1.
Screenwriting
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Screenwriting, also called scriptwriting, is the art and craft of writing scripts for mass media such as feature films, television productions or video games. It is frequently a freelance profession, screenwriters are responsible for researching the story, developing the narrative, writing the screenplay, and delivering it, in the required format, to development executives. Screenwriters therefore have great influence over the direction and emotional impact of the screenplay and, arguably. The act of screenwriting takes many forms across the entertainment industry, often, multiple writers work on the same script at different stages of development with different tasks. Over the course of a career, a screenwriter might be hired to write in a wide variety of roles. The content is usually invented solely by the screenwriter, though spec screenplays can also be based on established works, or real people, the spec script is a Hollywood sales tool. The vast majority of scripts written each year are spec scripts, a spec script is usually a wholly original work, but can also be an adaptation. In television writing, a script is a sample teleplay written to demonstrate the writers knowledge of a show and ability to imitate its style. It is submitted to the producers in hopes of being hired to write future episodes of the show. Budding screenwriters attempting to break into the business generally begin by writing one or more spec scripts, although writing spec scripts is part of any writers career, the Writers Guild of America forbids members to write on speculation. The distinction is that a script is written as a sample by the writer on his or her own. In addition to writing a script on speculation, it is not advised to write camera angles or other directional terminology. A director may write up a shooting script himself or herself, the director may ask the original writer to co-write it with him or her, or to rewrite a script that satisfies both the director and producer of the film/TV show. Spec writing is unique in that the writer must pitch the idea to producers. In order to sell the script, it must have a title, good writing. A logline is one sentence that lays out what the movie is about, a well written logline will convey the tone of the film, introduce the main character, and touch on the primary conflict. Usually the logline and title work in tandem to draw people in and these things, along with nice, clean writing will hugely impact whether or not a producer picks up the spec script. A commissioned screenplay is written by a hired writer, the concept is usually developed long before the screenwriter is brought on, and often has multiple writers work on it before the script is given a green light
2.
Sandbach
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Sandbach is a market town and civil parish in the unitary authority of Cheshire East and the ceremonial county of Cheshire, England. The civil parish contains four settlements, Sandbach itself, Elworth, Ettiley Heath, known as Sanbec in 1086, Sondbache in 1260, and Sandbitch in the 17th–18th centuries, Sandbach derives its name from the Anglo-Saxon sand bæce, which can mean sand stream or sand valley. Traces of settlement are found in Sandbach from Saxon times, when the town was called Sanbec, little is known about the town during this period, except that it was subjected to frequent Welsh and Danish raids. The towns inhabitants were converted to Christianity in the 7th century by four priests, Cedda, Adda, Betti, the town has an entry in the Domesday Book from 1086, at which time it was sufficiently large to need a priest and a church. The entry states, Sanbec, Bigot de Loges,1 hide and 1½ virgates pay tax. 1 Frenchman has ½ plough,3 slaves, by the 13th century, during the reign of King John, much of the land around the township of Sandbach was owned by Richard de Sandbach who was the High Sheriff of Cheshire in 1230. Richard de Sandbach specifically owned a manor, he claimed an interest in the living of Sandbach and this claim against Earl Randle de Blundeville was unsuccessful. His son, John, however, was more successful as he won an interest temporarily against the Abbot of Dieulacres. The manor in Sandbach passed through families, including the Leghs. It was eventually bought by Sir Randulph Crewe, who became the Lord of the Manor, the charter also allowed for right to establish a Court-leet and a Court of Pied-powder. The original charter is preserved, and can be found in Chester, a reproduction can be found in the Sandbach Town Council chamber. The charter also granted the town the right to two annual fairs, which lasted for two days, and were held around Easter and early September. The Thursday market is held outdoors on Scotch Common, and in. And about 1621 William Webb writes that Our ale here at Sandbach being no less famous than that of a true nappe, during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms, a Scottish army swept down into England before being forced to retreat at the Battle of Worcester. On 3 September 1651 Sandbach summer fair was being held, and a Scottish army of around 1,000 exhausted cavalry men passed through the town, this army had been under the command of David Leslie. The town was not a retreat route, however, as the people of Sandbach. This was the notable event of the Civil War to have happened in Sandbach. As the fair and the took place on the common of the town
3.
Cheshire
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Cheshire is a county in North West England, bordering Merseyside and Greater Manchester to the north, Derbyshire to the east, Staffordshire and Shropshire to the south and Wales to the west. Cheshires county town is Chester, the largest town is Warrington, other major towns include Congleton, Crewe, Ellesmere Port, Macclesfield, Northwich, Runcorn, Widnes, Wilmslow, and Winsford. The county covers 905 square miles and has a population of around 1 million and it is mostly rural, with a number of small towns and villages supporting the agricultural and other industries which produce Cheshire cheese, salt, chemicals and silk. Cheshires name was derived from an early name for Chester. Although the name first appears in 980, it is thought that the county was created by Edward the Elder around 920, in the Domesday Book, Chester was recorded as having the name Cestrescir, derived from the name for Chester at the time. A series of changes occurred as English itself changed, together with some simplifications and elision, resulted in the name Cheshire. Because of the close links with the land bordering Cheshire to the west. The Domesday Book records Cheshire as having two complete Hundreds that later became the part of Flintshire. Additionally, another portion of the Duddestan Hundred later became known as Maelor Saesneg when it was transferred to North Wales. For this and other reasons, the Welsh name for Cheshire is sometimes used within Wales, after the Norman conquest of 1066 by William I, dissent and resistance continued for many years after the invasion. In 1069 local resistance in Cheshire was finally put down using draconian measures as part of the Harrying of the North, the ferocity of the campaign against the English populace was enough to end all future resistance. Examples were made of major landowners such as Earl Edwin of Mercia, William I made Cheshire a county palatine and gave Gerbod the Fleming the new title of Earl of Chester. When Gerbod returned to Normandy in about 1070, the king used his absence to declare the earldom forfeit, due to Cheshires strategic location on Welsh Marches, the Earl had complete autonomous powers to rule on behalf of the king in the county palatine. Cheshire in the Domesday Book is recorded as a larger county than it is today. It included two hundreds, Atiscross and Exestan, that became part of North Wales. At the time of the Domesday Book, it included as part of Duddestan Hundred the area of land later known as English Maelor in Wales. The area between the Mersey and Ribble formed part of the returns for Cheshire, an example is the barony of Halton. One of Hugh dAvranches barons has been identified as Robert Nicholls, Baron of Halton, in 1182 the land north of the Mersey became administered as part of the new county of Lancashire, thus resolving any uncertainty about the county in which the land Inter Ripam et Mersam was
4.
Alan Partridge
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Alan Gordon Partridge is a fictional character portrayed by English actor and comedian Steve Coogan. Coogan described Partridge as a Little Englander, with right-wing values, Partridge was created by Coogan and Armando Iannucci for the 1991 BBC Radio 4 comedy programme On the Hour, a spoof of British current affairs broadcasting, as the shows sports presenter. In 1992, Partridge hosted a spin-off Radio 4 spoof chat show, Knowing Me, on the Hour transferred to television as The Day Today in 1993, followed by Knowing Me, Knowing You in 1994. It earned two BAFTAs and was followed by a series in 2002. Critics have praised Alan Partridges complexity, realism and pathos, vanity Fair called him a British national treasure and The Guardian described him as one of the greatest and most beloved comic creations of the last few decades. The character has been credited with influencing awkward comedies such as The Inbetweeners, Nighty Night, according to Den of Geek, Partridge has so influenced British culture that Partridgisms have become part of everyday vernacular. Alan Partridge was created for the 1991 BBC Radio 4 comedy programme On The Hour, the shows writers Armando Iannucci, Patrick Marber, Richard Herring and Stewart Lee wrote much of Partridges original material, although Herring credits the creation to Coogan and Iannucci. Iannucci asked Coogan to do a voice for a sports reporter, according to Iannucci, Someone said, Hes an Alan. and someone else said. Within minutes we knew where he lived, wed worked out his back story, Coogan said Partridge was originally a one-note, sketchy character and freak show, but became more and more refined as sort of a dysfunctional alter ego over the years. He had performed a character for a BBC college radio station at university. Following On the Hour, Partridge presented six episodes of a spoof Radio 4 chat show, Knowing Me, Knowing You with Alan Partridge, the series saw Partridge annoy and offend his guests, and coined the characters catchphrase, Aha. In 1993, On the Hour transferred to television as The Day Today, in 1994, Knowing Me, Knowing You transferred to television, the series ends with Partridge accidentally shooting a guest and attacking a BBC commissioning editor, ending his television career. It was nominated for the 1995 BAFTA for Light Entertainment Performance, a Christmas special, Knowing Me, Knowing Yule, was broadcast in December 1995. In 1997, Coogan starred in a sitcom, Im Alan Partridge, written by Coogan, Iannucci, Iannucci said the writers used the sitcom as a kind of social X-ray of male middle-aged Middle England. It won the 1998 BAFTA awards for Comedy Performance and Comedy Programme or Series, in 1999, Partridge appeared on the BBC telethon Children in Need, performing a medley of Kate Bush songs. The BBC broadcast a series of Im Alan Partridge in 2002. In March 2003, the BBC broadcast a mockumentary, Anglian Lives, Alan Partridge, about Partridges life, in 2008, Coogan performed a tour titled Steve Coogan as Alan Partridge and other Less Successful Characters, featuring Partridge as a life coach. After a hiatus, Partridge returned in 2010 in a series of YouTube shorts, Mid Morning Matters with Alan Partridge, Coogan co-wrote the shorts with brothers Neil and Rob Gibbons, who submitted scripts to his company Baby Cow Productions, the brothers have co-written every Partridge project since
5.
Film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides
6.
Alan Partridge: Alpha Papa
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The film was directed by Declan Lowney and written by Coogan, Armando Iannucci, Peter Baynham, Neil Gibbons, and Rob Gibbons. Principal photography began on 7 January 2013 in Norwich and Mitcham, the film was released in the United Kingdom and Ireland on 7 August 2013 by StudioCanal UK, where it opened at number one in the box office. Magnolia Pictures distributed the film in America, the film received a positive reception and grossed $9.8 million on a £4 million budget. It also received a Grand Marnier Fellowship Award nomination for Best Film, a book of the screenplay was published on 21 November 2013. Norwich radio station North Norfolk Digital is bought out by a multinational conglomerate, DJ Alan Partridge is not concerned, but fellow DJ Pat Farrell convinces him to gatecrash a board meeting to persuade the new owners not to fire Pat. When Alan discovers that either he or Pat must go, he urges them to fire Pat, during a company party, Pat enters the station with a shotgun and holds the staff hostage, demanding his job back. The police enlist Alan as a negotiator, and he builds a rapport with Pat, with Alans co-presenter Sidekick Simon. Alan daydreams of ending the siege heroically, but cannot bring himself to grab Pats gun, Alan accidentally locks himself out of the building and loses his trousers trying to get back in through a window. The police realise he is a negotiator and send in an undercover officer disguised as a pizza delivery man. Alan interrupts and takes the pizzas in himself, when Pat discovers a taser in one of the boxes, an argument erupts between the hostages and the police burst in. Pat escapes in the tour bus, bringing Alan and security guard Michael. On the bus, Alan regains Pats trust and they continue to host the radio show, however, Pat sees Alans JUST SACK PAT message in a photo and deduces that Alan was behind his redundancy. Alan hides in the bus toilet compartment and escapes in the septic tank, on Cromer Pier, Pat faces off with Alan and the police. Michael tries to distract Pat by throwing himself off the pier, Pat tells Alan that he is depressed due to the death of his wife and prepares to shoot himself. Unable to pull the trigger, he gives his shotgun to Alan, the gun goes off, shooting Alan in the leg, he is then shot again by a police sniper reacting to gunfire. Lynn arrives and thinks Alan is dead, but a paramedic assures him that he will be fine, Alan returns to North Norfolk Digital with Sidekick Simon and Pat calls the show from jail. Alan goes on holiday with Angela and her sons, several characters from Im Alan Partridge make appearances in the film. The character is a television presenter and radio announcer, whose presenting style is a parody of cliched media reporting or presentation
7.
Rose d'Or
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The Rose dOr is an international awards festival in entertainment broadcasting and programming. Eurovision first acquired the Rose d’Or in 1961, when it was created by Swiss Television in the city of Montreux. The awards stayed with Eurovision for almost 40 years, Eurovision re-acquired the awards in 2013 and successfully re-launched the event that year in Brussels. In 2014 the event took place on 17 September in Berlin, for the first time in its 53-year history, the competition categories were extended to include radio and online video programmes in addition to the traditional focus on television. Producers, executives from independent and public broadcasters and heads of production companies from several countries took part. The Rose dOr rewards originality, quality and creativity and sets the standard of excellence in entertainment programming. He had the idea that Switzerland could produce an entertainment programme, the festival was held in the spring to have programmes ready for broadcast in the summer, and the Golden Rose awards established as an extra incentive. As the festival grew, programme swaps ceased to be viable and this idea – widely copied since then – rapidly turned the Rose dOr into one of the worlds most important entertainment programme markets. The Strike 1989, Hale & Pace 1990, Mr
8.
Sit-com
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A situation comedy, or sitcom, is a genre of comedy centered on a fixed set of characters who carry over from episode to episode. Sitcoms can be contrasted with sketch comedy, where a troupe may use new characters in each sketch, and stand-up comedy, Sitcoms originated in radio, but today are found mostly on television as one of its dominant narrative forms. This form can also include mockumentaries, a situation comedy television program may be recorded in front of a studio audience, depending on the programs production format. The effect of a studio audience can be imitated or enhanced by the use of a laugh track. The terms situational comedy or sitcom werent commonly used until the 1950s, there were prior examples on radio, but the first television sitcom is said to be Pinwrights Progress, ten episodes being broadcast on the BBC in the United Kingdom between 1946 and 1947. There have been few long-running Australian-made sitcoms, but many U. S. UK sitcoms are a staple of government broadcaster Australian Broadcasting Corporation, in the 1970s and 1980s many UK sitcoms also screened on the Seven Network. By 1986, UK comedies Bless This House and Are You Being Served, had been repeated by ABC Television several times, and were then acquired and screened by the Seven Network, in prime time. In 1981, Daily at Dawn was the first Australian comedy series to feature a gay character. In 1987, Mother and Son was winner of the Television Drama Award presented by the Australian Human Rights Commission, in 2013, Please Like Me was praised by the critics, receiving an invitation to screen at the Series Mania Television Festival in Paris. And has garnered three awards and numerous nominations, nominated to the 2012 Australian Academy of Cinema and Television Arts Awards for Best Television Comedy Series. Conversely, however, Canadian television has had greater success with sketch comedy and dramedy series. The popular show King of Kensington, aired from 1975 to 1980, corner Gas, which ran for six seasons from 2004 to 2009, became an instant hit, averaging a million viewers per episode. It has been the recipient of six Gemini Awards, and has been nominated almost 70 times for various awards, other noteworthy recent sitcoms have included Call Me Fitz and Schitts Creek, Letterkenny and Kims Convenience. Sitcoms started appearing on Indian television in the 1980s, with serials like Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi, since it ceased production in 1992, the show has earned an estimated billion in syndication fees alone for Televisa. Gliding On, a popular sit-com in New Zealand in the early 1980s, won awards over the course of its run, including Best Comedy, Best Drama. The first Russian sitcom series was Strawberry, which was aired in 1996-1997 on the RTR channel, however, the boom of Russian sitcoms began only in the 2000s - when in 2004 the STS started very successful sitcom My Fair Nanny. Since that time sitcoms in Russia were produced by the two largest entertainment channels of the country - STS and TNT, in 2007 the STS released the first original domestic sitcom - Daddys Daughters, and in 2010 TNT released Interns - the first sitcom, filmed as a comedy. Most American sitcoms generally include episodes of 20 to 30 minutes in length, some popular British shows have been successfully adapted for the U. S
9.
Reality television
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It differs from documentary television in that the focus tends to be on drama, personal conflict, and entertainment rather than educating viewers. The genre has various standard tropes, including confessionals used by cast members to express their thoughts, an early example of the genre was the 1991 Dutch series Nummer 28, which was the first show to bring together strangers and record their interactions. It then exploded as a phenomenon in the late 1990s and early 2000s with the success of the series Survivor, Idols. These shows and a number of others became global franchises, spawning local versions in dozens of countries, Reality television as a whole has become a fixture of television programming. There are grey areas around what is classified as reality television, Reality television has faced significant criticism since its rise in popularity. Much of the criticism has centered on the use of the word reality, Television formats portraying ordinary people in unscripted situations are almost as old as the television medium itself. Precedents for television that portrayed people in unscripted situations began in the late 1940s, queen for a Day was an early example of reality-based television. The 1946 television game show Cash and Carry sometimes featured contestants performing stunts, debuting in 1948, Allen Funts hidden camera show Candid Camera broadcast unsuspecting ordinary people reacting to pranks. In 1948, talent search shows Ted Macks Original Amateur Hour and Arthur Godfreys Talent Scouts featured amateur competitors, in the 1950s, game shows Beat the Clock and Truth or Consequences involved contestants in wacky competitions, stunts, and practical jokes. Confession was a show which aired from June 1958 to January 1959. The radio series Nightwatch tape-recorded the daily activities of Culver City, the series You Asked for It incorporated audience involvement by basing episodes around requests sent in by postcard from viewers. First broadcast in the United Kingdom in 1964, the Granada Television documentary Seven Up, broadcast interviews with a dozen ordinary 7-year-olds from a broad cross-section of society and inquired about their reactions to everyday life. Every seven years, a film documented the life of the same individuals during the period, titled the Up Series, episodes include 7 Plus Seven,21 Up. The program was structured as a series of interviews with no element of plot, however, it did have the then-new effect of turning ordinary people into celebrities. The first reality show in the modern sense may have been the series The American Sportsman, Another precursor may be considered Mutual of Omahas Wild Kingdom which aired from 1963 through 1988. This show featured zoologist Marlin Perkins traveling across the globe and illustrating the variety of animal life on the planet. Though mostly a travelogue, it was popular in syndication and new episodes were produced through the eighties. The 12-part 1973 PBS series An American Family showed a nuclear family going through a divorce, unlike many later reality shows, it was more or less documentary in purpose and style
10.
Bedsitcom
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Bedsitcom is a British reality television hoax series that was broadcast on Channel 4 in December 2003. Pitched as somewhere between a sitcom and a reality TV show, the documented the lives of six young people living in a loft flat in London. Its hook was that its TV audience was aware that three of the participants—named Mel, Paul and Rufus—were actually actors being directed by a trio of writers in a garage on the ground floor, Bedsitcom was commissioned by the Channel Four Television Corporation and produced by Objective Productions. Producers auditioned thousands of people to be the genuine contestants. These six contestants were told that they would be starring in a new reality TV series called Making Friends, the programme ran for a single series of eight episodes and featured various storylines, involving dead goldfish, dodgy dealings, promiscuous mothers and telephone psychics. The show received negative feedback from television reviewers, who criticised the shows premise as a deeply offensive idea. It received a peak of 1.2 million with its final episode. Bedsitcom was not recommissioned for a series and is currently not available either on DVD or on Channel 4s on demand service. Bedsitcom was created by Peter James and Andrew OConnor, and was conceived as a parody of reality television and the traditional sitcom. It combined these two elements by featuring three members of the public being unknowingly placed in extraordinary situations by three actors being directed by writers, after being commissioned for Channel 4 by Danielle Lux, Bedsitcom was produced by Matt Crook and Kirsty Smith of Objective Productions. The show was pitched as somewhere between a sitcom and a reality TV show and was promoted as a new genre of television programme. Its title is a portmanteau of the words bedsit—a British term referring to a form of rented accommodation consisting of a single room, the title is technically a misnomer, as the accommodations bedroom and sitting area were separate, it was not a bedsit. Melanie Ash, Paul Gibbon and Rufus Jones were selected as the three actors to feature in Bedsitcom, Jones had previously portrayed the part of Crispin in the 2002 drama White Teeth, Gibbon had played the lead role of Link in the series Stone Cold. To avoid breaking character, all three used their names while living in the flat and went through weeks of rehearsals. OConnor described the process as exhausting. Six members of the public, named Barrington, Bob, Dave, David, Jessica, the plots for Bedsitcom were devised by a team of writers located in a garage on the ground floor of the apartment building that the contestants were staying in. The writers would appear on screen and explain to the TV audience what their intention for each episode was. They communicated with Ash, Gibbon and Jones either by ringing them on their mobile phones, among the team of writers were Jesse Armstrong and Sam Bain, who had created the Channel 4 sitcom Peep Show with OConnor earlier that year, plus Rob Gibbons and Neil Gibbons
11.
Veep
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Veep is an American political satire comedy television series, starring Julia Louis-Dreyfus, that premiered on HBO on April 22,2012. The series was created by Armando Iannucci as an adaptation of the British sitcom The Thick of It, Veep is set in the office of Selina Meyer, a fictional Vice President, and subsequent President, of the United States. The series follows Meyer and her team as they attempt to make their mark and leave a lasting legacy without getting tripped up in the political games that define Washington. Veep has received acclaim and won several major awards. It has been nominated five years in a row for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series, Louis-Dreyfus has won five consecutive Primetime Emmy Awards, two Screen Actors Guild Award, two Critics Choice Television Awards and one Television Critics Association Award for her performance. Supporting cast members Anna Chlumsky and Tony Hale have both received four consecutive Emmy nominations for their work on the series, including Hale winning in 2013 and 2015, the series has been renewed for a 10-episode sixth season which will premiere on April 16,2017. Julia Louis-Dreyfus as Selina Meyer, a former Maryland Senator who, in the start of the series, is the titular Vice President, during this term, she often feels powerless, disregarded, and discontented in her position as second-in-command. During her tenure as Vice President, she has a relationship with the President. She ascends to the office of the presidency in season 3, after the sitting president resigns for personal reasons. Due to a complex manipulation of constitutional law, she loses the race in season 5. She is divorced with one daughter, but remains romantically entangled with her ex-husband during the first two seasons, Anna Chlumsky as Amy Brookheimer, the Vice Presidents Chief of Staff. She credits herself as the Vice Presidents trouble-shooter, problem-solver, issue-mediator, doubt-remover, conscience-examiner, thought-thinker, Amy is constantly sacrificing her own reputation to save Selinas political credibility. She is known to be uptight and overly dedicated to her career, unwilling to settle down and have children and she has history with both Jonah and Dan, and may still have feelings for the latter. Amy becomes Selinas campaign manager during her run, but resigns as a result of the brief appointment of an unopinionated friend of Selinas to her campaign team. She rejoins the Meyer team when a tie in the election leads to a statewide recount in Nevada. Chlumsky previously portrayed a character, Liza Weld, in Iannuccis 2009 film. She has received four consecutive Primetime Emmy Award nominations for her performance, Tony Hale as Gary Walsh, Selinas personal aide and body man. A long-term associate and confidant of Selina, Gary is portrayed as incredibly loyal, despite his menial job, Gary is actually a graduate of Cornell University, having majored in hotel management
12.
The Independent
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The Independent is a British online newspaper. The printed edition of the paper ceased in March 2016, nicknamed the Indy, it began as a broadsheet newspaper, but changed to tabloid format in 2003. Until September 2011, the paper described itself on the banner at the top of every newspaper as free from party political bias and it tends to take a pro-market stance on economic issues. The daily edition was named National Newspaper of the Year at the 2004 British Press Awards. In June 2015, it had a daily circulation of just below 58,000,85 per cent down from its 1990 peak. On 12 February 2016, it was announced that The Independent, the last print edition of The Independent on Sunday was published on 20 March 2016, with the main paper ceasing print publication the following Saturday. Launched in 1986, the first issue of The Independent was published on 7 October in broadsheet format and it was produced by Newspaper Publishing plc and created by Andreas Whittam Smith, Stephen Glover and Matthew Symonds. All three partners were former journalists at The Daily Telegraph who had left the paper towards the end of Lord Hartwells ownership, marcus Sieff was the first chairman of Newspaper Publishing, and Whittam Smith took control of the paper. The paper was created at a time of a change in British newspaper publishing. Rupert Murdoch was challenging long-accepted practices of the print unions and ultimately defeated them in the Wapping dispute, consequently, production costs could be reduced which, it was said at the time, created openings for more competition. As a result of controversy around Murdochs move to Wapping, the plant was effectively having to function under siege from sacked print workers picketing outside, the Independent attracted some of the staff from the two Murdoch broadsheets who had chosen not to move to his companys new headquarters. Launched with the advertising slogan It is, and challenging both The Guardian for centre-left readers and The Times as the newspaper of record, The Independent reached a circulation of over 400,000 by 1989. Competing in a market, The Independent sparked a general freshening of newspaper design as well as, within a few years. Some aspects of production merged with the paper, although the Sunday paper retained a largely distinct editorial staff. It featured spoofs of the other papers mastheads with the words The Rupert Murdoch or The Conrad Black, a number of other media companies were interested in the paper. Tony OReillys media group and Mirror Group Newspapers had bought a stake of about a third each by mid-1994, in March 1995, Newspaper Publishing was restructured with a rights issue, splitting the shareholding into OReillys Independent News & Media, MGN, and Prisa. In April 1996, there was another refinancing, and in March 1998, OReilly bought the other 54% of the company for £30 million, brendan Hopkins headed Independent News, Andrew Marr was appointed editor of The Independent, and Rosie Boycott became editor of The Independent on Sunday. Marr introduced a dramatic if short-lived redesign which won critical favour but was a commercial failure, Marr admitted his changes had been a mistake in his book, My Trade
13.
British Academy of Film and Television Arts
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The British Academy of Film and Television Arts is an independent charity that supports, develops and promotes the art forms of the moving image – film, television and game in the United Kingdom. David Lean was the founding Chairman of the Academy, the first Film Awards ceremony took place in May 1949 and honouring the films The Best Years of Our Lives, Odd Man Out and The World Is Rich. In 2005, it placed a cap on worldwide voting membership which now stands at approximately 6,500. BAFTA has offices in Scotland and Wales in the UK, in Los Angeles and New York in the United States and runs events in Hong Kong, amanda Berry OBE has been chief executive of the organisation since December 2000. Many of these events are free to online at BAFTA Guru. BAFTA runs a number of programmes across the UK, US. Launched in 2012, the UK programme enables talented British citizens who are in need of support to take an industry-recognised course in film. Each BAFTA Scholar receives up to £12,000 towards their annual course fees, since 2013, three students every year have received one of the Prince William Scholarships in Film, Television and Games, supported by BAFTA and Warner Bros. These scholarships are awarded in the name of in his role as President of BAFTA, since 2015, BAFTA has been offering scholarships for British citizens to study in China, vice versa. BAFTA presents awards for film, television and games, including entertainment, at a number of annual ceremonies across the UK and in Los Angeles. The BAFTA award trophy is a mask, designed by American sculptor Mitzi Cunliffe. Todays BAFTA award – including the mask and marble base – weighs 3.7 kg and measures 27 cm x 14 cm x 8 cm. BAFTAs annual film awards ceremony is known as the British Academy Film Awards, or the BAFTAs, in 1949 the British Film Academy, as it was then known, presented the first awards for films made in 1947 and 1948. Since 2008 the ceremony has held at the Royal Opera House in Londons Covent Garden. It had been held in the Odeon cinema on Leicester Square since 2000, the ceremony had been performed during April or May of each year, but since 2002 it has been held in February to precede the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences Academy Awards, or Oscars. They have been awarded annually since 1954, the first ever ceremony consisted of six categories. Until 1958, they were awarded by the Guild of Television Producers and Directors, from 1968 until 1997, BAFTAs Film and Television Awards were presented together, but from 1998 onwards they were presented at two separate ceremonies. The Television Craft Awards celebrate the talent behind the programmes, such as working in visual effects, production
14.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
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Objective Media Group
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Objective Media Group, previously known as Objective Productions, is a media company that produces shows in Comedy, Comedy Drama, Entertainment, Factual Entertainment and Magic. It has produced shows including The Cube, Breaking Magic, The Real Hustle, Peep Show, Fresh Meat, Objective Fiction, works with scripted comedy and comedy drama. Panda Television, works with studio shows, quiz and gameshows, second Star Productions, works with factual entertainment, reality, and magic. Objective has won a number of awards including BAFTA, RTS Awards, British Comedy Awards, Rose dOr, Monte Carlo Golden Nymphs and the South Bank Show. Witless Stupid Man, Smart Phone GameFace Toast of London Britain Today Tonight Now You See It It Was Alright in the 70s United Shades of America Is OJ Innocent, the Missing Evidence The Arrangement The Cube The Incredible Mr
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IndieWire
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Established in 1996, IndieWire is a film industry and review website. As of January 19,2016, Indiewire is a subsidiary of Penske Media and it has a staff of about 20, including publisher James Israel, and Editor-in-Chief Dana Harris. The indieWIRE newsletter launched on July 15,1996, billing itself as the news service for independent film. Initially distributed to a few hundred subscribers, the readership grew rapidly, in January 1997, indieWIRE made its first appearance at the Sundance Film Festival to begin their coverage of film festivals. It offered indieWIRE, On The Scene print dailies in addition to online coverage, while the style and look of the print dailies improved over the years, the nickname stuck. The website indieWire. com launched on January 12,1998, while met with cautious optimism by Wired magazine, the experiment failed and indieWIRE returned to a free service less than a year later. The site was acquired by Snagfilms in July 2008, on January 8,2009, indieWIRE editor Eugene Hernandez announced that the site was going through a re-launch that has been entirely re-imagined. In 2011, with the launch of a redesign, the changed the formal spelling of its name from indieWIRE to Indiewire. In 2012, Indiewire won the Webby Award in the Movie, indieWIRE is said to cover lesser-known film events ignored from the mainstream perspective. In 2002, Forbes magazine recognized IndieWire, along with 7 other entrants in the Cinema Appreciation category, describing its best feature as boards teeming with filmmakers and its worst as glacial search engine. IndieWIRE has been praised by Roger Ebert, Kevin Smith, James Schamus, official website Snagfilms, the parent company
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IMDb
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In 1998 it became a subsidiary of Amazon Inc, who were then able to use it as an advertising resource for selling DVDs and videotapes. As of January 2017, IMDb has approximately 4.1 million titles and 7.7 million personalities in its database, the site enables registered users to submit new material and edits to existing entries. Although all data is checked before going live, the system has open to abuse. The site also featured message boards which stimulate regular debates and dialogue among authenticated users, IMDb shutdown the message boards permanently on February 20,2017. Anyone with a connection can read the movie and talent pages of IMDb. A registration process is however, to contribute info to the site. A registered user chooses a name for themselves, and is given a profile page. These badges range from total contributions made, to independent categories such as photos, trivia, bios, if a registered user or visitor happens to be in the entertainment industry, and has an IMDb page, that user/visitor can add photos to that page by enrolling in IMDbPRO. Actors, crew, and industry executives can post their own resume and this fee enrolls them in a membership called IMDbPro. PRO can be accessed by anyone willing to pay the fee, which is $19.99 USD per month, or if paid annually, $149.99, which comes to approximately $12.50 per month USD. Membership enables a user to access the rank order of each industry personality, as well as agent contact information for any actor, producer, director etc. that has an IMDb page. Enrolling in PRO for industry personnel, enables those members the ability to upload a head shot to open their page, as well as the ability to upload hundreds of photos to accompany their page. Anyone can register as a user, and contribute to the site as well as enjoy its content, however those users enrolled in PRO have greater access and privileges. IMDb originated with a Usenet posting by British film fan and computer programmer Col Needham entitled Those Eyes, others with similar interests soon responded with additions or different lists of their own. Needham subsequently started an Actors List, while Dave Knight began a Directors List, and Andy Krieg took over THE LIST from Hank Driskill, which would later be renamed the Actress List. Both lists had been restricted to people who were alive and working, the goal of the participants now was to make the lists as inclusive as possible. By late 1990, the lists included almost 10,000 movies and television series correlated with actors and actresses appearing therein. On October 17,1990, Needham developed and posted a collection of Unix shell scripts which could be used to search the four lists, at the time, it was known as the rec. arts. movies movie database
