1.
Stonewall Inn
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The original Inn, which closed in 1969, was located at 51–53 Christopher Street, between West 4th Street and Waverly Place. In 1990 a bar called Stonewall opened in the half of the original location. This was renovated and returned to its name, The Stonewall Inn. National Monument dedicated to the LGBTQ-rights movement, originally constructed between 1843 and 1846 as stables, the property functioned as a tearoom during the Prohibition-era, named Bonnies Stone Wall after the owner, a woman named Bonnie. It was later converted into a restaurant called Bonnies Stonewall Inn, the name was later changed to Stonewall Inn Restaurant. It remained a restaurant until the interior was gutted by a fire in the mid-1960s, on March 18,1967, the Stonewall opened in the space. In late 1969, a few months after the rebellion started on June 28 of that year. In 1966, three members of the Mafia invested in the Stonewall Inn, turning it into a gay bar, after it had been a restaurant, once a week a police officer would collect envelopes of cash as a payoff, the Stonewall Inn had no liquor license. It had no running water behind the bar, used glasses were run through tubs of water, there were no fire exits, and the toilets overran consistently. Though the bar was not used for prostitution, drug sales and it was the only bar for gay men in New York City where dancing was allowed, dancing was its main draw since its re-opening as a gay club. Police raids on gay bars were common, often happening once a month for each bar. Many bars kept extra liquor in a panel behind the bar, or in a car down the block. Bar management usually knew about raids beforehand due to police tip-offs, however, the raid did not go as planned. This number would swell to much larger numbers as the night would go on, writer David Carter notes that the police officers eventually became so afraid of the crowd that they refused to leave the bar for forty-five minutes. The last straw came when a scuffle broke out when a woman in handcuffs was escorted from the door of the bar to the police wagon several times. She escaped repeatedly and fought four of the police, swearing and shouting. Bystanders recalled that the woman, whose identity remains unknown, sparked the crowd to fight when she looked at bystanders and shouted, Why dont you guys do something. After an officer picked her up and heaved her into the back of the wagon, the police tried to restrain some of the crowd, and knocked a few people down, which incited bystanders even more
2.
Greenwich Village
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Greenwich Village, often referred to by locals as simply the Village, is a neighborhood on the west side of Lower Manhattan, New York City. Greenwich Village has been known as a haven, the Bohemian capital, the cradle of the modern LGBT movement. Groenwijck, one of the Dutch names for the village, was Anglicized to Greenwich, two of New Yorks private colleges, New York University and the New School, are located in Greenwich Village. The neighborhoods surrounding it are the East Village and NoHo to the east, SoHo to the south, the East Village was formerly considered part of the Lower East Side and never associated with Greenwich Village. The western part of Greenwich Village is known as the West Village, some believe it starts at Seventh Avenue and its southern extension, a border to the west of which the neighborhood changes substantially in character and becomes heavily residential. The Far West Village is another sub-neighborhood of Greenwich Village that is bordered on its west by the Hudson River and on its east by Hudson Street. Greenwich Village is located in New Yorks 10th congressional district, New Yorks 25th State Senate district, New Yorks 66th State Assembly district, encyclopaedia Britannicas 1956 article on New York states that the southern border of the Village is Spring Street, reflecting an earlier understanding. The newer district of SoHo has since encroached on the Villages historic border, many of the neighborhoods streets are narrow and some curve at odd angles. This is generally regarded as adding to both the character and charm of the neighborhood. In addition, as the meandering Greenwich Street used to be on the Hudson River shoreline, much of the neighborhood west of Greenwich Street is on landfill, but still follows the older street grid. When Sixth and Seventh Avenues were built in the early 20th century, they were built diagonally to the street plan. Unlike the streets of most of Manhattan above Houston Street, streets in the Village typically are named rather than numbered, while some of the formerly named streets are now numbered, they still do not always conform to the usual grid pattern when they enter the neighborhood. The Districts convoluted borders run no farther south than 4th Street or St. Lukes Place, redevelopment in that area is severely restricted, and developers must preserve the main façade and aesthetics of the buildings during renovation. In the 16th century, Native Americans referred to its farthest northwest corner, by the cove on the Hudson River at present-day Gansevoort Street, the land was cleared and turned into pasture by Dutch and freed African settlers in the 1630s, who named their settlement Noortwyck. In the 1630s, Governor Wouter van Twiller farmed tobacco on 200 acres here at his Farm in the Woods, sir Peter Warren began accumulating land in 1731 and built a frame house capacious enough to hold a sitting of the Assembly when smallpox rendered the city dangerous in 1739. The building was designed by Joseph-François Mangin, who would later co-design New York City Hall, by 1821, the prison, designed for 432 inmates, held 817 instead, a number made possible only by the frequent release of prisoners, sometimes as many as 50 a day. The oldest house remaining in Greenwich Village is the Isaacs-Hendricks House, when the Church of St. Luke in the Fields was founded in 1820 it stood in fields south of the road that led from Greenwich Lane down to a landing on the North River. In 1822, a fever epidemic in New York encouraged residents to flee to the healthier air of Greenwich Village
3.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city
4.
Soho, London
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Soho is an area of the City of Westminster and is part of the West End of London, England. Since the 1980s, the area has undergone considerable gentrification and it is now predominantly a fashionable district of upmarket restaurants and media offices, with only a small remnant of sex industry venues. Soho is a small, multicultural area of central London, a home to industry, commerce, culture and entertainment, record shops cluster in the area around Berwick Street, with shops such as Phonica, Sister Ray and Reckless Records. On many weekends, Soho is busy enough to warrant closing off some of the streets to vehicles, Westminster City Council pedestrianised parts of Soho in the mid-1990s, but later removed much of the pedestrianisation, apparently after complaints of loss of trade from local businesses. The name Soho first appears in the 17th century, Most authorities believe that the name derives from a former hunting cry. James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, used soho as a call for his men at the Battle of Sedgemoor on 6 July 1685. The Soho name has been imitated by other entertainment and restaurant districts such as Soho, Hong Kong, Soho, Málaga, SOHO, Beijing, SoHo, London, Ontario, Canada, and Palermo Soho, Buenos Aires. SoHo, Manhattan, gets its name from its location SOuth of HOuston Street, however, apart from Oxford Street, all of these roads are 19th-century metropolitan improvements, so they are not Sohos original boundaries. Soho has never been a unit, with formally defined boundaries. The area to the west is known as Mayfair, to the north Fitzrovia, to the east St Giles and Covent Garden, and to the south St Jamess. According to the Soho Society, Chinatown, the area between Leicester Square to the south and Shaftesbury Avenue to the north, is part of Soho, Soho is part of the West End electoral ward which elects three councillors to Westminster City Council. In 1536, the land was taken by Henry VIII as a park for the Palace of Whitehall. In the 1660s, ownership of Soho Fields passed to Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans and he was granted permission to develop property and quickly passed the lease and development to bricklayer Richard Frith. Soho was part of the ancient parish of St Martin in the Fields, as the population started to grow a new church was provided and in 1687 a new parish of St Anne was established for it. The parish stretched from Oxford Street in the north, to Leicester Square in the south and it therefore included all of contemporary eastern Soho, including the Chinatown area. The western portion of modern Soho, around Carnaby Street was part of the parish of St James, building progressed rapidly in the late 17th century, with large properties including Monmouth House, Leicester House, Fauconberg House, Carlisle House and Newport House. Soho Square was first laid out in the 1680s on the former Soho Fields, firth built the first houses around the square, and by 1691,41 had been completed. It was originally called King Square in honour of Charles II, several upper-class families moved into the area
5.
United Buddy Bears
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Buddy Bears is the name given to painted, life-size fibreglass bear sculptures developed by Klaus and Eva Herlitz, in cooperation with sculptor Roman Strobl. The raised arms of the standing Buddy Bears are aligned on the dissemination of friendliness and optimism, the Buddy Bear has become an unofficial ambassador for Germany and is a symbol of Berlin since 2001. The story of the Buddy Bears started with an event in Berlin in 2001. Inspired by the idea of bringing art in the streets of a metropolis like the cow parade in Zurich, in addition to the Classic Buddy Bears presented far beyond Berlin’s city limits, the circle of United Buddy Bears came into being in 2002. The Exhibition travel around the world promoting peace, international understanding and tolerance among the nations, cultures, the first activities were presented as the Buddy Bear Berlin Show. In 2001, artists painted approximately 350 bears to appear in the public domain, four different bear designs took part in this activity in the city centre of Berlin. Afterwards, many of the bears were sold at auctions in aid of relief organisations. Nowadays, these Berlin Buddy Bears are exclusively presented on private premises, in front of hotels, there have already been exhibitions of the original Buddy Bears — designed by local artists — in the cities of Shanghai, Buenos Aires and St. Gallen / Switzerland. United Buddy Bears is an art exhibition with more than 140 two metre tall fibreglass bears. The bears stand hand in hand in a peaceful circle, the bears were on display between June and November 2002, in a circle around the Brandenburg Gate. Around 1.5 million people visited this first exhibition, on 6 November 2002, the bears were moved to new locations, including their respective countries embassies in Berlin, or back to country that they were based on. Some of the bears were auctioned off to raise money for UNICEF, after the circle of United Buddy Bears had been such an overwhelming success in 2002, a new circle was created in 2003. The idea was to send the circle on a global tour, on their global tour, the United Buddy Bears promote peace, love, tolerance and international understanding. The circle changes every time it reaches a new city and this is not only due to the local conditions, but also to their constantly changing order, as the bears are always set up in alphabetic order, following the local language of the host country. This always leads to new and sometimes very interesting proximities. Entry to the exhibitions is always free, during past exhibitions more than 35 million visitors have already admired the colourful United Buddy Bears. In every metropolis, the United Buddy Bears exhibitions are supported by the government, the ministries, the mayors. United Buddy Bears Special Ambassador is the actress Dennenesch Zoudé, in 2003, Iraq took part in the circle for the first time and Ustinov gave the opening address of the exhibition in the presence of more than 70 ambassadors
6.
Nollendorfplatz
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Nollendorfplatz is a square in the Schöneberg district of Berlin. Colloquially called Nolle it was named in 1864 after the village of Nollendorf and it is shaped by the U-Bahn viaduct and the facade of the Neues Schauspielhaus. The adjacent area in the south around Motzstraße is Berlins most prominent gay village and it has a long history as being a gay area which dates back to the turn of the 20th century. Within the gay community this part of Berlin is most famous for its leather and it also plays a little role in the musical Cabaret by Joe Masteroff as the home of some of the characters. Susanne Twardawa, Der Nollendorfplatz in Berlin, motzbuch, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-935790-02-3 Media related to Nollendorfplatz at Wikimedia Commons
7.
Berlin
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Berlin is the capital and the largest city of Germany as well as one of its constituent 16 states. With a population of approximately 3.5 million, Berlin is the second most populous city proper, due to its location in the European Plain, Berlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third of the area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers. Berlin in the 1920s was the third largest municipality in the world, following German reunification in 1990, Berlin once again became the capital of all-Germany. Berlin is a city of culture, politics, media. Its economy is based on high-tech firms and the sector, encompassing a diverse range of creative industries, research facilities, media corporations. Berlin serves as a hub for air and rail traffic and has a highly complex public transportation network. The metropolis is a popular tourist destination, significant industries also include IT, pharmaceuticals, biomedical engineering, clean tech, biotechnology, construction and electronics. Modern Berlin is home to world renowned universities, orchestras, museums and its urban setting has made it a sought-after location for international film productions. The city is known for its festivals, diverse architecture, nightlife, contemporary arts. Since 2000 Berlin has seen the emergence of a cosmopolitan entrepreneurial scene, the name Berlin has its roots in the language of West Slavic inhabitants of the area of todays Berlin, and may be related to the Old Polabian stem berl-/birl-. All German place names ending on -ow, -itz and -in, since the Ber- at the beginning sounds like the German word Bär, a bear appears in the coat of arms of the city. It is therefore a canting arm, the first written records of towns in the area of present-day Berlin date from the late 12th century. Spandau is first mentioned in 1197 and Köpenick in 1209, although these areas did not join Berlin until 1920, the central part of Berlin can be traced back to two towns. Cölln on the Fischerinsel is first mentioned in a 1237 document,1237 is considered the founding date of the city. The two towns over time formed close economic and social ties, and profited from the right on the two important trade routes Via Imperii and from Bruges to Novgorod. In 1307, they formed an alliance with a common external policy, in 1415 Frederick I became the elector of the Margraviate of Brandenburg, which he ruled until 1440. In 1443 Frederick II Irontooth started the construction of a new palace in the twin city Berlin-Cölln
8.
Montreal
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Montreal, officially Montréal, is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the 2nd-most populous in Canada as a whole. Originally called Ville-Marie, or City of Mary, it is believed to be named after Mount Royal, the city has a distinct four-season continental climate, with warm-to-hot summers and cold, snowy winters. In 2016, Montreal had a population of 1,704,694, Montreals metropolitan area had a population of 4,098,927 and a population of 1,958,257 in the urban agglomeration, with all of the municipalities on the Island of Montreal included. Legally a French-speaking city,60. 5% of Montrealers speak French at home,21. 2% speak English and 19. 8% speak neither, Montreal is one of the most bilingual cities in Quebec and Canada, with 56% of the population able to speak both official languages. Montreal is the second-largest primarily French-speaking city in the world after Paris, historically the commercial capital of Canada, it was surpassed in population and economic strength by Toronto in the 1970s. It remains an important centre of commerce, aerospace, finance, pharmaceuticals, technology, design, education, culture, tourism, gaming, film, Montreal was also named a UNESCO City of Design. In 2009, Montreal was named North Americas leading host city for international events, according to the 2009 preliminary rankings of the International Congress. According to the 2015 Global Liveability Ranking by the Economist Intelligence Unit, in the 2017 edition of their Best Student Cities ranking, Quacquarelli Symonds ranked Montreal as the worlds best city to study abroad. Also, Montreal has 11 universities with 170,000 students enrolled, the Greater Montréal region has the highest number of university students per capita among all metropolitan areas in North America. It is the only Canadian city to have held the Summer Olympics, currently, the city hosts the Canadian Grand Prix of Formula One, the Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Just for Laughs festival. In 2012, Montreal was ranked as a Beta+ world city, in Kanien’kéha, or Mohawk language, the island is called Tiohtià, ke Tsi or Ka-wé-no-te. In Anishinaabemowin, or Ojibwe language, the land is called Mooniyaang, though the city was first named by French colonizers Ville Marie, or City of Mary, its current name comes from Mount Royal, the triple-peaked hill in the heart of the city. The most popular theory is that the name derives from Mont Réal, Cartiers 1535 diary entry, naming the mountain, according to the Commission de toponymie du Québec and the Geographical Names Board of Canada, Canadian place names have only one official form. Thus, Montreal is officially spelled with an accent over the e in both English and French. In practice, this is limited to governmental uses. English-speaking Montrealers, including English-language media, regularly omit the accent when writing in English, archaeological evidence demonstrates that First Nations native people occupied the island of Montreal as early as 4,000 years ago. By the year AD1000, they had started to cultivate maize, within a few hundred years, they had built fortified villages. Archeologists have found evidence of their habitation there and at locations in the valley since at least the 14th century
9.
Gay Village, Montreal
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Montreals Gay Village is located mainly on St. Catherine Street East and extends along Amherst Street in the Ville-Marie borough. The entire Village is bordered approximately by St and it is served by the Berri-UQAM, Beaudry and Papineau metro stations. The area has become gentrified, due in part to significant investment from the various levels of all governments. All three levels of government are aggressively promoting Montreals gay life as a tourist attraction, the Village is specifically marked on official city maps as Le Village. The first recorded gay establishment in North America was Montrealer Moise Tellier’s apple, in addition to a small scene in Old Montreal, there were traditionally two concentrations of establishments where gays were welcomed, which mirrored Montreals more language-segregated culture. By the 1950s, Dominion Square was seen as an area where men could meet and cruise, as is traditional, until the 1980s, gay life was centered on bars, taverns and some restaurants, which tolerated a gay clientele. By the late 1960s and early 1970s, many gay-owned or gay-open businesses existed and it became the main gay concentration, though it was still relatively marginal. The businesses consisted mainly of clubs where men could dance, the east had a more francophone clientele. Here, the businesses consisted mainly of taverns, often featuring drag shows, the businesses in these two areas came under regular repression, particularly before Montreals Expo 67 Worlds Fair and the Olympic Games in 1976. Because of the police repression, the Gay Coalition Against Repression was formed and hosted what was then the largest gay demonstration in Canada on July 19,1976. Originally, there were only a handful of establishments located in what is now the Gay Village, in the early 1980s, some bars opened along Saint-Catherine Street East, between Berri Street and Papineau Avenue, in Montreals Centre-Sud area. Eventually, a new generation of gays also moved into the neighbourhood and this was encouraged by the creation of a Latin Quarter in the vicinity of the Université du Québec à Montréal campus. The name Le Village de lEst was coined in an advertisement by one of the owners of K. O. X, a very popular bar/club at the time. After having lived in New York City, it was his intention to create a vibrant gay community similar to the East Village in Manhattan. The name was created to differentiate itself from the downtown scene. Eventually, the became known simply as The Village and it became Montreals main gay residential and commercial district. However, its success also caused the near-disappearance of gay businesses from other areas of the city, by the 1990s, the Village began expanding along Amherst Street, with the departure of many antique shops and the emergence of more gay-owned and gay-operated businesses. By this time, the Village had become established, gaining political recognition
10.
Gay bars
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Gay bars once served as the centre of gay culture and were one of the few places people with same-sex orientations and gender-variant identities could openly socialize. Other names used to describe these establishments include boy bar, girl bar, gay club, gay pub, queer bar, lesbian bar, drag bar, and dyke bar, depending on the niche communities that they served. With the advent of the Internet and an acceptance of LGBT people across the Western world. In areas without a gay bar, certain establishments may hold a gay night, gathering places favoured by homosexuals have operated for centuries. Reports from as early as the 17th century record the existence of bars and clubs that catered to, or at least tolerated, the White Swan, on Vere Street, in London, England, was raided in 1810 during the so-called Vere Street Coterie. The raid led to the executions of John Hepburn and Thomas White for sodomy, the site was the scene of alleged gay marriages carried out by the Reverend John Church. Its not clear which place is the first gay bar in the modern sense, in Cannes, France, such a bar had already opened in 1885, and there were many more in Berlin around 1900. In the United Kingdom and the Netherlands gay bars were established throughout the first quarter of the 20th century, the very first gay bar in Europe and probably in the world was the Zanzibar in Cannes on the French Riviera. The place was opened in 1885 and existed for 125 years, among its visitors were many artists, like actor Jean Marais and comedians Thierry Le Luron and Coluche. Although Amsterdam, Berlin, and London had more meeting places and organizations than Paris, Paris retained the LGBT capital image after the end of World War II, but the center of the meeting place shifted to Saint-Germain-des-Prés. Lesbians rarely visited gay bars and instead socialized in circles of friends, lesbians who did go to bars often originated from the working class. Chez Moune, opened in 1936, and New Moon were 20th century lesbian cabarets located in Place Pigalle, since the 1980s, the Le Marais district is the center of the gay scene in Paris. In Berlin, there was gay and lesbian night life already around 1900, the gay club Eldorado in the Motzstraße was internationally known for its transvestite shows. There was also a high number of places for lesbians. Within a few weeks after the Nazis took over government in 1933, after homosexuality was decriminalized in 1969, many gay bars opened in West Berlin, resulting in a lively gay scene. In the 18th Century, Molly Houses were clandestine clubs where gay men could meet, drink, one of the most famous was Mother Claps Molly House. The first gay bar in Britain in the sense was The Cave of the Golden Calf. It opened in a location at 9 Heddon Street, just off Regent Street, in 1912 and became a haunt for the wealthy, aristocratic
11.
Gay nightclub
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Gay bars once served as the centre of gay culture and were one of the few places people with same-sex orientations and gender-variant identities could openly socialize. Other names used to describe these establishments include boy bar, girl bar, gay club, gay pub, queer bar, lesbian bar, drag bar, and dyke bar, depending on the niche communities that they served. With the advent of the Internet and an acceptance of LGBT people across the Western world. In areas without a gay bar, certain establishments may hold a gay night, gathering places favoured by homosexuals have operated for centuries. Reports from as early as the 17th century record the existence of bars and clubs that catered to, or at least tolerated, the White Swan, on Vere Street, in London, England, was raided in 1810 during the so-called Vere Street Coterie. The raid led to the executions of John Hepburn and Thomas White for sodomy, the site was the scene of alleged gay marriages carried out by the Reverend John Church. Its not clear which place is the first gay bar in the modern sense, in Cannes, France, such a bar had already opened in 1885, and there were many more in Berlin around 1900. In the United Kingdom and the Netherlands gay bars were established throughout the first quarter of the 20th century, the very first gay bar in Europe and probably in the world was the Zanzibar in Cannes on the French Riviera. The place was opened in 1885 and existed for 125 years, among its visitors were many artists, like actor Jean Marais and comedians Thierry Le Luron and Coluche. Although Amsterdam, Berlin, and London had more meeting places and organizations than Paris, Paris retained the LGBT capital image after the end of World War II, but the center of the meeting place shifted to Saint-Germain-des-Prés. Lesbians rarely visited gay bars and instead socialized in circles of friends, lesbians who did go to bars often originated from the working class. Chez Moune, opened in 1936, and New Moon were 20th century lesbian cabarets located in Place Pigalle, since the 1980s, the Le Marais district is the center of the gay scene in Paris. In Berlin, there was gay and lesbian night life already around 1900, the gay club Eldorado in the Motzstraße was internationally known for its transvestite shows. There was also a high number of places for lesbians. Within a few weeks after the Nazis took over government in 1933, after homosexuality was decriminalized in 1969, many gay bars opened in West Berlin, resulting in a lively gay scene. In the 18th Century, Molly Houses were clandestine clubs where gay men could meet, drink, one of the most famous was Mother Claps Molly House. The first gay bar in Britain in the sense was The Cave of the Golden Calf. It opened in a location at 9 Heddon Street, just off Regent Street, in 1912 and became a haunt for the wealthy, aristocratic
12.
Gay bathhouse
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Gay bathhouses, also known as gay saunas or steambaths, are commercial spaces for men to have sex with other men. In gay slang in some regions these venues are known colloquially as the baths, the sauna or the tubs. Gay baths are primarily for sex, not bathing, not all men who visit gay bathhouses consider themselves gay, regardless of their sexual behavior. Bathhouses offering similar opportunities for sex for women are rare, though some mens bathhouses occasionally have lesbian or women only nights, most have a steam room, dry sauna, showers, lockers, and small private rooms. Many bathhouses are, for reasons, membership only, though membership is generally open to any adult who seeks it. Unlike brothels, customers pay only for the use of the facilities, sexual activity, if it occurs, is not provided by staff of the establishment but is between customers, and no money is exchanged. Many gay bathhouses, for reasons, explicitly prohibit or discourage prostitution. Records of men meeting for sex with men in bathhouses date back to the 15th century. A tradition of public baths dates back to the 6th century BC, some bathhouse owners tried to prevent sex between patrons while others, mindful of profits or prepared to risk prosecution, overlooked discreet homosexual activity. 1492 Florence In Florence, Italy, in 1492 there was a purge against the vice of sodomy, the places used for homosexual acts were to be taverns, baths, and casini. The Eight of Watch issued several decrees associated with sodomy and on April 11,1492 they warned the managers of bathhouses to keep out suspect boys on penalty of a fine. In the short period from April 1492 to February 1494 they convicted 44 men for homosexual relations not involving violence or aggravating circumstances,1876 Paris In France the first recorded police raid on a Parisian bathhouse was in 1876 in the Bains de Gymnase on the Rue du Faubourg-Poissonnière. Six men aged 14 to 22 were prosecuted for an offense against public decency,1903 New York In the United States on February 21,1903, New York police conducted the first recorded raid on a gay bathhouse, the Ariston Hotel Baths. 26 men were arrested and 12 brought to trial on charges,7 men received sentences ranging from 4 to 20 years in prison. It was damaged by fire on May 25,1977, when nine men died, also popular in the 1910s were the Produce Exchange Baths and the Lafayette Baths. American precisionist painter Charles Demuth used the Lafayette Baths as his favourite haunt and his 1918 homoerotic self-portrait set in a Turkish bath is likely to have been inspired by it. The Penn Post Baths in a basement was a popular gay location in the 1920s despite a seedy condition. The American composer Charles Griffes wrote in his diaries about visits to the New York City bathhouses, in London, the Savoy Turkish Baths at 92 Jermyn Street became a favorite spot
13.
Restaurant
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A restaurant, or an eatery, is a business which prepares and serves food and drinks to customers in exchange for money. Meals are generally served and eaten on the premises, but many also offer take-out and food delivery services. In Western countries, most mid- to high-range restaurants serve alcoholic beverages such as beer, wine, some restaurants serve all the major meals, such as breakfast, lunch, and dinner. Other restaurants may serve a single meal or they may serve two meals or even a kids meal. Restaurants may be classified or distinguished in different ways. The primary factors are usually the food itself, the cuisine and/or the style of offering, beyond this, restaurants may differentiate themselves on factors including speed, formality, location, cost, service, or novelty themes. In the former case, customers usually wear casual clothing, in the latter case, depending on culture and local traditions, customers might wear semi-casual, semi-formal or formal wear. Typically, at mid- to high-priced restaurants, customers sit at tables, their orders are taken by a waiter, after eating, the customers then pay the bill. Another restaurant approach which uses few waiters is the buffet restaurant, customers serve food onto their own plates and then pay at the end of the meal. Buffet restaurants typically still have waiters to serve drinks and alcoholic beverages, fast food restaurants are also considered a restaurant. The travelling public has long been catered for with ships messes and railway restaurant cars which are, in effect, many railways, the world over, also cater for the needs of travellers by providing railway refreshment rooms, a form of restaurant, at railway stations. In the 2000s, a number of travelling restaurants, specifically designed for tourists, have been created and these can be found on trams, boats, buses, etc. A restaurants proprietor is called a restaurateur /ˌrɛstərəˈtɜːr/, like restaurant, professional cooks are called chefs, with there being various finer distinctions. Most restaurant will have various waiting staff to serve food, beverages and alcoholic drinks, including busboys who remove used dishes and cutlery. In finer restaurants, this may include a host or hostess, a maître dhôtel to welcome customers and to them. A new route to becoming a restauranter, rather than working ones way up through the stages, is to operate a food truck, once a sufficient following has been obtained, a permanent restaurant site can be opened. This trend has become common in the UK and the US, a chefs table is a table located in the kitchen of a restaurant, reserved for VIPs and special guests. Patrons may be served a themed tasting menu prepared and served by the head chef, Restaurants can require a minimum party and charge a higher flat fee
14.
Boutique
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A boutique is a small store that sells stylish clothing, jewelry, or other usually luxury goods. The word is French for shop, which derives ultimately from the Greek ἀποθήκη or storehouse, the term boutique entered into everyday English since the late 1960s. In Europe, Avenue Montaigne and Bond Street were the focus of media attention for having the most fashionable stores of the era. This term can refer to a specialized firm in other industries. The word is used to describe a property in the independent sector of the hotel market in order to distinguish itself from larger chains. In such cases, the establishment aims to convey the idea that its operation is small, elite, some multi-outlet businesses can be referred to as boutiques if they target small, upscale market niches. Recently, the term boutique has begun to be applied to items that are either niche or produced in intentionally small numbers to be sold at very high prices. This can be referred to as boutique manufacturing, one of the first concept stores was 10 Corso Como in Milan, Italy, founded in 1990, followed by Colette in Paris and Quartier 206 in Berlin. Several well-known American chains such as Urban Outfitters, Dash, and The Gap, Australian chain Billabong and, though common, Lord & Taylor. Types of retail outlets Types of advertising agencies
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Bookstore
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Bookselling is the commercial trading of books, the retail and distribution end of the publishing process. People who engage in bookselling are called booksellers, bookwomen, or bookmen, the founding of libraries in 300 BC stimulated the energies of the Athenian booksellers. In Rome, toward the end of the republic, it became the fashion to have a library, and Roman booksellers carried on a flourishing trade. The spread of Christianity naturally created a demand for copies of the Gospels, other sacred books. The modern system of bookselling dates from soon after the introduction of printing, in the course of the 16th and 17th centuries the Low Countries for a time became the chief centre of the bookselling world. Modern book selling has changed dramatically with the advent of the Internet, with major websites such as Amazon, eBay, and other big book distributors offering affiliate programs, book sales have now, more than ever, been put in the hands of the small business owner. Bookstores may be part of a chain, or local independent bookstores. Stores can range in size offering from several hundred to several hundred thousands of titles and they may be brick-and-mortar stores or internet only stores or a combination of both. Sizes for the larger bookstores exceed half a million titles, bookstores often sell other printed matter besides books, such as newspapers, magazines and maps, additional product lines may vary enormously, particularly among independent bookstores. Another common type of bookstore is the used bookstore or second-hand bookshop which buys and sells used, a range of titles are available in used bookstores, including in print and out of print books. Book collectors tend to frequent used book stores, large online bookstores offer used books for sale, too. In the book of Jeremiah the prophet is represented as dictating to Baruch the scribe and these scribes were the earliest booksellers, and supplied copies as they were demanded. Aristotle possessed an extensive library, and Plato is recorded to have paid the large sum of one hundred minae for three small treatises of Philolaus the Pythagorean. When the Alexandrian library was founded about 300 BC, various expedients were used for the purpose of procuring books, in Rome, toward the end of the republic, it became the fashion to have a library as part of the household furniture. Roman booksellers carried on a flourishing trade and their shops were chiefly in the Argiletum, and in the Vicus Sandalarius. On the door, or on the posts, was a list of the books on sale, and Martial. In the time of Augustus the great booksellers were the Sosii, according to Justinian, a law was passed granting to the scribes the ownership of the material written, this may be the beginnings of the modern law of copyright. All references had to be certified by the local mayor, if the application was accepted, the bookseller would have to swear an oath of loyalty to the régime
16.
Chelsea, Manhattan
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Chelsea is a neighborhood on the West Side of the borough of Manhattan in New York City. Chelsea is divided between Manhattan Community Board 4 and Manhattan Community Board 5 and it contains the Chelsea Historic District and its extension, which were designated by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 1970 and 1981 respectively. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1977, the area has a large LGBTQ population. Chelsea is also known as one of the centers of the art world. Chelsea takes its name from the estate and Georgian-style house of retired British Major Thomas Clarke, the land was bounded by what would become 21st and 24th Streets, from the Hudson River to Eighth Avenue. Clarke chose the name Chelsea after the Royal Hospital Chelsea, a retirement home for soldiers in London, England. Clarke passed the estate on to his daughter, Charity, who, with her husband Benjamin Moore, added land on the south of the estate, the house was the birthplace of their son, Clement Clarke Moore, who in turn inherited the property. Moore is generally credited with writing A Visit From St. Nicholas and was the author of the first Greek and Hebrew lexicons printed in the United States. Covenants in the deeds of sale specified what could be built on the land – stables, manufacturing, in 1847 the Hudson River Railroad laid its freight tracks up a right-of-way between Tenth and Eleventh Avenues, separating Chelsea from the Hudson River waterfront. By the time of the Civil War, the area west of Ninth Avenue and below 20th Street was the location of numerous distilleries making turpentine and camphene, a lamp fuel. In addition, the huge Manhattan Gas Works complex, which converted coal into gas, was located at Ninth and 18th Street. As well as the piers, warehouses and factories, the area west of Tenth Avenue also included lumberyards and breweries. The social problems of the areas workers provoked John Lovejoy Elliot to form the Hudson Guild in 1897, one of the first settlement houses – private organizations designed to provide social services. A theater district had formed in the area by 1869, and soon West 23rd Street was the center of American theater, led by Pikes Opera House, Chelsea was an early center for the motion picture industry before World War I. Some of Mary Pickfords first pictures were made on the top floors of a building at 221 West 26th Street, while other studios were located on 23rd. London Terrace was one of the worlds largest apartment blocks when it opened in 1930, with a pool, solarium, gymnasium. The massive 23-story Art Deco Walker Building, which spans the block between 17th and 18th Streets just off of Seventh Avenue, was built in the early 1930s. It typifies the real activity of the district, as it has been converted in 2012 to residential apartments on the top 16 floors
17.
Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan
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Hells Kitchen, also known as Clinton, is a neighborhood on the West Side of Midtown Manhattan in New York City. It is traditionally considered to be bordered by 34th Street to the south, 59th Street to the north, Eighth Avenue to the east, the area provides transport, medical, and warehouse infrastructure support to Midtowns business district. Once a bastion of poor and working class Irish Americans, Hells Kitchens location in Midtown has changed its personality since the 1970s, since the early 1990s, the area has been gentrifying, and rents have risen rapidly. Located close to both Broadway theaters and the Actors Studio training school, Hells Kitchen has long been a home to learning and practicing actors, the name Hells Kitchen generally refers to the area from 34th to 59th Streets. Starting west of Eighth Avenue and north of 43rd Street, city zoning regulations generally limit buildings to six stories, as a result, most of the buildings are older, and are often walk-up apartments. For the most part, the neighborhood encompasses the ZIP codes 10019 and 10036, the post office for 10019 is called Radio City Station, the original name for Rockefeller Center on Sixth Avenue. To the east, the neighborhood overlaps the Times Square Theater District to the east at Eighth Avenue, on its southeast border, it overlaps the Garment District also on Eighth Avenue. Here, two landmarks reside – the New Yorker Hotel and the dynamic Manhattan Center building, the northern edge of Hells Kitchen borders the southern edge of the Upper West Side. 57th Street is the boundary between the two neighborhoods. The southern boundary is at Chelsea, but the two overlap and are often lumped together as the West Side since they support the Midtown Manhattan business district. The traditional dividing line is 34th Street, the transition area just north of Madison Square Garden and Pennsylvania Station includes the Jacob K. Javits Convention Center. The western border of the neighborhood is the Hudson River at the Hudson River Park, several explanations exist for the original name. An early use of the phrase appears in a comment Davy Crockett made about another notorious Irish slum in Manhattan and he was referring to the Five Points. Another explanation points to a building at 39th as the true original. A gang and a local dive took the name as well, a similar slum also existed in London and was known as Hells Kitchen. He referred to a particularly infamous tenement at 39th Street and Tenth Avenue as Hells Kitchen, according to this version, 39th Street between 9th and 10th Avenues became known as Hells Kitchen and the name was later expanded to the surrounding streets. Another version ascribes the origins to a German restaurant in the area known as Heils Kitchen. But the most common version traces it to the story of Dutch Fred the Cop, a veteran policeman, the rookie is supposed to have said, This place is hell itself, to which Fred replied, Hells a mild climate
18.
South End, Boston
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The South End is a neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. It is bordered by Back Bay, Chinatown, and Roxbury and it is distinguished from other neighborhoods by its Victorian style houses and the many parks in and around the area. The South End is the largest intact Victorian row house district in the country, eleven residential parks are scattered around the South End. In 1973, the South End was listed in the National Register of Historic Places, the construction of the South End began in 1849 when the neighborhood was built on tidal marshes. It is home to diverse groups, including immigrants, young families, and professionals. Since the 1880s the South End has been characterized by its diversity, with substantial Irish, Lebanese, Jewish, African-American, the South End has five primary and secondary schools that offer education from kindergarten to grade 12. It has a selection of restaurants, bars, art galleries. It is conveniently located within the radius of three libraries which offer many different programs for children and adults, the South End lies south of the Back Bay, northwest of South Boston, northeast of Roxbury, north of Dorchester, and southwest of Bay Village. Despite the name, it is not directly south of the center of downtown Boston, the neighborhood is built upon a former tidal marsh, a part of a larger project of the filling of Bostons Back Bay and South Bay, from the 1830s to the 1870s. Fill was brought in by trains from large trenches of gravel excavated in Needham, the South End was filled and developed before Back Bay, which was mostly built after the American Civil War. Nineteenth-century technology did not allow for driving piles into bedrock. Recent decreases in water levels have caused damage to some wood pilings by exposing them to air. A series of monitoring wells have been drilled and the level is now checked by the Boston Groundwater Trust. The South End was once bordered to the north and west by the Boston and Providence Railroad, the railroad line is now covered by the Southwest Corridor Park and terminates at Back Bay Station. The primary business thoroughfares of the South End are Columbus Avenue, Tremont Street, Washington Street, the original causeway that connected Roxbury to Boston, experienced considerable reinvestment in the 1990s. The street was once defined by the Washington Street Elevated, a train that was moved to below Southwest Corridor Park in the 1980s. Currently, two branches of the Silver Line, Bostons first bus rapid transit line, run along Washington Street, Columbus Avenue, the third main street of the South End, also has numerous restaurants and provides a remarkable straight-line view to the steeple of Park Street Church. Today the modern MBTA Orange Line rapid transit train runs along the partially covered Southwest Corridor, with stops at Back Bay
19.
Provincetown, Massachusetts
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Provincetown /ˈprɒvɪnsˌtaʊn/ is a New England town located at the extreme tip of Cape Cod in Barnstable County, Massachusetts, in the United States. A small coastal town with a year-round population of just under 3,000. Often called P-town or Ptown, the town is known for its beaches, harbor, artists, tourist industry, at the time of European encounter, the area was long settled by the historic Nauset tribe, who had a settlement known as Meeshawn. They spoke Massachusett, a Southern New England Algonquian language dialect that they shared in common with their closely related neighbors, on May 15,1602, having made landfall from the west and believing it to be an island, Bartholomew Gosnold initially named this area Shoal Hope. Later that day, after catching a great store of codfish, notably, that name referred specifically to the area of modern-day Provincetown, it wasnt until much later that that name was reused to designate the entire region now known as Cape Cod. On November 9,1620, the Pilgrims aboard the Mayflower sighted Cape Cod while en route to the Colony of Virginia. After two days of failed attempts to sail south against the winter seas, they returned to the safety of the harbor, known today as Provincetown Harbor. It was here that the Mayflower Compact was drawn up and signed and they agreed to settle and build a self-governing community, and came ashore in the West End. In 1654, the Governor of the Plymouth Colony purchased this land from the Chief of the Nausets, the collected fees were used to defray the costs of schools and other projects throughout the colony. In 1678, the grounds were opened up to allow the inclusion of fishermen from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1692, a new Royal Charter combined the Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies into the Province of Massachusetts Bay, Cape Cod was thus officially renamed the Province Lands. The first record of a government with jurisdiction over the Province Lands was in 1714, with an Act that declared it the Precinct of Cape Cod. On June 14,1727, after harboring ships for more than a century, the name chosen by its inhabitants was Herringtown, which was rejected by the Massachusetts General Court in favor of Provincetown. The act of incorporation provided that inhabitants of Provincetown could be land holders and they received a quit claim to their property, but the Province retained the title. The land was to be used as it had been from the beginning of the colony — a place for the making of fish, all resources, including the trees, could be used for that purpose. In 1893 the Great and General Court changed the Towns charter, giving the townspeople deeds to the properties they held, the population of Provincetown remained small through most of the 18th century. The town was affected by the American Revolution the same way most of Cape Cod was, the effective British blockade shut down most fish production and shipping and the town dwindled. It was, by happenstance, the location of the wreck of a British warship, following the American Revolution, Provincetown grew rapidly as a fishing and whaling center
20.
Washington Square West, Philadelphia
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Washington Square West is a neighborhood in downtown, or Center City, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. In addition to being a residential community, it is considered a hip, trendy neighborhood that offers a diverse array of shops, restaurants. Washington Square West contains many gay-friendly establishments and hosts annual events celebrating LGBT culture in Philadelphia including OutFest, the area takes its name from Washington Square, a historic urban park in the northeastern corner of the neighborhood. Philadelphias Antique Row lies in the area as does the nations oldest hospital, educational and medical facilities associated with Thomas Jefferson University, a leading regional medical university and health care center, are located within the neighborhood. The one-time headquarters of the former Curtis Publishing Company and the University of the Arts lie at the edges of the neighborhood, the neighborhood follows William Penns original grid layout for the city, with many one-lane and pedestrian side streets added later as the population became more dense. In addition to the block sized Washington Square Park to the East, the name Washington Square West came into official use in the late 1950s and early 1960s as part of Edmund Bacons comprehensive plan for Center City. In this plan, the south-east quadrant of center city was split into Washington Square East, both neighborhoods were scheduled for urban renewal by Philadelphias City Planning Commission and Redevelopment Authority. After a period of decline in the early 20th century, city officials hoped that redevelopment would clean up the neighborhood, after large-scale renewal of Washington Square East/Society Hill in the early 1960s, the Philadelphia Redevelopment Authority turned to Washington Square West. In the late 1960s, the Redevelopment Authority bought and demolished buildings and, by the mid-1970s, by this time, however, federal money available for urban renewal had declined and the city was no longer able to fund the renewal of Washington Square West. Buildings razed by the city in the 1960s and 1970s were left as empty lots, through the late 1970s and 1980 began a slow recovery without the aid of the large-scale redevelopment that had occurred in Society Hill. The 1990s saw a shift in the neighborhood as Mayor Ed Rendell encouraged investment in Center City, by the end of the 1990s and early 2000s, the neighborhood had transformed into an economically vital community. The Washington Square West Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1984, the 61-acre area encompasses 450 contributing buildings. Located in the district and separately listed are the Clinton Street Historic District, Roberts-Quay House, the area approximately located around Chestnut, Pine, Juniper and 11th Streets within Washington Square West is known as The Gayborhood. It is so-named because of its concentration of gay and lesbian friendly small businesses, services, restaurants. It was also a red district and center of Philadelphias gay bathhouse culture in the 1970s and 1980s. The area is the location for Philadelphias annual OutFest, National Coming Out Day celebration, on 18 April 2007, the city of Philadelphia officially recognized the area by adding 36 gay pride rainbow flag symbols to street signs bordering the Gayborhood area. 32 additional signs were added in June 2010, on 25 June 2015, rainbows, indicating LGBT pride, were painted onto crosswalks on the corner of 13th and Locust Streets. Its success as a city neighborhood has led to attempts at large scale private development in the Gayborhood in the 2000s
21.
Dupont Circle
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Dupont Circle is a traffic circle, park, neighborhood, and historic district in Northwest Washington, D. C. The traffic circle is located at the intersection of Massachusetts Avenue NW, Connecticut Avenue NW, New Hampshire Avenue NW, P Street NW, and 19th Street NW. The Dupont Circle neighborhood is bounded approximately by 16th Street NW to the east, 22nd Street NW to the west, M Street NW to the south, the local government Advisory Neighborhood Commission and the Dupont Circle Historic District have slightly different boundaries. The circle is named for Rear Admiral Samuel Francis Du Pont, the area that now constitutes Dupont Circle was once home to a brickyard and slaughterhouse. Improvements made in the 1870s by a board of public works headed by Alexander Boss Shepherd transformed the area into a residential neighborhood. In 1871, the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers began construction of the circle, then called Pacific Circle. On February 25,1882, Congress renamed it Dupont Circle, unveiled on December 20,1884, the statue was sculpted by Launt Thompson, and the circle was landscaped with exotic flowers and ornamental trees. In 1920, the current double-tiered white marble fountain replaced the statue, during the 1870s and 1880s, mansions were built along Massachusetts Avenue, one of Washingtons grand avenues, and townhouses were built throughout the neighborhood. In 1872, the British built a new embassy on Connecticut Avenue, stewarts Castle was built in 1873 on the north side of the circle. By the 1920s, Connecticut Avenue was more commercial in character, some residences, including Senator Philetus Sawyers mansion at Connecticut and R Street, were demolished to make way for office buildings and shops. The Patterson House, at 15 Dupont Circle, served as a residence for President Calvin Coolidge while the actual White House was being repaired in 1927. In 1933, the National Park Service took over administering the circle, Connecticut Avenue was widened in the late 1920s, and increased traffic in the neighborhood caused a great deal of congestion in the circle, making it difficult for pedestrians to get around. Medians were installed in 1948, in the circle, to separate the traffic on Massachusetts Avenue from the local traffic. In 1949 traffic tunnels and a streetcar station were built under the circle as part of the now-defunct Capital Transit project. The tunnels allowed trams and vehicles traveling along Connecticut Avenue to pass more quickly past the circle, when streetcar service ended in 1962, the entrances to the underground station were filled in and paved over, leaving only the traffic tunnel. The neighborhood declined after World War II and particularly after the 1968 riots, the neighborhood took on a bohemian feel and became popular among the gay and lesbian community. D. C. s first gay bookstore, Lambda Rising, opened in 1974, in 1975, the store ran the worlds first gay-oriented television commercial. Gentrification accelerated in the 1980s and 1990s, and the area is now a mainstream and trendy location with coffeehouses, restaurants, bars
22.
Soho
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Soho is an area of the City of Westminster and is part of the West End of London, England. Since the 1980s, the area has undergone considerable gentrification and it is now predominantly a fashionable district of upmarket restaurants and media offices, with only a small remnant of sex industry venues. Soho is a small, multicultural area of central London, a home to industry, commerce, culture and entertainment, record shops cluster in the area around Berwick Street, with shops such as Phonica, Sister Ray and Reckless Records. On many weekends, Soho is busy enough to warrant closing off some of the streets to vehicles, Westminster City Council pedestrianised parts of Soho in the mid-1990s, but later removed much of the pedestrianisation, apparently after complaints of loss of trade from local businesses. The name Soho first appears in the 17th century, Most authorities believe that the name derives from a former hunting cry. James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth, used soho as a call for his men at the Battle of Sedgemoor on 6 July 1685. The Soho name has been imitated by other entertainment and restaurant districts such as Soho, Hong Kong, Soho, Málaga, SOHO, Beijing, SoHo, London, Ontario, Canada, and Palermo Soho, Buenos Aires. SoHo, Manhattan, gets its name from its location SOuth of HOuston Street, however, apart from Oxford Street, all of these roads are 19th-century metropolitan improvements, so they are not Sohos original boundaries. Soho has never been a unit, with formally defined boundaries. The area to the west is known as Mayfair, to the north Fitzrovia, to the east St Giles and Covent Garden, and to the south St Jamess. According to the Soho Society, Chinatown, the area between Leicester Square to the south and Shaftesbury Avenue to the north, is part of Soho, Soho is part of the West End electoral ward which elects three councillors to Westminster City Council. In 1536, the land was taken by Henry VIII as a park for the Palace of Whitehall. In the 1660s, ownership of Soho Fields passed to Henry Jermyn, 1st Earl of St Albans and he was granted permission to develop property and quickly passed the lease and development to bricklayer Richard Frith. Soho was part of the ancient parish of St Martin in the Fields, as the population started to grow a new church was provided and in 1687 a new parish of St Anne was established for it. The parish stretched from Oxford Street in the north, to Leicester Square in the south and it therefore included all of contemporary eastern Soho, including the Chinatown area. The western portion of modern Soho, around Carnaby Street was part of the parish of St James, building progressed rapidly in the late 17th century, with large properties including Monmouth House, Leicester House, Fauconberg House, Carlisle House and Newport House. Soho Square was first laid out in the 1680s on the former Soho Fields, firth built the first houses around the square, and by 1691,41 had been completed. It was originally called King Square in honour of Charles II, several upper-class families moved into the area
23.
Birmingham Gay Village
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The Birmingham Gay Village is an LGBT district or gaybourhood next to the Chinese Quarter in Birmingham city centre, centred along Hurst Street, which hosts many LGBT-friendly businesses. This took place in the 1950s, when the area was a warehouse district with a few small businesses. The area was expanded in the 1980s when land to the east of Hurst Street was cleared for the building of the Arcadian Centre, the starting point for unhindered growth of the gay village was the partial decriminalisation of gay sex between males with the Sexual Offences Act 1967. The 2009 gay and lesbian population of Birmingham was estimated to be around 6 percent or 60,000 of the estimated 1.03 million residents. At the end of May 2009, Birmingham City Council approved plans for a £530,000 environmental improvement scheme at the heart of the citys Gay Village area, annually over the Spring bank holiday weekend upwards of 70,000 people flock to the area for Birmingham Pride. Birmingham Pride was the largest free Pride event in the UK before 2013, usually there are entertainment acts, market stalls, fairground attractions and a parade, and until 2012 it was completely free. In 2012, for the first time, charges were introduced for access to the entertainment marquees, tents, in 2013, the charge was expanded to include entrance to the Gay Village. The Gay and Lesbian Pride Ball takes place every spring at the International Convention Centre with an audience of 1000 plus attendees. The first Pride Ball took place in 1998 at the Birmingham Botanical Gardens and was the idea of Graham Brogden and they also moved the venue to the International Convention Centre, where they managed to get 540 participants for their first event. Rising to almost 800 by 2008, and being used to fund local LGBT organisations and HIV, in March 2012 the Pride ball raised £21,236 for AIDS and HIV charities. And organizations to gain funding were presented with their cheque in the Nightingale Club by Louie Spence of Pineapple Dance Studios, on 8 November 2012 the first Christmas Ball and charity fundraiser created for the Birmingham gay community was announced. It took place in the Penthouse above the Loft Lounge on 18 December 2012, the event included a meal and local drag acts, Miss Marty, Miss Penny, Pam Catz, Stacey Donohoe, Charlotte the Harlotte, Ricky Finlan, Lee Edward and Pam-la Motown. Previously known as Glamourous Bar and XLs, it is a venue located on Hurst Street next to the Hippodrome. Previously known as The Court Jester, the building was put up in 1964, the bar reopened in 2010 after renovations and a rename to Bar Jester, with the addition of a marble Jester engraving at the entrance. Recently refurbished by owner and former Mr Gay UK Richard Carr, it is now a karaoke, boltz is a members only cruising club for men. The club has theme nights and features dark rooms, a cinema. For these reasons they do not allow photography indoors, the building is of Victorian design and dates back to 1897. It has a history as a house and was previously known as the Australian Bar, with a restaurant on the first floor
24.
Canal Street (Manchester)
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Canal Street, the centre of the Manchester Gay Village, is a street in Manchester city centre in North West England. The pedestrianised street, which runs along the west side of the Rochdale Canal, is lined with gay bars, at night time, and in daytime in the warmer months, the street is filled with visitors, often including gay and lesbian tourists from all over the world. The northern end of the street meets Minshull Street and the southern meets Princess Street, Canal Street developed when the Rochdale Canal was constructed in 1804, a trade artery running through the city. Pubs and other businesses evolved to service the users of the canal, not until the 20th century, however, did the area first begin to be properly associated with gay people. By the 1960s, usage of the canal had greatly declined due to competition from other methods of transport, whilst assuming the form of an industrial area full of cotton factories, by night the area was a red-light district. With the collapse of the industry in Northern England, the area suffered urban decay. The area along the canal was perfect for gay men to meet clandestinely as it was dark and unvisited, but was near to good transport links such as Oxford Road and Piccadilly railway stations. James Anderton, when questioned about the policing of the Canal Street area, greater Manchester Police under his leadership ran a strict licensing regime for bars and nightclubs in the central Manchester area. The opening of Manto in 1990 was regarded as a catalyst for the development of many of the current style of bars, Manto was created when Carol Ainscow, a gay property developer, alongside her business partner Peter Dalton, bought a garage repair building on Canal Street. The building was the first in the area to be clad with large glass windows, Ainscow stated, I felt sick of having to knock on doors. Despite this, Ainscow stated that for the first six months of business, another catalyst for the expansion in the 1990s was its official recognition by Manchester City Council. This included major support for the Mardi Gras and purchase of the Sackville Street Gardens in 1990, the Village has been unified by issues regarding the gay community, such as Section 28 in the run-up to it becoming law in 1988 and subsequently. Ian Wilmott, a gay Labour councillor, said Section 28 was such an attack on civil liberties that hundreds of campaigners came together to oppose it. We had no homeland, no part of the city and it had to be more than a club. We willed the village into existence, additionally, raising awareness over the HIV/AIDS threat to the community have been integral to bringing the village together, according to John Hamilton, chair of the Village Business Association. This focus led to several of the pubs on or near Canal Street acquiring a predominantly gay clientele, in 1991 Manto bar opened at no.46. It was built in 1989 by Benedict Smith Architects, unlike the other gay bars at that time, Manto had large glass windows, allowing the casual passer-by to view what was going on inside. A brick-and-mortar refusal to any more, to remain underground
25.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
26.
West Hollywood
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West Hollywood, occasionally referred to locally as WeHo, is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. Incorporated in 1984, it is home to the Sunset Strip, as of the 2010 census, its population was 34,399. It is considered one of the most prominent gay villages in the United States, the citys irregular boundary is featured in its logo, it was largely formed from the unincorporated Los Angeles County area that had not become part of the surrounding cities. West Hollywood benefits from a dense, compact urban form with small lots, mixed land use. According to Walkscore, a website that ranks cities based on walkability, commercial corridors include the nightlife and dining focused on the Sunset Strip, along Santa Monica Boulevard, and the Avenues of Art & Design along Robertson, Melrose, and Beverly Boulevard. Major intersecting streets typically provide amenities within walking distance of adjacent neighborhoods, West Hollywood has a Subtropical-semi-arid climate with year-round warm weather. The record high temperature of 111 °F was recorded September 26,1963, snow is rare in West Hollywood, with the last accumulation occurring in 1949. Rainfall is sparse, and falls mainly during winter months, around 5,000 of the indigenous inhabitants from the Tongva Indian tribe canoed out to greet Juan Cabrillo. The Tongva tribe was a nation of hunter-gatherers known for their reverence of dance, by 1771, these native people had been severely ravaged by diseases brought in by the Europeans from across wide oceans. The Spanish mission system changed the name to Gabrielinos, in reference to the Mission de San Gabriel. The Gabrielinos are believed to have burned the pitch for fuel, by 1780, what became the Sunset Strip was the major connecting road for El Pueblo de Los Angeles, and all ranches westward to the Pacific Ocean. This land passed through the hands of owners during the next one hundred years. Most of this area was part of the Rancho La Brea, Sherman became the location of the railroads main shops, railroad yards, and car barns. Many working-class employees of the railroad settled in this town and it was during this time that the city began to earn its reputation as a loosely regulated, liquor-friendly place for eccentric people wary of government interference. Despite several annexation attempts, the town elected not to part of the City of Los Angeles. For many years, the area that is now the city of West Hollywood was an area in the midst of Los Angeles. Because gambling was illegal in the city of Los Angeles, but still legal in Los Angeles County and these businesses were immune from the sometimes heavy-handed law-enforcement of the L. A. Some people connected with movie-making were attracted to this area of the County
27.
Sitges
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Sitges is a town about 35 kilometres southwest of Barcelona, in Catalonia, renowned worldwide for its Film Festival and Carnival. Located between the Garraf Massif and the sea, it is known for its beaches, nightspots, nowadays, it is a popular destination for gay and lesbian travellers, as it has become one of the most gay-friendly places in the world. Today, Sitges economy is based on tourism and culture offering more than 4,500 hotel beds, almost 35% of the approximately 26,000 permanent inhabitants are from the Netherlands, the UK, France and Scandinavia, whose children attend international schools in the area. Sitges was also the site of the annual Bilderberg conference held in June 2010, proximity to Barcelona-El Prat Airport is also a major advantage. Human presence in the dates to at least the Neolithic area. In the 1st century BC it included two separated villages, later absorbed by the Romans, during the Middle Ages, a castle was built in Sitges, owned by the bishopric of Barcelona, which later ceded it to count Mir Geribert. In the 12th century the town fell under the rule of the Sitges family. The latter held it until 1308, when Agnes of Sitges sold the town to Bernat de Fonollar, after death it went to the Pia Almoina. Sitges economy was based on the production of wine until the economic boom of the 1960s. Miquel Forns i Fusté is the current, 5th Mayor, of Sitges, for over a century, Sitges has celebrated Carnestoltes, or Carnival, between the months of February and March, according to the liturgical calendar. * CarnavalDeSitges. com - Sitges Carnaval website The festivities begin on Dijous Gras, or Fat Thursday and they continue until the burial of the sardine — late afternoon on Ash Wednesday. Folk dances and xatonades are also characteristic carnival elements, the two most important moments are the Rua de la Disbauxa, or the Debauchery Parade, on Sunday night and the Rua de lExtermini, or Extermination Parade, on Tuesday night. Around forty floats with more than 2,000 participants fill Sitges, xató is Sitges most typical dish. Its first recorded mention is in local newspaper Eco de Sitges report on Maundy Thursday, the report refers to a meal that three days before had gathered together a selected group of Catalan artists and intellectuals, including Santiago Rusiñol, Miquel Utrillo and Gaietà Buigas. The name “xató” comes from an expression pronounced years before by Canudas, the main ingredients of xató are endive salad, cod, tuna, anchovies, aubergine and black olives. However, the essence of the dish is its sauce, made with scalded chillies, toasted almonds, garlic, olive oil, salt, vinegar and hot peppers. The complete xató meal consists of some different omelettes or fricandó and as a dessert, coca de llardons, Sitges cuisine includes many Catalan sailors dishes such as rice Sitges style, stewed sepia with potatoes and allioli, bull de tonyina, fideuada or stuffed peppers with cod. Malvasia is a delicate liquor wine served in Sitges, primarily with dessert, the name “malvasia” comes from the Peloponnesian port Monemvasía
28.
Church and Wellesley
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Church and Wellesley is an LGBT-oriented enclave in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Though some gay and lesbian oriented establishments can be found outside of this area, Church and Wellesley is home to the annual Pride Week celebrations, the largest event of its kind in Canada with over 90 floats and an enthusiastic crowd that numbers in the hundreds of thousands. The Pride Parade is always on the last weekend in June and it runs southward along Yonge Street. The Dyke March is a parade that runs on that Saturday afternoon and has a smaller parade route. There is also a community fair that closes off Wellesley between Yonge and Church and also goes into Church Street. The community fair includes tables from a variety of groups involved in or associated with queer culture. The 519 Church Street Community Centre is the place for numerous social and political groups. In 2007, a new wing was opened, and upgrades to the spaces were completed in 2009. Church and Wellesley is also home to the AIDS Memorial, located in Barbara Hall Park, a memorial candlelight vigil is held each year at the AIDS Memorial, during Pride Week. Most people refer to it simply as Church Street or the Village, bars in the Church and Wellesley neighbourhood include Woodys, Pegasus On Church, Crews & Tangos, the Churchmouse and Firkin, OGradys, Statlers, Black Eagle, Boutique, Flash, Glad Day and Fly. The Church Wellesley Village Business Improvement Area was established October 2002, in the summer of 2004, the business association launched a pilot project. Every Sunday from 10 a. m. to 10 p. m. throughout the summer, the business association also sponsored the Church Street Fetish Fair in August. In 2003, San Franciscos Folsom Street Fair had licensed a consortium of Toronto community groups to use the name Folsom Fair North for a similar fetish fair, Folsom Fair North, which changed its name to FFN in 2006, was last held in 2007. His lands were known as Molly Woods Bush in the early nineteenth century — molly being a contemporaneous slang term for homosexual. In the spring of 2005, a statue of Wood was erected at the corner of Church and Alexander Streets, Church Street and the area around it has been familiar to the Toronto gay community for many decades. Allan Gardens, just east of Church Street on Carlton, was a cruising area for gay men. From the late 1960s through the early 1980s the focus of Torontos gay subculture was the Yonge, the most notable bars for the gay subculture were the Parkside Tavern and the St. Charles Tavern on Yonge Street just south of Wellesley. The Glad Day Bookshop, for years the citys only gay oriented bookstore
29.
The Castro, San Francisco
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The Castro District, commonly referenced as The Castro, is a neighborhood in Eureka Valley in San Francisco. The Castro was one of the first gay neighborhoods in the United States, San Franciscos gay village is mostly concentrated in the business district that is located on Castro Street from Market Street to 19th Street. It extends down Market Street toward Church Street and on sides of the Castro neighborhood from Church Street to Eureka Street. Some consider it to include Duboce Triangle and Dolores Heights, which both have a strong LGBT presence and it reappears in several discontinuous sections before ultimately terminating at Chenery Street, in the heart of Glen Park. Castro Street was named for José Castro, a Californian leader of Mexican opposition to U. S. rule in California in the 19th century, and alcalde of Alta California from 1835 to 1836. The neighborhood now known as the Castro was created in 1887 when the Market Street Railway Company built a line linking Eureka Valley to downtown. In 1891, Alfred E. Clarke built his mansion at the corner of Douglass and it survived the 1906 earthquake and fire which destroyed a large portion of San Francisco. Up to the 19th century, the possession of the Russian Empire in North America included the modern-day U. S. State of Alaska and settlements in the modern-day U. S. states of California. These Russian possessions were collectively and officially referred to by the name Russian America from 1733 to 1867, formal incorporation of the possessions by Russia did not take place until the establishment of the Russian-American Company in 1799. At the time, Russia was a young naval power. From the start, in 1840–1865, three consecutive Finnish pastors served this pastorate, Uno Cygnaeus, Gabriel Plathán and Georg Gustaf Winter, the Finns Aaron Sjöstrom and Otto Reinhold Rehn served as the parish organists/sextons during the same period. In 1841, under the governorship of Russian America by Finnish Arvid Adolf Etholén, during the final three decades of the existence of Russian America, Finnish Chief Managers of Russian America included Arvid Adolf Etholén in 1840–1845 and Johan Hampus Furuhjelm in 1859–1864. A third Finn, Johan Joachim von Bartram, declined the offer for the term between 1850 and 1855. All three were high ranking Imperial naval officers, in reference to San Francisco, researcher Maria J. Enckell states the following about the Finns in the Russian-American Company, Russia relied heavily on Finnish seamen. These seamen manned Russian naval ships as well as its deep-sea-going vessels, Company records show that in the early 1800s these ships were crewed predominantly by merchant seamen from Finland. From 1840 onward the Companys around-the-world ships were manned entirely by Finnish merchant skippers, Most Company ships stationed in Sitka and the Northern Pacific were likewise manned by Finnish skippers and Finnish crews. During the California Gold Rush and in its aftermath, a substantial Finnish population had settled in San Francisco, accordingly, Kalevalas visit in the city received a very warm welcome and created much attention. In addition to the Finnish-built corvette Kalevala now returning to the U. S, Finnish officers serving in the squadron included Theodor Kristian Avellan, who later became the Minister of Naval Affairs of the Russian Empire
30.
Chueca
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Chueca is a district named after a square sited in a central neighbourhood in Madrid named Justicia. It lies just to the north of the old city, with its metro station Chueca, Chueca is very lively, with many street cafes and boutique shops, Lonely Planet describes it as extravagantly gay, lively young, and always inclusive regardless of your sexual orientation. The neighborhood has become an area for Madrids gay community. Since Madrids serving as host of the 2007 Europride, the Gay Pride march has evolved to the biggest gay festival in the world, Chueca will hold the World Gay Pride in 2017. In 2012 more than 300,000 foreigners travelled to Madrid for the LGBT celebrations, during the last years Chueca has become a center for gay art. Shows such as De bares hacia la exposicion by Daniel Garbade in or the Illustrations, Chueca is a favorite set for movies. Eloy de la Iglesias’s last production, Bulgarian Lovers an adaptation of the novel by Eduardo Mendicutti was shot in the neighborhood. So where other such as Truman by Cesc Gay, Boystown by Juan Flahn
31.
Newtown, New South Wales
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King Street is the main street of Newtown and centre of commercial and entertainment activity. The street follows the spine of a ridge that rises up near Sydney University and extends to the south. Enmore Road branches off King Street towards the suburb of Enmore at Newtown Bridge, Enmore Road and King Street together comprise 9.1 kilometres of over 600 shopfronts. The main shopping strip of Newtown is the longest and most complete commercial precinct of the late Victorian, King Street is often referred to as Eat Street in the media due to the large number of cafés, pubs and restaurants of various cultures. Cafes, restaurants and galleries can also be found in the streets surrounding King Street, Newtowns rugby league club competed in the NSWRFL Premiership from its foundation in 1908 until 1983. The first Aborigine to receive a Christian burial was Tommy, an 11-year-old boy who died of bronchitis in the Sydney Infirmary and he was buried in Camperdown Cemetery, in a section now located outside the wall. When the names were transcribed from the records onto the monument and this conflicts with other claims that the main western track was a barrier which divided the land. Newtown was established as a residential and farming area in the early 19th century, the area took its name from a grocery store opened there by John and Margaret Webster in 1832, at a site close to where the Newtown railway station stands today. They placed a sign atop their store that read New Town Stores, the name New Town was adopted, at first unofficially, with the space disappearing to form the name Newtown. The part of Newtown lying south of King Street was a portion of the two estates granted by Governor Arthur Phillip to the Superintendent of Convicts, Nicholas Devine, in 1794 and 1799, Erskineville and much of MacDonaldtown were also once part of Devines grant. In 1827, when Devine was aged about 90, this land was acquired from him by a convict, Bernard Rochford, Devines heir, John Devine, a coachbuilder of Birmingham, challenged the will, which was blatantly fraudulent. The Newtown Ejectment Case was eventually settled out of court by the payment to Devine of a sum of money said to have been considerable. The land was divided into the housing that is now evidenced by the rows of terrace houses. Part of the area now falling within the present boundaries of Newtown and this area was named by Governor William Bligh who received it as a land grant in 1806 and who passed it to his daughter and son-in-law on his return to England in 1810. In 1848 part of land was acquired by the Sydney Church of England Cemetery Company to create a general cemetery beyond the boundary of the City of Sydney. Camperdown Cemetery, just one away from King Street, Newtown, was to become significant in the life of the suburb. Between its consecration in 1849 and its closure to further sales in 1868 it saw 15,000 burials of people all over Sydney. Of that number, approximately half were buried in unmarked
32.
Le Marais
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Le Marais is a historic district in Paris, France. Long the aristocratic district of Paris, it hosts many outstanding buildings of historic and it spreads across parts of the 3rd and 4th arrondissements in Paris. In 1240 the Order of the Temple built its fortified church just outside the walls of Paris, in the northern part of the Marais. During the mid-13th century, Charles I of Anjou, King of Naples and Sicily, in 1361 the King Charles V built a mansion known as the Hôtel Saint-Pol in which the Royal Court settled during his reign as well as his sons. From that time to the 17th century and especially after the Royal Square was designed under King Henri IV in 1605, the Marais was the French nobilitys favorite place of residence. During the late 18th century, the district was no longer the most fashionable district for the nobility, by that time, only minor nobles and a few more powerful nobles, such as the Prince de Soubise, lived there. The Place des Vosges remained a place for nobles to meet, the district fell into despair after the Revolution, and was therefore abandoned by the nobility completely, and would stay that way for ever. After the French Revolution, the district was no more the aristocratic district it once was during the 17th and 18th centuries, because of this, the district became a popular and active commercial area, hosting one of Paris main Jewish communities. During World War II the Jewish community was targeted by the Nazis who were occupying France, as of today the rue des Rosiers remains a major centre of the Paris Jewish community, which has made a comeback since the 1990s. Public notices announce Jewish events, bookshops specialize in Jewish books, the synagogue on 10 rue Pavée is adjacent to the rue des Rosiers. It was designed in 1913 by Art Nouveau architect Hector Guimard, Le Marais houses the Museum of Jewish Art and History, the largest French museum of Jewish art and history. The museum conveys the history and culture of Jews in Europe. In 1982, Palestinan terrorists murdered 6 people and injured 22 at a Jewish restaurant in Le Marais, Chez Jo Goldenberg, by the 1950s, the district had become a working-class area and most of its architectural masterpieces were in a bad state of repair. In 1964, General de Gaulles Culture Minister Andre Malraux made the Marais the first secteur sauvegardé and these were meant to protect and conserve places of special cultural significance. In the following decades the government and the Parisian municipality led a restoration and Rehabilitation Policy. The site of Beaubourg, the part of Marais, was chosen for the Centre Georges Pompidou, Frances national Museum of Modern Art. The building was completed in 1977 with revolutionary architecture by Renzo Piano, the Marais is now one of Paris main localities for art galleries. Following its rehabilitation, the Marais has become a district, home to many trendy restaurants, fashion houses
33.
Green Point, Cape Town
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Green Point is an affluent suburb of Cape Town, South Africa located to the north west of the central business district. It is a residential area for young professionals and for the Cape Town gay and lesbian community. Many new mid-rise apartment and mixed-use developments have gone up in recent years, somerset Road forms the main thoroughfare lined by numerous restaurants, cafés, boutiques and nightclubs. The Cape Town Stadium was constructed on Green Point Common for the 2010 FIFA World Cup
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Cape Town
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Cape Town is a coastal city in South Africa. It is the second-most populous urban area in South Africa after Johannesburg and it is also the capital and primate city of the Western Cape province. As the seat of the Parliament of South Africa, it is also the capital of the country. It forms part of the City of Cape Town metropolitan municipality, the city is famous for its harbour, for its natural setting in the Cape Floristic Region, and for such well-known landmarks as Table Mountain and Cape Point. As of 2014, it is the 10th most populous city in Africa and it is one of the most multicultural cities in the world, reflecting its role as a major destination for immigrants and expatriates to South Africa. The city was named the World Design Capital for 2014 by the International Council of Societies of Industrial Design, in 2014, Cape Town was named the best place in the world to visit by both the American New York Times and the British Daily Telegraph. Located on the shore of Table Bay, Cape Town was first developed by the Dutch East India Company as a station for Dutch ships sailing to East Africa, India. Jan van Riebeecks arrival on 6 April 1652 established the first permanent European settlement in South Africa, Cape Town quickly outgrew its original purpose as the first European outpost at the Castle of Good Hope, becoming the economic and cultural hub of the Cape Colony. Until the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the development of Johannesburg, Cape Town was the largest city in South Africa, the earliest known remnants in the region were found at Peers Cave in Fish Hoek and date to between 15,000 and 12,000 years ago. It was later renamed by John II of Portugal as Cape of Good Hope because of the optimism engendered by the opening of a sea route to India. Vasco da Gama recorded a sighting of the Cape of Good Hope in 1497, in the late 16th century, Portuguese, French, Danish, Dutch and English but mainly Portuguese ships regularly stopped over in Table Bay en route to the Indies. They traded tobacco, copper and iron with the Khoikhoi in exchange for fresh meat, the settlement grew slowly during this period, as it was hard to find adequate labour. This labour shortage prompted the authorities to import slaves from Indonesia, many of these became ancestors of the first Cape Coloured communities. Some of these, including grapes, cereals, ground nuts, potatoes, apples and citrus, had an important, the Dutch Republic being transformed in Revolutionary Frances vassal Batavian Republic, Great Britain moved to take control of its colonies. Britain captured Cape Town in 1795, but the Cape was returned to the Dutch by treaty in 1803, British forces occupied the Cape again in 1806 following the Battle of Blaauwberg. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814, Cape Town was permanently ceded to Britain and it became the capital of the newly formed Cape Colony, whose territory expanded very substantially through the 1800s. With expansion came calls for independence from Britain, with the Cape attaining its own parliament. Suffrage was established according to the non-racial, but sexist Cape Qualified Franchise, the discovery of diamonds in Griqualand West in 1867, and the Witwatersrand Gold Rush in 1886, prompted a flood of immigrants to South Africa
35.
Melville, Gauteng
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Melville is a bohemian suburb of Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa. It is also one of the City most popular tourist destinations The suburb was proclaimed on 5 October 1896, the majority of the restaurants are located along 7th Street, although there are a few new restaurants and nightclubs on Main Street, as well as a Spar grocery store. There are over 30 guest houses in the vicinity, and Melville is a stopover in Johannesburg for tourists. On 7th Street, there are restaurants, bars and a tattoo studio. The popular soap opera, 7de Laan, used views of 7th Street, Melville is also well known for the Melville Koppies, and is near the historic suburb of Sophiatown
36.
Johannesburg
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Johannesburg is the largest city in South Africa and is one of the 50 largest urban areas in the world. It is the capital of Gauteng, which is the wealthiest province in South Africa. While Johannesburg is not one of South Africas three capital cities, it is the seat of the Constitutional Court, the city is located in the mineral-rich Witwatersrand range of hills and is the centre of large-scale gold and diamond trade. In 2011, the population of the city of Johannesburg was 4,434,827, in the same year, the population of Greater Johannesburg Metropolitan Area was 7,860,781. Some view the surrounding the city of Johannesburg yet more broadly than the metropolitan area, adding Ekurhuleni, West Rand and Lenasia. The land area of the city is large in comparison with those of other major cities, resulting in a moderate population density of 2. The city was established in 1886 following the discovery of gold on what had been a farm, the city is commonly interpreted as the modern day El Dorado due to the extremely large gold deposit found along the Witwatersrand. The name is attributed to one or all of three men involved in the establishment of the city, in ten years, the population was 100,000 inhabitants. A separate city from the late 1970s until the 1990s, Soweto is now part of Johannesburg, Soweto, although eventually incorporated into Johannesburg, had been separated as a residential area for blacks, who were not permitted to live in Johannesburg proper. Lenasia is predominantly populated by English-speaking South Africans of Indian descent, controversy surrounds the origin of the name. There were quite a number of people with the name Johannes who were involved in the history of the city. Among them are the principal clerk attached to the office of the surveyor-general Johannes Rissik, Christiaan Johannes Joubert, another was Stephanus Johannes Paulus Paul Kruger, president of the South African Republic 1883-1900. Johannes Meyer, the first government official in the area is another possibility, precise records for the choice of name were lost. Rissik and Joubert were members of a delegation sent to England to attain mining rights for the area. Joubert had a park in the city named after him and Rissik Street is today a street where the historically important and dilapidated Post Office, since burnt out. The region surrounding Johannesburg was originally inhabited by San people, the Sotho–Tswana practised farming and extensively mined and smelted metals that were available in the area. The most prominent site within Johannesburg is Melville Koppies, which contains an iron smelting furnace, the main Witwatersrand gold reef was discovered in June 1884 on the farm Vogelstruisfontein by Jan Gerritse Bantjes that triggered the Witwatersrand Gold Rush and the start of Johannesburg in 1886. The discovery of gold rapidly attracted people to the area, making necessary a name, Johannes Meyer, the first government official in the area is another possibility
37.
Asbury Park, New Jersey
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Asbury Park is a city in Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States, located on the Jersey Shore and part of the New York City Metropolitan Area. It was ranked the sixth-best beach in New Jersey in the 2008 Top 10 Beaches Contest sponsored by the New Jersey Marine Sciences Consortium. Asbury Park was originally incorporated as a borough by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 26,1874, the borough was reincorporated on February 28,1893. Asbury Park was incorporated as a city, its current type of government, a seaside community, Asbury Park is located on New Jerseys central coast. Bradley was active in the development of much of the citys infrastructure, along the waterfront Bradley installed the Asbury Park Boardwalk, an orchestra pavilion, public changing rooms and a pier at the south end of that boardwalk. During these early decades in Asbury Park, a number of hotels were built. Uriah White, an Asbury Park pioneer, installed the first artesian well water system, by 1912, The New York Times estimated that the summer population could reach 200,000. The country by the sea destination experienced several key periods of popularity, the first notable era was the 1890s, marked by a housing growth, examples of which can still be found today in a full range of Victorian architecture. Coinciding with the trend in retail shopping, Asbury Parks downtown flourished during this period. The 1920s saw a change in the boardwalk with the construction of the Paramount Theatre and Convention Hall complex, the Casino Arena and Carousel House. Beaux Arts architect Warren Whitney of New York was the designer and he had also been hired to design the imposing Berkeley-Carteret Hotel positioned diagonally across from the theater and hall. At the same time, Asbury Park launched a first-class education, in 1935, the newly founded Securities and Exchange Commission called Asbury Parks Mayor Clarence F. Hetrick to testify about $6,000,000 in beach improvement bonds that had gone into default. The interests of Asbury Parks bond investors lead Senator Frank Durand to add a last-minute Beach Commission amendment to a municipal debt bill in the New Jersey legislature, when the bill became law, it ceded control of the Asbury Park beach to Governor Harold Hoffman and a governors commission. The city of Asbury Park sued to restore control of the beach to the municipal council, in 1943, the New York Yankees held their spring training in Asbury Park instead of Florida. This was because rail transport had to be conserved during the war, with the opening of the Garden State Parkway in 1947, Asbury Park saw the travel market change as fewer vacationers took trains to the seashore. Office parks built outside the city resulted in the relocation of accountants, dentists, doctors, lawyers, many of those city blocks have yet to be redeveloped into the 21st century. Although it was placed on the National Register of Historic Places, the complex had featured the famous face of Tillie, a symbol of the Jersey Shore. In 1990, the carousel at the Casino Pier was sold to Family Kingdom Amusement Park in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina
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Maplewood, New Jersey
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Maplewood is a suburban township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. When surveying the area now known as Maplewood, Robert Treat found several used by Lenape tribes of Algonquian Native Americans. These paths form the basis for what are the main thoroughfares today. The first European settlers arrived around 1675, primarily English, Dutch and French Puritans who had earlier settled Hempstead, Long Island, and Stamford, Connecticut, via Newark and Elizabeth. They had acquired most of todays Essex County from the Native Americans and these three routes resulted in the development of three separate communities that coalesced to become Maplewood and South Orange. Those who came from Newark on the trail that now corresponds to South Orange Avenue settled the area that became South Orange village, six families came up todays Ridgewood Road and established scattered farms around a center that became Jefferson Village, named after Thomas Jefferson. This village, which corresponds to downtown Maplewood today, developed several mills. John Durand, the son of Hudson River school painter Asher Brown Durand, describes the place as a picturesque, the apple harvest was apparently quite impressive and included Harrison and Canfield varieties. By 1815, there were approximately 30 families in the village, although the residents of the area were predominantly Presbyterian, the first house of worship was a Baptist chapel in 1812. This was in use until 1846 and fell into disrepair until 1858 and those who came up todays Springfield Avenue settled on a hill crest near todays intersection between Tuscan and Springfield Avenue and established a hamlet known as North Farms. Over time, this community became known as the Hilton section and it became a stagecoach stop between Newark, Jersey City, and Morristown and thereby a center for trade and light manufacturing. The village changed its name from North Farms to Middleville in 1830, in 1855, Seth Boyden settled in what was then Middleville to retire but innovated a number of agricultural products, especially berries. Boyden also built and put into operation the first steam engines to service the railroad through Maplewood, the area became known for its orchards and related industries, including cider mills and rum distilleries, as well as honey and livestock. In 1802, Jefferson Village and North Farms were named as districts within the Township of Newark, James Ricalton, a teacher born in Waddington, New York of Scottish parents, set the high standard of education that persists in the school district to this day. Maplewood was originally formed as South Orange Township, which was created on April 1,1861, from portions of Clinton Township and what was then the Town of Orange. Portions of the township were taken to form South Orange village, when the Morris and Essex Railroad from Newark was extended to the area in 1838, a land speculator by the name of John Shedden built a railroad station in Jefferson Village and named it Maplewood. This name came to comprise areas known as Hilton, Jefferson Village, in 1868, farms were divided into parcels for residential housing. The 1920s saw significant growth in new residents and structures, according to the United States Census Bureau, the township had a total area of 3.879 square miles, including 3.877 square miles of land and 0.002 square miles of water
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Montclair, New Jersey
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Montclair is a township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of 2010, it was the 60th-most-populous municipality in New Jersey, Montclair was first formed as a township on April 15,1868, from portions of Bloomfield Township, so that a second railroad could be built to Montclair. After a referendum held on February 21,1894, Montclair was reincorporated as a town and it derives its name from the French mont clair, meaning clear mountain or bright mountain. According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has an area of 6.315 square miles. Montclair is on the east side of the First Mountain of the Watchung Mountains, some higher locations in the township provide excellent views of the surrounding area and of the New York City skyline about 12 miles away. Named localities in the township include Frog Hollow, Montclair Heights, South End, Upper Montclair, Montclair citizens use two main ZIP codes. The central and southern parts of the township are designated 07042, Upper Montclair lies north of Watchung Avenue and has a separate ZIP code,07043. Because the ZIP codes do not exactly match municipal boundaries, a few homes near the borders with neighboring towns fall into the ZIP codes for those communities. A few homes in some adjoining municipalities use one of the two ZIP codes assigned to Montclair, as does HackensackUMC Mountainside, whose campus straddles the border with Glen Ridge, small areas in the southeast of the township fall into the Glen Ridge ZIP code 07028. Yantacaw and Toneys brooks are dammed in parks to create ponds, wigwam, Nishuane, and Toneys brooks flow into the Second River, and the others flow into the Third River. Montclair lies just north of the northernmost extent of the Rahway River watershed, the southern border of Montclair is a straight line between Eagle Rock, on the ridge of the First Watchung Mountain, and the point where Orange Road crosses Nishuane Brook. The eastern border is roughly a line between that point and a point just southwest of where Broad Street crosses the Third River. The western border runs roughly along the ridge of the First Watchung Mountain between Eagle Rock and the Essex County/Passaic County border, the northern border is the border between those two counties. Montclair has a climate, with warm-to-hot, humid summers and cool to cold winters. January tends to be the coldest month, with high temperatures in the upper 30s Fahrenheit. July, the warmest month, features high temperatures in the mid-80s and lows in the 70s, from April to June and from September to early November, Montclair experiences temperatures from the lower 60s to the lower 70s. Montclair gets approximately 50 inches of rain per year, above the United States average of 39 inches, snowfall is common from December to early March, and totals about 30 inches annually. The number of each year in Montclair with any measurable precipitation is 90
40.
Lambertville, New Jersey
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Lambertville is a city in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, United States. Lambertville is located on the Delaware River in the portion of Hunterdon County. During the 18th century, the area was named after various operators of ferries across the river to Pennsylvania, ultimately becoming known as Coryells Ferry, after its owner, Emanuel Coryell. Coryells Ferry was the terminus of the New Jersey portion of the York Road connecting New York City. The Delaware River and the Delaware and Raritan Canal were instrumental in the prosperity of Lambertville. In June 1834, the opening of the canal was celebrated with a ride from Trenton to Lambertville. The canals completion was not without hardship,4,000 Irish immigrants were hired to dig the canal with pick and shovel. During the construction, an epidemic of cholera broke out and dozens of men were buried along the banks of the canal, Lambertville was originally incorporated as a town by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 1,1849, from portions of West Amwell Township. The area was reincorporated as a city on March 26,1872, after the introduction of motorized vehicles made the canal obsolete, the factories began shutting down. Some made it into the 1970s, the railroad continued to serve as a vital freight carrier until the mid 1970s. In the 1970s, young people who had grown up in Lambertville, with pioneers including the Jonsdottir art gallery, Hamilton Grill and the Lambertville Station eatery, the city began to attract artists and other creative types. These days, much of towns 18th and 19th century flavor remains, the town has become a tourist destination, with many shops, galleries, restaurants, and B&Bs. The canal path offers cyclists, joggers and walkers a level place to exercise and enjoy views of the canal and Delaware River in all seasons. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had an area of 1.298 square miles. The city borders Delaware Township and West Amwell Township in Hunterdon County, the Delaware and Raritan Canal flows through the western half of Lambertville, running parallel to the Delaware River. Sections of the Delaware and Raritan Canal State Park are also located in the city, the climate in Lambertville is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen Climate Classification system, Lambertville has a subtropical climate. As of the census of 2010, there were 3,906 people,1,958 households, the population density was 3,386.1 per square mile
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New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants
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Wilton Manors, Florida
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Wilton Manors is a city in Broward County, Florida, United States. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 11,632, Wilton Manors is part of the Miami–Fort Lauderdale–West Palm Beach Metropolitan Statistical Area, which was home to 5,564,635 people at the 2010 census. In the early twentieth century the area now known as Wilton Manors was known as Colohatchee, a train stop along the Florida East Coast Railroad near the current NE 24th Street shared that name. The name Wilton Manors was coined in 1925 by Ned Willingham, Wilton Manors was incorporated in 1947. It contains a large Pride center, the World AIDS Museum and Educational Center, the mayor, Gary Resnick, refers on his official biography to his male partner. While most of the gay guesthouses are to be found in neighboring Fort Lauderdale, all members of the city commission are LGBT, with the exception of Vice Mayor Scott Newton. Wilton Drive is the equivalent of Main Street in Wilton Manors, over the past twenty years, the Wilton Drive corridor has undergone an economic transformation. Many of the businesses in the arts and entertainment district are LGBT-owned and/or operated, and The Drive has become a local, regional, citywide real estate prices increased with, and even ahead of, the national trend in the years of the expansion of the housing bubble. In 2007, the taxable property values topped $1.26 billion. Again following the trend as the housing bubble burst, Wilton Manors real property taxable values fell 36% from 2007 through 2011. An upward trend in valuesv resumed in 2012 and has continued through the present, in 2014 the increase in Wilton Manors real estate values of 10. 1% led Broward County. This was followed by increase of 8. 6% in 2015, with taxable values now at $1.30 billion. Wilton Manors is home to recreational facilities, the largest of which are Hagen Park, Richardson Historic Park and Nature Preserve. In addition, there are pocket parks throughout the city. Another major city park is Mickel Field, which was traditionally a busy hub for local baseball and softball leagues, Wilton Manors first library opened on June 24,1957, as a project of the Jayceettes and staffed by volunteers. The city took over the library in August 1958. and moved the library to the city hall. In 1960, the building was enlarged to double its space, in 2003, construction was completed on a 4,000 sq ft library expansion. This increased the size to 6,500 square feet
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Florida
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Florida /ˈflɒrᵻdə/ is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, Florida is the 22nd-most extensive, the 3rd-most populous, and the 8th-most densely populated of the U. S. states. Jacksonville is the most populous municipality in the state and is the largest city by area in the contiguous United States, the Miami metropolitan area is Floridas most populous urban area. The city of Tallahassee is the state capital, much of the state is at or near sea level and is characterized by sedimentary soil. The climate varies from subtropical in the north to tropical in the south, the American alligator, American crocodile, Florida panther, and manatee can be found in the Everglades National Park. It was a location of the Seminole Wars against the Native Americans. Today, Florida is distinctive for its large Cuban expatriate community and high population growth, the states economy relies mainly on tourism, agriculture, and transportation, which developed in the late 19th century. Florida is also renowned for amusement parks, orange crops, the Kennedy Space Center, Florida has attracted many writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, Ernest Hemingway and Tennessee Williams, and continues to attract celebrities and athletes. It is internationally known for golf, tennis, auto racing, by the 16th century, the earliest time for which there is a historical record, major Native American groups included the Apalachee, the Timucua, the Ais, the Tocobaga, the Calusa and the Tequesta. Florida was the first part of the continental United States to be visited and settled by Europeans, the earliest known European explorers came with the Spanish conquistador Juan Ponce de León. Ponce de León spotted and landed on the peninsula on April 2,1513 and he named the region La Florida. The story that he was searching for the Fountain of Youth is a myth, in May 1539, Conquistador Hernando de Soto skirted the coast of Florida, searching for a deep harbor to land. He described seeing a wall of red mangroves spread mile after mile, some reaching as high as 70 feet. Very soon, many smokes appeared along the whole coast, billowing against the sky, the Spanish introduced Christianity, cattle, horses, sheep, the Spanish language, and more to Florida. Both the Spanish and French established settlements in Florida, with varying degrees of success, in 1559, Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano established a settlement at present-day Pensacola, making it the first attempted settlement in Florida, but it was abandoned by 1561. Spain maintained tenuous control over the region by converting the tribes to Christianity. The area of Spanish Florida diminished with the establishment of English settlements to the north, the English attacked St. Augustine, burning the city and its cathedral to the ground several times. Florida attracted numerous Africans and African-Americans from adjacent British colonies who sought freedom from slavery, in 1738, Governor Manuel de Montiano established Fort Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose near St
