1.
Box girder bridge
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A box girder bridge is a bridge in which the main beams comprise girders in the shape of a hollow box. The box girder normally comprises either prestressed concrete, structural steel, or a composite of steel, the box is typically rectangular or trapezoidal in cross-section. Box girder bridges are used for highway flyovers and for modern elevated structures of light rail transport. Although normally the box girder bridge is a form of bridge, box girders may also be used on cable-stayed bridges. The box girder bridge was a choice during the roadbuilding expansion of the 1960s. A serious blow to use was a sequence of three serious disasters, when new bridges collapsed in 1970 and 1971. Fifty-one people were killed in these failures, leading in the UK to the formation of the Merrison Committee, most of the bridges still under construction at this time were delayed for investigation of the basic design principle. Some were abandoned and rebuilt as a different form of bridge altogether, most of those that remained as box girder bridges, such as Erskine Bridge, were either redesigned, or had additional stiffening added later. Some bridges were strengthened a few years after opening and then further strengthened years later, the Irwell Valley bridge of 1970 was strengthened in 1970 and again in 2000. If made of concrete, box girder bridges may be cast in place using falsework supports, removed after completion, box girders may also be prefabricated in a fabrication yard, then transported and emplaced using cranes. For steel box girders, the girders are normally fabricated off site and lifted into place by crane, if a composite concrete bridge deck is used, it is often cast in-place using temporary falsework supported by the steel girder. Either form of bridge may also be installed using the technique of incremental launching, under this method, gantry cranes are often used to place new segments onto the completed portions of the bridge until the bridge superstructure is completed
2.
Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
3.
U.S. Route 98 in Florida
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U. S. Route 98 is an east-west United States highway that runs 671 miles from the Alabama-Florida state line to southern Florida. It is the longest US road in Florida and it was established in 1933 as a route between Pensacola and Apalachicola, and has since been extended eastward across the Florida Peninsula and westward into Mississippi. Within Florida, US98 is marked as an east–west road from the Alabama-Florida border to Perry, throughout most of the Florida Peninsula, the road is marked as a north–south road, but directions return to east-west on the northeast shore of Lake Okeechobee. State Road 15 from Hooker Highway in Belle Glade to the junction with Parrot Avenue, State Road 700 from the routes eastern split in Canal Point to Lake Parker Avenue in Lakeland, and again from to US92 in Lakeland to South Suncoast Boulevard in Citrus County. State Road 35 from SR60 / Broadway Avenue in Bartow to US301 in Pasco County, with one exception, State Road 55 from South Suncoast Boulevard in Citrus County to US221 in Perry. State Road 10A from North 9th Avenue to North Pace Boulevard in Pensacola, State Road 292 from West Cervantes Street to US98 Business in Pensacola. Concurrencies include US90 in Pensacola, US319 from Port St. Joe to St. US98 is a 671-mile-long route that extends from the panhandle to Palm Beach. From the Alabama state line to Apalachee Bay, it follows the coast of the Gulf of Mexico through Pensacola and it then turns inland and passes through Perry and Chiefland before turning back towards the gulf coast north of Crystal River. The highway stairsteps its way across the peninsula through Dade City, Lakeland, near Lake Okeechobee, it follows the northern and eastern shore toward Belle Glade. It then heads east to its endpoint on the Atlantic seaboard in Palm Beach, US98 enters Florida from Alabama via the Lillian Bridge which spans Perdido Bay. The two-lane highway lands on the western shore just west of Pensacola as Lillian Highway. At an intersection with SR298 and County Road 297, Lillian Highway splits away from US98, at SR173, US98 widens into a four-lane divided highway. SR727 provides access to Warrington to the south and to Pensacolas northwestern suburbs, as it enters West Pensacola, US98 passes along the southern border of the Corry Station Naval Technical Training Center. It turns north onto SR295 and the two routes head north together for a short distance, both SR173 and SR295 direct traffic to Naval Air Station Pensacola, which lies three miles south of the intersection of US98 and SR295. US98 enters Pensacola after traversing a short bridge across Bayou Chico, a few blocks later, it turns onto Pace Boulevard, which takes US98 north to West Cervantes Street, which carries US90. Together, US90 and US98 run through the heart of Pensacola and they intersect US29, a half diamond interchange with Interstate 110, and the SR291 one-way couplet of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Shortly thereafter, US98 turns south at SR289 and splits away from US90, US98 and SR289 are concurrent for a few blocks until the U. S. Highways eastbound traffic turns onto E. Chase Street, westbound traffic arrives at SR289 on E. Gregory Street, after a short jaunt on the Bayfront Parkway, US98 turns south to cross the 3-mile-long Pensacola Bay Bridge over the eponymous body of water
4.
Gulf Breeze, Florida
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Gulf Breeze is a city on the Fairpoint Peninsula in Santa Rosa County, Florida, United States and is a suburb of Pensacola which lies to the north, across Pensacola Bay. The population was 5,763 at the 2010 census, Gulf Breeze is located at 30°21′36″N 87°10′41″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 23.5 square miles. Growth of the city itself is restricted, surrounded by major water bodies on three sides, the eastern portion of Gulf Breeze is occupied by the Naval Live Oaks Reservation. As a result, new growth takes place east of the city limits along U. S. Highway 98. In 1828 the U. S. Government purchased the land encompassing the Naval Live Oaks Reservation for experimenting with acorns for the cultivation of live oaks to produce wooden ships. Currently, the land comprises over 1300 acres in Gulf Islands National Seashore and is supervised by the National Park Service, to the south of Highway 98 is a visitors center for the Gulf Islands National Seashore and several public beach areas. Gulf Islands National Seashore offers recreation opportunities and preserves natural and historic resources along the Gulf of Mexico barrier islands of Florida, the protected regions include mainland areas and parts of 7 islands. The Florida District of the seashore features offshore barrier islands with sparkling white sand beaches, historic fortifications. The Gulf Breeze Zoo is a 50-acre site that includes hundreds of animals, the zoo features various events throughout the year including Boo at the Zoo and Zoo Lights. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,665 people,2,377 households, the population density was 1,192.0 people per square mile. There were 2,553 housing units at a density of 537.2 per square mile. 25. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.36 and the average family size was 2.83. In the city, the population was out with 22. 3% under the age of 18,4. 6% from 18 to 24,22. 5% from 25 to 44,29. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 45 years, for every 100 females there were 89.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 83.6 males, the median income for a household in the city was $52,522, and the median income for a family was $61,661. Males had an income of $44,408 versus $28,159 for females. The per capita income for the city was $34,688, about 3. 8% of families and 4. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5. 5% of those under age 18 and 1. 2% of those age 65 or over
5.
Tropical cyclone
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Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is referred to by names such as hurricane, typhoon /taɪˈfuːn/, tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, and simply cyclone. A hurricane is a storm that occurs in the Atlantic Ocean and northeastern Pacific Ocean, a typhoon occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean, Tropical cyclones typically form over large bodies of relatively warm water. They derive their energy through the evaporation of water from the ocean surface and this energy source differs from that of mid-latitude cyclonic storms, such as noreasters and European windstorms, which are fueled primarily by horizontal temperature contrasts. The strong rotating winds of a tropical cyclone are a result of the conservation of momentum imparted by the Earths rotation as air flows inwards toward the axis of rotation. As a result, they form within 5° of the equator. Tropical cyclones are typically between 100 and 2,000 km in diameter, Tropical refers to the geographical origin of these systems, which form almost exclusively over tropical seas. Cyclone refers to their nature, with wind blowing counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere. The opposite direction of circulation is due to the Coriolis effect, in addition to strong winds and rain, tropical cyclones are capable of generating high waves, damaging storm surge, and tornadoes. They typically weaken rapidly over land where they are cut off from their energy source. For this reason, coastal regions are vulnerable to damage from a tropical cyclone as compared to inland regions. Heavy rains, however, can cause significant flooding inland, though their effects on human populations are often devastating, tropical cyclones can relieve drought conditions. They also carry heat away from the tropics and transport it toward temperate latitudes. Tropical cyclones are areas of low pressure in the troposphere. On Earth, the pressures recorded at the centers of tropical cyclones are among the lowest ever observed at sea level, the environment near the center of tropical cyclones is warmer than the surroundings at all altitudes, thus they are characterized as warm core systems. The near-surface wind field of a cyclone is characterized by air rotating rapidly around a center of circulation while also flowing radially inwards. At the outer edge of the storm, air may be nearly calm, however, due to the Earths rotation, as air flows radially inward, it begins to rotate cyclonically in order to conserve angular momentum. At an inner radius, air begins to ascend to the top of the troposphere and this radius is typically coincident with the inner radius of the eyewall, and has the strongest near-surface winds of the storm, consequently, it is known as the radius of maximum winds. Once aloft, air flows away from the center, producing a shield of cirrus clouds
6.
Toll road
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A toll road, also known as a turnpike or tollway, is a public or private roadway for which a fee is assessed for passage. It is a form of road pricing typically implemented to help recoup the cost of road construction, the amount of the toll usually varies by vehicle type, weight, or number of axles, with freight trucks often charged higher rates than cars. Tolls are collected at points known as toll booths, toll houses, plazas, stations, bars, some toll collection points are unmanned and the user deposits money in a machine which opens the gate once the correct toll has been paid. To cut costs and minimize time delay many tolls today are collected by some form of automatic or electronic toll collection equipment which communicates electronically with a toll payers transponder, Toll booths are usually still required for the occasional users who do not have a transponder. The tolls are often prepaid or collected automatically from a credit card service. Some toll roads have automated toll enforcement systems that take photos of drivers who do not pay the tolls and they typically get the toll bill delivered to them in the mail. Criticisms of toll roads include the time taken to stop and pay the toll, automated toll paying systems help minimize both of these. Others object to paying twice for the road, in fuel taxes. In addition to roads, toll bridges and toll tunnels are also used by public authorities to generate funds to repay the cost of building the structures. Some tolls are set aside to pay for maintenance or enhancement of infrastructure, or are applied as a general fund by local governments. This is sometimes limited or prohibited by government legislation. Also road congestion pricing schemes have been implemented in a number of urban areas as a transportation demand management tool to try to reduce traffic congestion. Toll roads have existed for at least the last 2,700 years, as tolls had to be paid by travellers using the Susa–Babylon highway under the regime of Ashurbanipal, aristotle and Pliny refer to tolls in Arabia and other parts of Asia. In India, before the 4th century BC, the Arthasastra notes the use of tolls, germanic tribes charged tolls to travellers across mountain passes. A 14th-century example is Castle Loevestein in the Netherlands, which was built at a point where two rivers meet. River tolls were charged on boats sailing along the river, in 14th-century England, some of the most heavily used roads were repaired with money raised from tolls by pavage grants. Widespread toll roads sometimes restricted traffic so much, by their high tolls, tolls were used in the Holy Roman Empire in the 14th and 15th centuries. In the 20th century, road tolls were introduced in Europe to finance the construction of motorway networks and specific transport infrastructure such as bridges, Italy was the first European country to charge motorway tolls, on a 50 km motorway section near Milan in 1924
7.
Acosta Bridge
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The St. Elmo W. Acosta Bridge Bridge spans the St. Johns River in Jacksonville, Florida on a fixed span. It was named for City Councilman St. Elmo W. Acosta and it carries SR13 with the two-track Jacksonville Skyway in the median. Prior to its replacement in 1991, the bridge, originally called St. Tolls were charged until 1940, at some time in 1991, the original bridge was closed to allow construction of the new one to proceed. Despite being a freeway, bicycles are permitted on the lanes of the bridge. The Acosta Bridge is also notable because of the neon lights that illuminate it at night. Although as of 2/11/2015, the Jacksonville Transportation Authority has announced that theyll be off indefinitely with no date on the books citing a lack of funding for repairs. The original north approach was a T-shaped viaduct, with the ending at Riverside Avenue. Just southwest of the Acosta Bridge, Riverside Avenue passed over the adjacent Florida East Coast Railway bridge approach, when the bridge was rebuilt, the intersection was rebuilt as a semi-directional T interchange. Direct high-speed connections were provided between the bridge and both directions on Riverside Avenue, as well as a ramp from the bridge to the intersection of Broad Street. The bridge originally emptied out on Miami Road just west of San Marco Boulevard, with a continuation, at least southbound, SR13 went south on San Marco Boulevard, and was later changed to go east on Miami Road. Around 1958, a system of freeways was built in Jacksonville, the old approach became southbound only, and northbound access was provided at Mary Street, two blocks north of Miami Road. A northbound exit was provided at Mary Street for traffic coming from the south. No southbound entrance was provided, but the adjacent Main Street Bridge approach provided access in that direction, when the bridge was rebuilt, the south approach was kept almost identical. The only real difference was a new onramp from Museum Circle. The popular Diamond Head Lobster House was in its path and had to be demolished
8.
Bridge of Lions
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The Bridge of Lions is a double-leaf bascule bridge that spans the Intracoastal Waterway in St. Augustine, Florida, United States. A part of State Road A1A, it connects downtown St. Augustine to Anastasia Island, a pair of copies of the Medici lions made of marble guard the bridge, begun in 1925 and completed in 1927 across Matanzas Bay. The lions were removed in February 2005 and returned in March 2011, roads & Bridges magazine named the Bridge of Lions as fourth in the nation’s top 10 bridges for 2010. Projects were evaluated based on size, community impact and challenges resolved, the United States Department of Transportation declared the bridge structurally deficient and functionally obsolete in 1999, prompting heated debates on what to do with the structure. A restoration plan was approved, but opponents continued to voice their opposition, reynolds, Smith & Hills from nearby Jacksonville was awarded the engineering and design contract, estimated at $77 million, and projected to require five years to complete. Prior to the Bridge of Lions in 1925, there was a bridge, called simply. It was built in 1895, and after a renovation in 1904. The span contained no rise, and had an opening for ship traffic. The old bridge frequently broke down, leading to calls for its replacement over the years, the man considered the Father of the Bridge of Lions was Henry Rodenbaugh, the vice president and bridge expert for Henry Flaglers Florida East Coast Railway. Its construction came at the height of the extravagant Florida land boom of the 1920s, and it was designed not merely to carry cars, but to be a work of art, and it cost ten times as much as more prosaic bridges constructed nearby at the same time. It was completed after the land boom busted, and the 1927 dedication ceremony had to be paired with the annual Ponce de Leon Celebration in cash-strapped St. Augustine, the Bridge of Lions was later featured on the cover of the Trusts 1999 engagement calendar. From its earliest days, it was hailed as The Most Beautiful Bridge in Dixie and it has long been a symbol of the nations oldest city. It gets its name from two Carrara marble Medici lions statues that are copies of those found in the Loggia dei Lanzi in Florence, Italy. The statues were a gift of Dr. Andrew Anderson, the builder of the Markland House, the statues were his last gift, and he did not live long enough to see them installed. He had them made by the Romanelli Studios in Florence, Italy, the Medici lions are also known for the copies placed in the Throne Room of the Royal Palace of Madrid. After nearly 80 years of service, a closing ceremony for the original Bridge of Lions was held on May 26,2006. Isabella Heard, one of the girls on the lead float in the opening of the bridge in 1927, was there, in a wheelchair. Several components of the bridge were either rehabilitated or returned to the rehabilitated bridge
9.
Dames Point Bridge
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The Dames Point Bridge is a cable-stayed bridge over the St. Johns River in Jacksonville, Florida on the Interstate 295 East Beltway. Construction began in 1985 and was completed in 1989, the main span is 1,300 feet, and is 175 feet high. The bridge was designed by HNTB Corporation and RS&H, Inc, the Massman Construction Company built the bridge. The bridges cables are arranged on multiple vertical planes in a modification to the harp stay arrangement. Until the 2003 completion of the Sidney Lanier Bridge in Brunswick and it remains is one of the largest cable-stayed bridges built in the United States having 21 miles of cable. Rescuers rappelled down the side of the bridge to the workers, the story of this rescue effort was aired on Rescue 911 on September 12 of the same year. Bridges portal Florida portal Jacksonville portal List of crossings of the St. com
10.
Fuller Warren Bridge
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The Fuller Warren Bridge is a prestressed concrete girder bridge that carries Interstate 95 across the St. Johns River in Jacksonville, Florida. The current bridge was completed in October 2002, replacing the bascule bridge span completed in 1954. The current bridge was designed by HNTB Corporation in 1990 and built by Balfour Beatty Construction, the entire bridge is over 7,500 ft. long, with a main span of 250 feet, and a vertical clearance of 75 ft. The bridge now carries eight lanes across the span, the bridge is named after former Florida governor Fuller Warren, former member and eventual denouncer of the KKK, who held the office from 1949 to 1953. He had previously served as a member of the Jacksonville City Council from 1931 to 1937, the original bascule bridge was tolled until 1988, when the city of Jacksonville abolished toll collections. Increasing wear from heavy traffic, including a 1993 incident in which a 3 square feet fragment of concrete broke loose and it was permanently closed June 13,2001, when all traffic was moved to the new Fuller Warren Bridge. After delays in removal because of legal and environmental concerns, the Florida Department of Transportation used explosives to complete demolition of the old bridge on February 17,2007. Conversion from the old Fuller Warren Bridge to the new one began with one lane of southbound I-95 traffic on April 16,2000. The new bridge, built at a cost of approximately $100 million, was opened to all eight lanes in late 2002 and formally dedicated on January 13,2003
11.
Mathews Bridge
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The Mathews Bridge is a cantilever bridge in Jacksonville, Florida, which spans the St. Johns River. Constructed in 1953, the bridge brings traffic along the Arlington Expressway between downtown Jacksonville and the Arlington neighborhood and it was named after John E. Mathews, a Florida state legislator and Chief Justice of the 1955 Florida Supreme Court who helped gather funding for the bridges construction. Originally silver in color, the bridge was painted maroon in 1984 in celebration of Jacksonvilles United States Football League franchise and this 12.9 million dollar project replaced the existing open grate bridge deck previously on Mathews Bridge with an Exodermic Deck resulting in a concrete riding surface. The bridge had a notoriously problematic grating in the center span, after the previous grating wore out, a new one was installed, causing drivers to complain that the replacement was slippery and difficult to cross. That grating was replaced with a new, state of the art grating and this initially only resulted in reducing the speed limit and roughing up the grating. In 2007, the bridge underwent construction to replace the open grating over the span with a concrete riding surface. In the early afternoon on September 26,2013, the Military Sealift Command ship USNS 1st, lt. Harry L. Martin allided with the center span of the Mathews Bridge. The damage caused to the bridge was sufficient that it was closed indefinitely until it could be inspected and repaired, following repairs, the Mathews Bridge reopened in the early morning of October 29,2013. Part of the reason of the accident was because the height of the bridge was incorrect. The bridge owners notified the Coast Guard that the bridge was surveyed and this new measurement is 6 feet lower than the previously published height. The bridge is mentioned in the Limp Bizkit song My Generation, in the vocalist Fred Dursts opening monologue, he invites drummer John Otto to Take em to the Mathews Bridge, preceding the latters drum solo. Also, This bridge was seen in Need for Speed, Carbon except. Bridges portal Florida portal Jacksonville portal List of crossings of the St. Johns River Local news articles on the Mathews Bridge
12.
Clearwater Memorial Causeway
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The Clearwater Memorial Causeway is a four-lane road between downtown Clearwater and Clearwater Beach, Florida, and includes a fixed-span bridge across the Intracoastal Waterway. It carries the State Road 60 designation and is known for its greenways and pedestrian walkways and elegant bridge appearance, the road is also a major evacuation route during hurricane season. However, the Memorial Causeway Bridge is negatively known in the Tampa Bay Area for its construction process. As a result of the work, the bridge opened to traffic over a year behind schedule, the original Memorial Causeway Bridge was a two-lane flat span that opened in the 1920s. It connected downtown Clearwater and Clearwater Beach for nearly thirty-plus years until it was replaced by a bridge in the 1950s. A portion of the bridge was demolished with the remaining section kept open as a fishing pier. Even though the bridge served the needs of Clearwater through its entire lifespan. Many alternatives and designs were considered during the process, including concepts that ranged from a higher drawbridge to a miniature Sunshine Skyway-type bridge. The final design was chosen in 1998 and construction commenced in 2001, the bridge opened to traffic in August 2005. New span done, old one to be torn down St Petersburg Times - August 20,2005, SCENIC RUN CELEBRATES NEW BRIDGE St Petersburg Times - August 28,2005. Old bridge to the becoming an promenade St Petersburg Times - September 11,2005. Dynamite to destroy part of old drawbridge St Petersburg Times - September 17,2006
SR 281