1.
George Paul Miller
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George Paul Miller was a U. S. Born in San Francisco, California, Miller attended public and private schools and he was graduated from Saint Marys College of California in 1912. He engaged as a civil engineer 1912-1917, during the First World War he served as a lieutenant in the Thirty-sixth and Three Hundred and Forty-sixth Field Artillery 1917-1919. He served as member of the staff, United States Veterans Bureau from 1921 to 1925 and he resumed activities as a civil engineer. He was also co-owner of an agency in San Francisco. He served as member of the California State assembly 1937-1941 and he was executive secretary to the California Division of Fish and Game 1942-1944. Miller was elected as a Democrat to the Seventy-ninth and to the thirteen succeeding Congresses and he served as chairman of the Committee on Science and Astronautics. He was a candidate for renomination in 1972 to the Ninety-third Congress. He was a resident of Alameda, California, until his death there on December 29,1982 and he was interred in San Francisco National Cemetery, Presidio of San Francisco, San Francisco, California. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress, george Paul Miller at Find a Grave This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http, //bioguide. congress. gov
2.
Buck McKeon
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Howard Philip Buck McKeon is a former U. S. Representative, serving from 1993-2015. He is a member of the Republican Party and he was a former chairman of the House Armed Services Committee. On January 16,2014, McKeon announced he would not seek reelection in the 2014 elections, born in Tujunga, Los Angeles, California, McKeon graduated from Verdugo Hills High School in Tujunga. He spent two years as a Mormon missionary before enrolling at Brigham Young University and he later received his Bachelor of Science degree in animal husbandry in 1985, after previously putting his studies on hold to raise a family and establish his early business career. He was the owner of a Western clothing shop until its bankruptcy in 1999 and has served as the chairman of a small. McKeon gained his first political experience when he was elected to the William S. Hart High School District board of trustees, McKeon was a one-term councilman of Santa Clarita, being one of the first to hold that post after the city incorporated in 1987. He held that position until entering the House, Committee on Armed Services As chair of the full committee, McKeon may serve as an ex officio member of all subcommittees. Even though he is the chairman of the Armed Services Committee, Committee on Education and the Workforce Subcommittee on Higher Education and Workforce Training In 2009, McKeon served as ranking member of the House Committee on Education and Labor. In June, President Barack Obama nominated Representative John M. McHugh of New York, on June 9, the House Republican leadership appointed McKeon as the ranking Republican on the Armed Services Committee. Under rules of the House of Representatives, McKeon was required to step down from his position as ranking member of the Education and Labor Committee, though he continues to serve on the committee. McKeon was named chairman of the Committee on Armed Services in January, as a member of the House, he made education and defense issues two of his main priorities. He was greatly involved in the reform of the Student Loan Aid Program and he also supports a strong national defense budget. Along with Dean Gallo of New Jersey, McKeon introduced the Religious Freedom Restoration Act on March 11,1993, McKeon was a member of the Republican Study Committee. In 1992, California gained seven additional seats following the census, McKeon was thus the first congressman to represent the new district. The Los Angeles County portion of the district includes the cities of Santa Clarita, Palmdale. In 2012, the California Citizens Redistricting Commission drew new lines for the 25th district, during the 2006 election cycle, McKeon received 60% of the vote in his district, defeating Democrat Robert Rodriguez and Libertarian David Erickson. Changes in ethnic demographics in the district may make it less a safe Republican district in the future, McKeon handily won reelection with 58% of the vote in 2008, even though Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama received more votes than his Republican rival John McCain. McKeons campaigns received the greatest financial support from the industry, especially aerospace companies such as Lockheed Martin, Northrop Grumman
3.
John Kline (politician)
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John Paul Kline, Jr. is an American politician who served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from Minnesotas 2nd congressional district from 2003 to 2017. The district includes most of the suburbs of the Twin Cities, including Apple Valley, Inver Grove Heights, Burnsville, Eagan, Lakeville, Northfield, Shakopee, Prior Lake. A member of the Republican Party, Kline served as the Chairman of the House Committee on Education, Kline announced that he would retire from his current seat at the end of his term in January,2017. Kline was born in Allentown, Pennsylvania, the son of Litta Belle and John Paul Kline and he is a 1965 graduate of W. B. Ray High School in Corpus Christi, Texas and he earned a B. A. in biology at Rice University, and a Master of Public Administration from Shippensburg University of Pennsylvania. Kline retired from the Marine Corps as a colonel, Kline and his second wife, Vicky, live in Burnsville, Minnesota. Kline has two children and four grandchildren, Kline was previously married to Christine Lewis. During Klines 2008 bid for reelection he discussed his opposition to earmarks, in 2006, Kline voted to maintain the legal definition of marriage as between one man and one woman. He voted for the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013, Kline has opposed restrictions on gun ownership. He voted to repeal parts of the ban for Washington. He has described himself as a collector of guns and a staunch supporter of the Second Amendment. Kline has stated, Job creation is our nations no.1 challenge, Kline has spoken in support of education reform designed to encourage parent involvement and teacher accountability. He is opposed to any tax increases and has stated that such strategies must be taken off the table, in remarks made to fellow representatives, Kline said, we are watching a massive growth of government power, size, and spending, and I deem that unacceptable. In 2013 Kline proposed a bill that, among other adjustments, the bill linked the rate of interest to the rate of US borrowing. Kline has voted to repeal the Affordable Care Act and his campaign site states that he opposed Obamacare because it is a seriously flawed law that was too big, was passed too fast, and does too much harm. This is intended to streamline and improve the process and increase the funding for these programs from $250 million to $300 million. The bill passed in the House on May 7,2014, Kline made his first run for office in 1998, when he challenged 6th District Democratic incumbent Bill Luther and lost, taking 46% of the vote. He sought a rematch in 2000 and lost by only 5,400 votes, after the 2000 census, Minnesotas congressional map was radically altered, though the number of districts was unchanged
4.
United States House Committee on Natural Resources
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The U. S. House Committee on Natural Resources, or Natural Resources Committee is a Congressional committee of the United States House of Representatives. Originally called the Committee on Interior & Insular Affairs, the name was changed to the Natural Resources Committee in 1993, the name was shortened to the Resources Committee in 1995 by the new Chairman, Don Young. Following the Democratic takeover of the House of Representatives in 2006, Fisheries and wildlife, including research, restoration, refuges, and conservation. Forest reserves and national parks created from the public domain, forfeiture of land grants and alien ownership, including alien ownership of mineral lands. Interstate compacts relating to apportionment of waters for irrigation purposes, Native Americans generally, including the care and allotment of Native American lands and general and special measures relating to claims that are paid out of Native American funds. Insular areas of the United States generally, military parks and battlefields, national cemeteries administered by the Secretary of the Interior, parks within the District of Columbia, and the erection of monuments to the memory of individuals. Mineral land laws and claims and entries thereunder, marine affairs, including coastal zone management. Petroleum conservation on public lands and conservation of the supply in the United States. Preservation of prehistoric ruins and objects of interest on the public domain, public lands generally, including entry, easements, and grazing thereon. Relations of the United States with Native Americans and Native American tribes, in the 111th Congress, the number of subcommittees was reduced from 5 to 4. The Subcommittees on Insular Affairs and Fisheries, Wildlife and Oceans were merged into the Subcommittee on Insular Affairs, Oceans, in the 112th Congress, the number was again increased to 5, adding the Subcommittee on Indian and Alaska Native Affairs. Congressman Bishop began the process of hiring new staff and reorganized the structure as his predecessors had done
5.
Mo Udall
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Morris King Mo Udall was an American politician who served as a U. S. Representative from Arizona from May 2,1961 to May 4,1991, because of his wit, columnist James J. Kilpatrick deemed him too funny to be president, which also ended up being the title of his autobiography in the 1980s. Udall earned a law degree from the University of Arizona in 1949 and he was a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Udall was born in St. Johns, Apache County, Arizona, a son of Louisa and Levi Stewart Udall, a lawyer who served as Chief Justice of the Arizona Supreme Court. He lost his eye to a friends pocket knife at the age of six. He attempted to enlist in the Army during World War II, after he was medically cleared, another potential enlistee complained that he had been medically rejected for flat feet, while Udall had passed with one eye. The examiners retested Udall under closer scrutiny, and he was rejected, later, medical standards changed and Udall served in the Army until the end of the war. Later, Udall attended the University of Arizona, where he was a basketball player. In 1961, his brother Stewart Udall, the congressman for Arizonas 2nd congressional district, was appointed Secretary of the Interior in the Kennedy administration, Udall won a special election for his brothers vacant seat by only 2,000 votes. He won the seat in his own right in 1962, and was reelected 13 more times and he only faced one close race, in 1978, when he received 52 percent of the vote. For his first term, he represented the state outside of Maricopa County. After the 1960s round of redistricting, his district was cut back to the portion of the state. After a mid-decade redistricting ordered as a result of Wesberry v. Sanders, in 1976, he ran for the Democratic nomination for President as a liberal alternative to Jimmy Carter, the former Governor of Georgia. Carter had gone from obscure maverick to front runner after a string of early caucus and primary victories, beginning in Iowa, Udall looked set to win the primary and as the returns ticked in, it looked like he would win it. This might have slowed down the Carter momentum, Udall was projected the winner, exclaiming Oh, how sweet it is. But as the night progressed, Carter began chipping away at Udalls lead. Carters win was by 1%, which was no more than 7,500 votes and he won 37% to Udalls 36%, gaining one more convention delegate than Udall. Despite the small margins, Carter got the headlines and a further boost to his momentum, pulling away from Udall, Udall had been a longtime critic of that church policy, and had ceased being an active member because of it
6.
Don Young
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Donald Edwin Don Young is an American politician and member of the Republican Party who has served as the U. S. Representative for Alaskas at-large congressional district since March 1973, born in California, Young moved to Alaska in 1959. His political career began in 1964, when he was elected Mayor of Fort Yukon and he served in the Alaska House of Representatives from 1967 to 1971 and then in the Alaska Senate from 1971 to 1973. He first ran for Congress in 1972, but lost to incumbent Democrat Nick Begich, Begich was declared legally dead in December 1972 and Young won the resulting special election in March 1973. Young is the second most-senior U. S, Representative and the most-senior Republican Representative. He is the second-highest ranking Republican on the Natural Resources and Transportation and he chaired the former committee from 1995 to 2001 and the latter committee from 2001 to 2007. During his career, Young has twice faced federal investigations but has never charged with wrongdoing. Young was born in Meridian, Sutter County, California and he earned an associates degree in education from Yuba College in 1952 and a bachelors degree from Chico State College in 1958. He served in the Army from 1955 to 1957, Young moved to Alaska in 1959, not long after it became a state. He eventually settled in Fort Yukon, a 700-person city on the Yukon River and he made a living in construction, fishing, trapping and gold mining. He captained a tugboat and ran an operation to deliver products. He still holds his mariners license, during the winter, he taught fifth grade at the local Bureau of Indian Affairs elementary school. Young began his career in 1964 when he was elected Mayor of Fort Yukon. He also ran for the Alaska House of Representatives in 1964 and he was elected to the State House in 1966 and re-elected in 1968. He loved the job, serving two terms before he got ambitious and ran for the Alaska Senate in 1970. He was elected to the two-member District I alongside long-serving Republican State Senator John Butrovich and he hated the State Senate and, after encouragement from his wife, ran for Congress in 1972. Young ran against Begich in 1972 and placed second in the August 22 open primary with 13,958 votes to Begichs 37,873, Begich disappeared in a plane crash on October 16,1972,22 days before the November 7 general election. Begich won the election with 53,651 votes to Youngs 41,750 but was declared dead on December 29
7.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
8.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
9.
Ron Dellums
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Ronald Vernie Ron Dellums served as Oaklands forty-eighth mayor. Dellums was born into a family of labor organizers, and enlisted in the United States Marine Corps before serving on the Berkeley, California, Dellums was the first African American elected to Congress from Northern California and the first openly socialist successful non-incumbent Congressional candidate since World War II. His politics earned him a place on President Nixons enemies list, during his career in Congress, he fought the MX Missile project and opposed expansion of the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber program. Dellums was born in Oakland, California, to Verney and Willa Dellums and his uncle, C. L. Dellums, was one of the organizers and leaders of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He has a younger sister Theresa and his mother Willa died on August 17,2008, at the age of 89. Dellums attended Oakland Technical High School and McClymonds High School and he served in the United States Marine Corps from 1954 to 1956. Dellums later received his A. A. degree from the Oakland City College in 1958, his B. A. from San Francisco State University in 1960 and he became a psychiatric social worker and political activist in the African American community beginning in the 1960s. He also taught at the San Francisco State University and the University of California, Dellums is a member of Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity. Dellums has been married three times and he married his second wife, attorney Leola Roscoe Higgs, in 1961. He married his wife, Cynthia Lewis, in 2000. Dellums has eight children and stepchildren, One son, Michael, was convicted of a drug-related homicide in 1979, and remains in prison, being repeatedly denied parole due to bad behaviour. Dellums has been in politics for over forty years and he has held positions on the Berkeley City Council, in the US House of Representatives, and was the mayor of Oakland from 2007 to 2011. Dellums was elected to the Berkeley City Council, after prompting from Maudelle Shirek, Dellums defeated Cohelan in the Democratic primary and won the general election, serving without interruption for 27 years. In 1972, Dellums was reelected to Congress,60 to 38 percent over his Republican opponent, Peter D. Hannaford and his politics earned him a place on the so-called Nixons Enemies List, where his notation stated Dellums had extensive EMK-Tunney support in his election bid. In January,1971, just weeks into his first term, Dellums set up an exhibit of Vietnam war crimes in an annex to his Congressional office, the exhibit featured four large posters depicting atrocities committed by American soldiers, embellished with red paint. The My Lai massacre was followed thereafter by a series of hearings on war crimes in Vietnam. Dellums had called for investigations into the allegations, but Congress chose not to endorse the proceedings. As such, the hearings were ad hoc and only informational in nature, as a condition of room use, press and camera presence were not permitted, however, the proceedings were transcribed
10.
Mark DeSaulnier
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Mark James DeSaulnier /dəˈsoʊnjeɪ/ is an American politician and a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives, serving Californias 11th Congressional District since 2015. Previously, he served in the California Legislature representing Californias 7th State Senate district from 2008 to 2015, from 2006 to 2008, DeSaulnier represented Californias 11th State Assembly district. He also served as a Contra Costa County supervisor and on the Concord City Council, DeSaulnier received endorsements from Congresswoman Tauscher and Congressman George Miller for the seat. In the September 1 primary election, DeSaulnier came in second, born in Lowell, Massachusetts, DeSaulnier earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in History from the College of the Holy Cross. He traveled cross-country to California in the early 1970s and eventually settled in Concord, as a young man, DeSaulnier worked as a probation officer, a truck driver and a hotel services employee. DeSaulnier was a member of both the Teamsters International Union and the Hotel Employees and Restaurant Employees International Union and his jobs allowed his early exposure to the challenges of working families and the power of organized labor to create equity among employers and employees. A small businessman, DeSaulnier owned and operated restaurants in the greater Bay Area before taking office in the Legislature in 2006. He is a member of the Concord Chamber of Commerce and the Contra Costa Council, DeSaulnier lives in Concord where he raised his two adult sons, Tristan and Tucker. He is a runner and has completed twenty-one marathons. DeSaulnier was appointed to the Concord Planning Commission in 1988, in 1991, he was elected to the Concord City Council and served as mayor of Concord in 1993. He was also a member of the University of California Toxic Substances Research, DeSaulnier served on the Board of Supervisors until 2006. He was elected in 1994 and re-elected in 1998 and 2002, in June 1998, he received 98.4 percent of the vote against write-in candidates. In March 2002, he retained his seat with 79 percent of the vote against challenger Dione Mustard, although the Board of Supervisors is a non-partisan office, DeSaulnier was active in Republican party affairs during much of his tenure as county supervisor. Many of the candidates that DeSaulnier aided supported the anti-union Proposition 226 on the June 1998 statewide ballot, during DeSaulniers tenure on the Board of Supervisors, he sponsored the Industrial Safety Ordinance and the Refinery Flare Rule for local refineries and chemical facilities. DeSaulnier served on the boards of the Association of Bay Area Governments, the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. He was appointed to represent the Bay Area on the California Air Resources Board by the Air District, on a county level, DeSaulnier introduced a Womens Health Program to serve the health-care needs of all women in Contra Costa County. He also established the annual Children and Families Budget, a separate County budget that reviews and his other projects for children include AfterSchool4All, the Future Fund and the Children and Families Committee of the Board of Supervisors. The Contra Costa Times editorial board was critical of DeSaulniers record as county supervisor, an editorial published in 2009 stated, Many of the financial problems that afflict Contra Costa County today stem directly from decisions DeSaulnier championed while he was supervisor
11.
California's 7th congressional district
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Californias 7th congressional district is a congressional district in the U. S. state of California. Ami Bera, a Democrat, has represented the district since January 2013, current district The 7th district represents eastern Sacramento County. Cities in the include, Elk Grove Folsom Rancho Cordova. Former Prior to redistricting by the California Citizens Redistricting Commission of 2011 and it consisted of portions of Solano and Contra Costa counties. Most of that territory is now the 11th District, meanwhile, most of the current 7th had been the 3rd District prior to 2013. Before the 2013 redrawing of the district, it was solidly Democratic, however, the new district is rated even by the Cook Partisan Voting Index. As of April 2015, there are two members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Californias 7th congressional district that are currently living. List of United States congressional districts GovTrack. us, Californias 7th congressional district
12.
California's 11th congressional district
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Californias 11th congressional district is a congressional district in the U. S. state of California. Mark DeSaulnier, a Democrat, has represented the district since January 2015, currently, the 11th district consists of portions of Contra Costa County. Cities in the district include Concord, El Cerrito, Orinda, Pittsburg, prior to redistricting by the California Citizens Redistricting Commission of 2011, the 11th district consisted of portions of Alameda, Contra Costa, San Joaquin, and Santa Clara counties. As of April 2015, there are four members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Californias 11th congressional district that are currently living. The most recent representative to die is William Royer on April 8,2013, the most recently serving representative to die was Tom Lantos on February 11,2008. List of United States congressional districts GovTrack. us, Californias 11th congressional district RAND California Election Returns, District Definitions California Voter Foundation map - CD11
13.
Richmond, California
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Richmond is a city in western Contra Costa County, California, United States. The city was incorporated on August 7,1905, under the McLaughlin Administration, Richmond was the largest city in the United States served by a Green Party mayor. As of the 2010 U. S. Census, the population is at 103,710. The largest, Richmond, Virginia, is the namesake of the California city, the Ohlone Indians were the first inhabitants of the Richmond area, settling an estimated 5,000 years ago. The name Richmond appears to predate actual incorporation by more than fifty years, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad had its terminus at Richmond. The first post office opened in 1900, Richmond was founded and incorporated in 1905, carved out of Rancho San Pablo, from which the nearby town of San Pablo inherited its name. Until the enactment of prohibition in 1919, the city had the largest winery in the world, in the 1920s the Ku Klux Klan was active in the city. In 1930 the Ford Motor Company opened a plant called Richmond Assembly Plant which moved to Milpitas in the 1960s. The old Ford plant has been a National Historic Place since 1988, the city was a small town at that time, until the onset of World War II which brought on a rush of migrants and a boom in the industrial sector. Standard Oil set up here in 1901, including a what is now the Chevron Richmond Refinery and tank farm. There is a pier into San Francisco Bay south of Point Molate for oil tankers, the western terminus of the Santa Fe Railroad was established in Richmond with ferry connections at Ferry Point in the Brickyard Cove area of Point Richmond to San Francisco. Many of these lived in specially constructed houses scattered throughout the San Francisco Bay Area, including Richmond, Berkeley. A specially built rail line, the Shipyard Railway, transported workers to the shipyards, kaisers Richmond shipyards built 747 Victory and Liberty ships for the war effort, more than any other site in the U. S. The city broke many records and even built one Liberty ship in a five days. On average the yards could build a ship in thirty days, the medical system established for the shipyard workers at the Richmond Field Hospital eventually became todays Kaiser Permanente HMO. It remained in operation until 1993 when it was replaced by the modern Richmond Medical Center hospital, Point Richmond was originally the commercial hub of the city, but a new downtown arose in the center of the city. It was populated by many department stores such as Kress, J. C. Penney, Sears, Macys, during the war the population increased dramatically and peaked at around 120,000 by the end of the war. Once the war ended the workers were no longer needed
14.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
15.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president
16.
Diablo Valley College
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Diablo Valley College is a two-year community college in Pleasant Hill in Contra Costa County, California, USA. DVC is one of three publicly supported community colleges in the Contra Costa Community College District, and was opened in 1949. Current enrollment is more than 22,000 students, and DVC has 300 full-time and 370 part-time instructors, DVC has satellite centers in San Ramon and Walnut Creek and also offers classes in other facilities in Concord, Martinez, Danville and San Ramon. DVC is a college to the University of California, Berkeley, California State University, East Bay. DVC ranks among the top five colleges in California. In 2004, the top four transfer destinations were California State University, East Bay, San Francisco State University, UC Berkeley, DVC also offers a variety of occupational specialties, including hotel/restaurant management, culinary arts, dental technology and real estate. DVC has an active speech and debating team. Diablo Valley College is a choice for Asian international students to complete lower-division college requirements for frequently crowded California universities. Several sports are offered at Diablo Valley College including, mens and womens basketball, cross country, swimming and diving, tennis, other sports include, baseball, football, lacrosse, track and field and soccer, softball, volleyball. DVC has had famous athletes throughout its sports history, probably most recognized being Willie McGee, another notable baseball alumni is Doug Davis, who pitched in Major League Baseball from 1999-2011. Demarshay Johnson, a former DVC basketball star who went on to play for the University of Nevada, was named CCCAA 1st team All-State after the 2004-05 season. That season he led the CCCAA in blocks, averaging 5.2 per game and was named Bay Valley Conference MVP, the DVC Viking mens lacrosse program was the first junior college club in California, forming in 2008. In 2013 DVC were crowned champion of the California Junior College Lacrosse Association, from the Colleges Website, The college officially began in 1949, in some of the most unlikely sites, high schools, banks, churches, even an old army camp. Called East Contra Costa Junior College, we moved to our present site in 1952, the cornerstone for the first permanent building was laid in 1953, and the name Diablo Valley College was adopted in 1958. Weve come a long way since those humble beginnings, over one and a half million students have enrolled here since 1949. As we salute our heritage, we look forward to serving one of Northern Californias most dynamic, for over 60 years, Diablo Valley College has provided quality education to the community it serves. A million students later, enrolling at DVC is one of the best ways you can ensure acceptance at a four-year college, DVC is not only recognized as one of Californias best community colleges, but it also leads the state in transfer to four-year institutions. Research figures recently released by UCLAs Center for the Study of Community Colleges show that DVCs transfer rate to four-year universities is 67 percent higher than the national average
17.
San Francisco State University
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1899 – Founded as San Francisco State Normal School. 1901 – First graduating class 1906 – The 1906 earthquake and fire forces the school to relocate from Nob Hill to a new campus at Buchanan and Haight Streets. 1966 – Beginning of the era of protests led by student organizations including the Black Students Union, Third World Liberation Front. The protests against college policies and off-campus issues such as the Vietnam War included sit-ins, rallies, marches, teach-ins, the protests were marked by counter-protests and widespread charges of corruption and election fraud in the student newspaper. 1968 – A lengthy student strike erupted that developed into an important event in the history of the U. S. in the late 1960s. The strike was led by the Black Student Union and the Third World Liberation Front and this became a major news event for weeks in the aftermath of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. At one point, University president S. I. Hayakawa famously pulled the out of the speakers on top of a van at a student rally. During the course of the strike, large numbers of police drawn from many jurisdictions occupied the campus, SF State is on the semester system. The university awards degrees in 115 areas of specialization, masters degrees in 97. SFSU ranks 18th among the top 20 undergraduate schools whose alumni go on to be admitted to the State Bar, the Cinema department, in the College of Liberal & Creative Arts, was named one of the nations top film schools by Entertainment Weekly in 2000. The university is accredited by the Accrediting Commission for Senior Colleges and Universities, the College of Business is accredited by The Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business. The college of engineering is accredited by the ABET except the computer engineering program, San Francisco State was ranked the 24th top college in the United States by Payscale and CollegeNets Social Mobility Index college rankings. Among Western Universities, of which there are 112, San Francisco State was ranked 10th in terms of diversity by USNWR. Furthermore, U. S. News & World Report ranks San Francisco State as 8th nationally in the number of transfer students, San Francisco State Universitys joint physical therapy masters program with UCSF is consistently ranked among the top 20 in the country. The Philosophical Gourmet Report lists San Francisco State University as one of the top eight universities to earn a terminal MA in philosophy, SFSU is listed as having one of the nations top film schools by Entertainment Weekly having produced countless leading filmmakers. The Universitys College of Extended Learning offers the only American Bar Association-approved paralegal studies program in San Francisco, SFSU was one of the first California State University campuses to offer a doctorate of education. It was also instrumental in the establishment of the International University Of Kyrgyzstan, the University is the only one in California to offer a bachelors degree in technical and professional writing. In 1968, what was then the longest student strike in the nations history resulted in establishment of a College of Ethnic Studies and increased recruiting, in 2002 there was much tension between pro-Israel and pro-Palestinian students
18.
Bachelor of Arts
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A Bachelor of Arts is a bachelors degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both. Bachelor of Arts degree programs take three to four years depending on the country, academic institution, and specific specializations, majors or minors. The word baccalaureus or baccalarium should not be confused with baccalaureatus, degree diplomas generally are printed on high-quality paper or parchment, individual institutions set the preferred abbreviation for their degrees. In Pakistan, the Bachelor of Arts degree can also be attained within two years as an external degree, in colleges and universities in Australia, New Zealand, Nepal and South Africa, the BA degree can be taken over three years of full-time study. Unlike in other countries, students do not receive a grade for their Bachelor of Arts degree with varying levels of honours. Qualified students may be admitted, after they have achieved their Bachelors program with an overall grade point average. Thus, to achieve a Bachelor Honours degree, a postgraduate year. A student who holds a Honours degree is eligible for entry to either a Doctorate or a very high research Master´s degree program. Education in Canada is controlled by the Provinces and can be different depending on the province in Canada. Canadian universities typically offer a 3-year Bachelor of Arts degrees, in many universities and colleges, Bachelor of Arts degrees are differentiated either as Bachelors of Arts or as honours Bachelor of Arts degree. The honours degrees are designated with the abbreviation in brackets of. It should not be confused with the consecutive Bachelor of Arts degree with Honours, Latin Baccalaureatus in Artibus Cum Honore, BA hon. de jure without brackets and with a dot. It is a degree, which is considered to be the equivalent of a corresponding maîtrise degree under the French influenced system. Going back in history, a three-year Bachelor of Arts degree was called a pass degree or general degree. Students may be required to undertake a long high-quality research empirical thesis combined with a selection of courses from the relevant field of studies. The consecutive B. cum Honore degree is essential if students ultimate goal is to study towards a two- or three-year very high research masters´ degree qualification. A student holding a Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree also may choose to complete a Doctor of Philosophy program without the requirement to first complete a masters degree, over the years, in some universities certain Baccalaureatus cum Honore programs have been changed to corresponding master´s degrees. In general, in all four countries, the B. A. degree is the standard required for entry into a masters programme, in science, a BA hons degree is generally a prerequisite for entrance to a Ph. D program or a very-high-research-activity master´s programme
19.
University of California, Davis
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The University of California, Davis, is a public research university and one of the 10 campuses of the University of California system. It is located in Davis, California, just west of Sacramento, the university has been labeled one of the Public Ivies, a publicly funded university considered to provide a quality of education comparable to those of the Ivy League. The Carnegie Foundation classifies UC Davis as a doctoral research university with a medical program. The UC Davis School of Veterinary Medicine is the largest in the United States and has ranked first in the nation for two consecutive years,2015 and 2016. The UC Davis Aggies athletic teams compete in the NCAA Division I level, primarily in the Big West Conference as well as the Big Sky Conference, in its first year of full Division I status,11 UC Davis teams qualified for NCAA post-season competition. In 1905, the California legislature passed the University Farm Bill, the commission took a year to select a site for the campus, a tiny town then known as Davisville. UC Davis opened its doors as the University Farm to 40 degree students from UC Berkeley in January 1909, the Farm was established largely the result of the vision and perseverance of Peter J. Shields, secretary of the State Agricultural Society. The Peter J. Shields Library at UC Davis was named in his honor, Shields began to champion the cause of a University Farm to teach agriculture after learning that California students were going to out-of-state universities to pursue such education. After two failed bills, a law authorizing the creation of a University Farm was passed on March 18,1905, Yolo County, home to some of Californias prime farmland, was chosen as the site. A committee appointed by the Regents purchased land near Davisville in 1906, the Regents officially took control of the property in September 1906 and constructed four buildings in 1907. Short courses were first offered in 1908 and a three-year non-degree program set up in 1909, in 1911, the first class graduated from the University Farm. The Farm accepted its first female students in 1914 from Berkeley, the three-year non-degree program continued until 1923. At that time, a two-year non-degree program began, continuing until 1958, in 1922, a four-year undergraduate general academic program was established, with the first class graduating in 1926. Renamed in 1922 as the Northern Branch of the College of Agriculture, by 1951 it had expanded to a size of 3,000 acres. In 1959, the campus was declared by the Regents of the University of California as the general campus in the University of California system. Davis Graduate Division was established in 1961 followed by the College of Engineering in 1962, the Law School opened for classes in Fall 1966, and the School of Medicine began instruction in Fall 1968. In a period of increasing activism, a Native American studies program was started in 1969, one of the first at a major university, it was later developed as a full department within the university. The incident drew attention and led to further demonstrations, a formal investigation
20.
Juris Doctor
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The Juris Doctor degree, also known as the Doctor of Jurisprudence degree, is a graduate-entry professional degree in law and one of several Doctor of Law degrees. It is earned by completing law school in Australia, Canada and the United States and it has the academic standing of a second-entry, professional baccalaureate degree in Canada, a masters degree in Australia and a professional doctorate in the United States. The degree was first awarded in the United States in the early 20th century and was created as a version of the old European doctor of law degree. Originating from the 19th century Harvard movement for the study of law. It involves a program in most jurisdictions. To be authorized to practice law in the courts of a state in the United States. Lawyers must, however, be admitted to the bar of the court before they are authorized to practice in that court. Admission to the bar of a district court includes admission to the bar of the related bankruptcy court. In the United States, the doctorate in law may be conferred in Latin or in English, as Juris Doctor and at some law schools Doctor of Law. Juris Doctor literally means Teacher of Law, while the Latin for Doctor of Jurisprudence—Jurisprudentiae Doctor—literally means Teacher of Legal Knowledge, the J. D. is not to be confused with Doctor of Laws or Legum Doctor. In institutions where the latter can be earned, e. g. D, the LL. D. is invariably an honorary degree in the United States. The first university in Europe, the University of Bologna, was founded as a school of law by four famous legal scholars in the 11th century who were students of the school in that city. This served as the model for law schools of the Middle Ages. While Bologna granted only doctorates, preparatory degrees were introduced in Paris, the nature of the J. D. can be better understood by a review of the context of the history of legal education in England. The teaching of law at Cambridge and Oxford Universities was mainly for philosophical or scholarly purposes, the universities taught only civil and canon law but not the common law that applied in most jurisdictions. The original method of education at the Inns of Court was a mix of moot court-like practice and lecture, by the fifteenth century, the Inns functioned like a university akin to the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, though very specialized in purpose. With the frequent absence of parties to suits during the Crusades, the importance of the role grew tremendously. The apprenticeship program for solicitors thus emerged, structured and governed by the rules as the apprenticeship programs for the trades
21.
California's 7th State Senate district
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Californias 7th State Senate district is one of 40 California State Senate districts. It is currently represented by Democrat Steve Glazer of Orinda, the district encompasses the East Bay east of the Berkeley Hills. It stretches from the western Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta in the north down to the Tri-Valley region in the south, the district is primarily suburban and consists mainly of bedroom communities for the San Francisco Bay Area. California State Senate California State Senate districts Districts in California District map from the California Citizens Redistricting Commission
22.
University of California, Davis School of Law
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The school received ABA approval in 1968. It joined the Association of American Law Schools in 1968, by design, UC Davis School of Law is the smallest of the five law schools in the University of California system, with a total enrollment of just under 600 students. Located in a named for Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and commonly referred to as King Hall. Certificate programs are offered in Public Service Law, Environment Law, Pro Bono Service, among the UC Davis School of Laws assets are award-winning trial and appellate advocacy programs, clinics, and externships, five student-run journals, and more than 40 active student organizations. UC Davis is one of the top 5 law schools in California, in 2016, US News & World Report ranked UC Davis 30th among top law schools in the U. S. and as the second most diverse of the four law schools in the UC system. Princeton Review placed UC Davis tenth in the nation in the 2009 version of its ranking of faculty diversity among American law schools. It is listed as an A- in the March 2011 Diversity Honor Roll by The National Jurist and it is listed as an A in the January 2011 Best Public Interest Law Schools ratings by The National Jurist, The Magazine for Law Students. UC Davis Law has the smallest student body of the UC schools, UC Davis has been ranked as the fifth most-expensive public law school in the nation by U. S. News & World Report. It is also ranked first for providing the most financial aid and it grants the most in financial aid after UCLA, so students tend to graduate with less debt on average than other schools in the UC system. According to Brian Leiters Law School rankings, Davis ranks 23rd in the nation in terms of impact as measured by academic citations of tenure-stream faculty. In February 2008, the The National Jurist, The Magazine for Law Students ranked the UC Davis Law Review number 30 on its list of the 100 best law reviews. Based on a 2001-20076 year average,79. 4% of UC Davis Law graduates passed the California State Bar, in 2009, 89% of first-time test takers passed the California bar. For July 2012,78. 9% of first-time test takers passed the California bar, for July 2013,85. 0% of first-time test takers passed the California Bar Exam. For July 2014, 86% of first-time test takers passed the California Bar Exam, according to King Halls official 2013 ABA-required disclosures,69. 9% of the Class of 2013 obtained full-time, long-term, JD-required employment nine months after graduation. The total cost of attendance at King Hall for the 2013-2014 academic year is $68,346 for California residents, the Law School Transparency estimated debt-financed cost of attendance for three years is $265,806 for residents. The law school completed a $30 million expansion project in 2011, the courtroom is used by the U. S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, California Supreme Court, and California Court of Appeal. Senator Barbara Boxers Federal Judicial Nominations Committee Dean D. Pregerson, judge, United States District Court for the Central District of California, son of Judge Harry Pregerson Jane A
23.
California State Senate
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The California State Senate is the upper house of the California State Legislature. The legislative body consists of 40 members, with each member representing approximately 931,000 people, due to the states large population and relatively small legislature, the State Senate has the largest population per representative ratio of any state legislative house. Each member roughly represents a population equivalent to the state of Delaware, the State Senate convenes at the California State Capitol in Sacramento. In the current session, Democrats control 27 seats, comprising a two-thirds supermajority of the chamber, prior to 1968, state senate districts were drawn so that each county had at most one state senator. This led to the situation of a populous county such as Los Angeles County being accorded the same number of senators as less populous counties such as Humboldt County. In Reynolds v. Sims, the United States Supreme Court compelled all states to draw up districts with equal population, as such, boundaries were changed to provide more equitable representation. The Lieutenant Governor is the ex officio President of the Senate, the President pro tempore is elected by the majority party caucus, followed by confirmation of the full senate. Other leaders, such as the majority and minority leaders, are elected by their party caucuses according to each partys strength in the chamber. The current president pro tem is Democrat Kevin de León, the minority leader is Republican Jean Fuller. The red tones of the California State Senate Chamber are based on the British House of Lords, the dais rests along a wall shaped like an E, with its central projection housing the rostrum. Along the cornice appears a portrait of George Washington and the Latin quotation, almost every decorating element is identical to the Assembly Chamber. The Secretary, the Sergeant-at-Arms, and the Chaplain are not members of the Legislature
24.
George Moscone
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George Richard Moscone was an Italian-American attorney and Democratic politician. He was the 37th mayor of San Francisco, California from January 1976 until his assassination in November 1978, Moscone served in the California State Senate from 1967 until becoming Mayor. In the Senate, he served as Majority Leader, Moscone was born in the Italian-American enclave of San Franciscos Marina District, California. His father was George Joseph Moscone, a guard at nearby San Quentin. Moscone attended St. Brigids, and then St. Ignatius College Preparatory and he then attended College of the Pacific and played basketball for the Tigers. While in college, Moscone befriended John L. Burton, who would become a member of the U. S. House of Representatives. Moscone then studied at University of California, Hastings College of the Law and he met and married Gina Bondanza, in 1954. The Moscones would go on to have four children, after serving in the United States Navy, Moscone started private practice in 1956. John Burtons brother, Phillip, a member of the California State Assembly, though he lost that race, Moscone would go on to win a seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1963. On the Board, Moscone was known for his defense of the poor, racial minorities, in 1966 Moscone ran for and won a seat in the California State Senate, representing the 10th District in San Francisco County. This alliance was known as the Burton Machine and included John Burton, Phillip Burton, soon after his election to the State Senate, Moscone was elected by his party to serve as Majority Leader. He was reelected to the 10th District seat in 1970 and to the newly redistricted 6th District seat, representing parts of San Francisco and San Mateo Counties and he successfully sponsored legislation to institute a school lunch program for California students. In 1974 Moscone briefly considered a run for governor of California, as a heterosexual, Moscone was considered ahead of his time as an early proponent of gay rights. In conjunction with his friend and ally in the Assembly, Willie Brown, the repeal was signed into law by California Governor Jerry Brown. Moscone decided in 1975 to run for Mayor of San Francisco, in a close race in November of that year, Moscone placed first with conservative city supervisor John Barbagelata second and moderate supervisor Dianne Feinstein coming in third. Moscone and Barbagelata thus both advanced to the runoff election in December where Moscone narrowly defeated the conservative supervisor by fewer than 5,000 votes. Liberals also won the other top executive offices that year as Joseph Freitas was elected District attorney. Members of the Peoples Temple leftist religious cult saturated San Francisco neighborhoods, distributing slate cards for Moscone, Joseph Freitas, the Peoples Temple also worked to get out the vote in precincts where Moscone received a 12 to 1 vote margin over Barbagelata
25.
95th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, DC from January 3,1977 to January 3,1979, during the first two years of the administration of U. S. President Jimmy Carter. The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Nineteenth Census of the United States in 1970, both chambers had a Democratic majority. All three super majorities were Democratic party and also were accompanied by Democratic Presidents, as of 2015, this is the most recent Congress to approve an amendment to the Constitution. February 8,1978, Senate proceedings are broadcast on radio for the first time, August 7,1978, Love Canal Disaster September 17,1978, Camp David Accords Project MKULTRA — August 3,1977, Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, Pub. L. 95–87,91 Stat.445 August 4,1977, Department of Energy Organization Act of 1977, 95–91,91 Stat.565 October 12,1977, Community Reinvestment Act, Pub. L. 95–128, title VIII,91 Stat.1147 November 23,1977, Saccharin Study and Labeling Act of 1977, 95–203,91 Stat.1451 December 27,1977, Clean Water Act, Pub. L. 95–217,91 Stat.1566 December 28,1977, International Emergency Economic Powers Act, 95–223, title II,91 Stat.1626 March 10,1978, Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95–242,92 Stat.120 October 10,1978, Susan B, anthony Dollar Coin Act of 1979, Pub. L. 95–447,92 Stat.1072 October 13,1978, Civil Service Reform Act, 95–454,92 Stat.1111 October 24,1978, Airline Deregulation Act, Pub. L. 95–504,92 Stat.1705 October 25,1978, Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, 95–511,92 Stat.1783 October 26,1978, Ethics in Government Act, Pub. L. 95–521,92 Stat.1824 October 27,1978, Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act, 95–523,92 Stat.1887 October 31,1978, Pregnancy Discrimination Act, Pub. L. 95–555,92 Stat.2076 November 1,1978, Contract Disputes Act, 95–563,92 Stat.2383 November 4,1978, Solar Photovoltaic Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95–590,92 Stat.2513 November 6,1978, Bankruptcy Act of 1978, 95–598,92 Stat.2549 November 8,1978, Indian Child Welfare Act, Pub. L. 95–608,92 Stat.3069 November 9,1978, National Energy Conservation Policy Act, members of the House of Representatives elected statewide at-large, are preceded by At-large, and the names of those elected from districts, are preceded by their district numbers. Many of the district numbers are linked to articles describing the district itself. Since the boundaries of the districts have changed often and substantially, the article may only describe the district as it exists today. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress, white Attending Physician of the United States Congress, Freeman H. Cary Comptroller General of the United States, Elmer B. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
26.
California's 8th congressional district
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Californias 8th congressional district is a congressional district in the U. S. state of California. Paul Cook, a Republican from Yucca Valley, has represented the district since January 2013, currently, the 8th district encompasses most of the eastern desert regions of the state. It stretches from Mono Lake to Twentynine Palms and it consists of Inyo and Mono counties plus most of San Bernardino County. It is one of the largest and most sparsely populated districts in California. The largest city in the district is Victorville, prior to redistricting by the California Citizens Redistricting Commission of 2011, the 8th district was in San Francisco. The new district lines went into effect for the June 2012 elections, the district is 50. 2% white,8. 1% black,3. 9% Asian,35. 3% Hispanic, and 2. 5% other. Among registered voters,41. 9% are registered with the Republican Party and 32. 6% are registered with the Democratic Party, voters affiliated with other or no parties make up 25. 6% of the electorate. Before the 2011 redistricting, the 8th district was a Democratic stronghold and it gave John Kerry his best performance in California in 2004, backing the Democrat with 84. 2% of the vote. Barack Obama continued on this trend in 2008 when he received 85. 22% of the vote in the district while John McCain received 12. 38%, the new 8th district lies in a politically conservative region of the state with a Strongly Republican Cook Partisan Voting Index of R+10. The Cook Political Report ranks it the 87th most Republican-leaning congressional district in the United States, in the 2012 election, the 8th district was one of only two in California where two Republicans faced each other in a runoff election. As of April 2015, there are three members of the U. S. House of Representatives from Californias 8th congressional district that are currently living. List of United States congressional districts GovTrack. us, Californias 8th congressional district RAND California Election Returns, District Definitions California Voter Foundation map — CD08
27.
National Journal
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It publishes daily journalism covering politics and public policy and is led by President Kevin Turpin and Editor-in-Chief Stephen G. Smith. National Journal now serves over 1,000 members from both the public and private sectors, david G. Bradley, who founded the Advisory Board Company and Corporate Executive Board, purchased National Journal and The Hotline from Times Mirror in 1997 to form the National Journal Group. Bradley also acquired Government Executive in his deal for National Journal, Bradley later consolidated the properties to form Atlantic Media. In 2005, Bradley centralized all of his publications at Atlantic Media’s headquarters in the Watergate Building in Washington, National Journal’s newest standalone product, Network Science Initiative helps members achieve their advocacy goals by identifying key influencer networks. Another standalone service provides advocacy and government affairs organizations intelligence on how their policy brand is perceived among influential policymakers, Membership packages can be customized to include Network Science Initiative, Policy Brands Roundtable, and Leadership Council individually or in any combination. National Journal Membership, National Journal Membership launched in 2011 to provide government affairs professionals with tools to support their organizations, member organizations have access to executive briefs and presentations, strategy trends and research case studies, and event programs. National Journal Hotline, Hotline is a digest of the political events relating to upcoming national elections. Published daily, Hotline condenses newspaper, magazine and digital political coverage from the previous 24 hours, Hotline Wake-Up Call releases daily coverage of the mornings political headlines, Hotline Latest Edition assembles election and campaign news across the country. Hotline reporters contribute to National Journals overall political coverage, the Almanac of American Politics, The Almanac of American Politics is a reference work that was published biennially by the National Journal Group from 1984 through 2014. In 2015, Columbia Books & Information Services became the publisher of The Almanac of American Politics, the Almanac aims to provide a detailed look at the politics of the United States through an approach of profiling individual leaders and areas of the country. Some of its best known current and former contributors have been, Official website
28.
Watergate scandal
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When the conspiracy was discovered and investigated by the U. S. Congress, the Nixon administrations resistance to its probes led to a constitutional crisis. The term Watergate, by metonymy, has come to encompass an array of clandestine and those activities included such dirty tricks as bugging the offices of political opponents and people of whom Nixon or his officials were suspicious. The scandal also resulted in the indictment of 69 people, with trials or pleas resulting in 48 being found guilty, the affair began with the arrest of five men for breaking and entering into the DNC headquarters at the Watergate complex on Saturday, June 17,1972. In July 1973, evidence mounted against the Presidents staff, including testimony provided by staff members in an investigation conducted by the Senate Watergate Committee. The investigation revealed that President Nixon had a system in his offices. After a protracted series of court battles, the U. S. Supreme Court unanimously ruled that the president was obliged to release the tapes to government investigators. The tapes revealed that Nixon had attempted to cover up activities that took place after the break-in, facing virtually certain impeachment in the House of Representatives and equally certain conviction by the Senate, Nixon resigned the presidency on August 9,1974. On September 8,1974, his successor, Gerald Ford, the name Watergate and the suffix -gate have since become synonymous with political and non-political scandals in the United States. According to Dean, this marked the scene of the worst political scandal of the twentieth century. Mitchell viewed the plan as unrealistic, Liddy was nominally in charge of the operation, but has since insisted that he was duped by Dean and at least two of his subordinates. These included former CIA officers E. Howard Hunt and James McCord, in May, McCord assigned former FBI agent Alfred C. Baldwin III to carry out the wiretapping and monitor the telephone conversations afterward. McCord testified that he selected Baldwins name from a registry published by the Society of Former Special Agents of the FBI to work for the Committee to Re-elect the President, Baldwin first served as bodyguard to Martha Mitchell, the wife of John Mitchell, who was living in Washington. Baldwin accompanied Martha Mitchell to Chicago, Martha did not like Baldwin and described him as the gauchest character Ive ever met. The Committee replaced Baldwin with another security man, the room 419 was booked in the name of McCord’s company. At behest of G. Gordon Liddy and E. Howard Hunt, McCord and his team of burglars prepared for their first Watergate break-in, two phones inside the offices of the DNC headquarters were said to have been wiretapped. The FBI found no evidence that OBriens phone was bugged, however, it was determined that an effective listening device had been installed in Olivers phone. Despite the success in installing the devices, the Committee agents soon determined that they needed to be repaired. They planned a burglary in order to take care of this
29.
Watergate Babies
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Watergate Babies are Democrats first elected to the United States Congress in 1974, following President Richard Nixons resignation over the Watergate scandal, on August 9,1974. Tom Downey was the youngest among the babies, being aged 25 upon his election and this is the minimum age at which one may serve. Future Senator Chris Dodd was also elected to Congress in this election cycle, in November 1974, Democrats picked up 49 seats in the House and 5 in the Senate. This group greatly increased the strength of Northerners and liberals in the House Democratic Caucus, Democrats made substantial state legislative gains in a large number of states in 1974, the Watergate election, the political scientist Malcolm Jewell wrote. Numerous states passed sweeping ethics and public disclosure reforms in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal, the Center for Public Integrity has compiled a state by state account of governmental political corruption watchdogs, many with roots in the post-Watergate era. A prominent Watergate baby of 1974 now serving again as Governor of California is Jerry Brown, Watergate Babies has also been used to apply to journalists who entered journalism because of their fascination with the Watergate scandal. Watergate, David Baumann wrote, also created a generation of journalists who were not willing to accept politicians at their word. If the journalists who helped uncover the scandal, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, could expose the crimes of a president and those journalists believed in investigative reporting and became watchdogs who attempted to keep politicians honest. Rebels of 94 and Watergate Babies Similar In Class Size, Sense of Zeal at All Politics CNN
30.
Henry Waxman
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Henry Arnold Waxman is an American politician who served as the U. S. Representative for Californias 33rd congressional district from 1975 until 2015, Waxman is a member of the Democratic Party. He now serves as Chairman at Waxman Strategies, a DC-based communications and lobbying firm, working on issues like health care, environment, energy, technology and telecommunications. In addition, he serves as a Regent Lecturer for University of California, Los Angeles, on January 30,2014, Waxman announced he would not seek re-election to a 21st term in 2014. State senator Ted Lieu defeated district attorney Elan Carr in the election on November 4,2014. Waxman was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of Esther and his father was born in Montreal, Canada, and his mother was from Pennsylvania, all of his grandparents were Jewish immigrants from Russia. He attended college at UCLA, earning a degree in political science in 1961. After graduating, he worked as a lawyer and he was elected to the California Assembly in 1969 and served three terms. Along with Congressman Howard Berman, Waxman co-founded the Los Angeles County Young Democrats, in 1974, Democratic congressman Chet Holifield retired after 16 terms in Congress. Waxman gave up his state seat to run for the district. Waxman won the Democratic nomination for the district, and easily won the general election and he has been re-elected 17 times with no substantive opposition. He faced no major-party opposition in 1986, and was unopposed in 2008. His district has changed four times in his tenure—from the 24th to the 29th to the 30th to the 33rd. He was one of the last two members, along with George Miller of California, of the large Democratic freshman class of 1975. In this role he conducted investigations into a range of health and environmental issues, including health insurance, Medicare and Medicaid coverage, AIDS and air. In 1994, Waxman forced the chief executives of the seven major companies to swear under oath that nicotine was not addictive. Waxmans stated legislative priorities are health and environmental issues, as an example of Waxmans thoughts regarding tobacco, on April 13,2010, he requested that Major League Baseball ban smokeless tobacco in all its various forms - snuff, dipping tobacco. With the Democrats victory in the 2006 midterm elections, Waxman became chairman of the House Oversight and Government Reform Committee and he was the committees ranking Democrat from 1997 to 2007
31.
Rick Nolan
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Richard Michael Rick Nolan is an American politician and member of the Minnesota Democratic–Farmer–Labor Party who has been the U. S. Representative for Minnesotas 8th congressional district since 2013 and previously served as the U. S, representative for Minnesotas 6th congressional district from 1975 to 1981. After re-entering politics in 2011, he was nominated to challenge first-term incumbent Republican Chip Cravaack in the 8th district, Nolan was re-elected in 2014 and 2016. Nolan and Vermont Senator Patrick Leahy are the two remaining Watergate Babies in Congress, although Nolans service included a break from 1981 to 2013. Nolans 32-year gap between terms in Congress is the longest such break in service in American political history, Nolan was born in Brainerd, Minnesota and graduated from Brainerd High School in 1962. His aunt was a judge, whom Nolan called his “biggest political influence growing up. ”He attended St. John’s University in Collegeville, Minnesota the following year. Nolan pursued postgraduate work in administration and policy formation at the University of Maryland, College Park. Early in his career he served as an assistant to Walter Mondale in the United States Senate. In 1968, he campaigned for presidential candidate Eugene McCarthy, Nolan was elected to the Minnesota House of Representatives in 1968 and served two terms, representing House District 53A. His uncle Martin J. McGowan, Jr. also served in the Minnesota Legislature, in 2007, he endorsed Connecticut Senator Christopher Dodd in his campaign for President of the United States, and traveled the state of Iowa campaigning on his behalf. Nolan decided not to run for reelection in 1980, and served as president of the U. S. The National Journal reported that his Republican foes criticized his $70,000 salary, which they considered high for a servant at the time. He has also served as chairman of the Mission Township Planning Committee, president and board member of the Central Lakes College foundation, Nolan is the former owner of Emily Wood Products, a small sawmill and pallet factory in the northern Minnesota community of Emily. His daughter and son-in-law now own and operate the enterprise, Nolan announced his candidacy for the U. S. House of Representatives on July 12,2011, challenging incumbent Chip Cravaack in Minnesotas 8th congressional district. He won the Democratic primary in August 2012, defeating Tarryl Clark, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee spent about $2 million on his campaign, and the liberal House Majority PAC spent another $1.5 million. Nolan defeated Cravaack,191,976 to 160,520, Nolan ran for re-election in 2014. The Democratic primary took place on August 12,2014 and the election on November 4,2014. He was challenged by Republican nominee Stewart Mills III, according to Politico, Nolan was a vulnerable Democrat in a competitive congressional district
32.
Death Valley National Park
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Death Valley National Park is a national park in the United States. Straddling the border of California and Nevada, located east of the Sierra Nevada, the park protects the northwest corner of the Mojave Desert and contains a diverse desert environment of salt-flats, sand dunes, badlands, valleys, canyons, and mountains. It is the largest national park in the lower 48 states and has declared an International Biosphere Reserve. Approximately 91% of the park is a wilderness area. It is the hottest, driest and lowest of the parks in the United States. The second-lowest point in the Western Hemisphere is in Badwater Basin, the park is home to many species of plants and animals that have adapted to this harsh desert environment. Some examples include creosote bush, bighorn sheep, coyote, and the Death Valley pupfish, several short-lived boom towns sprang up during the late 19th and early 20th centuries to mine gold and silver. The only long-term profitable ore to be mined was borax, which was transported out of the valley with twenty-mule teams, the valley later became the subject of books, radio programs, television series, and movies. Tourism blossomed in the 1920s, when resorts were built around Stovepipe Wells, Death Valley National Monument was declared in 1933 and the park was substantially expanded and became a national park in 1994. The natural environment of the area has been shaped largely by its geology, the valley itself is actually a graben. The oldest rocks are metamorphosed and at least 1.7 billion years old. Ancient, warm, shallow seas deposited marine sediments until rifting opened the Pacific Ocean, additional sedimentation occurred until a subduction zone formed off the coast. This uplifted the region out of the sea and created a line of volcanoes, later the crust started to pull apart, creating the current Basin and Range landform. Valleys filled with sediment and, during the wet times of glacial periods, with lakes, in 2013, Death Valley National Park was designated as a dark sky park by the International Dark-Sky Association. There are two valleys in the park, Death Valley and Panamint Valley. Both of these valleys were formed within the last few million years, the result of this shearing action is additional extension in the central part of Death Valley which causes a slight widening and more subsidence there. Uplift of surrounding mountain ranges and subsidence of the floor are both occurring. The uplift on the Black Mountains is so fast that the fans there are small
33.
Joshua Tree National Park
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Joshua Tree National Park is located in southeastern California. Declared a U. S. National Park in 1994 when the U. S. Congress passed the California Desert Protection Act and it is named for the Joshua trees native to the park. It covers a area of 790,636 acres —an area slightly larger than the state of Rhode Island. A large part of the park, some 429,690 acres, is a wilderness area. The Little San Bernardino Mountains run through the southwest edge of the park, in 1950, the size of the park was reduced by about 265,000 acres to exclude some mining property. The park was elevated to a National Park on 31 October 1994 by the Desert Protection Act, the higher and cooler Mojave Desert is the special habitat of Yucca brevifolia, the Joshua tree for which the park is named. It occurs in patterns from dense forests to distantly spaced specimens, in addition to Joshua tree forests, the western part of the park includes some of the most interesting geologic displays found in Californias deserts. The dominant geologic features of landscape are hills of bare rock. These hills are popular amongst rock climbing and scrambling enthusiasts, the flatland between these hills is sparsely forested with Joshua trees. Together with the piles and Skull Rock, the trees make the landscape otherworldly. Temperatures are most comfortable in the spring and fall, with an average high/low of 85 and 50 °F respectively, winter brings cooler days, around 60 °F, and freezing nights. It occasionally snows at higher elevations, summers are hot, over 100 °F during the day and not cooling much below 75 °F until the early hours of the morning. Joshua trees dominate the open spaces of the park, but in among the outcroppings are piñon pine, California juniper, Quercus turbinella, Quercus john-tuckeri. These communities are under stress, however, as the climate was wetter until the 1930s, with the same hot. These cycles were nothing new, but the vegetation did not prosper when wetter cycles returned. The difference may have been human development, cattle grazing took out some of the natural cover and made it less resistant to the changes. But the bigger problem seems to be invasive species, such as cheatgrass, in drier times, they die back, but do not quickly decompose. This makes wildfires hotter and more destructive, which some of the trees that would have otherwise survived
34.
United States Bureau of Reclamation
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On June 17th 1902, in accordance with the Reclamation Act, Secretary of the Interior Ethan Allen Hitchcock established the U. S. Reclamation Service within the U. S. Geological Survey. The new Reclamation Service studied potential water development projects in each state with federal lands—revenue from sale of federal lands was the initial source of the programs funding. Because Texas had no lands, it did not become a Reclamation state until 1906. From 1902 to 1907, Reclamation began about 30 projects in Western states, then, in 1907, the Secretary of the Interior separated the Reclamation Service from the USGS and created an independent bureau within the Department of the Interior. Frederick Haynes Newell was appointed the first director of the new bureau, in 1923 the agency was renamed the Bureau of Reclamation. In 1928 Congress authorized the Boulder Canyon Project, and large appropriations began, for the first time, the authorization came only after a hard-fought debate about the pros and cons of public power versus private power. The heyday of Reclamation construction of water facilities occurred during the Depression, from 1941 to 1947, Civilian Public Service labor was used to carry on projects otherwise interrupted by the war effort. Even the 1976 failure of Teton Dam as it filled for the first time did not diminish Reclamations strong international reputation in water development circles, however, this first and only failure of a major Reclamation Bureau dam led to subsequent strengthening of its dam-safety program to avoid similar problems. Reclamation operates about 180 projects in the 17 western states, the total Reclamation investment for completed project facilities in September 1992 was about $11 billion. Reclamation projects provide agricultural, household, and industrial water to about one‑third of the population of the American West. About 5% of the area of the West is irrigated. Reclamation is a major American generator of electricity, as of 2007, Reclamation had 58 power plants on‑line and generated 125,000 GJ of electricity. From 1988 to 1994, Reclamation underwent major reorganization as construction on projects authorized in the 1960s, Reclamation wrote that The arid West essentially has been reclaimed. The major rivers have been harnessed and facilities are in place or are being completed to meet the most pressing current water demands, emphasis in Reclamation programs shifted from construction to operation and maintenance of existing facilities. Reclamations redefined official mission is to manage, develop, and protect water, in redirecting its programs and responsibilities, Reclamation substantially reduced its staff levels and budgets but remains a significant federal agency in the West. Mead guided the bureau during the development, planning, and construction of the Hoover Dam, since his confirmation in December of 2014, Estevan Lopez of New Mexico has been serving as commissioner of the bureau. “‘The Wilderness and the Dry Land Will Be Glad, and the Desert Will Rejoice and Blossom like a Rose’, The Origins of the Bureau of Reclamation, ” Journal of the West 50, marc Reisner, Cadillac Desert, The American West and Its Disappearing Water
35.
Central Valley Project
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The Central Valley Project is a federal water management project in the U. S. state of California under the supervision of the United States Bureau of Reclamation. Many CVP water users are represented by the Central Valley Project Water Association, in addition to water storage and regulation, the system has a hydroelectric capacity of over 2,000 megawatts, provides recreation, and provides flood control with its twenty dams and reservoirs. It has allowed cities to grow along Valley rivers which previously would flood each spring. Freshwater stored in Sacramento River reservoirs and released downriver during dry periods prevents salt water from intruding into the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta during high tide. There are eight divisions of the project and ten corresponding units, many of which operate in conjunction, California agriculture and related industries now directly account for 7% of the gross state product for which the CVP supplied water for about half. Despite the benefits of the Project, many CVP operations have resulted in environmental and historical consequences. The salmon population in four major California rivers have declined as a result, USBR has also been known to stretch the boundaries of many state and federal regulations in its operations of the CVP. The Central Valley Project Improvement Act, passed in 1992, intends to alleviate some of the associated with the CVP with programs like the Refuge Water Supply Program. Two large reservoirs, Shasta Lake and Trinity Lake, are formed by a pair of dams in the north of the Sacramento Valley. Water from both of these lakes are released into the Sacramento River, which flows to the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, finally, New Melones Lake, a separate facility, stores water flow of a San Joaquin River tributary for use during dry periods. Other smaller, independent facilities exist to provide water to local irrigation districts, furthermore, cities drawing water from the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta faced problems in dry summer and autumn months when the inflowing water was low. In order to continue to sustain the economy, there needed to be systems to regulate flows in the rivers. In 1873, Barton S. Alexander completed a report for the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers that was the first attempt at creating a Central Valley Project. In 1904, the Bureau of Reclamation first became interested in creating such a water project, the State of California passed the Central Valley Project Act in 1933, which authorized Reclamation to sell revenue bonds in order to raise about $170 million for the project. Unfortunately, because of insufficient money in the treasury and the coincidence with the Great Depression. This resulted in several transfers of the project between California and the government, and between Reclamation and the Army Corps of Engineers. The first dams and canals of the project started going up in the late 1930s, other features of the project were never constructed, some lie partly finished, or are still awaiting authorization. Shasta Division consists of a pair of dams on the Sacramento River north of the city of Redding
36.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
37.
Congressional Wildlife Refuge Caucus
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The CWRC also aims to educate members of Congress about the increasing number of challenges facing the System through briefings and other forms of outreach. The co-chairs also author op-ed pieces magazines and newspapers to educate the public on the challenges facing the Refuge System, the CWRC is currently led by Rep. Rob Wittman, Rep. Ron Kind, Rep. Frank LoBiondo, and Rep. Mike Thompson. Past co-chairs include Rep. Ed Perlmutter and Rep. Michael Castle, the CWRC launched with 100 founding members and had grown to 139 members representing 41 States and 182 Wildlife Refuges as of November,2009. Cooperative Alliance for Refuge Enhancement National Wildlife Refuge System National Wildlife Refuge Association
38.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures
39.
No Child Left Behind Act
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The No Child Left Behind Act of 2001 was a U. S. Act of Congress that reauthorized the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and it supported standards-based education reform based on the premise that setting high standards and establishing measurable goals could improve individual outcomes in education. The Act required states to develop assessments in basic skills, to receive federal school funding, states had to give these assessments to all students at select grade levels. The act did not assert a national achievement standard – each state developed its own standards, the bill passed in the Congress with bipartisan support. By 2015, criticism from right, left, and center had accumulated so much that a bipartisan Congress stripped away the national features of No Child Left Behind and its replacement, the Every Student Succeeds Act, turned the remnants over to the states. The legislation was proposed by President George W. Bush on January 23,2001 and it was coauthored by Representatives John Boehner, George Miller, and Senators Edward Kennedy and Judd Gregg. The United States House of Representatives passed the bill on May 23,2001, President Bush signed it into law on January 8,2002. No Child Left Behind requires all public schools receiving federal funding to administer a statewide standardized test annually to all students, schools that receive Title I funding through the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 must make Adequate Yearly Progress in test scores. If the schools results are poor, then steps are taken to improve the school. Schools that miss AYP for a consecutive year are publicly labeled as In Need of Improvement. Students have the option to transfer to a school within the school district. Missing AYP in the third year forces the school to offer free tutoring, a fifth year of failure results in planning to restructure the entire school, the plan is implemented if the school unsuccessfully hits its AYP targets for the sixth consecutive year. Common options include closing the school, turning the school into a school, hiring a private company to run the school. The objectives must be set with the goal of having all students at the proficient level or above within 12 years, AYP must be primarily based on state assessments, but must also include one additional academic indicator. The AYP objectives must be assessed at the school level, schools that failed to meet their AYP objective for two consecutive years are identified for improvement. School AYP results must be reported separately for each group of students identified above so that it can be determined whether each student group met the AYP objective, at least 95% of each group must participate in state assessments. States may aggregate up to three years of data in making AYP determinations, the act requires states to provide highly qualified teachers to all students. Each state sets its own standards for what counts as highly qualified, similarly, the act requires states to set one high, challenging standard for its students
40.
Pension
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The terms retirement plan and superannuation tend to refer to a pension granted upon retirement of the individual. Retirement plans may be set up by employers, insurance companies, called retirement plans in the United States, they are commonly known as pension schemes in the United Kingdom and Ireland and superannuation plans in Australia and New Zealand. Retirement pensions are typically in the form of a life annuity. A pension created by an employer for the benefit of an employee is commonly referred to as an occupational or employer pension, labor unions, the government, or other organizations may also fund pensions. Occupational pensions are a form of deferred compensation, usually advantageous to employee, many pensions also contain an additional insurance aspect, since they often will pay benefits to survivors or disabled beneficiaries. Other vehicles may provide a stream of payments. The common use of the pension is to describe the payments a person receives upon retirement. A recipient of a retirement pension is known as a pensioner or retiree, a retirement plan is an arrangement to provide people with an income during retirement when they are no longer earning a steady income from employment. Often retirement plans require both the employer and employee to contribute money to a fund during their employment in order to receive defined benefits upon retirement and it is a tax deferred savings vehicle that allows for the tax-free accumulation of a fund for later use as a retirement income. Funding can be provided in other ways, such as labor unions, government agencies. Pension plans are therefore a form of deferred compensation, a SSAS is a type of employment-based Pension in the UK. Some countries also grant pensions to military veterans, military pensions are overseen by the government, an example of a standing agency is the United States Department of Veterans Affairs. Ad hoc committees may also be formed to investigate specific tasks, Commission on Veterans Pensions in 1955–56. In early 2017, the Wall Street Journal reported the percentage of American private-sector workers who have a pension is 13%. Many countries have created funds for their citizens and residents to provide income when they retire, typically this requires payments throughout the citizens working life in order to qualify for benefits later on. A basic state pension is a contribution based benefit, and depends on an individuals contribution history, for examples, see National Insurance in the UK, or Social Security in the United States of America. Many countries have put in place a social pension. These are regular, tax-funded non-contributory cash transfers paid to older people, over 80 countries have social pensions
41.
Gulf Coast of the United States
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The Gulf Coast of the United States is the coastline along which the Southern United States meets the Gulf of Mexico. The coastal states that have a shoreline on the Gulf of Mexico are Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida, the economy of the Gulf Coast area is dominated by industries related to energy, petrochemicals, fishing, aerospace, agriculture, and tourism. The Gulf Coast is made of many inlets, bays, the coast is also intersected by numerous rivers, the largest of which is the Mississippi River. Much of the land along the Gulf Coast is, or was and these landforms protect numerous bays and inlets providing as a barrier to oncoming waves. The central part of the Gulf Coast, from eastern Texas through Louisiana, the eastern part of the Gulf Coast, predominantly Florida, is dotted with many bays and inlets. The Gulf Coast climate is humid subtropical for the most part, although the tip of Florida. Much of the year is warm to hot along the Gulf Coast, while the 3 winters months bring periods of cool, the area is vulnerable to hurricanes as well as floods and severe thunderstorms. Tornadoes are infrequent at the coast but do occur, however the frequency at which they occur in inland portions of Gulf Coast states is much greater. Earthquakes are extremely rare to the area, but a surprising 6.0 earthquake in the Gulf of Mexico on September 10,2006, the Gulf Coast is a major center of economic activity. The marshlands along the Louisiana and Texas coasts provide breeding grounds, the Port of South Louisiana and the Port of Houston are two of the ten busiest ports in the world by cargo volume. As of 2004, seven of the top ten busiest ports in the U. S. are on the Gulf Coast. The discovery of oil and gas deposits along the coast and offshore, the coast contains nearly 4,000 oil platforms. S. Before Europeans arrived in the region, the region was home to several kingdoms that had extensive trade networks with empires such as the Aztecs. Shark and alligator teeth and shells from the Gulf have been found as far north as Ohio, the first Europeans to settle the Gulf Coast were primarily the French and the Spanish. The Louisiana Purchase and the Texas Revolution made the Gulf Coast a part of the United States during the first half of the 19th century. As the U. S. population continued to expand its frontiers westward, the development of sugar and cotton production allowed the South to prosper. Two major events were turning points in the history of the Gulf Coast region. The first was the American Civil War, which caused damage to some economic sectors in the South
