1.
George W. Romney
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George Wilcken Romney was an American businessman and Republican Party politician. He was the father of former Governor of Massachusetts and 2012 Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney, Romney was born to American parents living in the Mormon colonies in Mexico, events during the Mexican Revolution forced his family to flee back to the United States when he was a child. The family lived in states and ended up in Salt Lake City, Utah. Romney worked in a number of jobs, served as a Mormon missionary in the United Kingdom and he joined Nash-Kelvinator in 1948, and became the chief executive of its successor, American Motors Corporation, in 1954. There he turned around the firm by focusing all efforts on the compact Rambler car. Romney mocked the products of the Big Three automakers as gas-guzzling dinosaurs and became one of the first high-profile, devoutly religious, he presided over the Detroit Stake of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Having entered politics by participating in a constitutional convention to rewrite the Michigan Constitution during 1961–1962. Romney was a supporter of the American Civil Rights Movement. He briefly represented moderate Republicans against conservative Republican Barry Goldwater during the 1964 U. S. presidential election and he requested the intervention of federal troops during the 1967 Detroit riot. Initially a front runner for the Republican nomination for President of the United States in the 1968 election, he proved an ineffective campaigner, after Nixons election as president, he appointed Romney as Secretary of Housing and Urban Development. Romneys ambitious plans for housing production increases for the poor, and for housing to desegregate suburbs, were modestly successful. Romney left the administration at the start of Nixons second term in 1973, returning to private life, he advocated volunteerism and public service, and headed the National Center for Voluntary Action and its successor organizations from 1973 through 1991. He also served as a representative of the Twelve within his church. Romneys grandparents were polygamous Mormons who fled the United States with their children owing to the governments prosecution of polygamy. In the 1920s, Romneys uncle Rey L. Pratt played a role in the preservation and expansion of the Mormon presence in Mexico. A more distant kinsman was George Romney, a portrait painter in Britain during the last quarter of the 18th century. Romneys parents, Gaskell Romney and Anna Amelia Pratt, were United States citizens and they married in 1895 in Mexico and lived in Colonia Dublán in Galeana in the state of Chihuahua, where George was born on July 8,1907. George had three brothers, two younger brothers, and a younger sister
2.
Dalton-in-Furness
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Dalton-in-Furness is a small town of 8,125 people, north east of Barrow-in-Furness, in Cumbria, England. Historically, it was the capital of Furness, the ancient parish of Dalton covered the area which is now occupied by the Borough of Barrow-in-Furness. The town is now in the parish of Dalton Town with Newton. The Drill Hall was officially opened in July 1929 as a Regular Army Centre for military training, the Drill Hall was used as a military headquarter leading up to the war in 1939-45. During the war years it was a centre for the Home Guard and it had a rifle range until 2009. After the war it was a Territorial and Army Cadet Headquarters, in addition the Drill hall was used as an annexe to Nelson Street Junior School. Since the early 90’s it has used as a community. The town is situated near the centre of Low Furness, on the eastern crest of a valley which runs obliquely across the peninsula. Just over a mile to the south lie the ruins of Furness Abbey, Dalton railway station, which serves the town, is located on the Furness Line, giving connections to Barrow, Ulverston, Grange-over-Sands and Lancaster. Also there are longer distance services to Preston and Manchester, Dalton with Newton Town Council was the first corporate member of the Friends of Real Lancashire, an organisation dedicated to recognising the traditional county boundaries of Lancashire. The local football teams Dalton United and Crooklands Casuals play in the West Lancashire Football League, Girls and womens football in the town is provided by Dalton Girls and Ladies F. C. who have junior and open age teams competing in a various cumbrian leagues. Dalton Rugby League Football Club is located at the entrance to the town on Crooklands Brow, currently in the first division of the North West Counties League. Their ground was recently renamed Kelland Park, in memory of Dalton rugby league stalwart, Dalton Cricket Club plays in the North Lancs. Dalton won the first organized cricket match played in Furness, beating Barrow, the Cricket Club also has many junior sides, such as The Under 11s & Under 13s. It also now has a tennis club, located at the Seventh Day Adventist Church. Dowdales School is the secondary school with approximately 1,050 pupils. The school does not have a form, but pupils transfer either to the Sixth Form College in Barrow, or to Barrow. There are four schools in the town, Chapel Street School, George Romney Junior School, Dalton St Marys Church of England Primary School
3.
Lancashire
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Lancashire is a non-metropolitan ceremonial county in north west England. The county town is Lancaster although the administrative centre is Preston. The county has a population of 1,449,300, people from Lancashire are known as Lancastrians. The history of Lancashire begins with its founding in the 12th century, in the Domesday Book of 1086, some of its lands were treated as part of Yorkshire. The land that lay between the Ribble and Mersey, Inter Ripam et Mersam, was included in the returns for Cheshire, when its boundaries were established, it bordered Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Cheshire. Lancashire emerged as a commercial and industrial region during the Industrial Revolution. Liverpool and Manchester grew into its largest cities, dominating global trade, the county contained several mill towns and the collieries of the Lancashire Coalfield. By the 1830s, approximately 85% of all cotton manufactured worldwide was processed in Lancashire, Accrington, Blackburn, Bolton, Burnley, Bury, Chorley, Colne, Darwen, Manchester, Nelson, Oldham, Preston, Rochdale and Wigan were major cotton mill towns during this time. Blackpool was a centre for tourism for the inhabitants of Lancashires mill towns, the detached northern part of Lancashire in the Lake District, including the Furness Peninsula and Cartmel, was merged with Cumberland and Westmorland to form Cumbria. Lancashire lost 709 square miles of land to other counties, about two fifths of its area, although it did gain some land from the West Riding of Yorkshire. Today the county borders Cumbria to the north, Greater Manchester and Merseyside to the south and North and West Yorkshire to the east, with a coastline on the Irish Sea to the west. The county palatine boundaries remain the same with the Duke of Lancaster exercising sovereignty rights, including the appointment of lords lieutenant in Greater Manchester, the county was established in 1182, later than many other counties. During Roman times the area was part of the Brigantes tribal area in the zone of Roman Britain. The towns of Manchester, Lancaster, Ribchester, Burrow, Elslack, in the centuries after the Roman withdrawal in 410AD the northern parts of the county probably formed part of the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged, a successor entity to the Brigantes tribe. During the mid-8th century, the area was incorporated into the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria, in the Domesday Book, land between the Ribble and Mersey were known as Inter Ripam et Mersam and included in the returns for Cheshire. Although some historians consider this to mean south Lancashire was then part of Cheshire and it is also claimed that the territory to the north formed part of the West Riding of Yorkshire. It bordered on Cumberland, Westmorland, Yorkshire, and Cheshire, the county was divided into hundreds, Amounderness, Blackburn, Leyland, Lonsdale, Salford and West Derby. Lonsdale was further partitioned into Lonsdale North, the part north of the sands of Morecambe Bay including Furness and Cartmel
4.
Kendal
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Kendal /ˈkɛndəl/, anciently known as Kirkby in Kendal or Kirkby Kendal, is a market town and civil parish within the South Lakeland District of Cumbria, England. Historically in Westmorland, it is situated about 8 miles south-east of Windermere,19 miles north of Lancaster,23 miles north-east of Barrow-in-Furness and 38 miles north-west of Skipton. Kendal today is largely as a centre for tourism, as the home of Kendal mint cake. Its buildings, mostly constructed with the grey limestone, have earned it the nickname Grey Auld Town. Kendal is listed in the Domesday Book as part of Yorkshire with the name Cherchebi, for many centuries it was called Kirkbie Kendal, meaning village with a church in the valley of the River Kent. The earliest castle was a Norman motte and bailey when the settlement went under the name of Kirkbie Strickland, Kendal Green was also worn by slaves in the Americas, and is mentioned in songs and literature from that time. Kendal Green was traditionally the colour of clothing worn by foresters and as such was mentioned by Shakespeare in Henry IV, Part 1. The site of several castles, the most recent one constructed in the late-12th century and it was the castle of the Barony of Kendal, the part of Westmorland ruled from here. The castle is best known for being the home of the Parr family, the Parrs inherited the castle through marriage during the reign of Edward III of England. Rumours still circulate that King Henry VIIIs sixth wife Catherine Parr was born at Kendal Castle, by the time Catherine was born the castle was beyond repair and her father was already based in Blackfriars, London, as a member of the court of King Henry VIII. A Roman fort existed about 2 miles south of the present day town centre and it was built in about AD90, originally as a timber structure, and then rebuilt with stone in about 130 during the reign of Hadrian. The fort was abandoned for about 20 years during the Antonine re-occupation of Scotland and it was then rebuilt during the reign of Marcus Aurelius and occupied until roughly 270. That was probably the last time it was held for military purposes, what remains of the stone structure is now buried under a field. Many of the Roman artefacts from this site may be found in the Kendal museum, early travellers to Kendal complained of eight miles of nothing but a confused mixture of Rockes and Boggs. Riding horseback was the fastest form of travelling for the road was no better than the roughest fell tracks on ground and spongy. It became evident that it was unjust and beyond the power of the scattered rural population thereabouts be called upon to maintain a road used for through traffic. In 1703 by Order of the Quarter Sessions of the Barony of Kendall the surveyors of highways was to make the good and sufficient for the passage of coaches, carts. In 1753 The Keighley and Kendal Turnpike brought the stage coach from Yorkshire to Kendal, Kendal is known for Kendal mint cake, a glucose-based type of confectionery reputedly discovered accidentally by Joseph Wiper during his search for a clear glacier mint
5.
Westmorland
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Westmorland is an area of North West England and one of the 39 historic counties of England. It formed a county from 1889 to 1974, after which the whole county was administered by the new administrative county of Cumbria. At the time of Domesday Book in 1086, parts of the county were considered either to part of Yorkshire or to be within the separate Kingdom of Strathclyde. The Normans conquered the area that is now Cumbria in 1092 during the reign of William II and created the baronies of Kendal and these were originally distinct jurisdictions with separate sheriffs, but were formed into a single county of Westmorland in 1226/7. Before 1226 the Barony of Kendal was connected to the Earldom or Honour of Lancaster while that of Westmorland was part of the Earldom of Carlisle. The historic county boundaries are with Cumberland to the north, County Durham and Yorkshire to the east, windermere forms part of the western border with Lancashire north of the sands, and Ullswater part of the border with Cumberland. The highest point of the county is Helvellyn at 950m, according to the 1831 census the county covered an area of 485,990 acres. Appleby, the county town, formed a historic borough and was not reformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835. Kendal was reformed as a borough in 1835. Rather than being divided into hundreds, Westmorland was subdivided into the two baronies of Westmorland and Kendal, Westmorland had no county boroughs throughout its history, so the administrative county, the area under the control of the county council, was coterminous with the geographic county. The county council was based at Kendal, rather than the county town of Appleby-in-Westmorland. Despite their title, many of Westmorlands urban districts, such as Lakes, Grasmere, according to the 1971 census, Westmorland was the second least populated administrative county in England, after Rutland. The area now forms parts of the districts of South Lakeland, Westmorland County Council was granted a coat of arms by the College of Arms in 1926. The design of the referred to the two components of the county, on two red bars was placed a gold apple tree. The crest above the shield was the head of a ram of the local Herdwick breed, on the rams forehead was a shearmans hook, a tool used in the handling of wool. The hook was part of the insignia of the borough of Kendal, in 1974 the successor parish council formed for the former borough of Appleby adopted the name Appleby-in-Westmorland. The final recommendations, published in October 1994, did not include such recommendations, in September 2011, the Westmorland Association, a local society which promotes the countys identity, successfully registered the Flag of Westmorland with the Flag Institute. Sir Thomas Strickland carried the Flag of St. George at the battle of Agincourt, the Parrs ancestral castle, Kendal Castle, is located in Kendal
6.
Painting
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Painting is the practice of applying paint, pigment, color or other medium to a solid surface. The medium is commonly applied to the base with a brush, but other implements, such as knives, sponges, Painting is a mode of creative expression, and the forms are numerous. Drawing, gesture, composition, narration, or abstraction, among other aesthetic modes, may serve to manifest the expressive, Paintings can be naturalistic and representational, photographic, abstract, narrative, symbolistic, emotive, or political in nature. A portion of the history of painting in both Eastern and Western art is dominated by motifs and ideas. In art, the term painting describes both the act and the result of the action, the term painting is also used outside of art as a common trade among craftsmen and builders. What enables painting is the perception and representation of intensity, every point in space has different intensity, which can be represented in painting by black and white and all the gray shades between. In practice, painters can articulate shapes by juxtaposing surfaces of different intensity, thus, the basic means of painting are distinct from ideological means, such as geometrical figures, various points of view and organization, and symbols. In technical drawing, thickness of line is ideal, demarcating ideal outlines of an object within a perceptual frame different from the one used by painters. Color and tone are the essence of painting as pitch and rhythm are the essence of music, color is highly subjective, but has observable psychological effects, although these can differ from one culture to the next. Black is associated with mourning in the West, but in the East, some painters, theoreticians, writers and scientists, including Goethe, Kandinsky, and Newton, have written their own color theory. Moreover, the use of language is only an abstraction for a color equivalent, the word red, for example, can cover a wide range of variations from the pure red of the visible spectrum of light. There is not a register of different colors in the way that there is agreement on different notes in music. For a painter, color is not simply divided into basic, painters deal practically with pigments, so blue for a painter can be any of the blues, phthalocyanine blue, Prussian blue, indigo, cobalt, ultramarine, and so on. Psychological and symbolical meanings of color are not, strictly speaking, colors only add to the potential, derived context of meanings, and because of this, the perception of a painting is highly subjective. The analogy with music is quite clear—sound in music is analogous to light in painting, shades to dynamics and these elements do not necessarily form a melody of themselves, rather, they can add different contexts to it. Modern artists have extended the practice of painting considerably to include, as one example, collage, some modern painters incorporate different materials such as sand, cement, straw or wood for their texture. Examples of this are the works of Jean Dubuffet and Anselm Kiefer, there is a growing community of artists who use computers to paint color onto a digital canvas using programs such as Adobe Photoshop, Corel Painter, and many others. These images can be printed onto traditional canvas if required, rhythm is important in painting as it is in music
7.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
8.
Portrait
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A portrait is a painting, photograph, sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person, in which the face and its expression is predominant. The intent is to display the likeness, personality, and even the mood of the person, for this reason, in photography a portrait is generally not a snapshot, but a composed image of a person in a still position. A portrait often shows a person looking directly at the painter or photographer, nonetheless, many subjects, such as Akhenaten and some other Egyptian pharaohs, can be recognised by their distinctive features. The 28 surviving rather small statues of Gudea, ruler of Lagash in Sumeria between c.2144 -2124 BC, show a consistent appearance with some individuality. Some of the earliest surviving painted portraits of people who were not rulers are the Greco-Roman funeral portraits that survived in the dry climate of Egypts Fayum district. These are almost the only paintings from the world that have survived, apart from frescos, though many sculptures. Although the appearance of the figures differs considerably, they are considerably idealized, the art of the portrait flourished in Ancient Greek and especially Roman sculpture, where sitters demanded individualized and realistic portraits, even unflattering ones. During the 4th century, the portrait began to retreat in favor of a symbol of what that person looked like. In the Europe of the Early Middle Ages representations of individuals are mostly generalized, true portraits of the outward appearance of individuals re-emerged in the late Middle Ages, in tomb monuments, donor portraits, miniatures in illuminated manuscripts and then panel paintings. Moche culture of Peru was one of the few ancient civilizations which produced portraits and these works accurately represent anatomical features in great detail. The individuals portrayed would have been recognizable without the need for other symbols or a reference to their names. The individuals portrayed were members of the elite, priests, warriors. They were represented during several stages of their lives, the faces of gods were also depicted. To date, no portraits of women have been found, there is particular emphasis on the representation of the details of headdresses, hairstyles, body adornment and face painting. One of the portraits in the Western world is Leonardo da Vincis painting titled Mona Lisa. What has been claimed as the worlds oldest known portrait was found in 2006 in the Vilhonneur grotto near Angoulême and is thought to be 27,000 years old. Profile view, full view, and three-quarter view, are three common designations for portraits, each referring to a particular orientation of the head of the individual depicted. Such terms would tend to have greater applicability to two-dimensional artwork such as photography, in the case of three-dimensional artwork, the viewer can usually alter their orientation to the artwork by moving around it
9.
Muses
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The Muses are the inspirational goddesses of literature, science, and the arts in Greek mythology. They were considered the source of the knowledge embodied in the poetry, lyric songs and they were later adopted by the Romans as a part of their pantheon. In current English usage, muse can refer in general to a person who inspires an artist, writer, the earliest known records of the Nine Muses are from Boeotia, the homeland of Hesiod. Some ancient authorities thought that the Nine Muses were of Thracian origin, there, a tradition persisted that the Muses had once been three in number. They were again called Melete or Practice, Mneme or Memory, three ancient Muses were also reported in Plutarchs Quaestiones Convivales. According to Pausanias in the second century AD, there were three original Muses, worshiped on Mount Helicon in Boeotia, Aoidḗ, Melétē, and Mnḗmē. Together, these three form the picture of the preconditions of poetic art in cult practice. In Delphi three Muses were worshiped as well, but with other names, Nḗtē, Mésē, and Hýpatē, alternatively they later were called Kēphisṓ, Apollōnís, and Borysthenís, which names characterize them as daughters of Apollo. In later tradition, a set of four Muses were recognized, Thelxinóē, Aoidḗ Archē, one of the people frequently associated with the Muses was Pierus. By some he was called the father of a total of seven Muses, called Neilṓ, Tritṓnē, Asōpṓ, Heptápora, Achelōís, Tipoplṓ, and Rhodía. According to Hesiods Theogony, they were daughters of Zeus, the second king of the gods. For Alcman and Mimnermus, they were even more primordial, springing from the deities, Uranus. Sometimes the Muses are referred to as water nymphs, associated with the springs of Helicon and it was said that the winged horse Pegasus touched his hooves to the ground on Helicon, causing four sacred springs to burst forth, from which the muses were born. Athena later tamed the horse and presented him to the muses, classical writers set Apollo as their leader, Apollon Mousagetēs. In one myth, the Muses judged a contest between Apollo and Marsyas and they also gathered the pieces of the dead body of Orpheus, son of Calliope, and buried them. In a later myth, Thamyris challenged them to a singing contest and they won and punished Thamyris by blinding him and robbing him of his singing ability. He thus challenged the Muses to a match, resulting in his daughters, Pausanias records a tradition of two generations of Muses, the first are the daughters of Uranus and Gaia, the second of Zeus and Mnemosyne. Another, rarer genealogy is that they are daughters of Harmonia, some Greek writers give the names of the nine Muses as Kallichore, Helike, Eunike, Thelxinoë, Terpsichore, Euterpe, Eukelade, Dia, and Enope
10.
Emma, Lady Hamilton
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Emma, Lady Hamilton, model and actress, is best remembered as the mistress of Lord Nelson and as the muse of George Romney. She was born Amy Lyon in Ness near Neston, Cheshire, England, the daughter of Henry Lyon and she was raised by her mother, the former Mary Kidd, at Hawarden, and received no formal education. She later changed her name to Emma Hart, details of Emmas early life are unclear, but at age 12, she was known to be working as a maid at the Hawarden home of Doctor Honoratus Leigh Thomas, a surgeon working in Chester. Then she worked for the Budd family in Chatham Place, Blackfriars, London, and met a maid called Jane Powell, Emma joined in with Janes rehearsals for various tragic roles. Emma started work at the Drury Lane theatre in Covent Garden, as maid to various actresses, Emma next worked as a model and dancer at the Goddess of Health for James Graham, a Scottish quack doctor. The establishments greatest attraction was a bed through which electricity was passed and this supposedly aided conception, and many infertile couples paid high prices to try it. At fifteen, Emma met Sir Harry Fetherstonhaugh, who hired her for months as hostess. She is said to have entertained Harry and his friends by dancing nude on the dining room table, Fetherstonhaugh took Emma there as a mistress, but frequently ignored her in favour of drinking and hunting with his friends. Emma soon formed a friendship with one of the guests, the dull but sincere Honourable Charles Francis Greville, second son of the then Earl of Warwick and it was about this time that she conceived a child by Fetherstonhaugh. Fetherstonhaugh was furious at the unwanted pregnancy but is thought to have accommodated Emma in one of his houses in London. Soon thereafter, Emma formed an attachment to Greville. When the child was born, she was removed to be raised by a Mr, as a young woman, Emmas daughter saw her mother reasonably frequently, but later when Emma fell into debt, her daughter, Emma Carew, worked abroad as a companion or governess. Emma was at Grevilles mercy and acceded to his request to change her name to Emma Hart. Greville kept Emma in a house at Edgeware Row, but he was in love with her and, wanting a painting of her, sent her to sit for his friend and it was then that Emma became the subject of many of Romneys most famous portraits. In fact, so began Romneys lifelong obsession with her, sketching her nude, through the popularity of Romneys work and particularly of his striking-looking young model, Emma became well known in society circles, under the name of Emma Hart. She was witty, intelligent, a learner, elegant and, as paintings of her attest. George Romney was fascinated by her looks and ability to adapt to the ideals of the age, Romney and other artists painted her in many guises. In 1783, Greville needed to find a wife to replenish his finances
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Lee, Sidney, ed. (1897). "Romney, George". Dictionary of National Biography. 49. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 191–200.
