1.
Microsoft Windows
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Microsoft Windows is a metafamily of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists of families of operating systems, each of which cater to a certain sector of the computing industry with the OS typically associated with IBM PC compatible architecture. Active Windows families include Windows NT, Windows Embedded and Windows Phone, defunct Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows 10 Mobile is an active product, unrelated to the defunct family Windows Mobile. Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20,1985, Microsoft Windows came to dominate the worlds personal computer market with over 90% market share, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984. Apple came to see Windows as an encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa. On PCs, Windows is still the most popular operating system, however, in 2014, Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android, because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones. In 2014, the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold and this comparison however may not be fully relevant, as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms. As of September 2016, the most recent version of Windows for PCs, tablets, smartphones, the most recent versions for server computers is Windows Server 2016. A specialized version of Windows runs on the Xbox One game console, Microsoft, the developer of Windows, has registered several trademarks each of which denote a family of Windows operating systems that target a specific sector of the computing industry. It now consists of three operating system subfamilies that are released almost at the time and share the same kernel. Windows, The operating system for personal computers, tablets. The latest version is Windows 10, the main competitor of this family is macOS by Apple Inc. for personal computers and Android for mobile devices. Windows Server, The operating system for server computers, the latest version is Windows Server 2016. Unlike its clients sibling, it has adopted a strong naming scheme, the main competitor of this family is Linux. Windows PE, A lightweight version of its Windows sibling meant to operate as an operating system, used for installing Windows on bare-metal computers. The latest version is Windows PE10.0.10586.0, Windows Embedded, Initially, Microsoft developed Windows CE as a general-purpose operating system for every device that was too resource-limited to be called a full-fledged computer. The following Windows families are no longer being developed, Windows 9x, Microsoft now caters to the consumers market with Windows NT. Windows Mobile, The predecessor to Windows Phone, it was a mobile operating system
2.
Windows 10
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Windows 10 is a personal computer operating system developed and released by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was officially unveiled in September 2014 following a brief demo at Build 2014, privacy concerns were also voiced by critics and advocates, as the operating systems default settings and certain features require the transmission of user data to Microsoft or its partners. Up to August 2016, Windows 10 usage was increasing, with it then plateauing, the operating system is running on more than 400 million active devices and has an estimated usage share of 27. 72% on traditional PCs and 12. 53% across all platforms. We won’t have an ecosystem for PCs, and one for phones, in December 2013, technology writer Mary Jo Foley reported that Microsoft was working on an update to Windows 8 codenamed Threshold, after a planet in Microsofts Halo video game franchise. Similarly to Blue, Foley called Threshold a wave of operating systems across multiple Microsoft platforms and services, Foley reported that among the goals for Threshold was to create a unified application platform and development toolkit for Windows, Windows Phone and Xbox One. The new Start menu takes after Windows 7s design by using only a portion of the screen, the second column displays Windows 8-style app tiles. Myerson said that changes would occur in a future update. Windows Phone 8.1 would share nearly 90% of the common Windows Runtime APIs with Windows 8.1 on PCs, despite these concessions, Myerson noted that the touch-oriented interface would evolve as well on 10. He also joked that they could not call it Windows One because Windows 1.0 already existed.1, further details surrounding Windows 10s consumer-oriented features were presented during another media event held on January 21,2015, entitled Windows 10, The Next Chapter. Additional developer-oriented details surrounding the Universal Windows Platform concept were revealed and discussed during Microsofts developers conference Build, among them were the unveiling of Islandwood, which provides a middleware toolchain for compiling Objective-C based software to run as universal apps on Windows 10 and Windows 10 Mobile. On June 1,2015, Microsoft announced that Windows 10 would be released on July 29,2015. The commercials focused on the tagline A more human way to do, the campaign culminated with launch events in thirteen cities on July 29, which celebrated the unprecedented role our biggest fans played in the development of Windows 10. Windows 10 harmonizes the user experience and functionality between different classes of device, and addresses shortcomings in the interface that were introduced in Windows 8. Windows 10 Mobile, the successor to Windows Phone 8.1, shares some user interface elements, the Windows Runtime app ecosystem was revised into the Universal Windows Platform. These universal apps are made to run across platforms and device classes, including smartphones, tablets, Xbox One consoles. Developers can allow cross-buys, where purchased licenses for an app apply to all of the users compatible devices, on Windows 10, Windows Store serves as a unified storefront for apps, Groove Music, and Movies & TV. Windows 10 also allows web apps and desktop software to be packaged for distribution on the Windows Store, desktop software distributed through Windows Store is packaged using the App-V system to allow sandboxing. A new iteration of the Start menu is used on the Windows 10 desktop, with a list of places and other options on the left side, the menu can be resized, and expanded into a full-screen display, which is the default option in Tablet mode
3.
Quick Assist
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It is based on the Remote Desktop Protocol. It is complemented by Get Help, a feature introduced in Windows 10 that enables the user to contact Microsoft directly, helpers offering remote assistance can open multiple simultaneous sessions—one for each remote computer. However, users seeking assistance from helpers can have only one RA session waiting for a connection, Connect invitations can be sent to multiple recipients—any of which may connect. All subsequent connect attempts will be blocked until the first helper disconnects, if the user disconnects the session, the RA application terminates and no further connections are allowed. Quick Assist is installed by default on Windows clients, but must be added manually on Windows Server 2008 R2 servers, Quick Assist requests a code in order to match users to a session. This will allow the giver to access the computer of the receiver in Administrator mode while allowing the receiver to see the choices the giver made, in Windows Vista, Remote Assistance is based on RDP6 and Windows Desktop Sharing API. It is an application and does not use the Windows Help. Two systems administrators can connect to a single computer. Remote sessions automatically reconnect after restarting the computer and it also supports session pausing, built-in diagnostics, chat, file transfer and XML-based logging. It reduces bandwidth requirements for low-speed connections, NAT traversal allows a session to be established even if the user is behind a Network Address Translation device. Remote Assistance is configurable using Group Policy and supports command-line switches so that custom shortcuts can be deployed, in Windows 7, Remote Assistance is based on RDP7 and uses Peer Name Resolution Protocol when connecting using the Easy Connect option. Windows Remote Assistance does not support file transfer and clipboard sharing in Windows 7. exe from command-line interface. The original Remote Assistance is included on all releases of Windows 10 as well, instead, a new app called Quick Assist is added. It has the functionality and a fairly similar user interface. Unlike Remote Assistant, Quick Assist requires the giver to sign in using a Microsoft account before dispensing help, Quick Assist, unlike Remote Assistance, presents a sparse screen with an explanation of its intended use and two options, Get assistance and Give assistance. Application sharing Help desk blogs. msdn. com Windows Vista Remote Assistance Under the Hood PDF Microsoft 7 Resource Kit for Remote Assistance What is Windows Remote Assistance
4.
Microsoft
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Its best known software products are the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, Microsoft Office office suite, and Internet Explorer and Edge web browsers. Its flagship hardware products are the Xbox video game consoles and the Microsoft Surface tablet lineup, as of 2016, it was the worlds largest software maker by revenue, and one of the worlds most valuable companies. Microsoft was founded by Paul Allen and Bill Gates on April 4,1975, to develop and it rose to dominate the personal computer operating system market with MS-DOS in the mid-1980s, followed by Microsoft Windows. The companys 1986 initial public offering, and subsequent rise in its share price, since the 1990s, it has increasingly diversified from the operating system market and has made a number of corporate acquisitions. In May 2011, Microsoft acquired Skype Technologies for $8.5 billion, in June 2012, Microsoft entered the personal computer production market for the first time, with the launch of the Microsoft Surface, a line of tablet computers. The word Microsoft is a portmanteau of microcomputer and software, Paul Allen and Bill Gates, childhood friends with a passion for computer programming, sought to make a successful business utilizing their shared skills. In 1972 they founded their first company, named Traf-O-Data, which offered a computer that tracked and analyzed automobile traffic data. Allen went on to pursue a degree in science at Washington State University. The January 1975 issue of Popular Electronics featured Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systemss Altair 8800 microcomputer, Allen suggested that they could program a BASIC interpreter for the device, after a call from Gates claiming to have a working interpreter, MITS requested a demonstration. Since they didnt actually have one, Allen worked on a simulator for the Altair while Gates developed the interpreter and they officially established Microsoft on April 4,1975, with Gates as the CEO. Allen came up with the name of Micro-Soft, as recounted in a 1995 Fortune magazine article. In August 1977 the company formed an agreement with ASCII Magazine in Japan, resulting in its first international office, the company moved to a new home in Bellevue, Washington in January 1979. Microsoft entered the OS business in 1980 with its own version of Unix, however, it was MS-DOS that solidified the companys dominance. For this deal, Microsoft purchased a CP/M clone called 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, branding it as MS-DOS, following the release of the IBM PC in August 1981, Microsoft retained ownership of MS-DOS. Since IBM copyrighted the IBM PC BIOS, other companies had to engineer it in order for non-IBM hardware to run as IBM PC compatibles. Due to various factors, such as MS-DOSs available software selection, the company expanded into new markets with the release of the Microsoft Mouse in 1983, as well as with a publishing division named Microsoft Press. Paul Allen resigned from Microsoft in 1983 after developing Hodgkins disease, while jointly developing a new OS with IBM in 1984, OS/2, Microsoft released Microsoft Windows, a graphical extension for MS-DOS, on November 20,1985. Once Microsoft informed IBM of NT, the OS/2 partnership deteriorated, in 1990, Microsoft introduced its office suite, Microsoft Office
5.
Internet
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The Internet is the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the Internet protocol suite to link devices worldwide. The origins of the Internet date back to research commissioned by the United States federal government in the 1960s to build robust, the primary precursor network, the ARPANET, initially served as a backbone for interconnection of regional academic and military networks in the 1980s. Although the Internet was widely used by academia since the 1980s, Internet use grew rapidly in the West from the mid-1990s and from the late 1990s in the developing world. In the two decades since then, Internet use has grown 100-times, measured for the period of one year, newspaper, book, and other print publishing are adapting to website technology, or are reshaped into blogging, web feeds and online news aggregators. The entertainment industry was initially the fastest growing segment on the Internet, the Internet has enabled and accelerated new forms of personal interactions through instant messaging, Internet forums, and social networking. Business-to-business and financial services on the Internet affect supply chains across entire industries, the Internet has no centralized governance in either technological implementation or policies for access and usage, each constituent network sets its own policies. The term Internet, when used to refer to the global system of interconnected Internet Protocol networks, is a proper noun. In common use and the media, it is not capitalized. Some guides specify that the word should be capitalized when used as a noun, the Internet is also often referred to as the Net, as a short form of network. Historically, as early as 1849, the word internetted was used uncapitalized as an adjective, the designers of early computer networks used internet both as a noun and as a verb in shorthand form of internetwork or internetworking, meaning interconnecting computer networks. The terms Internet and World Wide Web are often used interchangeably in everyday speech, however, the World Wide Web or the Web is only one of a large number of Internet services. The Web is a collection of interconnected documents and other web resources, linked by hyperlinks, the term Interweb is a portmanteau of Internet and World Wide Web typically used sarcastically to parody a technically unsavvy user. The ARPANET project led to the development of protocols for internetworking, the third site was the Culler-Fried Interactive Mathematics Center at the University of California, Santa Barbara, followed by the University of Utah Graphics Department. In an early sign of growth, fifteen sites were connected to the young ARPANET by the end of 1971. These early years were documented in the 1972 film Computer Networks, early international collaborations on the ARPANET were rare. European developers were concerned with developing the X.25 networks, in December 1974, RFC675, by Vinton Cerf, Yogen Dalal, and Carl Sunshine, used the term internet as a shorthand for internetworking and later RFCs repeated this use. Access to the ARPANET was expanded in 1981 when the National Science Foundation funded the Computer Science Network, in 1982, the Internet Protocol Suite was standardized, which permitted worldwide proliferation of interconnected networks.5 Mbit/s and 45 Mbit/s. Commercial Internet service providers emerged in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the ARPANET was decommissioned in 1990
6.
Microsoft Office
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Microsoft Office is an office suite of applications, servers, and services developed by Microsoft. It was first announced by Bill Gates on 1 August 1988, initially a marketing term for a bundled set of applications, the first version of Office contained Microsoft Word, Microsoft Excel, and Microsoft PowerPoint. Over the years, Office applications have grown substantially closer with shared features such as a spell checker, OLE data integration. Microsoft also positions Office as a development platform for software under the Office Business Applications brand. On 10 July 2012, Softpedia reported that Office is used by over a billion people worldwide, Office is produced in several versions targeted towards different end-users and computing environments. The original, and most widely used version, is the version, available for PCs running the Windows. The most current desktop version is Office 2016 for Windows and macOS, released on 22 September 2015 and 9 July 2015, more recently, Microsoft developed Office Mobile, which are free-to-use versions of Office applications for mobile devices. Microsoft also produces and runs Office Online, a version of core Office apps. Microsoft Word is a word processor available for Windows and macOS, Word is also included in some editions of the now discontinued Microsoft Works. The first version of Word, released in the autumn of 1983, was for the MS-DOS operating system and had the distinction of introducing the mouse to a broad population, Word 1.0 could be purchased with a bundled mouse, though none was required. Following the precedents of LisaWrite and MacWrite, Word for Macintosh attempted to add closer WYSIWYG features into its package, Word for Mac was released in 1985. Word for Mac was the first graphical version of Microsoft Word and its proprietary Doc format is a de facto standard, although Word 2007 deprecated this format in favor of Office Open XML, which was later standardized by Ecma International as an open format. Support for Portable Document Format and OpenDocument was first introduced in Word for Windows with Service Pack 2 for Word 2007, Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet program that originally competed with the dominant Lotus 1-2-3, and eventually outsold it. It is available for the Windows and macOS platforms, Microsoft released the first version of Excel for the Mac OS in 1985, and the first Windows version in November 1987. Microsoft PowerPoint is a program for Windows and macOS. It is used to create slideshows, composed of text, graphics, and other objects, Microsoft Access is a database management system for Windows that combines the relational Microsoft Jet Database Engine with a graphical user interface and software-development tools. Microsoft Access stores data in its own based on the Access Jet Database Engine. It can also import or link directly to data stored in other applications, Microsoft Outlook is a personal information manager
7.
Xbox
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Xbox is a video gaming brand created and owned by Microsoft. It represents a series of game consoles developed by Microsoft. The brand also represents applications, streaming services, and a service by the name of Xbox Live. The brand was first introduced on November 15,2001 in the United States and that original device was the first video game console offered by an American company after the Atari Jaguar stopped sales in 1996. It reached over 24 million units sold as of May 10,2006, Microsofts second console, the Xbox 360, was released in 2005 and has sold over 77.2 million consoles worldwide as of April 18,2013. The successor to the Xbox 360 and Microsofts most recent console, the Xbox One has been released in 21 markets in total, with a Chinese release on September 29,2014. The head of Xbox is Phil Spencer, who succeeded former head Marc Whitten in late March 2014. The original Xbox was released on November 15,2001, in North America, February 22,2002, in Japan and it was Microsofts first foray into the gaming console market. As part of the sixth-generation of gaming, the Xbox competed with Sonys PlayStation 2, Segas Dreamcast, the Xbox was the first console offered by an American company after the Atari Jaguar stopped sales in 1996. The name Xbox was derived from a contraction of DirectX Box, the integrated Xbox Live service launched in November 2002 allowed players to play games online with or without a broadband connection. It first competed with Dreamcasts online service but later competed with PlayStation 2s online service. The Xbox 360 was released as the successor of the original Xbox in November 2005, competing with Sonys PlayStation 3, as of June 30,2013,78.2 million Xbox 360 consoles have been sold worldwide. The Xbox 360 was officially unveiled on MTV on May 12,2005, with detailed launch, the console sold out completely upon release in all regions except in Japan. Microsoft also released Kinect, a control system for the Xbox 360 which uses an advanced sensor system. At their E3 presentation on June 14,2010, Microsoft announced a redesigned Xbox 360 that would ship on the same day, older models of the Xbox 360 have since been discontinued. The first new console to be released features a 250 GB hard drive, the Xbox One was released on November 22,2013 in North America, as the successor of the Xbox 360. The Xbox One competes with Sonys PlayStation 4 and Nintendos Wii U as part of the generation of video game consoles. After an overwhelmingly negative response from critics and consumers, Microsoft announced that these restrictions would be dropped, as a gesture toward showing a commitment to user privacy, Microsoft decided to allow the console to function without Kinect
8.
MacOS
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Within the market of desktop, laptop and home computers, and by web usage, it is the second most widely used desktop OS after Microsoft Windows. Launched in 2001 as Mac OS X, the series is the latest in the family of Macintosh operating systems, Mac OS X succeeded classic Mac OS, which was introduced in 1984, and the final release of which was Mac OS9 in 1999. An initial, early version of the system, Mac OS X Server 1.0, was released in 1999, the first desktop version, Mac OS X10.0, followed in March 2001. In 2012, Apple rebranded Mac OS X to OS X. Releases were code named after big cats from the release up until OS X10.8 Mountain Lion. Beginning in 2013 with OS X10.9 Mavericks, releases have been named after landmarks in California, in 2016, Apple rebranded OS X to macOS, adopting the nomenclature that it uses for their other operating systems, iOS, watchOS, and tvOS. The latest version of macOS is macOS10.12 Sierra, macOS is based on technologies developed at NeXT between 1985 and 1997, when Apple acquired the company. The X in Mac OS X and OS X is pronounced ten, macOS shares its Unix-based core, named Darwin, and many of its frameworks with iOS, tvOS and watchOS. A heavily modified version of Mac OS X10.4 Tiger was used for the first-generation Apple TV, Apple also used to have a separate line of releases of Mac OS X designed for servers. Beginning with Mac OS X10.7 Lion, the functions were made available as a separate package on the Mac App Store. Releases of Mac OS X from 1999 to 2005 can run only on the PowerPC-based Macs from the time period, Mac OS X10.5 Leopard was released as a Universal binary, meaning the installer disc supported both Intel and PowerPC processors. In 2009, Apple released Mac OS X10.6 Snow Leopard, in 2011, Apple released Mac OS X10.7 Lion, which no longer supported 32-bit Intel processors and also did not include Rosetta. All versions of the system released since then run exclusively on 64-bit Intel CPUs, the heritage of what would become macOS had originated at NeXT, a company founded by Steve Jobs following his departure from Apple in 1985. There, the Unix-like NeXTSTEP operating system was developed, and then launched in 1989 and its graphical user interface was built on top of an object-oriented GUI toolkit using the Objective-C programming language. This led Apple to purchase NeXT in 1996, allowing NeXTSTEP, then called OPENSTEP, previous Macintosh operating systems were named using Arabic numerals, e. g. Mac OS8 and Mac OS9. The letter X in Mac OS Xs name refers to the number 10 and it is therefore correctly pronounced ten /ˈtɛn/ in this context. However, a common mispronunciation is X /ˈɛks/, consumer releases of Mac OS X included more backward compatibility. Mac OS applications could be rewritten to run natively via the Carbon API, the consumer version of Mac OS X was launched in 2001 with Mac OS X10.0. Reviews were variable, with praise for its sophisticated, glossy Aqua interface
9.
IOS
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IOS is a mobile operating system created and developed by Apple Inc. exclusively for its hardware. It is the system that presently powers many of the companys mobile devices, including the iPhone, iPad. It is the second most popular operating system globally after Android. IPad tablets are also the second most popular, by sales, originally unveiled in 2007 for the iPhone, iOS has been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPod Touch and the iPad. As of January 2017, Apples App Store contains more than 2.2 million iOS applications,1 million of which are native for iPads and these mobile apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times. The iOS user interface is based upon direct manipulation, using multi-touch gestures, interface control elements consist of sliders, switches, and buttons. Internal accelerometers are used by applications to respond to shaking the device or rotating it in three dimensions. Apple has been praised for incorporating thorough accessibility functions into iOS, enabling users with vision. Major versions of iOS are released annually, the current version, iOS10, was released on September 13,2016. In iOS, there are four layers, the Core OS, Core Services, Media. In 2005, when Steve Jobs began planning the iPhone, he had a choice to either shrink the Mac, forstall was also responsible for creating a software development kit for programmers to build iPhone apps, as well as an App Store within iTunes. The operating system was unveiled with the iPhone at the Macworld Conference & Expo on January 9,2007, and released in June of that year. At the time of its unveiling in January, Steve Jobs claimed, iPhone runs OS X and runs applications, but at the time of the iPhones release. Initially, third-party native applications were not supported, Steve Jobs reasoning was that developers could build web applications through the Safari web browser that would behave like native apps on the iPhone. In October 2007, Apple announced that a native Software Development Kit was under development, on March 6,2008, Apple held a press event, announcing the iPhone SDK. The iOS App Store was opened on July 10,2008 with an initial 500 applications available.2 million in January 2017, as of March 2016,1 million apps are natively compatible with the iPad tablet computer. These apps have collectively been downloaded more than 130 billion times, App intelligence firm Sensor Tower has estimated that the App Store will reach 5 million apps by the year 2020. On September 5,2007, Apple released the iPod Touch, Apple also sold more than one million iPhones during the 2007 holiday season
10.
Android (operating system)
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Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on the Linux kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. In addition to devices, Google has further developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars. Variants of Android are also used on notebooks, game consoles, digital cameras, beginning with the first commercial Android device in September 2008, the operating system has gone through multiple major releases, with the current version being 7.0 Nougat, released in August 2016. Android applications can be downloaded from the Google Play store, which features over 2.7 million apps as of February 2017, Android has been the best-selling OS on tablets since 2013, and runs on the vast majority of smartphones. In September 2015, Android had 1.4 billion monthly active users, Android is popular with technology companies that require a ready-made, low-cost and customizable operating system for high-tech devices. The success of Android has made it a target for patent, Android Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California in October 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White. Rubin described the Android project as tremendous potential in developing smarter mobile devices that are aware of its owners location. The early intentions of the company were to develop an operating system for digital cameras. Despite the past accomplishments of the founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretly and that same year, Rubin ran out of money. Steve Perlman, a friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope. In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc. for at least $50 million and its key employees, including Rubin, Miner and White, joined Google as part of the acquisition. Not much was known about Android at the time, with Rubin having only stated that they were making software for mobile phones, at Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system, Google had lined up a series of hardware components and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation. Speculation about Googles intention to enter the communications market continued to build through December 2006. In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony, the first commercially available smartphone running Android was the HTC Dream, also known as T-Mobile G1, announced on September 23,2008. Since 2008, Android has seen numerous updates which have improved the operating system, adding new features. Each major release is named in order after a dessert or sugary treat, with the first few Android versions being called Cupcake, Donut, Eclair. In 2010, Google launched its Nexus series of devices, a lineup in which Google partnered with different device manufacturers to produce new devices and introduce new Android versions
11.
Skype
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Skype is an instant messaging app that provides online text message and video chat services. Users may transmit both text and video messages and may exchange digital documents such as images, text, Skype operate based on a freemium model. Much of the service is free, but Skype Credit or a subscription is required to call a landline or a phone number. At the end of 2010, there were over 660 million worldwide users, at one point in February 2012, there were thirty four million users concurrently online on Skype. In September 2005, eBay acquired Skype for $2.6 billion, Microsoft bought Skype in May 2011 for $8.5 billion. Skype division headquarters are in Luxembourg but most of the development team and 44% of all the employees are still situated in Tallinn and Tartu. Skype allows users to communicate over the Internet by voice using a microphone, by using a webcam. Skype-to-Skype calls to other users are free of charge, while calls to landline telephones, Skype originally featured a hybrid peer-to-peer and client–server system. Skype has been powered entirely by Microsoft-operated supernodes since May 2012, the 2013 mass surveillance disclosures revealed that Microsoft had granted intelligence agencies unfettered access to supernodes and Skype communication content. The name for the software is derived from Sky peer-to-peer, which was abbreviated to Skyper. However, some of the names associated with Skyper were already taken. Dropping the final r left the current title Skype, for domain names were available. Skype was founded in 2003 by Niklas Zennström, from Sweden, the Skype software was created by Estonians Ahti Heinla, Priit Kasesalu, and Jaan Tallinn. The first public version was released on 29 August 2003. In June 2005, Skype entered into an agreement with the Polish web portal Onet. pl for an offering on the Polish market. On 10 May 2011, Microsoft Corporation acquired Skype Communications, S. à r. l for US$8.5 billion, the company was incorporated as a division of Microsoft, which acquired all Its technologies with the purchase. This was completed on 13 October 2011 and this app became downloadable from the Windows Store when the new OS launched on 26 October 2012. When the company introduced Office 2013 on 27 February 2013, it was announced that 60 Skype world minutes per month would be included in Office 365 consumer plans, on 11 November 2014, Microsoft announced that in 2015 Lync would be replaced by Skype for Business
12.
OneDrive
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OneDrive is a file-hosting service operated by Microsoft as part of its suite of online services. It allows users to store files as well as personal data like Windows settings or BitLocker recovery keys in the cloud. Files can be synced to a PC and accessed from a web browser or a mobile device, OneDrive offers 5 GB of storage space for free, additional storage can be added either separately or through subscriptions to other Microsoft services like Office 365 and Groove Music. At its launch the service, known as Windows Live Folders at the time, was provided as a limited beta available to a few testers in the United States, on August 1,2007, the service was expanded to a wider audience. Shortly thereafter, on August 9,2007, the service was renamed Windows Live SkyDrive and made available to testers in the United Kingdom, as of 22 May 2008 SkyDrive was initially available in 38 countries and regions. Microsoft also added the ability to have full-screen slide shows for photos using Silverlight, SkyDrive was updated to Wave 4 release on June 7,2010, and added the ability to work with Office Web Apps, with versioning. In this update, due to the discontinuation of Windows Live Toolbar, in June 2010, users of Office Live Workspace, released in October 2007, were migrated to Windows Live Office. The migration included all existing workspaces, documents, and sharing permissions, on June 20,2011, Microsoft overhauled the user interface for SkyDrive, built using HTML5 technologies. The updated version featured caching, hardware acceleration, HTML5 video, quick views, cleaner arrangement of photos, Microsoft also doubled the file size limit from 50 MB to 100 MB per file. With this update, Microsoft consolidated the different entry points for SkyDrive, such as Windows Live Photos and Windows Live Office, files and folders shared with a user, including those in Windows Live Groups, were also accessible in the new interface. On November 29,2011, Microsoft updated SkyDrive to make sharing and file management easier, as well as HTML5 and this update also allowed users to see how much storage they had, a feature that had been removed in the previous update as part of the redesign. On December 3,2011, Microsoft released SkyDrive apps for iOS and Windows Phone, in addition, SkyDrive also provided additional storage available for purchase and reduced the free storage space for new users to 7 GB. Existing users were offered an upgrade offer to retain their 25 GB of free storage. The updated SkyDrive also allowed files up to 2 GB in size, the update also brought additional features such as Open Document Format capability, URL shortening services and direct sharing of files to Twitter. For SkyDrive. com, the updates brought a new design for the web service consistent with Outlook. For the SkyDrive for Windows desktop and macOS applications, the update brought new performance improvements to photo uploads, on August 28,2012, Microsoft released a SkyDrive app for Android on Google Play store. On September 18,2012, Microsoft also introduced a recycle bin feature on SkyDrive, on July 31,2013, in a joint press release between BSkyB and Microsoft, it was announced that a settlement had been reached and as a result the SkyDrive name would be dropped. BSkyB allowed Microsoft to continue using the brand for a period of time to allow for an orderly transition to a new brand
13.
Microsoft Store
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Microsoft Store is a chain of retail stores and an online shopping site, owned and operated by Microsoft and dealing in computers, computer software and consumer electronics. The stores aim to improve the PC and Microsoft retail purchase experience for consumers worldwide and help make more informed decisions about their PC. The Microsoft Store offers Signature PCs and tablets like the Microsoft Surface and from third parties such as HP, Acer, Dell, Lenovo, and Sony without demos or trialware. It also offers Windows, Microsoft Office, mobile devices running the Windows Phone OS, Xbox 360, the Answers Desk helps to answer questions related to Windows, Office, and other Microsoft products. The stores also offer class sessions as well as individual appointments, the first two Microsoft Stores opened within a week of the Windows 7 launch, in Scottsdale, Arizona and Mission Viejo, California. Additional stores have opened in California, Colorado, Georgia, Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, Texas. At the 2011 Professional Developers Conference, Microsoft announced that they intend to open 75 new stores in the three years. The first store outside the U. S and it was owned and operated by Sony Retail Entertainment, and ran from 1999 to 2001. In 2009, Microsoft built a Retail Experience Center in their Redmond, WA headquarters, on October 22,2009, the same day as the Windows 7 launch, Microsoft opened a retail store in Scottsdale, Arizona. A week later, another opened in Mission Viejo, California, five additional stores were opened in 2010. A ninth store opened in Atlanta in May 2011, with two more planned in Houston and Los Angeles by the end of June. The Microsoft Store is similar to the popular Apple Store concept, the concept aims to give a greater level of customer satisfaction by not only having sales staff but also employing Technical Advisers to assist customers with technical questions and issues. In addition Specialists are employed to show customers how to get the most out of their software, Xbox One consoles are also available to entertain patrons. Microsoft Store Online is the store of Microsoft and is the successor of Windows Marketplace. It sells Microsoft software and hardware, as well as Microsoft Signature PCs and select third-party software, besides the online storefront, items from the store can be ordered by phone. The website is in 228 markets worldwide, including Australia, Canada, the European Union, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea, the Netherlands, Spain, United Kingdom, and United States. The stores in Europe are able to accept orders from, the Microsoft Store offers immediate software download options of some Microsoft software products in most regions. On February 12,2012 it was reported that Microsofts India online store was hacked, the team has stolen login IDs and passwords of users who had used the website for shopping
14.
Microsoft Excel
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Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office, Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets, using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering, in addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors for different perspectives, Excel was not designed to be used as a database. Microsoft allows for a number of optional command-line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts, the Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsofts Visual Basic for Applications, which is a dialect of Visual Basic. Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques, programmers may write code directly using the Visual Basic Editor, which includes a window for writing code, debugging code, and code module organization environment. A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using the Macro Recorder, the Macro Recorder records actions of the user and generates VBA code in the form of a macro. These actions can then be repeated automatically by running the macro, the macros can also be linked to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts, a command button or a graphic. The actions in the macro can be executed from these types or from the generic toolbar options. The VBA code of the macro can also be edited in the VBE, advanced users can employ user prompts to create an interactive program, or react to events such as sheets being loaded or changed. Macro Recorded code may not be compatible between Excel versions, some code that is used in Excel 2010 can not be used in Excel 2003. Making a Macro that changes the colors and making changes to other aspects of cells may not be backward compatible. User-created VBA subroutines execute these actions and operate like macros generated using the macro recorder, from its first version Excel supported end user programming of macros and user defined functions.0. Beginning with version 5.0 Excel recorded macros in VBA by default, after version 5.0 that option was discontinued. All versions of Excel, including Excel 2010 are capable of running an XLM macro, Excel supports charts, graphs, or histograms generated from specified groups of cells. The generated graphic component can either be embedded within the current sheet and these displays are dynamically updated if the content of cells change
15.
Microsoft PowerPoint
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Microsoft PowerPoint is a presentation program currently developed by Microsoft, for use on both Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh operating systems. PowerPoint, initially named Presenter, was created by Forethought Inc, Microsofts version of PowerPoint was officially launched on May 22,1990, as a part of the Microsoft Office suite. PowerPoint is useful for helping develop the slide-based presentation format and is one of the most commonly used slide-based presentation programs available. Microsoft has also released the PowerPoint mobile application for use on Apple, originally designed for the Macintosh computer, the initial release was called Presenter, developed by Thomas Rudkin and Dennis Austin of Forethought, Inc. In 1987, it was renamed to PowerPoint due to problems with trademarks, by then some experts believed that desktop presentations, using computers to create flip charts and overhead transparencies, could become as large a market as desktop publishing. That year Forethought was bought by Microsoft for $14 million, and became Microsofts Graphics Business Unit, Microsofts version of PowerPoint was officially launched on May 22,1990, the same day that Microsoft released Windows 3.0. PowerPoint introduced many new changes with the release of PowerPoint 97 and it incorporated the Visual Basic for Applications language, underlying all macro generation in Office 97. PowerPoint 2000 introduced a clipboard that could hold objects at once. PowerPoint 2002 massively overhauled the engine, allowing users to create more advanced. PowerPoint 2011 makes it possible to remove image backgrounds, and provides additional effects for pictures. As of 2012, various versions of PowerPoint claim about 95% of the software market share. Among presenters world-wide, this program is used at a frequency of 350 times per second. PowerPoint presentations consist of a number of pages or slides. The slide analogy is a reference to the slide projector, slides may contain text, graphics, sound, movies, and other objects, which may be arranged freely. The presentation can be printed, displayed live on a computer, for larger audiences the computer display is often a video projector. Slides can also form the basis of webcasts, PowerPoint provides three types of movements, Entrance, emphasis, and exit of elements on a slide itself are controlled by what PowerPoint calls Custom Animations. Transitions, on the hand, there are movements between slides. These can be animated in a variety of ways, Custom animation can be used to create small story boards by animating pictures to enter, exit or move
16.
Microsoft Word
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Microsoft Word is a word processor developed by Microsoft. It was first released on October 25,1983 under the name Multi-Tool Word for Xenix systems, commercial versions of Word are licensed as a standalone product or as a component of Microsoft Office, Windows RT or the discontinued Microsoft Works suite. Microsoft Word Viewer and Office Online are freeware editions of Word with limited features, in 1981, Microsoft hired Charles Simonyi, the primary developer of Bravo, the first GUI word processor, which was developed at Xerox PARC. Simonyi started work on a word processor called Multi-Tool Word and soon hired Richard Brodie, a former Xerox intern, Microsoft announced Multi-Tool Word for Xenix and MS-DOS in 1983. Its name was simplified to Microsoft Word. Free demonstration copies of the application were bundled with the November 1983 issue of PC World and that year Microsoft demonstrated Word running on Windows. Unlike most MS-DOS programs at the time, Microsoft Word was designed to be used with a mouse and it was not initially popular, since its user interface was different from the leading word processor at the time, WordStar. However, Microsoft steadily improved the product, releasing versions 2.0 through 5.0 over the six years. In 1985, Microsoft ported Word to Mac OS and this was made easier by Word for DOS having been designed for use with high-resolution displays and laser printers, even though none were yet available to the general public. Following the precedents of LisaWrite and MacWrite, Word for Mac OS added true WYSIWYG features and it fulfilled a need for a word processor that was more capable than MacWrite. After its release, Word for Mac OSs sales were higher than its MS-DOS counterpart for at least four years, Word 3.0 included numerous internal enhancements and new features, including the first implementation of the Rich Text Format specification, but was plagued with bugs. Within a few months, Word 3.0 was superseded by a more stable Word 3.01, after MacWrite Pro was discontinued in the mid-1990s, Word for Mac OS never had any serious rivals. Word 5.1 for Mac OS, released in 1992, was a popular word processor owing to its elegance, relative ease of use. Many users say it is the best version of Word for Mac OS ever created, in 1986, an agreement between Atari and Microsoft brought Word to the Atari ST under the name Microsoft Write. The Atari ST version was a port of Word 1.05 for the Mac OS and was never updated due to the degree of software piracy on the Atari platform. The first version of Word for Windows was released in 1989, with the release of Windows 3.0 the following year, sales began to pick up and Microsoft soon became the market leader for word processors for IBM PC-compatible computers. When Microsoft became aware of the Year 2000 problem, it made Microsoft Word 5.5 for DOS available for download free, as of March 2014, it is still available for download from Microsofts web site. In 1991, Microsoft embarked on a project code-named Pyramid to completely rewrite Microsoft Word from the ground up, both the Windows and Mac OS versions would start from the same code base
17.
Microsoft Outlook
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Microsoft Outlook is a personal information manager from Microsoft, available as a part of the Microsoft Office suite. Although often used mainly as an application, it also includes a calendar, task manager, contact manager, note taking, journal. Microsoft has also released applications for most mobile platforms, including iOS. Developers can also create their own software that works with Outlook. In addition, mobile devices can synchronize almost all Outlook data to Outlook Mobile, Microsoft Outlook has replaced Microsofts previous scheduling and mail program, Schedule+ and Exchange Client. Corporate Workgroup or CW mode, A full MAPI client with specific emphasis on Microsoft Exchange accounts, Outlook 2007 was available in retail stores at the end of January 2007. Forward Outlook email messages, contacts, appointments, and tasks as text messages and this makes it technologically detrimental for users to send mass email with Outlook, prompting spammers to use other e-mail clients. It was not provided as a component of Microsoft Office for Mac, the final version was Outlook for Mac 2001, which was fairly similar to Outlook 2000 and 2002 apart from being exclusively for Exchange users. Microsoft Entourage was introduced as an Outlook-like application for Mac OS in Office 2001, partial support for Exchange server became available natively in Mac OS X with Entourage 2004 Service Pack 2. Entourage is not directly equivalent to Outlook in terms of design or operation, rather, somewhat improved Exchange support was added in Entourage 2008 Web Services Edition. Entourage was replaced by Outlook for Mac 2011, which features greater compatibility and parity with Outlook for Windows than Entourage offered and it is the first native version of Outlook for macOS. Outlook 2011 initially supported Mac OS Xs Sync Services only for contacts, not events and it also does not have a Project Manager equivalent to that in Entourage. With Service Pack 1, published on April 12,2011, Outlook can now sync calendar, notes and tasks with Exchange 2007, on October 31,2014, Microsoft released Outlook for Mac with Office 365. Outlook for Mac 15.3 improves upon its predecessors with, Better performance and reliability as a result of a new threading model, a new modern user interface with improved scrolling and agility when switching between Ribbon tabs. Online archive support for searching Exchange archived mail, master Category List support and enhancements delivering access to category lists and sync between Mac, Microsoft Windows and OWA clients. Office 365 push email support for real-time email delivery, faster first-run and email download experience with improved Exchange Web Services syncing. In January 2015, Microsoft released Outlook for Phones and Tablets with Office 365 This was the first Outlook for these platforms with email, calendar, Outlook 2007 was the first Outlook to switch from Internet Explorer rendering engine to Microsoft Word 2007s. This means HTML and CSS items not handled by Word are no longer supported, on the other hand, HTML messages composed in Word look as they appeared to the author
18.
Microsoft OneNote
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Microsoft OneNote is a computer program for free-form information gathering and multi-user collaboration. It gathers users notes, drawings, screen clippings and audio commentaries, notes can be shared with other OneNote users over the Internet or a network. OneNote is available as a part of Microsoft Office and Windows 10 and it is also available as a free standalone application for Windows, macOS, Windows RT, Windows Phone, iOS and Android. A web-based version of OneNote is provided as part of OneDrive or Office Online, in OneNote, users can enter typed text via keyboard, create tables, and insert pictures. However, unlike a word processor, users can write anywhere on a virtually unbounded document window by just clicking there, also, users do not need to explicitly save their work – OneNote saves data automatically as the user works. OneNote saves information in pages organized into sections within notebooks, the interface provides an electronic version of a tabbed ring-binder, into which the user can directly make notes and gather material from other applications. OneNote notebooks collect, organize, and share possibly unpolished materials – as compared to word processors and wikis, users may add embedded multimedia recordings and web links. OneNote integrates search features and indexing into a graphics and audio repository. It can search images for embedded text-content and it also searches electronic ink annotations as text, and phonetically searches audio recordings on a text key. It can replay audio concurrently with notes taken during the recording and its multi-user capability allows offline paragraph-level editing with later synchronization and merging. This facilitates collaboration among members who are not always online. More than one person can work on the page at the same time—using OneNote as a shared whiteboard environment. On March 17,2014, Microsoft released the OneNote cloud service API that enables third-party application developers to integrate the service into their apps, the API runs on Microsoft’s globally available cloud, and sends data from applications into the users OneDrive. While the service stores the data in the OneNote notebook, it can also do things like running Optical Character Recognition on images, the text in the screenshot is made searchable using Optical Character Recognition. Email to OneNote, It enables users to send emails to the address me@onenote. com from pre-specified email IDs to have the contents of the saved to OneNote. A OneNote Notebook is stored as a folder of section files that have the. one extension, Microsoft upgraded the file format twice after it introduced OneNote 2003—first in OneNote 2007, then again in OneNote 2010. OneNote 2003 files can be opened by both OneNote 2007 and OneNote 2010 in read-only mode, and subsequently upgraded to the versions of the file format. OneNote 2010 can read and write OneNote 2007 file formats and it can also convert back and forth between the 2010 and the 2007 formats
19.
Microsoft Azure
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Microsoft Azure /ˈæʒər/ is a cloud computing service created by Microsoft for building, deploying, and managing applications and services through a global network of Microsoft-managed data centers. Azure was announced in October 2008 and released on February 1,2010 as Windows Azure, before being renamed to Microsoft Azure on March 25th 2014, App services, platform as a service environment letting developers easily publish and manage Web sites. This feature was announced in preview form in June 2012 at the Meet Microsoft Azure event, customers can create websites in PHP, ASP. NET, Node. js, or Python, or select from several open source applications from a gallery to deploy. This comprises one aspect of the platform as a service offerings for the Microsoft Azure Platform and it was renamed to Web Apps in April 2015. WebJobs, applications that can be deployed to a Web App to implement background processing and that can be invoked on a schedule, on demand or can run continuously. The Blob, Table and Queue services can be used to communicate between Web Apps and Web Jobs and to provide state, mobile Engagement collects real-time analytics that highlight users’ behavior. It also provides push notifications to mobile devices, hockeyApp can be used to develop, distribute, and beta-test mobile apps Storage Services provides REST and SDK APIs for storing and accessing data on the cloud. Table Service lets programs store structured text in partitioned collections of entities that are accessed by partition key, Blob Service allows programs to store unstructured text and binary data as blobs that can be accessed by a HTTP path. Blob service also provides security mechanisms to control access to data, Queue Service lets programs communicate asynchronously by message using queues. File Service allows storing and access of data on the using the REST APIs or the SMB protocol. Azure Search provides text search and a subset of ODatas structured filters using REST or SDK APIs, documentDB is a NoSQL database service that implements a subset of the SQL SELECT statement on JSON documents. Redis Cache is an implementation of Redis. StorSimple manages storage tasks between on-premises devices and cloud storage, SQL Database, formerly known as SQL Azure Database, works to create, scale and extend applications into the cloud using Microsoft SQL Server technology. It also integrates with Active Directory and Microsoft System Center and Hadoop, SQL Data Warehouse is a data warehousing service designed to handle computational and data intensive queries on datasets exceeding 1TB. The Microsoft Azure Service Bus allows applications running on Azure premises or off premises devices to communicate with Azure and this helps to build scalable and reliable applications in a service-oriented architecture. For example an event hub can be used to track data from cell phones such as a GPS location coordinate in real time, a sender application would send the message to the service bus queue, and a receiver would read from the queue. Though there can be multiple readers for the only one would process a single message. Topics, which provide one-directional communication using a subscriber pattern and it is similar to a queue, however each subscriber will receive a copy of the message sent to a Topic
20.
Microsoft Band
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Microsoft Band was a smart band with smartwatch and activity tracker/fitness tracker features, created and developed by Microsoft. It was announced on October 29,2014, the Microsoft Band incorporated fitness tracking and health-oriented capabilities and integrated with Windows Phone, iOS, and Android smartphones through a Bluetooth connection. On October 3,2016, Microsoft stopped sales and development of the line of devices, the Microsoft Band was announced by Microsoft on October 29,2014 and released in limited quantities in the US the following day. Production was ramped up in March 2015 to increase availability, several months after the release of Android Wear, availability was expanded in the USA to include retailers Amazon, Best Buy, and Target. The Band will work with any Windows Phone 8.1 device, if paired with a device running Windows Phone 8.1 Update 1, Cortana is also available, although for some features it is still necessary to use the phone directly. This Update 1 is included with the Lumia Denim firmware for Microsoft Lumia phones, users can also view their latest notifications on their phone by using the Notifications Center Tile. The device functions as a way to promote Microsoft software and license it to developers, smart Personal Objects Technology Apple Watch Android Wear Microsoft Band 2 Fitbit Garmin Media related to Microsoft Band at Wikimedia Commons Official website
21.
Bing (search engine)
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Bing is a web search engine owned and operated by Microsoft. The service has its origins in Microsofts previous search engines, MSN Search, Windows Live Search, Bing provides a variety of search services, including web, video, image and map search products. Bing, Microsofts replacement for Live Search, was unveiled by Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer on May 28,2009, at the All Things Digital conference in San Diego, California, in July 2009, Microsoft and Yahoo. announced a deal in which Bing would power Yahoo. Search global customers and partners made the transition by early 2012, the deal was altered in 2015, meaning Yahoo. was only required to use Bing for a majority of searches. In October 2011, Microsoft stated that they were working on new back-end search infrastructure with the goal of delivering faster, known as Tiger, the new index-serving technology had been incorporated into Bing globally since August that year. In May 2012, Microsoft announced another redesign of its engine that includes Sidebar. As of November 2015, Bing is the second largest search engine in the US with a volume of 20. 9%. Search, which Bing largely powers, has 12. 5%, Microsoft originally launched MSN Search in the third quarter of 1998, using search results from Inktomi. It consisted of an engine, index, and web crawler. In early 1999, MSN Search launched a version which displayed listings from Looksmart blended with results from Inktomi except for a time in 1999 when results from AltaVista were used instead. Since then Microsoft upgraded MSN Search to provide its own search engine results. The upgrade started as a program in November 2004. Image search was powered by a party, Picsearch. The service also started providing its search results to other search engine portals in an effort to compete in the market. The first public beta of Windows Live Search was unveiled on March 8,2006, the new search engine used search tabs that include Web, news, images, music, desktop, local, and Microsoft Encarta. On March 21,2007, Microsoft announced that it would separate its search developments from the Windows Live services family, Live Search was integrated into the Live Search and Ad Platform headed by Satya Nadella, part of Microsofts Platform and Systems division. As part of change, Live Search was merged with Microsoft adCenter. A series of reorganisations and consolidations of Microsofts search offerings were made under the Live Search branding, soon after, Windows Live Expo was discontinued on July 31,2008
22.
Microsoft Edge
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Microsoft Edge is a web browser developed by Microsoft and included in Windows 10, Windows 10 Mobile and Xbox One, replacing Internet Explorer as the default web browser on all device classes. Microsoft says that it is designed to be a web browser with a layout engine built around web standards. It has new features, including integration with Cortana, annotation tools, Edge does not support ActiveX or Browser Helper Objects of Internet Explorer. Browser extension support was developed and added in preview builds in March 2016, Microsoft Edge extensions are distributed via Windows Store. Microsoft Edge is the web browser on Windows 10, Windows 10 Mobile. The browser includes an integrated Adobe Flash Player, a PDF reader, Edge does not support legacy technologies such as ActiveX and Browser Helper Objects, and will instead use an extension system. Users can make annotations to web pages that can be stored to and shared with OneDrive and it also integrates with the Reading List function and provides a Reading Mode that strips unnecessary formatting from pages to improve their legibility. Preliminary support for extensions was added in March 2016, with build 14291. Microsoft indicated that the delay in allowing extensions and the number was due to security concerns. EdgeHTML is a layout engine developed for Edge. The rendering engine was first released as an option in Internet Explorer 11 as part of the Windows 10 Preview 9926 build. EdgeHTML is meant to be compatible with the WebKit layout engine used by Safari, Chrome. Microsoft has stated that any Edge-WebKit differences are bugs that we’re interested in fixing, other benchmarks focusing on the performance of the WebGL API found EdgeHTML to perform much better than Google Chrome and Mozilla Firefox. Edge originally lacked support for open standards such as WebM and Opus. With a score of 473/555 Edge 15 performed comparably with regard to HTML5 standards as Firefox 48 did, which scored 474/555, in December 2014, writing for ZDNet, technology writer Mary Jo Foley reported that Microsoft was developing a new web browser codenamed Spartan for Windows 10. She said that Spartan would be treated as a new product separate from Internet Explorer, Microsoft officially unveiled Spartan during a Windows 10-focused keynote on January 21,2015. It was described as a product from Internet Explorer, its final name was not announced. Spartan was first made available as the default browser of Windows 10 Technical Preview build 10049
23.
Microsoft Exchange Server
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Microsoft Exchange Server is a mail server and calendaring server developed by Microsoft. It runs exclusively on Windows Server operating systems, Exchange Server was initially Microsofts internal mail server. The first version of Exchange Server to be published outside Microsoft was Exchange Server 4.0, Exchange initially used the X.400 directory service but switched to Active Directory later. Versions 4.0 and 5.0 came bundled with a client called Microsoft Exchange Client. It was discontinued in favor of Microsoft Outlook, Exchange Server uses a proprietary protocol called MAPI. Over time, however, it added support for POP3, IMAP, SMTP, Exchange Server is licensed both in the forms of on-premises software and software as a service. In the on-premises form, customer purchase client access licenses, in the software as a service form, Microsoft receives a monthly service fee instead. There have been a number of versions, Exchange Server 4.0, with five service packs being released over the next two years. Exchange Server 5.0 Exchange Server 5.5 Exchange Server 2000 Exchange Server 2003 Exchange Server 2007, Exchange Server 2010, November 9,2009. Exchange Server 2013 The latest version was released on October 1,2015 and introduced a number of changes, Mailbox Server, updates to the UI in Outlook on the web. Office 365 hybrid, The Hybrid Configuration Wizard included with Exchange 2013 is moving to become a cloud-based application, when configuring a hybrid deployment in Exchange 2016, the users will be prompted to download and install the wizard as a small app. Messaging policy and compliance, New DLP and Archiving/Retention/eDiscovery features, Exchange Server 2003 also introduced active-active clustering, but for two-node clusters only. In this setup, both servers in the cluster are allowed to be active simultaneously and this is opposed to Exchanges more common active-passive mode in which the failover servers in any cluster node cannot be used at all while their corresponding home servers are active. They must wait, inactive, for the servers in the node to fail. Subsequent performance issues with active-active mode have led Microsoft to recommend that it should no longer be used, in fact, support for active-active mode clustering has been discontinued with Exchange Server 2007. Exchanges clustering has been criticized because of its requirement for servers in the nodes to share the same data. The clustering in Exchange Server provides redundancy for Exchange Server as an application, in this scenario, the data can be regarded as a single point of failure, despite Microsofts description of this set-up as a Shared Nothing model. This void has however been filled by ISVs and storage manufacturers, through site resilience solutions, such as geo-clustering, Exchange Server 2007 introduces new cluster terminology and configurations that address the shortcomings of the previous shared data model
24.
Microsoft HealthVault
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Microsoft HealthVault is a web-based personal health record created by Microsoft, in October 2007, to store and maintain health and fitness information. This website addresses both individuals and healthcare professionals, and in June 2010 expanded its services beyond the United States to include the United Kingdom, a HealthVault record stores an individuals health information. Authorization of the account can be through Facebook, Windows Live ID, Microsoft announced via email to users that Facebook and OpenID sign in will not be available after 31st of May 2016. An individual can also share either their health record or selected data with another interested individual, such as a doctor, relative. HealthVault Connection Center allows health and fitness data to be exchanged between selected devices into an individuals HealthVault record and it can also be used to find and download drivers for medical devices. HealthVault supports storage, viewing, uploading, and downloading, by consumers and third parties, additionally, a plethora of third party HealthVault medical imaging viewers has been released to connect to HealthVault. HealthVault supports a number of formats, including industry standards such as the Continuity of Care Document. Support for industry standards makes it possible to integrate with many personal health record solutions, healthVaults primary competitors are Apples HealthKit, Dossia, World Medical Card, plus a few others. Google Fit HealthKit Microsoft Band MSN Health & Fitness Xbox Fitness Official website Microsoft HealthVault Developer Center
25.
Microsoft HoloLens
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Microsoft HoloLens, known under development as Project Baraboo, is a pair of mixed reality smartglasses developed and manufactured by Microsoft. HoloLens gained popularity for being one of the first computers running the Windows Mixed Reality platform under the Windows 10 operating system, the HoloLens can trace its lineage to Kinect, an add-on for Microsofts Xbox gaming console that was introduced in 2010. The pre-production version of HoloLens, the Development Edition, shipped on March 30,2016, samsung and Asus have extended an offer to Microsoft to help produce their own mixed-reality products, in collaboration with Microsoft, based around the concept and hardware on HoloLens. The HoloLens is a display unit connected to an adjustable, cushioned inner headband. In the front is much of the sensors and related hardware, including the cameras, the visor is tinted, enclosed in the visor piece is a pair of transparent combiner lenses, in which the projected images are displayed in the lower half. The HoloLens must be calibrated to the distance, or accustomed vision of the user. Along the bottom edges of the side, located near the ears, are a pair of small. The speakers, competing against typical sound systems, do not obstruct external sounds, allowing the user to hear virtual sounds, on the top edge are two pairs of buttons, display brightness buttons above the left ear, and volume buttons above the right ear. Adjacent buttons are shaped differently—one concave, one convex—so that the user can distinguish them by touch, a USB2.0 micro-B receptacle is located along the bottom edge. A3.5 mm audio jack is located along the edge of the right arm. The SoC and the HPU each have 1GB LPDDR3 and share 8MB SRAM, with the SoC also controlling 64GB eMMC and running the Windows 10 operating system. The HPU uses 28 custom DSPs from Tensilica to process and integrate data from the sensors, as well as handling tasks such as mapping, gesture recognition. According to Alex Kipman, the HPU processes terabytes of information, the HoloLens contains an internal rechargeable battery, with average life rated at 2–3 hours of active use, or 2 weeks of standby time. The HoloLens can be operated while charging, HoloLens features IEEE802. 11ac Wi-Fi and Bluetooth 4.1 Low Energy wireless connectivity. The headset uses Bluetooth LE to pair with the included Clicker, the Clicker features a clickable surface for selecting, and an orientation sensor which provides for scrolling functions via tilting and panning of the unit. The Clicker features an elastic finger loop for holding the device, as of 2016, a number of augmented-reality applications have been announced or showcased for Microsoft HoloLens. A collection of applications will be provided for free for developers purchasing the Microsoft HoloLens Developer Edition, any user with skype of his regular devices like PC, Mobile etc. can dial user on HoloLens and communicate with each other. OnSight can be used in planning, with users able to program rover activities by looking at a target within the simulation
26.
Internet Explorer
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Internet Explorer is a discontinued series of graphical web browsers developed by Microsoft and included as part of the Microsoft Windows line of operating systems, starting in 1995. It was first released as part of the add-on package Plus. for Windows 95 that year, later versions were available as free downloads, or in service packs, and included in the original equipment manufacturer service releases of Windows 95 and later versions of Windows. Internet Explorer was one of the most widely used web browsers and this came after Microsoft used bundling to win the first browser war against Netscape, which was the dominant browser in the 1990s. Estimates for Internet Explorers overall market share range from 5. 45% to 27. 38% or by StatCounters numbers ranked 3rd, just after Firefox, as of August 2016. Microsoft spent over US$100 million per year on Internet Explorer in the late 1990s, on March 17,2015, Microsoft announced that Microsoft Edge would replace Internet Explorer as the default browser on its Windows 10 devices. This effectively makes Internet Explorer 11 the last release, Internet Explorer will, however, remain on some versions of Windows 10 primarily for enterprise purposes. Starting January 12,2016, only Internet Explorer 11 is supported with more security than older versions, support varies based on the operating systems technical capabilities and its support lifecycle. The Internet Explorer project was started in the summer of 1994 by Thomas Reardon, Mosaic, which was an early commercial web browser with formal ties to the pioneering National Center for Supercomputing Applications Mosaic browser. In late 1994, Microsoft licensed Spyglass Mosaic for a fee plus a percentage of Microsofts non-Windows revenues for the software. Although bearing a similar to NCSA Mosaic, Spyglass Mosaic had used the NCSA Mosaic source code sparingly. Microsoft was sued by Synet Inc. in 1996, over the trademark infringement, the first version of Internet Explorer, Microsoft Internet Explorer made its debut on August 16,1995. It was a version of Spyglass Mosaic, which Microsoft licensed from Spyglass Inc. like many other companies initiating browser development. It was installed as part of the Internet Jumpstart Kit in Microsoft Plus. for Windows 95, the Internet Explorer team began with about six people in early development. Internet Explorer 1.5 was released months later for Windows NT. By including it free of charge on their system, they did not have to pay royalties to Spyglass Inc, resulting in a lawsuit. Windows Internet Explorer 9 was released on March 14,2011, development for Internet Explorer 9 began shortly after the release of Internet Explorer 8. At MIX10, Microsoft showed and publicly released the first Platform Preview for Internet Explorer 9, ultimately, eight platform previews were released. The first public beta was released at an event in San Francisco
27.
Minecraft
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Minecraft is a sandbox video game originally created and designed by Swedish game designer Markus Notch Persson, and later fully developed and published by Mojang. The creative and building aspects of Minecraft enable players to build out of textured cubes in a 3D procedurally generated world. Other activities in the game include exploration, resource gathering, crafting, the PC version of the game is noted for its modding scene, where a dedicated community creates new gameplay mechanics, items, and assets for the game. Minecraft received praise from critics, and won awards and accolades. As of February 2017, over 121 million copies have been sold across all platforms, making it the second best-selling video game of all time, only behind the various releases of Tetris. In September 2014, Microsoft announced a deal to buy Mojang, Minecraft is a three-dimensional sandbox game that has no specific goals for the player to accomplish, allowing players a great amount of freedom in choosing how to play the game. However, there is an achievement system, gameplay by default is first person, but players have the option to play in third person mode. The core gameplay revolves around breaking and placing blocks, the game world is composed of rough 3D objects—mainly cubes—arranged in a fixed grid pattern and representing different materials, such as dirt, stone, various ores, water, lava, tree trunks, etc. While players can move freely across the world, objects can only be placed at fixed locations on the grid, players can gather these material blocks and place them elsewhere, thus allowing for various constructions. At the start of the game, the player is placed on the surface of a procedurally generated, the world is divided into biomes ranging from deserts to jungles to snowfields. Players can walk across the terrain consisting of plains, mountains, forests, caves, the in-game time system follows a day and night cycle, with one full cycle lasting 20 real-time minutes. Throughout the course of the game, players encounter various non-player characters known as mobs, including animals, villagers, non-hostile animals—such as cows, pigs, and chickens—can be hunted for food and crafting materials, and spawn in the daytime. By contrast, hostile mobs—such as large spiders, skeletons, and zombies—spawn during nighttime or in dark places, such as caves. The game world is generated as players explore it, using a map seed which is obtained from the system clock at the time of world creation unless manually specified by the player. The game achieves this by splitting the world data into smaller sections called chunks. The games physics system has often described by commentators as unrealistic. Most solid blocks are not affected by gravity, liquids flow from a source block, which can be removed by placing a solid block in its place, or by scooping it into a bucket. Complex systems can be built using mechanical devices, electrical circuits
28.
MSN
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MSN is a web portal and related collection of Internet services and apps for Windows and mobile devices, provided by Microsoft and launched on August 24,1995, the same release date as Windows 95. Along with Windows 95s release, Microsoft debuted The Microsoft Network, at the same time, the company launched a new web portal named Microsoft Internet Start and set it as the first default home page of Internet Explorer, its original web browser. In 1998, Microsoft renamed and moved this web portal to the domain name MSN. com, the current website and suite of apps offered by MSN was first introduced by Microsoft in 2014 as part of a complete redesign and relaunch. MSN is based in the United States and offers international versions of its portal for dozens of countries around the world, from 1995 to 1998, the MSN. com domain was used by Microsoft primarily to promote MSN as an online service and Internet service provider. At the time, MSN. com also offered a start page and an Internet tutorial. Microsofts original news website, msnbc. com, which launched in 1996, was tied closely to the Internet Start portal. The new website put MSN in direct competition with such as Yahoo. Because the new format opened up MSNs content to the world for free, MSN. com became the successor to the default Internet Explorer start page, as all of the previous Microsoft Internet Start website was merged with MSN. com. Some of the websites that Microsoft launched during that era remain active in some form today. Other websites since divested by Microsoft include the travel website Expedia, the online magazine Slate, in the late 1990s, Microsoft collaborated with many other service providers, as well as other Microsoft departments, to expand the range of MSNs services. Some examples include MSN adCenter, MSN Shopping, and the Encarta encyclopedia with various levels of access to information, since then, MSN. com has remained a popular destination, launching many new services and content sites. MSNs Hotmail and Messenger services were promoted from the MSN. com portal, MSN Search, a dedicated search engine, launched in 1999. The single sign-in service for Microsofts online services, Microsoft Passport, the MSN. com portal and related group of services under the MSN umbrella remained largely the same in the early 2000s. The sports section of the MSN portal was ESPN. com from 2001 to 2004, and FoxSports. com from 2004 to 2014. MSN had a partnership with msnbc. com for news content from 1996 until 2012, when Microsoft sold its remaining stake in msnbc. com to NBCUniversal. Since then, MSN has launched MSN News, a news operation. MSN released a preview of a home page and logo on November 3,2009. It was originally expected to be available to over 100 million U. S. customers by early 2010
29.
Outlook.com
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Outlook. com is a web-based suite of webmail, contacts, tasks, and calendaring services from Microsoft. One of the worlds first webmail services, it was founded in 1996 as Hotmail by Sabeer Bhatia and Jack Smith in Mountain View, California, and headquartered in Sunnyvale. Microsoft acquired Hotmail in 1997 for an estimated $400 million and launched it as MSN Hotmail, Microsoft released the final version of Hotmail in October 2011, available in 36 languages. It was replaced by Outlook. com in 2013, Outlook. com follows Microsofts Metro design-language, closely mimicking the interface of Microsoft Outlook. It also features unlimited storage, a calendar, contacts management, Ajax, in May 2015, Microsofts Outlook Team announced the first update, in Preview, in a planned upgrade of Outlook. com to a new Office 365-based infrastructure. Microsoft concluded this preview stage in February 2016, when it began to roll out the new version to users accounts, as of 2015 Outlook. com had 400 million active users. Hotmail service was founded by Sabeer Bhatia and Jack Smith, and was one of the first webmail services on the Internet along with Four11s RocketMail. It was commercially launched on July 4,1996, symbolizing freedom from ISP-based email, the name Hotmail was chosen out of many possibilities ending in -mail as it included the letters HTML, the markup language used to create web pages. The limit for free storage was 2 MB, Hotmail was initially backed by venture capital firm Draper Fisher Jurvetson. By December 1997, it reported more than 8.5 million subscribers, Hotmail was sold to Microsoft in December 1997 for a reported $400 million, and it joined the MSN group of services. Hotmail originally ran on a mixture of FreeBSD and Solaris operating systems, a project was started to move Hotmail to Windows 2000. In June 2001, Microsoft claimed this had completed, a few days later they retracted and admitted that the DNS functions of the Hotmail system were still reliant on FreeBSD. In 2002 Hotmail still ran its infrastructure on UNIX servers, with only the converted to Windows 2000. In 1999, hackers revealed a security flaw in Hotmail that permitted anybody to log in to any Hotmail account using the password eh, at the time it was called the most widespread security incident in the history of the Web. The exploitable vulnerability exposed millions of accounts to tampering between August 7,2001 and August 31,2001, in 2004, Google announced its own mail service, Gmail. Featuring greater storage space, speed, and interface flexibility, this new competitor spurred a wave of innovation in webmail, the main industry heavyweights – Hotmail and Yahoo. Mail – introduced upgraded versions of their services with greater speed, security. Microsofts new email system was announced on November 1,2005, under the codename Kahuna, other webmail enthusiasts also wanting to try the beta version could request an invitation granting access
30.
SharePoint
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SharePoint is a web-based application that integrates with Microsoft Office. Launched in 2001, SharePoint is primarily sold as a document management and storage system, in the 2017 Stack Overflow Developer Survey, Sharepoint was ranked as the most dreaded development platform. Microsoft states that SharePoint has 160 million users across 75,000 customer organizations, there are various different editions of SharePoint which have different functions, SharePoint Server is provided to organizations that seek greater control over SharePoints behavior or design. This product is installed on the customers IT infrastructure and it receives less frequent updates, but has access to a wider set of features and customization capabilities. There are three editions of SharePoint Server, Standard, Enterprise, and Foundation which was discontinued in 2016 and these servers may be provisioned as normal virtual/cloud servers, or as hosted services. Microsoft SharePoint Standard builds on the Microsoft SharePoint Foundation in a few key product areas, Sites, Audience targeting, governance tools, Secure store service, web analytics functionality. Communities, MySites, enterprise wikis, organization hierarchy browser, tags, Content, Improved tooling and compliance for document & record management, managed metadata, word automation services, content type management. Search, Better search results, search customization abilities, mobile search, OS search integration, Faceted Search, and metadata/relevancy/date/location-based refinement options. Composites, Pre-built workflow templates, BCS profile pages, SharePoint Standard licensing includes a CAL component and a server fee. SharePoint Standard may also be licensed through a cloud model, built upon SharePoint Standard, Microsoft SharePoint Enterprise features can be unlocked simply by providing an additional license key. Extra features in SharePoint Enterprise include, Search thumbnails and previews, rich web indexing, Business intelligence integration, dashboards, and business data surfacing. Microsoft Office Access, Visio, Excel, and InfoPath Forms services, SharePoint Enterprise licensing includes a CAL component and a server fee that must be purchased in addition to SharePoint Server licensing. SharePoint Enterprise may also be licensed through a cloud model, Microsofts hosted SharePoint is typically bundled in Microsoft Office 365 subscriptions, but can be purchased outright. It is limited to a set of collaboration, file hosting, and document and content management scenarios, and is updated on a frequent basis. Changes in SharePoint Online are listed on the Office Roadmap, SharePoint usage varies from organization to organization. The product encompasses a variety of capabilities, most of which require configuration. The most common uses of the SharePoint include, SharePoint allows for storage, retrieval, searching, archiving, tracking, management, many of the functions in this product are designed around various legal, information management, and process requirements in organizations. SharePoint also provides search and graph functionality, SharePoints integration with Microsoft Windows and Microsoft Office allow for collaborative real-time editing, and encrypted/information rights managed synchronization
31.
Microsoft SQL Server
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Microsoft SQL Server is a relational database management system developed by Microsoft. The history of Microsoft SQL Server begins with the first Microsoft SQL Server product – SQL Server 1.0, SQL Server 2016 is supported on x64 processors only. Microsoft makes SQL Server available in editions, with different feature sets. These editions are, Enterprise SQL Server Enterprise Edition includes both the database engine and add-on services, with a range of tools for creating and managing a SQL Server cluster. It can manage databases as large as 524 petabytes and address 12 terabytes of memory, Standard SQL Server Standard edition includes the core database engine, along with the stand-alone services. It differs from Enterprise edition in that it supports fewer active instances and does not include some high-availability functions such as hot-add memory, Web SQL Server Web Edition is a low-TCO option for Web hosting. Business Intelligence Introduced in SQL Server 2012 and focusing on Self Service, Workgroup SQL Server Workgroup Edition includes the core database functionality but does not include the additional services. Note that this edition has been retired in SQL Server 2012, Express SQL Server Express Edition is a scaled down, free edition of SQL Server, which includes the core database engine. While there are no limitations on the number of databases or users supported and it is intended as a replacement for MSDE. Two additional editions provide a superset of features not in the original Express Edition, the first is SQL Server Express with Tools, which includes SQL Server Management Studio Basic. SQL Server Express with Advanced Services adds full-text search capability and reporting services, Azure Azure SQL Database is the cloud-based version of Microsoft SQL Server, presented as a platform as a service offering on Microsoft Azure. Compact The compact edition is a database engine. Unlike the other editions of SQL Server, the SQL CE engine is based on SQL Mobile, due to its small size, it has a markedly reduced feature set compared to the other editions. For example, it supports a subset of the data types, does not support stored procedures or Views or multiple-statement batches. It is limited to 4 GB maximum database size and cannot be run as a Windows service, the 3.5 version includes support for ADO. NET Synchronization Services. SQL CE does not support ODBC connectivity, unlike SQL Server proper, starting early 2016, Microsoft made this version free of charge to the public. Embedded SQL Server 2005 Embedded Edition is a specially configured named instance of the SQL Server Express database engine which can be accessed only by certain Windows Services. LocalDB Introduced in SQL Server Express 2012, LocalDB is a minimal, on-demand and it can also be used as an embedded database
32.
Microsoft Surface
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Microsoft Surface is a series of touchscreen Windows personal computers and interactive whiteboards designed and developed by Microsoft. The devices are manufactured by Pegatron and are designed to be devices that set examples to Windows OEMs. It comprises four generations of hybrid tablets, 2-in-1 detachable notebooks, a convertible desktop all-in-one, an interactive whiteboard, with the exception of the first-generation Surface and Surface 2, all Surface PCs use Intel processors and are compatible with Microsofts Windows 10 operating system. The Surface family features five lines of devices, The Surface line of hybrid tablets, with optional detachable keyboard accessories. The latest model, the Surface 3, uses an Intel Atom SoC processor, the Surface Pro line of professional hybrid tablets, use similar optional detachable keyboard accessories. The latest Surface Pro 4 uses a 6th generation Intel Core i Series processors, the Surface Book, a notebook with a detachable screen. The base is configurable with/without discrete graphics and an independently operable screen with support for the included stylus, the Surface Studio, a 28-inch all-in-one desktop that adjusts into a digital drafting table with stylus and on-screen Surface Dial support. The Surface Hub, a screen interactive whiteboard designed for collaboration. The 2012 Surface tablet launched alongside the general availability release of Windows 8 on October 26,2012, Surface Pro became available on February 9,2013. Surface devices were available only at Microsoft Stores and online. According to then Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer, the spot for the bulk of the PC market was $300 to $800. On October 16, the pricing was revealed for the Surface, in November 2012, Steve Ballmer described the distribution approach to Surface as modest. On November 29,2012, Microsoft revealed the pricing for the two versions of Surface with Windows 8 Pro, the tablet would go on sale on February 9,2013, in the United States and Canada. A launch event was set to be held on February 8,2013, the 128GB version of the tablet sold out on the same day as its release. There was less demand for the 64GB version, because of the smaller available storage capacity. On September 23,2013, Microsoft announced the Surface 2 and Surface Pro 2, the Surface 2 launched October 22,2013, alongside the Surface Pro 2, four days after the general availability of Windows 8.1. Later, Microsoft launched a variation of the Surface 2 with LTE connectivity for the AT&T network on March 18,2014, Microsoft then announced the redesigned Surface Pro 3 on May 20,2014, which went on sale on June 20,2014. The following year, on March 30,2015, it announced the Surface 3, a more compact version of the Surface Pro 3
33.
Microsoft Visio
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Microsoft Visio is a diagramming and vector graphics application and is part of the Microsoft Office family. The product was first introduced in 1992, made by the Shapeware Corporation and it was acquired by Microsoft in 2000. Microsoft made Visio 2013 for Windows available in two editions, Standard and Professional, the Premium edition features three additional diagram types, as well as intelligent rules, validation, and subprocess. Visio Professional is also offered as a component of an Office365 subscription. On 22 September 2015, Visio 2016 was released alongside Microsoft Office 2016, Database modeling in Visio revolves around a Database Model Diagram. Visio 2010 and earlier versions read and write drawings in VSD or VDX file formats, all of the previous versions of Visio used VSD, the proprietary binary-file format. VDX is a well-documented XML Schema-based format, Visio 2013 drops support for writing VDX files in favor of the new VSDX and VSDM file formats. Created based on Open Packaging Conventions standard, a VSDX or VSDM file consists of a group of XML files archived inside a Zip file, VSDX and VSDM files differ only in that VSDM files may contain macros. Since these files are susceptible to virus infection, the program enforces strict security on them. While VSD files use LZW-like lossless compression, VDX is not compressed, hence, a VDX file typically take up 3 to 5 times more storage. VSDX and VSDM files use the same compression as Zip files, Visio 2010 and earlier use VSD by default. Visio also supports saving files in SVG files, other diagramming files and images, Visio began as a standalone product produced by Shapeware Corporation, version 1.0 shipped in 1992. A pre-release, Version 0.92, was distributed free on a disk along with a Microsoft Windows systems readiness evaluation utility. In 1995, Shapeware Corporation changed their name to Visio Corporation to take advantage of market recognition, Microsoft acquired Visio in 2000, re-branding it as a Microsoft Office application. Like Microsoft Project, however, it has never included in any of the Office suites. Microsoft included a Visio for Enterprise Architects edition with some editions of Visual Studio. NET2003, along with Microsoft Visio 2002 Professional, Microsoft introduced Visio Enterprise Network Tools and Visio Network Center. Visio Enterprise Network Tools was a product that enabled automated network. Visio Network Center was a website where users could locate the latest network documentation content
34.
Microsoft Visual Studio
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Microsoft Visual Studio is an integrated development environment from Microsoft. It is used to computer programs for Microsoft Windows, as well as web sites, web apps, web services. Visual Studio uses Microsoft software development platforms such as Windows API, Windows Forms, Windows Presentation Foundation, Windows Store and it can produce both native code and managed code. Visual Studio includes a code editor supporting IntelliSense as well as code refactoring, the integrated debugger works both as a source-level debugger and a machine-level debugger. Other built-in tools include a code profiler, forms designer for building GUI applications, web designer, class designer, Visual Studio supports different programming languages and allows the code editor and debugger to support nearly any programming language, provided a language-specific service exists. Built-in languages include C, C++ and C++/CLI, VB. NET, C#, F#, support for other languages such as Python, Ruby, Node. js, and M among others is available via language services installed separately. It also supports XML/XSLT, HTML/XHTML, JavaScript and CSS, Java were supported in the past. Microsoft provides a version of Visual Studio called the Community edition that supports plugins and is available at no cost. Visual Studio does not support any programming language, solution or tool intrinsically, instead, when installed, the functionality is available as a Service. In addition, the IDE is also responsible for coordinating and enabling communication between services, all editors, designers, project types and other tools are implemented as VSPackages. Visual Studio uses COM to access the VSPackages, the Visual Studio SDK also includes the Managed Package Framework, which is a set of managed wrappers around the COM-interfaces that allow the Packages to be written in any CLI compliant language. However, MPF does not provide all the functionality exposed by the Visual Studio COM interfaces, the services can then be consumed for creation of other packages, which add functionality to the Visual Studio IDE. Support for programming languages is added by using a specific VSPackage called a Language Service, a language service defines various interfaces which the VSPackage implementation can implement to add support for various functionalities. Functionalities that can be added this way include syntax coloring, statement completion, brace matching, parameter information tooltips, member lists, if the interface is implemented, the functionality will be available for the language. Language services are implemented on a per-language basis, the implementations can reuse code from the parser or the compiler for the language. Language services can be implemented either in code or managed code. For native code, either the native COM interfaces or the Babel Framework can be used, for managed code, the MPF includes wrappers for writing managed language services. Visual Studio does not include any source control support built in, a Source Control VSPackage can provide its own customised user interface
35.
Instant messaging
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Instant messaging is a type of online chat that offers real-time text transmission over the Internet. A LAN messenger operates in a way over a local area network. Short messages are typically transmitted bi-directionally between two parties, when each user chooses to complete a thought and select send, some IM applications can use push technology to provide real-time text, which transmits messages character by character, as they are composed. More advanced instant messaging can add file transfer, clickable hyperlinks, Voice over IP, non-IM types of chat include multicast transmission, usually referred to as chat rooms, where participants might be anonymous or might be previously known to each other. Instant messaging systems tend to facilitate connections between specified known users, depending on the IM protocol, the technical architecture can be peer-to-peer or client-server. Instant messaging is a set of technologies used for text-based communication between two or more participants over the Internet or other types of networks. Of importance is that online chat and instant messaging differ from other such as email due to the perceived quasi-synchrony of the communications by the users. Some systems permit messages to be sent to users not then logged on, IM allows effective and efficient communication, allowing immediate receipt of acknowledgment or reply. However IM is basically not necessarily supported by transaction control, in many cases, instant messaging includes added features which can make it even more popular. For example, users may see each other via webcams, or talk directly for free over the Internet using a microphone, many applications allow file transfers, although they are usually limited in the permissible file-size. It is usually possible to save a text conversation for later reference, Instant messages are often logged in a local message history, making it similar to the persistent nature of emails. Initially, some of these systems were used as notification systems for services like printing, as networks developed, the protocols spread with the networks. Some of these used a peer-to-peer protocol, while others required peers to connect to a server, the Zephyr Notification Service was invented at MITs Project Athena in the 1980s to allow service providers to locate and send messages to users. Parallel to instant messaging were early online chat facilities, the earliest of which was Talkomatic on the PLATO system, during the bulletin board system phenomenon that peaked during the 1980s, some systems incorporated chat features which were similar to instant messaging, Freelancin Roundtable was one prime example. The first such general-availability commercial online service was the CompuServe CB Simulator in 1980, created by CompuServe executive Alexander Sandy Trevor in Columbus. Early instant messaging programs were primarily real-time text, where appeared as they were typed. This includes the Unix talk command line program, which was popular in the 1980s, some BBS chat programs also used a similar interface. Modern implementations of real-time text also exist in instant messengers, such as AOLs Real-Time IM as an optional feature, (Quantum Link later became America Online and made AOL Instant Messenger
36.
Windows Update
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Windows Update, a service offered by Microsoft, provides updates for Windows components. The service provides different kinds of updates, security updates or critical updates protect against vulnerabilities to malware and security exploits. Other updates correct errors unrelated to security, or enhance functionality, Windows Vista and later provide a Control Panel to configure update settings and check for updates. The Windows Update Control Panel also has the function of downloading Windows Ultimate Extras, for previous versions of Microsoft Windows, users can download updates from the Windows Update website, using Internet Explorer. Windows Update was introduced as an Internet web site with the launch of Windows 95, a link to Windows Update on the Start Menu gave access to additional downloads for the operating system. At the time of Windows 98s release, Windows Update offered additional desktop themes, games, device driver updates, fixes to Windows 98 to resolve the Year 2000 problem were distributed using Windows Update in December 1998. Microsoft attributed the success of Windows 98 in part to Windows Update. The first version of the Windows Update web site did not require any personally-identifiable information to be sent to Microsoft, as the number of updates offered by Windows Update grew, this resulted in performance concerns. Arie Slob, writing for the Windows-help. net newsletter in March 2003, noted that the size of the update list had exceeded 400KB, which caused delays of more than a minute for dial-up users. It also narrowed down the list of updates for the operating system and related components by sending details of what operating system version, service pack. German technology web site tecchannel. de published an analysis of the Windows Update communication protocol in February 2003, the check was performed by querying the server for a file, cucif. cab, which contains a list of all the critical updates released for the users operating system. An analysis done by security researcher H. D. Moore in early 1999 was critical of this approach, describing it as horribly inefficient and susceptible to attacks. In a posting to BugTraq, he explained that, every single Windows 98 computer that wishes to get an update has to rely on a single host for the security. If that one server got compromised one day, or an attacker cracks the MS DNS server again, the scope of this attack is big enough to attract crackers who actually know what they are doing. The Critical Update Notification tool continued to be promoted by Microsoft through 1999, initial releases of Windows 2000 shipped with the tool, but Windows 95 and Windows NT4.0 were not supported. It was superseded by Automatic Updates in Windows Me and Windows 2000 SP3, with the release of Windows ME in 2000, Microsoft introduced Automatic Updates as a replacement for the Critical Update Notification tool. Unlike its predecessor, Automatic Updates includes the ability to download, instead of the five-minute schedule used by its predecessor, the Automatic Updates client checks the Windows Update servers once a day. The user is given the option to download available updates then prompt the user to install them, after Windows Me is installed, the user is prompted via a notification balloon to configure the Automatic Updates client
37.
Microsoft Store (digital)
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Windows Store is an app store for Microsoft Windows, starting with Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012. It is the means of distributing Universal Windows Platform apps. Both free and paid apps can be distributed through Windows Store, Windows Store was first made available with the Windows 8 Consumer Preview on February 29,2012. Later in 2015, Windows Phone Store, Xbox Video and Xbox Music stores were merged into Windows Store, as with other similar platforms, such as the Mac App Store and Google Play, Windows Store is curated and apps must be certified for compatibility and content. With all app sales, Microsoft takes 30% of the sale price, prior to January 1,2015, the cut was reduced to 20% after the developers profits reached $25,000. Games, Entertainment, Books and Reference, and Education are the largest categories by number of apps, Microsoft previously maintained a similar digital distribution system for software known as Windows Marketplace, which allowed customers to purchase software online and download it to their computer. Product keys and licenses were tracked by the platform, allowing users to retrieve their purchases when switching computers, Windows Marketplace was discontinued in November 2008. Microsoft first announced a distribution service for Windows at its presentation during the Build developer conference on September 13,2011. For consumers, Windows Store is intended to be the way to obtain Metro-style apps. While announced alongside the Developer Preview release of Windows 8, Windows Store itself did not become available until the Consumer Preview, an updated version of Windows Store was introduced in Windows 8.1. Its home page was remodeled to display apps in focused categories with expanded details, Windows Store serves as a unified storefront for Windows 10 on all platforms, offering apps, Groove Music soundtracks, Microsoft Movies & TV videos, themes, and ebooks purchases. Web apps and desktop software can be packaged for distribution on Windows Store, desktop software distributed through Windows Store will be packaged using the App-V system to allow sandboxing. Windows Store is available in Windows Server 2012 but is not installed by default, Windows Store is the primary means of distributing Windows Store apps to users. Although sideloading apps from outside the store is supported, out-of-box sideloading support on Windows 8 is only available for Windows 8 Enterprise computers that have joined a Windows domain. Sideloading on Windows RT and Windows 8 Pro devices, and Windows 8 Enterprise computers without a domain affiliation, Windows 10 removes this requirement, allowing users to enable the installation of universal apps from outside of Windows Store using a switch in the developer menu of Settings app. Microsoft takes a 30% cut of app sales until it reaches US$25,000 in revenue, third-party transactions are also allowed, of which Microsoft does not take a cut. Effective January 1,2015, the reduction in cut at $25,000 will be removed, individual developers are able to register for $19 USD and companies for $99 USD. Developers from 120 countries can submit apps to Windows Store, the app now can support any of 109 languages, as long as it supports one of 12 app certification languages
38.
Cmd.exe
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Command Prompt, also known as cmd. exe or cmd, is the command-line interpreter on Windows NT, Windows CE, OS/2 and eComStation operating systems. It is the counterpart of COMMAND. COM in DOS and Windows 9x systems, the initial version of Command Prompt for Windows NT was developed by Therese Stowell. Command Prompt interacts with the user through a command-line interface, in Windows, this interface is implemented through Win32 console. Command Prompt may take advantage of available to native programs of its own platform. For example, in OS/2, it can use real pipes in command pipelines, as a result, it is possible to redirect the standard error stream. In Windows, Command Prompt is compatible with COMMAND. COM but provides the following extensions over it, in the OS/2, errors are reported in the chosen language of the system, their text being taken from the system message files. The HELP command can then be issued with the error message number to obtain further information, supports using of arrow keys to scroll through command history. This function was available to COMMAND. COM via an external component called DOSKEY. Adds command-line completion for file and folder paths Treats the Caret character as the character, in other words. There special characters in Command Prompt and COMMAND. COM that are part of the syntax and, if specified without caret, supports delayed variable expansion, fixing DOS idioms that made using control structures hard and complex. The extensions can be disabled, providing a stricter compatibility mode, internal commands have also been improved, The DelTree command was merged into the RD command, as part of its /S switch. SetLocal and EndLocal commands limit the scope of changes to the environment, changes made to the command line environment after SetLocal commands are local to the batch file. EndLocal command restores the previous settings, the Call command allows subroutines within batch file. The Call command in COMMAND. COM only supports calling external batch files, File name parser extensions to the Set command are comparable with C shell. The Set command can perform expression evaluation, an expansion of the For command supports parsing files and arbitrary sets in addition to file names. The new PushD and PopD commands provide access past navigated paths similar to forward, the conditional IF command can perform case-insensitive comparisons and numeric equality and inequality comparisons in addition to case-sensitive string comparisons. This was available in DR-DOS but not in PC DOS or MS-DOS
39.
Control Panel (Windows)
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Additional applets can be provided by third party software. The Control Panel has been an inherent part of the Microsoft Windows operating system since Windows 2.0, physically, these applets are stored as. cpl files. For example, the Add or Remove Programs applet is stored under the name appwiz. cpl in the SYSTEM32 folder, many of the individual Control Panel applets can be accessed in other ways. For instance, Display Properties can be accessed by right-clicking on an empty area of the desktop, the classic view consists of shortcuts to the various control panel applets, usually without any description. The categories are seen if the user use Details view, the category view consists of categories, which when clicked on display the control panel applets related to the category. In Windows Vista, the category used applets below the name of the category, the Control Panel can be accessed quickly by typing control in the Run dialog box. HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\Current Version\Explorer\ControlPanel\Namespace This contains the location of the CLSID variables for all the panels not included as cpl files and these are commonly folders or shell applets, though Windows Vista allows physical programs themselves to be registered as well. The CLSID then allows items such as the icon, infobox and category to be set, the control panel then uses these lists to locate the applets and load them into the control panel program when started by the user. In addition to using the panel, a user can also invoke the applets manually via the command processor. For instance, the syntax Control. exe inetcpl. cpl or control. exe /name Microsoft. InternetOptions will run the internet properties applet in Windows XP or Vista respectively, while both syntax examples are accepted on Windows Vista, only the former one is accepted on Windows XP. These are options in the panel that show devices connected to the computer. They do not actually offer a direct interface to control these devices, such applets include, Scanners and Cameras Game Controllers Portable Media Devices Third-party software vendors have released many applets. Although it is impossible to mention all of them, some of them are listed here, System Preferences – same purpose program on macOS How to run Control Panel tools by typing a command at Microsoft. com
40.
Device Manager
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Device Manager is a Control Panel applet in Microsoft Windows operating systems. It allows users to view and control the hardware attached to the computer, when a piece of hardware is not working, the offending hardware is highlighted for the user to deal with. The list of hardware can be sorted by various criteria, in NT-based versions, it is included as a Microsoft Management Console snap-in. A disabled device has either been disabled by a user or by some way of error. In Windows 95 through XP, this is denoted by a red X, in Windows Vista and Windows 7, this was replaced by a grey downward pointing arrow in the lower right-hand corner of the devices icon. There are many reasons why hardware may not work properly, if Windows recognizes a problem with a device, it is denoted by a black exclamation point on a yellow triangle in the lower right-hand corner of the devices icon. Hardware may not be recognized if it is not installed properly or not compatible with your system and this is denoted by a yellow question mark in place of the devices icon. Note that this does not indicate a problem or disabled state, Device Manager error codes are numerical codes, each accompanied by an error message, which help users determine what kind of issue Windows is having with a piece of hardware. The driverquery command-line program generates lists of installed devices and drivers, similar to the Device Managers output and this is useful for note-taking and for reporting problems to remote third parties such as technical support personnel. Device driver Microsoft Management Console Troubleshooting The DevCon utility
41.
Disk Cleanup
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Disk Cleanup is a computer maintenance utility included in Microsoft Windows designed to free up disk space on a computers hard drive. The utility first searches and analyzes the hard drive for files that are no longer of any use, the option of removing hibernation data may not be ideal for some users as this may remove the hibernate option. Aside from removing unnecessary files, users also have the option of compressing files that have not been accessed over a set period of time and this option provides a systematic compression scheme. Infrequently accessed files are compressed to free up disk space while leaving the frequently used files uncompressed for faster access times. If after file compression, a user wishes to access a compressed file, the access times may be increased and vary from system to system
42.
Disk Defragmenter (Windows)
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Disk Defragmenter is a utility in Microsoft Windows designed to increase access speed by rearranging files stored on a disk to occupy contiguous storage locations, a technique called defragmentation. Defragmenting a disk minimizes head travel, which reduces the time it takes to read files from, beginning with Windows XP, Disk Defragmenter also reduces system startup times. As of Windows 10, the program has been renamed to Defragment, Microsofts MS-DOS did not defragment hard disks. Several third party software developers marketed defragmenters to fill this gap, Windows NT, however, did not offer a Defrag utility, and Symantec was suggested as a possible source of the utility. Initial releases of Windows NT lacked a defragmentation tool, versions through Windows NT3.51 did not have an application programming interface for moving data clusters on hard disks. Microsoft included file system control commands to move clusters in the Windows NT4.0 kernel, however, Windows NT4.0 did not provide a graphical or command-line user interface. Disk Defragmenter also shipped as part of Windows 95, Windows 98 and it could be scheduled using a Maintenance Wizard and supported command line switches. This version had the limitation that if the contents of the drive changed during defragmentation, it rescanned the drive, the Disk Defragmenter in Windows 2000 was a stripped-down licensed version of Diskeeper, licensed from Diskeeper Corporation. It uses the techniques, Moving all the index or directory information to one spot. Moving this spot into the center of the data, i. e. one third of the way in, Moving infrequently used files further from the directory area. Obeying a user-provided table of file descriptions to emphasize or ignore, making files contiguous so that they can be read without unnecessary seeking. In Windows 2000 and later operating systems, Disk Defragmenter has the following limitations, in particular, this includes the registry, page file and hibernation file. Prior to the Windows Vista release, only one volume could be analyzed or defragmented at a time, only local volumes can be defragmented, network volumes are not supported. The GUI version prior to Windows Vista cannot be scheduled, however, the command line utility since Windows XP and later can be scheduled. Unlike previous versions, the GUI version in Windows Vista does not display a map of disk fragmentation, in addition, the Windows 2000 version has the following limitations which were removed in Windows XP, Defragmenting NTFS volumes with cluster sizes larger than 4 kilobytes is not possible. It is not possible to perform fine-grained movement of uncompressed NTFS file data in Windows 2000, Moving a single file cluster also moves the 4 KB part of the file that contains the cluster. EFS encrypted files are not defragmented, Windows Disk Defragmenter was updated to alleviate some restrictions. It no longer relies on the Windows NT Cache Manager, which prevented the defragmenter from moving pieces of a file that cross a 256KB boundary within the file, NTFS metadata files can also be defragmented
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Driver Verifier
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Driver Verifier is a tool included in Microsoft Windows that replaces the default operating system subroutines with ones that are specifically developed to catch device driver bugs. Once enabled, it monitors and stresses drivers to detect illegal function calls or actions that may be causing system corruption and it can simulate certain conditions such as low memory, I/O verification, pool tracking, IRQL checking, deadlock detection, DMA checks, IRP logging, etc. The verifier works by forcing drivers to work with minimal resources, each new Windows version has since introduced several new, more stringent checks for testing and verifying drivers and detecting new classes of driver defects. Driver Verifier is not normally used on machines used in productive work and it can cause undetected and relatively harmless errors in drivers to manifest, especially ones not digitally signed by Windows Hardware Quality Labs, causing blue screen fatal system errors. It also causes resource-starved drivers to underperform and slow general operation if the constraints imposed by Verifier are not reversed after debugging, Microsoft recommends not all drivers should be verified at the same time
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Event Viewer
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Event Viewer is a component of Microsofts Windows NT line of operating systems that lets administrators and users view the event logs on a local or remote machine. In Windows Vista, Microsoft overhauled the event system, an example is the Administrative Events field under Custom Views which can have over a thousand errors or warnings logged over a months time. Windows NT has featured event logs since its release in 1993, applications and operating-system components can use this centralized log service to report events that have taken place, such as a failure to start a component or to complete an action. The Event Viewer uses event IDs to define the uniquely identifiable events that a Windows computer can encounter, for example, when a users authentication fails, the system may generate Event ID672. Windows NT4.0 added support for defining event sources, Windows 2000 added the capability for applications to create their own log sources in addition to the three system-defined System, Application, and Security log-files. Windows 2000 also replaced NT4s Event Viewer with a Microsoft Management Console snap-in, Windows Server 2003 added the AuthzInstallSecurityEventSource API calls so that applications could register with the security-event logs, and write security-audit entries. Versions of Windows based on the Windows NT6.0 kernel no longer have a 300-megabyte limit to their total size, discontinued after XP. eventcreate - a command to put custom events in the logs. Eventtriggers - a command to create event driven tasks, discontinued after XP, replaced by the Attach task to this event feature. Event Viewer consists of a rewritten event tracing and logging architecture on Windows Vista, the XML representation of the event can be viewed on the Details tab in an events properties. It is also possible to all potential events, their structures, registered event publishers and their configuration using the wevtutil utility. There are a number of different types of event logs including Administrative, Operational, Analytic. Selecting the Application Logs node in the Scope pane reveals numerous new subcategorized event logs, Events are published asynchronously to reduce the performance impact on the event publishing application. Event attributes are much more detailed and show EventID, Level, Task, Opcode. Users can filter event logs by one or more criteria or by a limited XPath 1.0 expression, open Windows Event Log Expand out Windows Logs Select the log file that is of interest to you Right-click on the Event Log and select Filter Current Log. Change the selected tab from Filter to XML Check the box to Edit query manually Paste your query into the text box and you will find sample queries below.0. The Event Collector service can automatically forward event logs to other systems, running Windows Vista. Event logs can also be viewed from other computers or multiple event logs can be centrally logged and monitored agentlessly. Events can also be associated with tasks, which run in the redesigned Task Scheduler and trigger automated actions when particular events take place
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IExpress
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IExpress is a Microsoft utility bundled with various editions of Windows operating systems that is used to create a single self-extracting package from a set of files. Such packages can be used to install applications, executables, drivers, other system components, or setup bootstrappers. It is bundled with the editions of Windows that are, Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, Windows Vista, Windows Server 2008, Windows 7, Windows 8, Windows 10 and Windows Server 2012. It was also included as part of all Internet Explorer Administration Kit releases 4,5 and 6, IExpress can be used for distributing self-contained installation packages to multiple local or remote Windows computers. It creates a self-extracting executable or a compressed Cabinet file using either the front end interface. SED files can be modified with any plain text/ASCII editor, like Notepad, all self-extracting files created by IExpress use CAB compression algorithms, are compressed using the MakeCab tool, and are extracted using the WExtract tool. IEXPRESS. EXE is located in the SYSTEM32 folder of both Windows 32 and 64-bit installations, the front end interface can be started by manually navigating to the respective directory and opening the executable, or by typing IExpress into the Run window of the Start Menu. It asks what the package should do, extract files and then run a program, if the option to create an archive and run a program is selected, then there will be an additional step, prompting the user to select the program that will be run upon extraction. The self-extracting packages created with IExpress have vulnerabilities which allow arbitrary code execution due to the way they handle their installation command, additionally, due to the way Windows user account control handles installers, these vulnerabilities allow a privilege escalation
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Microsoft Management Console
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Microsoft Management Console is a component of Windows 2000 and its successors that provides system administrators and advanced users an interface for configuring and monitoring the system. The management console can host Component Object Model components called snap-ins, most of Microsofts administration tools are implemented as MMC snap-ins. Third parties can also implement their own using the MMCs application programming interfaces published on the Microsoft Developer Networks web site. Snap-ins are registered in the \ and registry keys, a snap-in combined with MMC is called a management saved console, which is a file with. msc extension and can be launched using this syntax, mmc path \ filename. msc. The most prolific MMC component, Computer Management, appears in the Administrative Tools folder in the Control Panel, under System and Security in Category View. MMC1.1, shipped with SQL Server 7.0 and Systems Management Server 2.0, new features, Snap-in taskpads Wizard-style property sheets Ability to load extensions to a snap-in at run-time HTML Help support MMC1.2, shipped with Windows 2000. Also downloadable for Windows XP SP2 and Windows Server 2003 SP1, new features, A new Actions pane, displayed on the right-hand side of the MMC user interface that displays available actions for currently-selected node Support for developing snap-ins with the. List of Microsoft Windows components Microsoft Windows Windows PowerShell Microsoft Management Console documentation at the Microsoft Developer Network
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