1.
Santa Rosa County, Florida
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Santa Rosa County is a county located in the U. S. state of Florida. As of the 2015 census, the population was 167,040, Santa Rosa County is included in the Pensacola-Ferry Pass-Brent, FL Metropolitan Statistical Area. Santa Rosa County was created in 1842 and it was named for the Roman Catholic saint, Rosa de Viterbo. Santa Rosa County repealed its prohibition on alcohol in 2007, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 1,174 square miles, of which 1,012 square miles is land and 162 square miles is water. Choctawhatchee National Forest Santa Rosa County can be divided into three sections, South Santa Rosa, Central Santa Rosa, and North Santa Rosa. The sections are centered on the main east/west roads that pass through the county, South Santa Rosa County comprises the area from Holley and Navarre in the east to Gulf Breeze at the western end of the Gulf Breeze Peninsula, and along U. S. Highway 98. A section of Santa Rosa Island, containing the unincorporated community of Navarre Beach, is part of South Santa Rosa County. Major bodies of water including Santa Rosa Sound, Pensacola Bay and East Bay strongly influence the housing and this fast-growing region serves primarily as bedroom communities for Pensacola to the west and Hurlburt Field, Fort Walton Beach, and Eglin Air Force Base to the east. The U. S. Navy presence is marked by Whiting Field, NOLF Spencer Field, Central Santa Rosa County is the area north of the bays and south of the extensive forests separating it from North Santa Rosa. The central section developed along The Old Spanish Trail that ran from St. Augustine on the Atlantic Ocean all the way to New Orleans, today, U. S. Highway 90 closely parallels the old trail. The county seat, Milton is located where the trail crossed the Blackwater River, interstate 10 also passes through this section of the county. Northern Santa Rosa County is forest and farming country, the only town in the north is Jay. Most development has been along State Road 4 which runs through the sections of Escambia, Santa Rosa. The citizens have, for the most part, returned to farming, State Road 87 traverses the county from north to south, between U. S. Highway 98 and the border with Escambia County, Alabama near Brewton, where it connects with State Route 41. This road is an emergency evacuation route for the county during hurricanes. As such, the Board enacts all legislation and authorizes programs, the Board appoints a professionally trained County Administrator who is responsible for policy and budget development and implementation. The Board comprises five members, elected countywide, each member must reside within particular district for which seat he/she seeks election. Each year the Board organizes itself selecting a Chair and Vice-Chair from among its members to preside at Commission meetings, called meetings and workshops are scheduled periodically and are advertised and open to the public
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Florida Department of Transportation
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The Florida Department of Transportation is a decentralized agency charged with the establishment, maintenance, and regulation of public transportation in the state of Florida. The department was formed in 1969 and it absorbed the powers of the State Road Department. The current Secretary of Transportation is Interim Secretary Rachel D. Cone, the State Road Department, predecessor of todays Department of Transportation, was authorized in 1915 by the Florida legislature. For the first two years of its existence, the department acted as a body to the 52 counties in the state, helping to assemble maps. The Florida Transportation Commission, made up of nine commissioners chosen by Floridas Governor and Legislature, each of FDOTs eight semi-autonomous districts is managed by a District Secretary. Following the 2002 legislation, the Turnpike District secretary became known as an executive director, there are seven geographic districts plus the FTE. The FTE owns and maintains 460 miles of toll roads, tolls on all Department-owned facilities are collected by Floridas Turnpike Enterprise. In addition, the FDOT operates and manages several park and ride lots, most of the 7 geographic districts have a Districtwide Commuter Assistance Program. On March 5,2003, Governor Jeb Bush appointed José Abreu, on June 27,2005, Governor Jeb Bush appointed Denver Stutler, Jr. as Secretary of Transportation. Previously, Stutler was Bushs chief of staff, on January 2,2007, Governor Charlie Crist appointed Stephanie Kopelousos as Interim Secretary of Transportation, she was confirmed as Secretary on April 2,2007. Previously, Kopelousos served as FDOTs Federal Programs Coordinator, on April 18,2011, Governor Rick Scott appointed Ananth Prasad as Secretary of Transportation. On December 19,2014, Governor Rick Scott appointed Jim Boxold as Secretary of Transportation, Florida has seven transportation districts, In 1954, the State Road Department completed the original Sunshine Skyway Bridge, the first fixed span to connect Saint Petersburg directly to Bradenton. This greatly shortened the time between the two cities, as before cars would have to either use a ferry or drive about 100 miles around Tampa Bay. A parallel span was completed in 1971 to make the bridge Interstate standard, after the newer, southbound span was destroyed in 1980 when the SS Summit Venture collided into it, a replacement bridge was finished in 1987. In 1974, FDOT completed Floridas Turnpike, a 312-mile limited access highway that connected the panhandle area through Orlando to Miami. The turnpike is part of an initiative to finance transportation with user fees, Florida State Roads Bridge Software Institute at the University of Florida Official Website
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Box girder bridge
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A box girder bridge is a bridge in which the main beams comprise girders in the shape of a hollow box. The box girder normally comprises either prestressed concrete, structural steel, or a composite of steel, the box is typically rectangular or trapezoidal in cross-section. Box girder bridges are used for highway flyovers and for modern elevated structures of light rail transport. Although normally the box girder bridge is a form of bridge, box girders may also be used on cable-stayed bridges. The box girder bridge was a choice during the roadbuilding expansion of the 1960s. A serious blow to use was a sequence of three serious disasters, when new bridges collapsed in 1970 and 1971. Fifty-one people were killed in these failures, leading in the UK to the formation of the Merrison Committee, most of the bridges still under construction at this time were delayed for investigation of the basic design principle. Some were abandoned and rebuilt as a different form of bridge altogether, most of those that remained as box girder bridges, such as Erskine Bridge, were either redesigned, or had additional stiffening added later. Some bridges were strengthened a few years after opening and then further strengthened years later, the Irwell Valley bridge of 1970 was strengthened in 1970 and again in 2000. If made of concrete, box girder bridges may be cast in place using falsework supports, removed after completion, box girders may also be prefabricated in a fabrication yard, then transported and emplaced using cranes. For steel box girders, the girders are normally fabricated off site and lifted into place by crane, if a composite concrete bridge deck is used, it is often cast in-place using temporary falsework supported by the steel girder. Either form of bridge may also be installed using the technique of incremental launching, under this method, gantry cranes are often used to place new segments onto the completed portions of the bridge until the bridge superstructure is completed
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Prestressed concrete
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Prestressed concrete is a concrete construction material which is placed under compression prior to it supporting any applied loads. A more technical definition is Structural concrete in which stresses have been introduced to reduce potential tensile stresses in the concrete resulting from loads. This compression is produced by the tensioning of high-strength tendons located within or adjacent to the concrete volume, tendons may consist of single wires, multi-wire strands or threaded bars, and are most commonly made from high-tensile steels, carbon fibre or aramid fibre. This can result in improved structural capacity and/or serviceability compared to reinforced concrete in many situations. Typical applications range through high-rise buildings, residential slabs, foundation systems, bridge and dam structures, silos and tanks, industrial pavements, first used in the late-nineteenth century, prestressed concrete has developed to encompass a wide range of technologies. Tensioning of the tendons may be undertaken either before or after the concrete itself is cast, tendons may be located either within the concrete volume, or wholly outside of it. Whereas pre-tensioned concrete by definition uses tendons directly bonded to the concrete, pre-tensioned concrete is a variant of prestressed concrete where the tendons are tensioned prior to the concrete being cast. Pre-tensioning is a common technique, where the resulting concrete element is manufactured remotely from the final structure location. It requires strong, stable end-anchorage points between which the tendons are stretched and these anchorages form the ends of a casting bed which may be many times the length of the concrete element being fabricated. Higher bond strength in early-age concrete allows more economical fabrication as it speeds production, to promote this, pre-tensioned tendons are usually composed of isolated single wires or strands, as this provides a greater surface area for bond action than bundled strand tendons. Unlike those of post-tensioned concrete, the tendons of pre-tensioned concrete elements generally form straight lines between end-anchorages, where profiled or harped tendons are required, one or more intermediate deviators are located between the ends of the tendon to hold the tendon to the desired non-linear alignment during tensioning. Such deviators usually act against substantial forces, and hence require a robust casting bed foundation system, pre-tensioned concrete is most commonly used for the fabrication of structural beams, floor slabs, hollow-core planks, balconies, lintels, driven piles, water tanks and concrete pipes. Post-tensioned concrete is a variant of prestressed concrete where the tendons are tensioned after the concrete structure has been cast. The tendons are not placed in contact with the concrete. At each end of a tendon is an anchorage assembly firmly fixed to the surrounding concrete, once the concrete has been cast and set, the tendons are tensioned by pulling the tendon ends through the anchorages while pressing against the concrete. The large forces required to tension the tendons result in a significant permanent compression being applied to the once the tendon is locked-off at the anchorage. Casting the tendon ducts/sleeves into the concrete before any tensioning occurs allows them to be profiled to any desired shape including incorporating vertical and/or horizontal curvature. Bonded post-tensioning has prestressing tendons permanently bonded to the concrete by the in situ grouting of their encapsulating ducting following tendon tensioning
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Annual average daily traffic
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Annual average daily traffic, abbreviated AADT, is a measure used primarily in transportation planning and transportation engineering. Traditionally, it is the volume of vehicle traffic of a highway or road for a year divided by 365 days. AADT is a useful and simple measurement of how busy the road is, newer advances from traffic data providers are now providing AADT by side of the road, by day of week and by time of day. One of the most important uses of AADT is for determining funding for the maintenance, in the United States the amount of federal funding a state will receive is related to the total traffic measured across its Highway network. Each year on June 15, every state in the United States submits a Highway Performance Monitoring System HPMS report, the HPMS report contains various information regarding the road segments in the state based on a sample of the road segments. In the report, the AADT is converted to Vehicle Miles Traveled, VMT is the AADT multiplied by the length of the road segment. To determine the amount of traffic a state has, the AADT cannot be summed for all road segments since an AADT is a rate, the VMT is summed and is used as an indicator of the amount of traffic a state has. For federal-funding, formulas are applied to include the VMT and other highway statistics, to measure AADT on individual road segments, traffic data is collected either by an automated traffic counter or hiring an observer to record traffic. There are two different techniques of measuring the AADTs for road segments, one technique is called continuous count data collection method. This is where sensors are embedded into a road and traffic data is measured all 365 days. The AADT would be the sum of the traffic for the entire year divided by 365 days. There is a problem calculating the AADT with this method. The continuous count equipment is not operating for the full 365 days due to being shut down for maintenance or repair, because of this, seasonal or day-of-week biases might skew the calculated AADT. In 1992, AASHTO released the AASHTO Guidelines for Traffic Data Programs, for every month and day-of-week, a Monthly Average Day of Week is calculated. Each day-of-weeks MADW is then calculated across months to calculate an Annual Average Day of Week, finally, the AADWs are averaged to calculate an AADT. The United States Federal Highway Administration has adopted this method as the method in the. While providing the most accurate AADT, installing and maintaining continuous count stations method is costly, most agencies are only able to monitor a very small percentage of the roadway using this method. Most AADTs are generated using data collection methods sometimes known as the coverage count data collection method
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