Church in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, by the end of the decade, they were common in large Canadian towns and cities. The countrys first public-school kindergartens were established in Berlin, Ontario, in 1885, the Toronto Normal School opened a department for kindergarten teaching. In Afghanistan, children between the age of 3 and 6 attend kindergartens, which though not part of the system are often run by the government
Kindergarten
–
A kindergarten in Japan on Japanese Parents' Day, October 2009.
Kindergarten
–
First day of Iranian new education year, for kindergarten students and elementary school newcomers, in
Nishapur.
Kindergarten
–
Friedrich Fröbel created the name Kindergarten in Germany in 1840.
Kindergarten
–
A kindergarten classroom in Afghanistan.
39.
Elementary school
–
A primary school or elementary school is a school in which children receive primary or elementary education from the age of about five to twelve, coming after preschool and before secondary school. In most parts of the world, primary education is the first stage of education, and is normally available without charge. The term grade school is used in the US though this term may refer to both primary education and secondary education. The term primary school is derived from the French école primaire, primary school is the preferred term in the United Kingdom and many Commonwealth Nations, and in most publications of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Elementary school is preferred in some countries, especially in the United States, in the United States, primary school may refer to a school with grades Kindergarten through second grade or third grade. In these municipalities, the school includes grade three through five or grades four to six
Elementary school
–
A primary school in
Český Těšín,
Czech Republic
Elementary school
–
A Shōgakkō or Elementary school class in Japan
Elementary school
–
A small primary school in
Norfolk,
England
Elementary school
–
An elementary school in
Višňové (
Slovakia)
40.
Primary school
–
A primary school or elementary school is a school in which children receive primary or elementary education from the age of about five to twelve, coming after preschool and before secondary school. In most parts of the world, primary education is the first stage of education, and is normally available without charge. The term grade school is used in the US though this term may refer to both primary education and secondary education. The term primary school is derived from the French école primaire, primary school is the preferred term in the United Kingdom and many Commonwealth Nations, and in most publications of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Elementary school is preferred in some countries, especially in the United States, in the United States, primary school may refer to a school with grades Kindergarten through second grade or third grade. In these municipalities, the school includes grade three through five or grades four to six
Primary school
–
A primary school in
Český Těšín,
Czech Republic
Primary school
–
A small primary school in
Norfolk,
England
Primary school
–
An elementary school in
Višňové (
Slovakia)
Primary school
–
"Michlal" Elementary school in
Ramat Gan (
Israel)
41.
High school
–
A secondary school is both an organization that delivers level 2 junior secondary education or level 3 secondary education phases of the ISCED scale, and the building where this takes place. Level 2 junior secondary education is considered to be the second, Secondary schools typically follow on from primary schools and lead into vocational and tertiary education. Attendance is compulsory in most countries for students between the ages 11 and 16, the systems and terminology remain unique to each country. School building design does not happen in isolation, schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, storage, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from the roll of the school. A general classroom for 30 students needs to be 55m2, or more generously 62m2, a general art room for 30 students needs to be 83m2, but 104 m2 for 3D textile work. A drama studio or a specialist science laboratory for 30 needs to be 90 m2, examples are given on how this can be configured for a 1,200 place secondary. The building providing the education has to fulfil the needs of, The students, the teachers, the support staff, the adminstrators. It has to should meet health requirements, minimal functional requirements- such as classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity, textbooks, Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establish building costs. Future plans are audited to ensure that standards are not exceeded. The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula in 2014 and it said the floor area should be 1050m² +6. 3m²/pupil place for 11- to 16-year-olds + 7m²/pupil place for post-16s. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m², a secondary school, locally may be called high school, junior high school, senior high school. Sweden, gymnasium Switzerland, gymnasium, secondary school, collège or lycée Taiwan, Junior High School, Senior High School, Vocational High School, Military School, in Nigeria, secondary school starts from JSS1 until SSS3. Most students start at the age of 10 or 11 and finish at 16 or 17, Students are required to sit for the West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination. To progress to university students must obtain at least a credit in Maths, English, in Somalia, secondary school starts from 9th grade until 12th. Students start it when they are around 14 to 15 years of age, Students are required to study Somali and Arabic, with the option of either English or Italian depending on the type of school. Religion, chemistry, physics, biology, physical education, textile, art, design, when secondary school has been completed, students are sent to national training camp before going to either college, or military training. In South Africa, high school begins at grade 8, Students study for five years, at the end of which they write a Matriculation examination
High school
–
Ursula Franklin Academy, a high school in
Toronto,
Ontario, Canada.
High school
–
Lists of newly admitted students – posted outside of
Linxia High School
High school
–
Elementary students of Nuchhungi English Medium School wearing their uniform in
Hnahthial,
Mizoram,
India
High school
–
An elementary student wearing the typical white and red uniform in
Indonesia
42.
Vocational education
–
Craft vocations are usually based on manual or practical activities and are traditionally non-academic but related to a specific trade or occupation. Vocational education is referred to as career education or technical education. Vocational education can take place at the secondary, post-secondary, further education, and higher education level, however, online vocational education has grown in popularity, and made it easier than ever for students to learn various trade skills and soft skills from established professionals in the industry. Wilhelm von Humboldts educational model goes beyond vocational training, if this basis is laid through schooling, vocational skills are easily acquired later on, and a person is always free to move from one occupation to another, as so often happens in life. In Australia vocational education and training is mostly post-secondary and provided through the vocational education, however some senior schools do offer school-based apprenticeships and traineeships for students in years 10,11 and 12. Australia’s apprenticeship system includes both apprenticeships in trades and traineeships in other more service-oriented occupations. Both involve a legal contract between the employer and the apprentice or trainee and provide a combination of school-based and workplace training, Apprenticeships typically last three to four years, traineeships only one to two years. Apprentices and trainees receive a wage which increases as they progress through the training scheme and this allows national portability of qualifications and units of competency. A crucial feature of the package is that the content of the vocational qualifications is theoretically defined by industry. A Training Package is owned by one of 11 Industry Skills Councils which are responsible for developing and reviewing the qualifications, the National Centre for Vocational Education Research or NCVER is a not-for-profit company owned by the federal, state and territory ministries responsible for training. It is responsible for collecting, managing, analysing, evaluating and communicating research and statistics about vocational education, the boundaries between vocational education and tertiary education are becoming more blurred. A number of training providers such as Melbourne Polytechnic, BHI. Such applied courses include equine studies, winemaking and viticulture, aquaculture, information technology, music, illustration, culinary management, the largest and the most unified system of vocational education was created in the Soviet Union with the professionalno-tehnicheskoye uchilische and Tehnikum. But it became effective with the transition of the economies of post-Soviet countries to a market economy. Education and training is the responsibility of states, but the single European labour market makes some cooperation on education imperative, including on vocational education. The process is based on mutually agreed priorities that are reviewed periodically, much of the activity is monitored by Cedefop, the European Centre for the Development of Vocational Training. In Finland, vocational education belongs to secondary education, after the nine-year comprehensive school, almost all students choose to go to either a lukio, which is an institution preparing students for tertiary education, or to a vocational school. Both forms of secondary education last three years, and give a qualification to enter university or ammattikorkeakoulu, i. e. Finnish polytechnics
Vocational education
–
Blacksmithing is a traditional
trade.
43.
Postgraduate education
–
In North America, this level is generally referred to as graduate school. The organization and structure of education varies in different countries. This article outlines the types of courses and of teaching and examination methods. There are two types of degrees studied for at the postgraduate level, academic and vocational degrees. The term degree in this means the moving from one stage or level to another. University studies took six years for a degree and up to twelve additional years for a masters degree or doctorate. The first six years taught the faculty of the arts, which was the study of the seven liberal arts, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music theory, grammar, logic, the main emphasis was on logic. Once a Bachelor of Arts degree had been obtained, the student could choose one of three faculties—law, medicine, or theology—in which to pursue masters or doctors degrees. Because theology was thought to be the highest of the subjects, the main significance of the higher, postgraduate degrees was that they licensed the holder to teach. In most countries, the hierarchy of postgraduate degrees is as follows, in Scottish Universities, the Master of Philosophy degree tends to be by research or higher masters degree and the Master of Letters degree tends to be the taught or lower masters degree. In many fields such as social work, or library science in North America. Professional degrees such as the Master of Architecture degree can last to three and a years to satisfy professional requirement to be an architect. Professional degrees such as the Master of Business Administration degree can last up to two years to satisfy the requirement to become a business leader. These are often divided into academic and professional doctorates. An academic doctorate can be awarded as a Doctor of Philosophy degree or as a Doctor of Science degree, a doctorate is the terminal degree in most fields. In the United States, there is distinction between a Doctor of Philosophy degree and a Doctor of Science degree. In the second half of the 19th century, however, US universities began to follow the European model by awarding doctorates, in the UK, an equivalent formation to doctorate is the NVQ5 or QCF8. Most universities award degrees, usually at the postgraduate level
Postgraduate education
–
The enrollment of some students in the
University of Bologna.
44.
Homeschooling
–
Homeschooling, also known as home education, is the education of children inside the home. Home education is conducted by a parent or tutor. Many families that start out with a formal structure at home often switch to less formal ways of imparting education outside of school. Homeschooling is the commonly used in North America, whereas home education is more commonly used in the United Kingdom, elsewhere in Europe. Before the introduction of school attendance laws, most childhood education was imparted by the family or community. In several countries homeschooling, in the sense, is considered to be an alternative to attending public or private schools and is a legal option for parents. In other nations, homeschooling is considered illegal or restricted to conditions, as noted in the Homeschooling international status. According to the US National Household Education Surveys, about three percent of all children in the US were homeschooled in the 2011 and 2012 school year, and as of 2016, there are about 2.3 million home-schooled students in the United States. The studies found that of children,83 percent were White,5 percent were Black,7 percent were Hispanic. For much of history and in cultures, enlisting professional teachers was an option available only to the elite social classes. Thus, until recently, the vast majority of people, especially during early childhood, were educated by family members, family friends. The earliest public schools in modern Western culture were established in the early 16th century in the German states of Gotha and Thuringia. However, even in the 18th century, the majority of people in Europe lacked formal schooling, meaning they were homeschooled, tutored, in the middle colonies, the educational situation varied when comparing New York with New England until the 1850s. Formal schooling in a classroom setting has been the most common means of schooling throughout the world, especially in developed countries, since the early-, native Americans, who traditionally used homeschooling and apprenticeship, vigorously resisted compulsory education in the United States. Rushdoony was frequently called as a witness by the Home School Legal Defense Association in court cases. During this time, American educational professionals Raymond and Dorothy Moore began to research the academic validity of the rapidly growing Early Childhood Education movement. This research included independent studies by researchers and a review of over 8,000 studies bearing on early childhood education. They asserted that formal schooling before ages 8–12 not only lacked the anticipated effectiveness, the Moores published their view that formal schooling was damaging young children academically, socially, mentally, and even physiologically
Homeschooling
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Frontispiece to Fireside Education,
Samuel Griswold (Goodrich).
Homeschooling
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Lecture about
unschooling
45.
Employment
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Employees in some fields or sectors may receive gratuities, bonus payment or stock options. In some types of employment, employees may receive benefits in addition to payment, benefits can include health insurance, housing, disability insurance or use of a gym. Employment is typically governed by employment laws or regulations or legal contracts, employers must balance interests such as decreasing wage constraints with a maximization of labor productivity in order to achieve a profitable and productive employment relationship. The main ways for employers to workers and for people to find employers are via jobs listings in newspapers and online. Employers and job seekers also find each other via professional recruitment consultants which receive a commission from the employer to find, screen. However, a study has shown that such consultants may not be reliable when they fail to use established principles in selecting employees, a more traditional approach is with a Help Wanted sign in the establishment. Evaluating different employees can be quite laborious but setting up different techniques to analyze their skill to measure their talents within the field can be best through assessments, employer and potential employee commonly take the additional step of getting to know each other through the process of job interview. Training and development refers to the effort to equip a newly hired employee with necessary skills to perform at the job. An appropriate level of training and development helps to improve job satisfaction. There are many ways that employees are paid, including by hourly wages, by piecework, by yearly salary, in sales jobs and real estate positions, the employee may be paid a commission, a percentage of the value of the goods or services that they have sold. In some fields and professions, employees may be eligible for a bonus if they meet certain targets, employee benefits are various non-wage compensation provided to employee in addition to their wages or salaries. In some cases, such as with workers employed in remote or isolated regions, employee benefits can improve the relationship between employee and employer and lowers staff turnover. Organizational justice is a perception and judgement of employers treatment in the context of fairness or justice. The resulting actions to influence the relationship is also a part of organizational justice. Employees can organize into trade or labor unions, which represent the force to collectively bargain with the management of organizations about working. Usually, either an employee or employer may end the relationship at any time and this is referred to as at-will employment. The contract between the two parties specifies the responsibilities of each when ending the relationship and may include such as notice periods, severance pay. In some professions, notably teaching, civil servants, university professors, and some jobs, some employees may have tenure
Employment
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Worker assembling
rebar for a water treatment plant in
Mazatlan,
Sinaloa,
Mexico.
Employment
Employment
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Worker, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
46.
Skilled worker
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A skilled worker is any worker who has special skill, training, knowledge, and ability in their work. A skilled worker may have attended a college, university or technical school, or, a skilled worker may have learned their skills on the job. Examples of skilled labor include software development, paramedics, police officers, soldiers, physicians, crane operators, drafters, painters, plumbers, craftsmen, cooks and these workers can be either blue-collar or white-collar workers, with varied levels of training or education. In the northern region of the United States, craft unions may have served as the catalyst to ferment a strong solidarity in favor of skilled labor in the period of the Gilded Age, the Knights argued that the specialization of industrialization had undermined the bargaining power of skilled labor. The period between 1901 and 1925 signals the rise and fall of the Socialist Party of America which depended on skilled workers. Skilled workers were the heart of the movement before World War I but during the 1920s, they lost much of their enthusiasm. In the 20th century, in Nazi Germany, the class was subdivided into, agricultural workers, unskilled and semi-skilled workers, skilled craft workers, other skilled workers. After the end of World War II, West Germany surpassed France in the employment of skilled labor needed at a time when industrialization was sweeping Europe at a fast pace. West Germanys preponderance in the training of skilled workers in technical schools, was the factor to outweigh the balance between the two countries. In the first decade of the 21st century, the wage of a highly skilled machinist in the United States of America is $3,000 to $4,000 per month. In China, the wage for a factory worker is $150 a month. While most jobs require some level of skill, skilled workers bring some degree of expertise to the performance of a given job. For example, a worker who inspects new televisions for whether they turn on or off can fulfil this job with little or no knowledge of the inner workings of televisions. However, someone who repairs televisions would be considered a worker, since such a person would possess the knowledge to be able to identify. In addition to the use of the term, various agencies or governments. Such definitions can affect matters such as immigration, licensure and eligibility for travel or residency, citizenship and Immigration Services, skilled worker positions are not seasonal or temporary and require at least two years of experience or training. Skilled work varies in type, education requirements and availability, such differences are often reflected in titling, opportunity, responsibility and salary. Both skilled and non-skilled workers are vital and indispensable for the smooth-running of a free-market and/or capitalist society, generally, however, individual skilled workers are more valued to a given company than individual non-skilled workers, as skilled workers tend to be more difficult to replace
Skilled worker
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A skilled worker working at
Richmond Shipyards
47.
Temporary work
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Temporary work or temporary employment refers to an employment situation where the working arrangement is limited to a certain period of time based on the needs of the employing organization. Temporary employees are sometimes called contractual, seasonal, interim, casual staff, outsourcing, freelance, in some instances, temporary, highly skilled professionals refer to themselves as consultants. Temporary workers may work full-time or part-time depending on the individual situation, in some instances, temporary workers receive benefits, but usually benefits are only given to permanent employees as a cost-cutting measure by the employer to save money. Not all temporary employees find jobs through an employment agency. A temporary work agency, temp agency or temporary staffing firm finds, other companies, in need of short-term workers, contract with the temporary work agency to send temporary workers, or temps, on assignments to work at the other companies. Temporary employees are used in work that has a cyclical nature. There has indeed been a paradigm shift since the 1940s in the way firms utilize the temporary worker. Throughout the Fordist era, temporary workers made up a rather marginal proportion of the labor force in North America. In contrast, in the Post-Fordist period, characterized by neoliberalism, deindustrialization and the dismantling of the welfare state, in this paradigm, the idea of the temporary worker as a stopgap solution to permanent labor became an entirely normative employment alternative to permanent work. As the market began to transform from Fordism to a regime of capital accumulation, the social regulation of labor markets. This transformation has been characterized by a restructuring that emphasized flexibility within spaces of work, labor markets, employment relationships, wages. Most governments in Western Europe started to deregulate temporary work, and indeed, global processes of neoliberalism and market rule contributed greatly to this increasing pressure put on local labor markets towards flexibility. This greater flexibility within labor markets is important at the level, particularly within OECD countries. The temporary labor industry is worth over €157 billion per year, the biggest temporary work agencies are most profitable in emerging economies of the Global North, and those that have undergone market liberalization, deregulation and regulation. The desire to market flexible, adaptable temporary workers has become a driving, through this process, the ideal temporary worker has today become largely imagined, produced and marketed by temporary agencies. The role of an agency is as a third party between client employer and client employee. This third party, handles remuneration, work scheduling, complaints, taxes, client firms request the type of job that is to be done, and the skills required to do it. Client firms can also terminate an assignment and are able to file a complaint about the temp, Work schedules are determined by assignment, which is determined by the agency and can last for an indeterminate period of time, extended to any point and cut short
Temporary work
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Trends in Temporary Work (US): source: D. H. Autor, Outsourcing at Will: The Contribution of Dismissal Doctrine to the Growth of Employment Outsourcing
48.
Laborer
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A laborer or labourer — see variation in English spelling — is a person who works in one of the construction trades, traditionally considered unskilled manual labor, as opposed to skilled labor. Laborers are also employed outside of the industry, in fields such as road paving, shoveling snow, digging graves, chain gangs. In the division of labor, laborers have all blasting, hand tools, power tools, air tools, and small heavy equipment, the 1st century BC engineer Vitruvius writes in detail about laborer practices at that time. In his experience a good crew of laborers is just as valuable as any aspect of construction. Other than the addition of pneumatics, laborer practices have changed little, with the advent of advanced technology and its introduction into the construction field, the laborers have been quick to include much of this technology as being laborers work. In addition, a five gallon bucket with additional tools, toolbelt suspenders, water jug, personal safety equipment, for example full leather boots, high strength pants - Carhartt or jeans - socks, lip balm, and climate specific outerwear, are provided by the individual. These other classifications typically include the heavy equipment operators, ironworkers, carpenters, masons, teamsters/truck drivers, in addition, work that typically was shunned by journeymen of other trade unions tradesman/craftsman or was given to their apprentices is generally done by laborers in the absence of apprentices. An example is the operators who in the division of labor have all the equipment, the same is true for most other trades except the ironworkers who are notorious for protecting their work and not wanting anyone else to touch their steel, tie-wire or Kliens. The advantage to this system is that many laborers gain sufficient experience working with another trade to journeyman-in while earning a higher wage than an apprentice. Many foremen will gradually give a laborer extra responsibility until they are performing at a journeyman level, Union, heavy construction and highway construction laborers earn on average $25. 47/h compared to 13. 72/h for non-union laborers. It is not uncommon for young engineers, construction managers. However, unlike engineers, laborers are not usually employed full-time year round, the additional pay they receive is often balanced out by the lesser unemployment checks they receive while out of work. These unemployment checks supplement the winter pay laborers often earn as independent contractors, on average young engineers earn 40,000 to 60,000 while union laborers on average earn 50,000 to 80,000. Engineers are not immune to being out of work, in heavy civil work some are employed on a project basis and they are not guaranteed a place on any subsequent projects, though this is in practice often the case. The value of work put in place by laborers and the value of avoided rework, Union laborers earn more than unfree labor and can be an avenue for those who are uneducated and with no resources to become educated and with resources. There are dangers associated with laboring, many laborers are severely injured or killed in accidents each year while performing work duties. Alcoholism, drug use, and drug abuse are common although most companies require drug screening for all new hires, if a laborer is injured on the job they are immediately given a drug test. If the test results are then they are ineligible for any Workers compensation benefits
Laborer
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Laborer at work
Laborer
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Vladimir Putin (left) and Underground laborers
49.
Wage labour
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Wage labour is the socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer, where the worker sells his or her labour power under a formal or informal employment contract. These transactions usually occur in a market where wages are market determined. A wage labourer is a person whose primary means of income is from the selling of his or her power in this way. In modern mixed economies such as those of the OECD countries, the most common form of wage labour currently is ordinary direct, or full-time. However, wage labour takes many forms, and explicit as opposed to implicit contracts are not uncommon. Economic history shows a variety of ways, in which labour is traded and exchanged. The differences show up in the form of, Employment status – a worker could be employed full-time, part-time and he or she could be employed for example temporarily for a specific project only, or on a permanent basis. Part-time wage labour could combine with part-time self-employment, the worker could be employed also as an apprentice. So the labour might be performed on a more or less voluntary basis, or on a more or less involuntary basis, in which there are many gradations. Method of payment – The work done could be paid in cash or in kind, in some cases, the worker might be paid in the form of credit used to buy goods and services, or in the form of stock options or shares in an enterprise. Method of hiring – the worker might engage in a labour-contract on his or her own initiative, but he or she may also hire out their labour via an intermediary to a third party. In this case, he or she is paid by the intermediary, in some cases, labour is subcontracted several times, with several intermediaries. Another possibility is that the worker is assigned or posted to a job by a political authority, many Socialists see wage labour as a major, if not defining, aspect of hierarchical industrial systems. Most opponents of the institution support worker self-management and economic democracy as alternatives to wage labour and to capitalism. As some opponents of wage labour take influence from Marxist propositions, many are opposed to private property, wage labour has long been compared to slavery by socialists. As a result, the wage slavery is often utilised as a pejorative for wage labour. According to Noam Chomsky, analysis of the implications of wage slavery goes back to the Enlightenment era. Both the Milgram and Stanford experiments have been useful in the psychological study of wage-based workplace relations
Wage labour
–
Sociology
See also templates
