1.
House museum
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A historic house museum is a house that has been transformed into a museum. Historic furnishings may be displayed in a way reflects their original placement. Historic house museums are held to a variety of standards, including those of the International Council of Museums, houses are transformed into museums for a number of different reasons. For example, the homes of writers are frequently turned into writers home museums to support literary tourism. Also known as a ‘memory museum’, which is a used to suggest that historic house museum contains a collection of the traces of memory of the people who once lived there. It is often made up of the belongings and objects – this approach is mostly concerned with authenticity. Some museums are organised around the person who lived there or the role the house had. Other historic house museums may be partially or completely reconstructed in order to tell the story of a particular area, the ‘narrative’ of the people who lived there guides this approach, and dictates the manner in which it is completed. In each kind of museum visitors learn about the previous inhabitants through an explanation and exploration of Social History, the idea of a historic house museum derives from a branch of history called Social History that is solely based on people and their way of living. It became very popular in the century among scholars who were interested in the history of people. Social history remains a branch of history. Philip J. Ethington is a Professor of history and political science, further adds to social history, the past is the set of places made by human action. History is a map of these places, following this historical movement, the concept of ‘Open Air Museums’ became prominent. These particular types of museums had interpreters in costume re-enact the lives of communities in earlier eras and they often occupied large wooden architecture buildings or outdoor sites and landscapes, that were true to the era adding to authenticity. Collective memory is used in the resurrection of historic house museums, however. The notion of Collective Memory originated from philosopher and sociologist Maurice Halbwachs and this extended thesis examines the role of people and place, and how collective memory is not only associated with the individual but is a shared experience. It also focused on the way individual memory is influenced by social structures, an example of a site that utilizes collective memory is the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park in Japan. It was restored and is based on the dialectics of memory, the ‘Hiroshima Traces’ text takes a look the importance of collective memory and how it is embedded in culture and place
House museum
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Dining room of German Emperor
William II in
Huis Doorn in the Netherlands
House museum
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Kitchen in
Museum Van Loon in Amsterdam in the Netherlands
House museum
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The Kings' Hall at Skokloster in Sweden.
2.
Spanish Steps
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The Spanish Steps are a set of steps in Rome, Italy, climbing a steep slope between the Piazza di Spagna at the base and Piazza Trinità dei Monti, dominated by the Trinità dei Monti church at the top. The stairway was designed by architects Francesco de Sanctis and Alessandro Specchi, following a competition in 1717 the steps were designed by the little-known Francesco de Sanctis, though Alessandro Specchi was long thought to have produced the winning entry. Generations of heated discussion over how the steep slope to the church on a shoulder of the Pincio should be urbanised preceded the final execution, archival drawings from the 1580s show that Pope Gregory XIII was interested in constructing a stair to the recently completed façade of the French church. Gaspar van Wittels view of the slope in 1683, before the Scalinata was built, is conserved in the Galleria Nazionale. Mazarin died in 1661, the pope in 1667, and Gueffiers will was contested by a nephew who claimed half. The Bourbon fleur-de-lys and Innocent XIIIs eagle and crown are carefully balanced in the sculptural details, the solution is a gigantic inflation of some conventions of terraced garden stairs. The Spanish Steps, which Joseph de Lalande and Charles de Brosses noted were already in poor condition, have restored several times. A new renovation commenced on May 30,2016 and the steps reopened on September 21,2016, the elder Bernini had been the popes architect for the Acqua Vergine, since 1623. According to a legend, Pope Urban VIII had the fountain installed after he had been impressed by a boat brought here by a flood of the Tiber river, at the top the stairway ramp up the Pincio which is the Pincian Hill. From the top of the steps the Villa Medici can be reached, during Christmas time a 19th-century criba manger is displayed on the first landing of the staircase. During Springtime, just before the anniversary of the foundation of Rome, April 21st, part of the steps are covered by pots of azaleas, in modern times the Spanish Steps have included a small cut-flower market. The steps are not a place for eating lunch, being forbidden by Roman urban regulations, the 1953 film Roman Holiday, starring Audrey Hepburn and Gregory Peck, made the Spanish Steps famous to an American audience. The apartment that was the setting for The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone is halfway up on the right, bernardo Bertoluccis Besieged is also set in a house next to the Steps. The Steps were featured prominently in the version of The Talented Mr. Ripley starring Matt Damon in the title role. Norwegian singer/songwriter Morten Harket, from A-ha, released a song called Spanish Steps on his album Wild Seed in 1995. Marc Cohns song Walk Through the World, released in 1993 on the album The Rainy Season, includes the lyric From the Spanish Steps to the Liberty Bell, I know the angels have seen us. The title song from Guy Clarks Dublin Blues album contains the lyric, north American & Japanese versions of the Mindfields album released in 1999 by American rock band Toto include the song Spanish Steps of Rome as a bonus track. The song describes a femme fatale romance that takes place on, in an episode of Everybody Loves Raymond which aired on October 2,2000, Ray, Debra, Frank, and Marie climb the Spanish Steps during a family vacation in Rome
Spanish Steps
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The Spanish Steps, seen from Piazza di Spagna. In foreground, the
Fontana della Barcaccia
Spanish Steps
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The piazza di Spagna in an 18th-century etching by
Giovanni Battista Piranesi, seen from south. The street on the left is
Via del Babuino, leading to
Piazza del Popolo.
Spanish Steps
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The Spanish Steps: the cream-coloured building partially visible to the right is the apartment where
John Keats lived, now the
Keats-Shelley Memorial House.
3.
Rome
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Rome is a special comune and the capital of Italy. Rome also serves as the capital of the Lazio region, with 2,873,598 residents in 1,285 km2, it is also the countrys largest and most populated comune and fourth-most populous city in the European Union by population within city limits. It is the center of the Metropolitan City of Rome, which has a population of 4.3 million residents, the city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, within Lazio, along the shores of the Tiber. Romes history spans more than 2,500 years, while Roman mythology dates the founding of Rome at only around 753 BC, the site has been inhabited for much longer, making it one of the oldest continuously occupied sites in Europe. The citys early population originated from a mix of Latins, Etruscans and it was first called The Eternal City by the Roman poet Tibullus in the 1st century BC, and the expression was also taken up by Ovid, Virgil, and Livy. Rome is also called the Caput Mundi, due to that, Rome became first one of the major centres of the Italian Renaissance, and then the birthplace of both the Baroque style and Neoclassicism. Famous artists, painters, sculptors and architects made Rome the centre of their activity, in 1871 Rome became the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, and in 1946 that of the Italian Republic. Rome has the status of a global city, Rome ranked in 2014 as the 14th-most-visited city in the world, 3rd most visited in the European Union, and the most popular tourist attraction in Italy. Its historic centre is listed by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, monuments and museums such as the Vatican Museums and the Colosseum are among the worlds most visited tourist destinations with both locations receiving millions of tourists a year. Rome hosted the 1960 Summer Olympics and is the seat of United Nations Food, however, it is a possibility that the name Romulus was actually derived from Rome itself. As early as the 4th century, there have been alternate theories proposed on the origin of the name Roma. There is archaeological evidence of occupation of the Rome area from approximately 14,000 years ago. Evidence of stone tools, pottery and stone weapons attest to about 10,000 years of human presence, several excavations support the view that Rome grew from pastoral settlements on the Palatine Hill built above the area of the future Roman Forum. Between the end of the age and the beginning of the Iron age. However, none of them had yet an urban quality, nowadays, there is a wide consensus that the city was gradually born through the aggregation of several villages around the largest one, placed above the Palatine. All these happenings, which according to the excavations took place more or less around the mid of the 8th century BC. Despite recent excavations at the Palatine hill, the view that Rome has been indeed founded with an act of will as the legend suggests in the middle of the 8th century BC remains a fringe hypothesis. Traditional stories handed down by the ancient Romans themselves explain the earliest history of their city in terms of legend and myth
Rome
Rome
Rome
Rome
4.
Giorgio de Chirico
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Giorgio de Chirico was an Italian artist and writer. In the years before World War I, he founded the scuola metafisica art movement, after 1919, he became interested in traditional painting techniques, and worked in a neoclassical or neo-Baroque style, while frequently revisiting the metaphysical themes of his earlier work. De Chirico was born in Volos, Greece, to a Genoan mother and he entered the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich, where he studied under Max Klinger and read the writings of the philosophers Nietzsche, Arthur Schopenhauer and Otto Weininger. There, he studied the works of Arnold Böcklin. He returned to Italy in the summer of 1909 and spent six months in Milan and he also painted The Enigma of the Oracle while in Florence. In July 1911 he spent a few days in Turin on his way to Paris, De Chirico was profoundly moved by what he called the metaphysical aspect of Turin, especially the architecture of its archways and piazzas. De Chirico moved to Paris in July 1911, where he joined his brother Andrea. Through his brother he met Pierre Laprade, a member of the jury at the Salon dAutomne, where he exhibited three of his works, Enigma of the Oracle, Enigma of an Afternoon and Self-Portrait. During 1913 he exhibited paintings at the Salon des Indépendants and Salon d’Automne, his work was noticed by Pablo Picasso and Guillaume Apollinaire, in 1914, through Apollinaire, he met the art dealer Paul Guillaume, with whom he signed a contract for his artistic output. At the outbreak of World War I, he returned to Italy, upon his arrival in May 1915, he enlisted in the army, but he was considered unfit for work and assigned to the hospital at Ferrara. Here he met with Carlo Carrà and together founded the pittura metafisica movement. He continued to paint, and in 1918, he transferred to Rome, starting from 1918, his work was exhibited extensively in Europe. De Chirico is best known for the paintings he produced between 1909 and 1919, his period, which are characterized by haunted, brooding moods evoked by their images. In autumn,1919, De Chirico published an article in Valori Plastici entitled The Return of Craftsmanship, in which he advocated a return to traditional methods and iconography. In the early 1920s, the Surrealist writer André Breton discovered one of De Chiricos metaphysical paintings on display in Guillaumes Paris gallery, numerous young artists who were similarly affected by De Chiricos imagery became the core of the Paris Surrealist group centered around Breton. In 1924 De Chirico visited Paris and was accepted into the group, De Chirico met and married his first wife, the Russian ballerina Raissa Gurievich in 1925, and together they moved to Paris. His relationship with the Surrealists grew increasingly contentious, as they publicly disparaged his new work, by 1926 he had come to them as cretinous. They soon parted ways in acrimony, in 1928 he held his first exhibition in New York City and shortly afterwards, London
Giorgio de Chirico
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In 1936, photographed by
Carl Van Vechten
Giorgio de Chirico
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The Song of Love, 1914, oil on canvas, 73 × 59.1 cm,
Museum of Modern Art, New York
Giorgio de Chirico
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Le mauvais génie d’un roi (The Evil Genius of a King), 1914-15, oil on canvas, 61 × 50.2 cm,
Museum of Modern Art, New York
Giorgio de Chirico
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The Seer, 1914-15, oil on canvas, 89.6 x 70.1 cm,
Museum of Modern Art, New York
5.
Spagna (Rome Metro)
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Spagna is an underground station on Line A of the Rome Metro, which was inaugurated in 1980. It is situated in the rione Campo Marzio and is named after the nearby Piazza di Spagna, the station has an entrance near the Trinità dei Monti at the top of the Spanish Steps. This entrance has outdated signage indicating that the A Line only travels between Anagnina and Ottaviano, a dating to before 2000. Another entrance is located up a back street from the Piazza di Spagna
Spagna (Rome Metro)
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Spagna
6.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
Wayback Machine
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Wayback Machine
7.
The Enigma of the Hour
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The Enigma of the Hour is a painting by the Italian metaphysical painter Giorgio de Chirico. He created the work during his period, when he focused on metaphysical depictions of town squares. The Enigma depicts a scene with the classical architecture and angular lighting that are de Chiricos hallmarks. Several figures around the scene have vague features, to give the sense that they are absent, above the scene is a large clock that reads six minutes to three
The Enigma of the Hour
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The Enigma of the Hour
8.
The Nostalgia of the Infinite
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The Nostalgia of the Infinite is a painting by the Italian metaphysical painter Giorgio de Chirico. The subject of the painting is a large tower, the scene is struck by low, angular evening light. In the foreground below the tower are two small shadowy figures resembling those in works by Salvador Dalí. This painting is the most famous example of the theme which appears in several of de Chirico’s works. Although the painting is dated 1911, this date is held in question. It has been speculated by the Museum of Modern Art in New York that it was created from 1912 to 1913 while the Annenberg School for Communication suggests 1913–14, according to art historian Robert Hughes, the painting draws inspiration from the Mole Antonelliana in Turin. This painting, amongst other works by Giorgio de Chirico, influenced the painting by Fumito Ueda for the front cover of the video game Ico used in the Japanese and European versions of the game
The Nostalgia of the Infinite
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The Nostalgia of the Infinite
9.
Gare Montparnasse (The Melancholy of Departure)
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Gare Montparnasse is a painting by the Italian metaphysical painter Giorgio de Chirico. Many of de Chirico’s works were inspired by the feelings evoked by travel. He was born in Greece to Italian parents and this work was painted during a period when he lived in Paris. The painting depicts the Gare Montparnasse railway station in Paris, France and it is a classic example of de Chirico’s style, depicting an angular perspective on an outdoor architectural setting in the long shadows and deep colours of early evening. On the horizon is a train with a plume of white smoke billowing away from it. The train image appears several times in de Chiricos work, in the foreground is a bunch of bananas, another recurring image in de Chiricos work. In 1916, de Chirico painted another work simply titled The Melancholy of Departure
Gare Montparnasse (The Melancholy of Departure)
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Gare Montparnasse (The Melancholy of Departure)
Gare Montparnasse (The Melancholy of Departure)
10.
The Song of Love
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The Song of Love is a painting by the Italian metaphysical painter Giorgio de Chirico. It is one of the most famous works by de Chirico and it depicts an outdoor architectural setting similar to other works by de Chirico at this time. This time however, the focus is a small wall on which is mounted a Greek sculpted head. Below it is a green ball, on the horizon is the outline of a locomotive, an image that recurs several times during this period of de Chiricos career. Museum of Modern Art The Mystery of Magritte CD-rom
The Song of Love
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Love Song
11.
The Double Dream of Spring
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The Double Dream of Spring is a painting by the Italian metaphysical painter Giorgio de Chirico. The painting depicts apparently related but separate scenes, the scene on the left shows a statue of a man in a frock-coat from behind. The statue appears to be staring contemplatively into an open sky, the two scenes are separated in the middle by a wooden beam, perhaps part of an easel. Near the base of the beam is a blueprint drawing of an interior, in large arches. The scene on the right appears to be looking down on the landscape from a slightly different angle. Above the landscape is the shape of the head of a tailor’s dummy, similar dummies appear many times in de Chirico’s work. This time the dummy’s head looms over the landscape like a hot air balloon, the title was used by John Ashbery for his 1970 book of poems
The Double Dream of Spring
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The Double Dream of Spring
12.
The Disquieting Muses
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The Disquieting Muses is a painting by the Italian metaphysical painter Giorgio de Chirico. The Disquieting Muses was painted during World War I, when De Chirico was in Ferrara, the Castello Estense, near which de Chirico lived, is in the background, rust-red and among industrial buildings. At the front are the two Muses, dressed in classical clothing, one is standing and the other sitting, and they are placed among various objects, including a red mask and staff, an allusion to Melpomene and Thalia, the Muses of tragedy and comedy. The statue on a pedestal in the background is Apollo, leader of the Muses, a copy of this painting, at the moment, is located at the Italian Trade Commission office,33 East 67th Street, New York City
The Disquieting Muses
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A 1947 replica of The Disquieting Muses. De Chirico was known for making replicas of his own art, and made many replicas of The Disquieting Muses between 1945 and 1962.
13.
The Melancholy of Departure
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The Melancholy of Departure is a painting by the Greek-Italian metaphysical painter Giorgio de Chirico. This painting was created after de Chirico returned to Italy from Paris to join the Italian Army in World War I, during this time de Chirico was moving away from the bright open scenes of his previous work. He was now focusing on more abstract combinations of objects and indoor settings, the themes of travel and departure are present in much of de Chiricos canon, as seen in his many paintings of trains and railways stations. This painting depicts a random cluster of objects used to make paintings, the map shows a channel between two land masses with outlines of different routes. The surroundings are the inside of a room at night, the room has an open archway through which can be seen a tower. This is the painting by de Chirico by this title after his 1914 work Gare Montparnasse. In 1987 the American jazz musicians Mark Isham and Art Lande released a song titled “The Melancholy of Departure” on their collaborative album We Begin
The Melancholy of Departure
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The Melancholy of Departure
14.
Metaphysical Interior with Biscuits
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Metaphysical Interior with Biscuits is a painting by the Italian metaphysical painter Giorgio de Chirico. It is one of the earliest editions in a series of works that extended late into de Chirico’s career, like the others in this series, this painting depicts a room cluttered with objects in a surreal arrangement. In this case the main focus is a panel on which are mounted several biscuits arranged to resemble an abstract face, behind this panel is a picture in an irregularly shaped frame. The image in the frame is a scene in the style of de Chirico’s earlier work
Metaphysical Interior with Biscuits
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Metaphysical Interior with Biscuits
15.
Galleria Borghese
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The Galleria Borghese is an art gallery in Rome, Italy, housed in the former Villa Borghese Pinciana. At the outset, the building was integrated with its gardens. The Galleria Borghese houses a part of the Borghese collection of paintings, sculpture and antiquities, begun by Cardinal Scipione Borghese. The Villa was built by the architect Flaminio Ponzio, developing sketches by Scipione Borghese himself, who used it as a villa suburbana, other paintings of note include Titians Sacred and Profane Love, Raphaels Entombment of Christ and works by Peter Paul Rubens and Federico Barocci. The Casina Borghese lies on the outskirts of seventeenth-century Rome, by 1644, John Evelyn described it as an Elysium of delight with Fountains of sundry inventions, Groves and small Rivulets of Water. Evelyn also described the Vivarium that housed ostriches, peacocks, swans and cranes, in 1808, Prince Camillo Borghese, Napoleons brother-in-law, was forced to sell the Borghese Roman sculptures and antiquities to the Emperor. The result is that the Borghese Gladiator, renowned since the 1620s as the most admired single sculpture in Villa Borghese, the Borghese Hermaphroditus is also now in the Louvre. The Borghese villa was modified and extended down the years, eventually being sold to the Italian government in 1902, along with the entire Borghese estate and surrounding gardens, the Galleria Borghese includes twenty rooms across two floors. The main floor is devoted to classical antiquities of the 1st–3rd centuries AD. In addition, several portrait busts are included in the gallery, including one of Pope Paul V, the second Scipione Borghese portrait was produced after a large crack was discovered in the marble of the first version during its creation. Official website Amor sacro e amor profano Description of the painting, Roman Map of the area with related services
Galleria Borghese
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Galleria Borghese
Galleria Borghese
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Sacred and Profane Love by Titian. c. 1514
Galleria Borghese
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Truth Unveiled by Time by Bernini. c. 1645-1652
Galleria Borghese
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Apollo and Daphne by Bernini. c. 1622
16.
Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum
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Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Arts Museum, Rome, is the Decorative Arts Museum of the National Gallery of Modern Art of Rome. The Museum is located at Via Boncompagni,18, near the elegant, the “Villino Boncompagni” was donated in 1972 by the princess Blanceflor de Bildt Boncompagni to the Italian Republic to promote art and culture. Boncompagni Ludovisi Museum collects paintings, sculptures, ceramics and original furnishings of the “Villino Boncompagni”, the Museum also hosts temporary cultural and contemporary art exhibitions. La danza fotografica da Luciano Usai, pino Procopio, Ulisse, Scene da un viaggio. Rolando Monti - Dal tonalismo allastrazione lirica, moda e stelle ai tempi della Hollywood sul Tevere. Zecchin - Cambellotti e Le Mille e una notte, lydia Predominato, Una via duscita per un cuore costretto. Museum Boncompagni Ludovisi official website GNAM - National Gallery of Modern and Contemporary Art of Rome official website
Boncompagni Ludovisi Decorative Art Museum
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Museo Boncompagni Ludovisi per le arti decorative
17.
Galleria Spada
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The Galleria Spada is a museum in Rome, which is housed in the Palazzo Spada of the same name, located in the Piazza Capo di Ferro. The palazzo is also famous for its façade and for the forced perspective gallery by Francesco Borromini, the gallery exhibits paintings from the 16th and 17th century. A State Museum, the Galleria Spadas run by the Polo Museale del Lazio, the Museum hours of operation are as follows, Tuesday - Saturday,9,00 a. m. to 7,00 p. m. Sundays and holidays from 9,00 a. m. to 1,00 p. m and it was originally built in 1540 for Cardinal Girolamo Capodiferro. Bartolomeo Baronino, of Casale Monferrato, was the architect, while Giulio Mazzoni, the palazzo was purchased by Cardinal Spada in 1632. Borromini was aided in his perspective trick by a mathematician, the building was purchased in November 1926 by the Italian State to house the gallery and the State Council. The Galleria was opened in 1927 in the Palazzo Spada and it closed during the 1940s, but reopened in 1951 thanks to the efforts of the Conservator of the Galleries of Rome, Anchille Bertini Calosso and the Director, Frederico Zeri. Most of the artwork comes predominantly from the private collection of Bernardino Spada. The museum is located on the first floor of Palazzo Spada, the Cardinal had built the museum over the historical remains of his familys former home that had been established in 1548. Room I The room is called the Room of the Popes because of its fifty inscriptions describing the lives of select pontiffs, as commissioned by Cardinal Bernardino. It is also known as the Room with the Azure Ceiling because the ceiling is covered with a turquoise canvas divided into many little compartments marked camerini da verno, the ceiling coffers decorations date back to 1777. Room II This room was created along with Room III, the upper part of the walls were decorated with friezes in tempera on canvas by Perino del Vaga. The other parts of the walls that were painted with paneling are now missing. Room III It is called the Gallery of the Cardinal and it was designed by Paolo Maruscelli in 1636 and 1637 along with Room II to house the art collection of Bernardino Spada. The ceiling is beamed and French windows lead into one of which has an iron railing overlooking the big garden. Room IV This final room was built over a gallery overlooking the big garden. The Room houses paintings by Caravaggisti, list of museums in Italy Palazzo Spada
Galleria Spada
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Galleria Spada Museum
Galleria Spada
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Guido Reni, Portrait of cardinal Bernardino Spada
Galleria Spada
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Artemisia Gentileschi, Virgin with the Child
Galleria Spada
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Parmigianino, Three heads
18.
MAXXI
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The museum is managed by a foundation created by the Ministero dei beni e delle attività culturali, the Italian ministry of cultural heritage. It was designed as a space by Zaha Hadid and committed to experimentation and innovation in the arts. The project was first announced in 2000 and took over 10 years to complete, the design of Zaha Hadid was the winner of an international design competition. The site of the new museum was that of a military compound. The competition proposal by Zaha Hadid envisaged the construction of five new structures, the art installation and the opening of MAXXI, in 2010, were photographed by Simone Cecchetti, who was chosen from national photography competition. The Royal Institute of British Architect’s 2010 Stirling Prize for architecture has been awarded to MAXXI, the building is a composition of bending oblong tubes, overlapping, intersecting and piling over each other, resembling a piece of massive transport infrastructure. The MAXXI consists of two museums, MAXXI art and MAXXI architecture, the large public square designed in front of the museum is planned to host art works and live events. The MAXXI has been acclaimed by The Guardian as Hadids finest built work to date, the outdoor courtyard surrounding the museum provides a venue for large-scale works of art. The permanent collections of two museums grow through direct acquisitions, as well as through commissions, thematic competitions, awards for young artists, donations. Media related to MAXXI at Wikimedia Commons
MAXXI
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Virtual design for the museum by
Zaha Hadid
19.
Museo Archeologico Ostiense
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The Museo Archeologico Ostiense is an archaeological museum dedicated to the ancient Roman city of Ostia in Rome, Italy. The museum was built by Pope Pius IX, who in 1865 had to readapt a fifteenth-century building used as a store to create a city museum, contained in the museum are numerous archaeological objects which came to light during a long period of excavations. The museum also has a collection of sculptures, including the statue of Perseus holding the head of Medusa, the sculptural group of Mithras slaying the bull. There are other examples on display of great interest, such as groups in marble depicting Cupid and Psyche and other subjects. On display are examples of wall paintings from different burials and emblems of polychrome mosaics. Ostia Antica Museo Archeologico Ostiense official website Ostia - Virtual Museum
Museo Archeologico Ostiense
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Archaeological Museum of Ostia Museo Archeologico Ostiense
20.
National Etruscan Museum
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The National Etruscan Museum is a museum of the Etruscan civilization, housed in the Villa Giulia in Rome, Italy. The villa was built for pope Julius III, for whom it was named and it remained in papal property until 1870, when, in the wake of the Risorgimento and the demise of the Papal States, it became the property of the Kingdom of Italy. The museums most famous treasure is the terracotta funerary monument. The Villa Giulia National Etruscan Museum, Short Guide, roma, LErma di Bretschneider, Ingegneria per la cultura. Tarquinia National Museum Museo Nazionale Etrusco information
National Etruscan Museum
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Facade of the
Villa Giulia in Rome, home of the National Etruscan Museum.
National Etruscan Museum
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Sarcophagus of the Spouses, late 6th century BC.
National Etruscan Museum
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History
21.
National Museum of Oriental Art
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The National Museum of Oriental Art is an important museum in Rome, Italy, dedicated to the arts of the Orient, from the Middle East to Japan. In particular, the museum has a collection of artifacts from the Gandhara area. The museum is located in Via Merulana 248, in the Rione Esquilino, a few new rooms are expected to open soon, last one, the Korea room, opened in June 2010. Photographs of the artifacts are allowed on application to the Director of the Museum only, il Museo Nazionale dArte Orientale a Palazzo Brancaccio, Livorno, Sillabe,1997. Delvecchio, Civiltà lontane al Museo Nazionale dArte Orientale, Lazio ieri e oggi, a
National Museum of Oriental Art
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National Museum of Oriental Art in Rome.
22.
Palazzo Barberini
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The Palazzo Barberini is a 17th-century palace in Rome, facing the Piazza Barberini in Rione Trevi. It houses the Galleria Nazionale dArte Antica, the sloping site had formerly been occupied by a garden-vineyard of the Sforza family, in which a palazzetto had been built in 1549. The sloping site passed from one cardinal to another during the sixteenth century, when Cardinal Alessandro Sforza met financial hardships, the still semi-urban site was purchased in 1625 by Maffeo Barberini, of the Barberini family, who became Pope Urban VIII. Three great architects worked to create the Palazzo, each contributing his own style, Maderno began in 1627, assisted by his nephew Francesco Borromini. When Maderno died in 1629, Borromini was passed over and the commission was awarded to Bernini, Borromini stayed on regardless and the two architects worked together, albeit briefly, on this project and at the Palazzo Spada. Works were completed by Bernini in 1633, after the Wars of Castro and the death of Urban VIII, the palace was confiscated by Pamphili Pope Innocent X and was only returned to the Barberini in 1653. The palazzo is disposed around a forecourt centered on Berninis grand two-storey hall backed by an oval salone, with an extended wing dominating the piazza, which lies on a lower level. At the rear, a long wing protected the garden from the piazza below, the main block presents three tiers of great arch-headed windows, like glazed arcades, a formula that was more Venetian than Roman. On the uppermost floor, Borrominis windows are set in a perspective that suggests extra depth. Flanking the hall, two sets of stairs lead to the piano nobile, a large squared staircase by Bernini to the left, the salon ceiling is graced by Pietro da Cortonas masterpiece, the Baroque fresco of the Allegory of Divine Providence and Barberini Power. Also in the palace is a masterpiece by Andrea Sacchi, a critic of the Cortona style. The garden is known as a giardino segreto, for its concealment from an outsiders view and it houses a monument to Bertel Thorwaldsen, who had a studio in the nearby Teatro delle Quattro Fontane in 1822-1834. Today, Palazzo Barberini houses the Galleria Nazionale dArte Antica, one of the most important painting collections in Italy and it includes Raphaels portrait La fornarina, Caravaggios Judith Beheading Holofernes and a Hans Holbein portrait of Henry VIII. The palace also houses the Italian Institute of Numismatics, the European Convention on Human Rights, which created the European Court of Human Rights, was signed here on 4 November 1950, a milestone in the protection of human rights. Hidden in the cellars of the part of the building. Blunt, Anthony, The Palazzo Barberini, Journal of the Warburg, il palazzo Barberini, official site Rome Art-Lover, Palazzo Barberini Palazzo Barberini and Veneto Rome guide Italian army ends museum stand-off, BBC News, Friday,13 October 2006 Google Maps. The complex constituting the Palazzo Barberini is in the center, set back from the road on all sides, on the lower side of the image are the start of the Quirinal Palace gardens. Below, and in the first corner on the right, is the San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, diagonally opposite and above is the triangular Piazza Barberini with the Triton Fountain
Palazzo Barberini
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Palazzo Barberini façade
Palazzo Barberini
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Celebrations for
Christina of Sweden at Palazzo Barberini on 28 February 1656.
Palazzo Barberini
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Palazzo Barberini, exterior. Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection
Palazzo Barberini
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The famous helicoidal staircase by Borromini.
23.
Palazzo Corsini, Rome
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It is located in the Trastevere section of the city, and stands beside the Villa Farnesina. During 1659–1689, the former Riario palace had hosted the eccentric Christina, Queen of Sweden, who abdicated, converted, under her patronage, this was the site for the first meetings of the Roman Accademia dellArcadia. In 1736, the Florentine Cardinal Neri Maria Corsini, nephew of Pope Clement XII, acquired the villa and land, during the Napoleonic occupation of Rome, the palace hosted Joseph Bonaparte. Today, the palace hosts some offices of the National Academy of Science, the gardens, which rise up the Janiculum hill, are part of the Orto Botanico dellUniversità di Roma La Sapienza, a botanical garden. Another Corsini palace of note include the Palazzo Corsini al Parione, the Galleria Nazionale dArte Antica di Palazzo Corsini or National Gallery of Antique Art in the Corsini Palace is a prominent art museum comprising the first floor of the palace. The national Arte Antica collections in Rome consist of a number of sites, including Palazzo Barberini, Galleria Borghese, in 1883, this palace and its contents were sold to the state, and the collection is displayed in its original location. The collection encompasses the breadth of mainly Italian art from early-Renaissance to late-18th century and it has both religious and historical works, as well as landscapes and genre paintings. Palazzo Corsini Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, hosted in the Palazzo Corsini and neighboring Villa Farnesina
Palazzo Corsini, Rome
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The rear entrance of the Palazzo Corsini
24.
National Roman Museum
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The National Roman Museum is a museum, with several branches in separate buildings throughout the city of Rome, Italy. Founded in 1889 and inaugurated in 1890, the museums first aim was to collect, the collection was appropriated by the state in 1874, after the suppression of the Society of Jesus. Renamed initially as the Royal Museum, the collection was intended to be moved to a Museo Tiberino, in 1901 the State granted the National Roman Museum the recently acquired Collection Ludovisi as well as the important national collection of Ancient Sculpture. Findings during the renewal of the late 19th century added to the collections. The palace was built on the site occupied by the Villa Montalto-Peretti, named after Pope Sixtus V. The present building was commissioned by Prince Massimiliano Massimo, so as to give a seat to the Jesuit Collegio Romano, originally within the convent of the church of SantIgnazio. In 1871, the Collegio had been ousted from the convent by the State which converted it into the Liceo Visconti, erected between 1883 and 1887 by the architect Camillo Pistrucci in a neo-cinquecentesco style, it was one of the most prestigious schools of Rome until 1960. During World War II, it was used as a military hospital, but it then returned to scholastic functions until the 60s. In 1981, lying in a state of neglect, the Italian State acquired it for 19 billion lire, the museum houses the Ancient Art as well as the Numismatic Collection, housed in the Medagliere, i. e. the Coin Cabinet. One room is devoted to the mummy that was found in 1964 on the Via Cassia, inside a richly decorated sarcophagus with several artefacts in amber. It begins with the triclinium of Livias Villa “ad Gallinas Albas”. The frescoes, discovered in 1863 and dating back to the 1st century BC, show a garden with ornamental plants. The Museums numismatic collection is the largest in Italy, among the coins on exhibit are Theodoric’s medallion, the four ducats of Pope Paul II with the navicella of St Peter, and the silver piastre of the Pontifical State with views of the city of Rome. The Palazzo Altemps is located in the modern rione Ponte, part of the Campus Martius, in the ancient Rome, this site was only 160 meters from the Ponte Elio, and was one of the two main marble ports on the Tiber River in Rome. The other was located in what is now Testaccio, in 1891, during the construction works to build the embankments that now hold back the Tiber River, the remains of this dock were uncovered. A few of these ancient shops bear signs of hasty abandonment after the time of the emperor Trajan, tools, there was also likely a temple to Apollo located in this area, over which has been built the church of SantApollinare. The division was abandoned after the Great Schism in the 15th century. The building was designed in the 15th century by Melozzo da Forlì for Girolamo Riario, when the Soderini family fell on hard times, he in turn sold it in 1568 to the Austrian-born cardinal Mark Sittich von Hohenems Altemps, the son of the sister of Pope Pius IV
National Roman Museum
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National Roman Museum Museo Nazionale Romano
National Roman Museum
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The courtyard of the seat of the branch of the Museum housed at the Baths of Diocletian
National Roman Museum
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An
Apollo Citharoedus from the Palazzo Altemps.
National Roman Museum
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Palazzo Massimo alle Terme.
25.
Baths of Diocletian
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The Baths of Diocletian were public baths in Rome, in what is now Italy. Named after emperor Diocletians Baths and built from 298 to in 306, the project was originally commissioned by Maximian upon his return to Rome in the autumn of 298 and was continued after his and Diocletians abdication under Constantius, father of Constantine. The Baths occupy the high-ground on the northeast summit of the Viminal and they served as a bath for the people residing in the Viminal, Quirinal, and Esquiline quarters of the city. The Quadrigae Pisonis, a 2nd-century monument with various reliefs, some homes. The water supply was provided by the Aqua Marcia, an aqueduct that had served the city of Rome since the early 2nd century. To properly supply the baths, the supply of water to the city was increased under the order of Diocletian, the baths may have also been supplied by the Aqua Antoniniana, which was originally positioned to supply Caracallas baths in the early 3rd century. The Baths were commissioned by Maximian in honor of co-Emperor Diocletian in 298, evidence of this can be found in bricks from the main area of the baths, which distinctly show stamps of the Diocletianic period. These, according to the ancient guidebook Mirabilia Urbis Romae, were known as Palatium Diocletiani and this evidence shows the effect of the massive project on the brick industry in that all work by them was redirected and under control of the emperor. Building took place between the year it was first commissioned and was finished sometime between the abdication of Diocletian in 305 c. e. and the death of Constantius in July 306 AD. The Baths remained in use until the siege of Rome in 537 when the Ostrogothic king Vitiges cut off the aqueducts. ”The bath complex took up 120,000 square metres or 30 acres of the district, about the same size as the Baths of Caracalla. The central block of the baths was 280 by 160 meters or 10.85 acres, however, the capacity of the Baths of Diocletian was said to be much greater than the Baths of Caracalla. This could be because the entrance and rooms were larger than its predecessor in block size. According to Olympiodorus, the baths were able to hold up to 3,000 people at one time, however, this claim is disputed because Olympiodorus never mentioned how he came about this figure in the first place. The word frigidarium originates from the Latin word frigeo, which means to be cold, the prominence of the room and its conjoining rooms showed the increase in popularity cold baths had during the early 4th century compared to the hot baths. This also could have been a result of the depletion of the surrounding forests, the frigidarium, or Cella frigidaria consisted of a pool and a host of smaller baths connected to the main room. Water entering the room would come from a pipe or cistern, the water from the pool was thought to have been reused to flush latrines within the complex. The frigidarium was used mainly as a pool or a cold-water bath. Normally, one would continue on to the frigidarium after using the baths or after exercising in the palaestra
Baths of Diocletian
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The basilica of
Santa Maria degli Angeli e dei Martiri, built in the remains of the baths.
Baths of Diocletian
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Baths of Diocletian
Baths of Diocletian
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Landscape with Herdsmen and Animals in front of the Baths of Diocletian, by
Pieter van Bloemen, c. 1700
Baths of Diocletian
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Funerary stele of a cook. Latin inscription: “Eros, cocus Posidippi, ser(vus) hic situs est” (“Eros, Posidippus' cook, slave, lies here”).
26.
Capitoline Museums
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The Capitoline Museums are a single museum containing a group of art and archeological museums in Piazza del Campidoglio, on top of the Capitoline Hill in Rome, Italy. The history of the museums can be traced to 1471, when Pope Sixtus IV donated a collection of important ancient bronzes to the people of Rome, the museums are owned and operated by the municipality of Rome. The statue of a rider in the centre of the piazza is of Emperor Marcus Aurelius. It is a copy, the original being housed on-site in the Capitoline museum. Open to the public in 1734 under Clement XII, the Capitoline Museums are considered the first museum in the world, understood as a place where art could be enjoyed by all and this section contains collections sorted by building, and brief information on the buildings themselves. For the history of their design and construction, see Capitoline Hill#Michelangelo, the Capitoline Museums are composed of three main buildings surrounding the Piazza del Campidoglio and interlinked by an underground gallery beneath the piazza. In addition, the 16th century Palazzo Caffarelli-Clementino, located off the adjacent to the Palazzo dei Conservatori, was added to the museum complex in the early 20th century. The collections here are ancient sculpture, mostly Roman but also Greek, the Conservators Apartment is distinguished by elaborate interior decorations, including frescoes, stuccos, tapestries, and carved ceilings and doors. The third floor of the Palazzo dei Conservatori houses the Capitoline Art Gallery, housing the museums painting, the Capitoline Coin Cabinet, containing collections of coins, medals, jewels, and jewelry, is located in the attached Palazzo Caffarelli-Clementino. Statues, inscriptions, sarcophagi, busts, mosaics, and other ancient Roman artifacts occupy two floors of the Palazzo Nuovo, in the Hall of the Galatian can also be appreciated the marble statue of the Dying Gaul also called “Capitoline Gaul” and the statue of Cupid and Psyche. The gallery was constructed in the 1930s and it contains in situ 2nd century ruins of ancient Roman dwellings, and also houses the Galleria Lapidaria, which displays the Museums collection of epigraphs. The new great glass covered hall — the Sala Marco Aurelio — created by covering the Giardino Romano is similar to the one used for the Sala Ottagonale, the design is by the architect Carlo Aymonino. Its volume recalls that of the oval space designed by Michelangelo for the piazza and its centerpiece is the bronze equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius, which was once in the centre of Piazza del Campidoglio and has been kept indoors ever since its modern restoration. Moving these statues out of the palazzo allows those sculptures temporarily moved to the Centrale Montemartini to be brought back. The Centrale Montemartini is a power station of Acea in southern Rome. Its permanent collection comprises 400 ancient statues, moved here during the reorganisation of the Capitoline Museums in 1997, along with tombs, busts, many of them were excavated in the ancient Roman horti between the 1890s and 1930s, a fruitful period for Roman archaeology. They are displayed there along the lines of Tate Modern, except that the machinery has not been moved out, Capitoline Brutus Capitoline Museums official website
Capitoline Museums
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Michelangelo 's design for Capitoline Hill, now home to the Capitoline Museums. Engraved by
Étienne Dupérac, 1568.
Capitoline Museums
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The
Palazzo dei Conservatori is one of the three main buildings of the Capitoline Museums.
Capitoline Museums
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Capitoline Museums gallery
Capitoline Museums
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Palazzo Nuovo
27.
Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica
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Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica is a museum in Rome, Italy, featuring a collection of works acquired by the collector Giovanni Barracco, who donated his collection to the City of Rome in 1902. Among the works are Egyptian, Assyrian, and Phoenician art, the 400 works of the collection are divided according to the civilization and are displayed in nine rooms, on the first and second floors, while the ground floor contains a small reception area. On the first floor Egyptian works are presented in Rooms I, room II includes works from Mesopotamia, including cuneiform tablets of the third millennium BCE and items from neo-Assyrian palaces dating from the ninth and seventh centuries BCE. The third room contains two important Phoenician items together with some Etruscan art, while the fourth displays works from Cyprus, the second floor exhibits classical art. Room V presents original sculptures and copies from the Roman period as well as Greek sculpture of the fifth century BCE, room VI displays copies of classical and late classical Roman work, along with funerary sculptures from Greece. Rooms VII and VIII, show a collection of Greek and Italic ceramics, the final room shows examples of works from public monuments of the Roman period, together with specimens of medieval art. Wounded Bitch, a sculpture by Lysippus, Fourth Century BC Official website Il Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica The Museum Volunteers Association in Italian
Museo Barracco di Scultura Antica
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The Piccola Farnesina, seat of the museum.
28.
Museo Civico di Zoologia
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The Museo Civico di Zoologia is a natural history museum in Rome, central Italy. It is situated next to the Bioparc and can be entered by the Zoo or through the entrance on via Ulisse Aldrovandi, founded in 1932, it is said to continue the natural history tradition of the Gabinetto di Zoologia dellUniversità Pontificia and the collections date from 1792. It is a recognized as an institute of national importance by the Ministero per la Università e la Ricerca Scientifica, There are collections of entomology, malacology, osteology, ornithology, herpetology, ichthyology and mammalology. There are five million specimens in total. The displays are modern, with over 1000 square metres of multi-sensorial or interactive stations exhibitions, a biodiversity display includes sections on the significance of sex in the animal world, adaptations in borderline environments and ecosystems. Other displays are more traditional with two ornithology halls a gallery on Arrigoni degli Oddi and two halls of mammals, the museum contains the zoological collections of Conte Arrigoni degli Oddi. The museum is the result of a convention made between the municipality of Rome and the Sapienza University of Rome, the third, at Via Catone, contains entomological collections retained by the university. Official website Museo di Zoologia - Il Patrimonio at the Wayback Machine
Museo Civico di Zoologia
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Osteology Gallery in the Museo Civico di Zoologia.
29.
Museo di Roma
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The Museo di Roma is a museum in Rome, Italy, part of the network of Roman civic museums. The collections initially included 120 water-colours by the nineteenth-century painter Ettore Roesler Franz of Roma sparita, vanished Rome, the museum was founded by the art historian Antonio Muñoz, who was director of the Antichità e Belle Arti of the government of Rome. The factory building housed the Museo dellImpero Romano, and was renamed Palazzo dei Musei. The Museo di Roma opened on 21 April 1930, Muñoz was its first director, when the Second World War began in 1939, the museum closed.210 The collection of the museum was at first intended only to illustrate and document the past. Media related to Museo di Roma a Palazzo Braschi at Wikimedia Commons
Museo di Roma
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Palazzo Braschi: facade facing Piazza San Pantaleo
30.
Museum of Roman Civilization
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The Museum of the Roman Civilization is a museum in Rome, devoted to the aspects of the Ancient Roman civilization. It was designed by the architects Pietro Ascheri, D. Bernardini and its 59 sections illustrate the history of Roman civilization, from the origins to the 4th century, with models and reproductions, as well as original material. The premises are shared with a planetarium and this model is at a 1,250 scale and is made of plaster. The model was begun in 1935 and completed in 1971 and this model is today the most important reference for any serious attempt of reconstruction of the Ancient Rome, it has been used for the Rome Reborn 1.0 3D Visualization Project. Gismondis model can be also in a few shots of the Movie Gladiator by R. Scott. Examples of late imperial and early Christian art a complete sequence of casts of the reliefs round Trajans Column. Official website Model of Archaic Rome
Museum of Roman Civilization
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Italo Gismondi's model of ancient Rome.
Museum of Roman Civilization
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The museum from the outside
31.
Museum of the Ara Pacis
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The Museum of the Ara Pacis belongs to the Sistema dei Musei in Comune of Rome, it houses the Ara Pacis of Augustus, an ancient monument that was initially inaugurated on January 30,9 B. C. It is a structure with a nature, clearly alluding to the style of imperial Rome. Wide glazed surfaces allow the viewer to admire the Ara Pacis with uniform lighting conditions, the challenging design of Meier wants to assert itself in the very hearth of the town, becoming a nerve and transit centre. The complex was intended to include a crosswalk with an underpass linking the museum to the Tiber river, the building, designed by architect Richard Meier, was inaugurated and opened to the public after seven years of works, on April 21,2006. On the night between May 31 and June 1,2009, unknown men stained the white wall with green and red paint. On December 12,2009, a group of activists of Earth First, during the Copenhagen Summit, colored the water of the fountain green and affixed on the side facing Via Tomacelli a banner saying Earth First. The officers and the employees of the museum intervened immediately removing the banner, the building has collected conflicting viewpoints. Nonetheless, the ruling was not unanimous at all and, for instance, in November 2013 a leaky roof led to unwanted water in the new museum building during heavy rain. Staff members had to use buckets to remove water from the top of the altar, during one of his first declarations after being elected Mayor of Rome, Gianni Alemanno announced his purpose to remove Meiers case, that the Roman right wing always disapproved. However, Alemanno himself later pointed out that the removal was not a priority of his administration, war and Peace, Housing the Ara Pacis in the Eternal City. American Journal of Archaeology 113.2 Official website Musei in Comune official website Photographic documentation about the Museum of the Ara Pacis
Museum of the Ara Pacis
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Museum of the Ara Pacis
Museum of the Ara Pacis
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The portraits of the
Julio-Claudian dynasty placed close to the entry
Museum of the Ara Pacis
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The Ara Pacis inside the Museum
32.
Ara Pacis
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The Ara Pacis Augustae is an altar in Rome dedicated to Pax, the Roman goddess of Peace. The monument was commissioned by the Roman Senate on July 4,13 BC to honor the return of Augustus to Rome after three years in Hispania and Gaul, and consecrated on January 30,9 BC and it was reassembled in its current location in 1938. The altar reflects the Augustan vision of Roman civil religion, within the enclosing precinct walls, the altar itself was carved with images illustrating the lex aria, the law governing the ritual performed at the altar. What remains of the altar is otherwise fragmentary, but it appears to have been largely functional with less emphasis on art, the interior of the precinct walls are carved with bucrania, ox skulls, from which carved garlands hang. The garlands bear fruits from various types of plants, all displayed on a garland as allegorical representations of plenty. The bucrania in turn evoke the idea of sacrificial piety, appropriate motifs for the interior of the altar precinct. The upper register of the northern and southern walls depict scenes of the emperor, his family, various togate figures are shown with their heads covered, signifying their role as both priests and sacrificiants. Other figures wear laurel crowns, traditional Roman symbols of victory, members of individual priestly colleges are depicted in traditional garb appropriate to their office, while lictors can be identified by their iconographic fasces. The western and eastern walls are pierced by entryways to the altar, although the interior would only have been accessed by a stairway on the western side. The entryways were flanked by panels depicting allegorical or mythological scenes evocative of peace, piety, the identity of these various figures has been a point of some controversy over the years, relying heavily on interpretation of fragmentary remains, discussed below. The sculpture of the Ara Pacis is primarily symbolic rather than decorative, peter Holliday suggested that the Altars imagery of the Golden Age, usually discussed as mere poetic allusion, appealed to a significant component of the Roman populace. The East and West walls each contain two panels, one well preserved and one represented only in fragments and this scene has been reconstructed, based on coins that depict such a seated Roma. When the monument was being reconstructed at its present site, Edmund Buchner and other scholars sketched what the panel may have looked like and this interpretation, although widely accepted, can not be proved correct, as so little of the original panel survives. The other panel is more controversial in its subject, but far better preserved, a goddess sits amid a scene of fertility and prosperity with twins on her lap. Scholars have variously suggested that the goddess is Italia, Tellus, Venus, due to the widespread depiction around the sculpture of scenes of peace, and because the Altar is named for peace, the favoured conclusion is that the goddess is Pax. The West Wall also contains two panels, the fragmentary Lupercal Panel apparently preserves the moment when Romulus and Remus were discovered by Faustulus the shepherd, while Mars looks on. Again this panel is a drawing without much evidence. Marble fragments of the tree and the head and shoulder of Mars and part of a second individual survive, but the addition of the she-wolf, Romulus, the better preserved scene depicts the sacrifice of a pig by an old priest and two attendants
Ara Pacis
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Ara Pacis Augustae, the "Altar of Augustan Peace", as reassembled.
Ara Pacis
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Ara Pacis: detail of the processional frieze showing members of the Senate (north face).
Ara Pacis
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Ara Pacis: processional frieze showing members of the Imperial household (south face).
Ara Pacis
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Section of the south frieze.
33.
Doria Pamphilj Gallery
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The Doria Pamphilj Gallery is a large art collection housed in the Palazzo Doria Pamphilj in Rome, Italy. It is situated between the Via del Corso and Via della Gatta, the principal entrance is on the Via del Corso. The palace facade on the Via del Corso is adjacent to the church of Santa Maria in Via Lata, like the palace, it is still privately owned by the princely Roman family Doria Pamphilj. The collection includes paintings and furnishings from Innocent Xs Palazzo Pamphilj, the Palazzo has grown over the centuries, it is likely the largest in Rome still in private ownership. The main collection is displayed in state rooms, including the chapel, however, the bulk is displayed in a series of four gilded and painted galleries surrounding a courtyard. An extensive suite of rooms have now been converted to permanent well-lit galleries, containing the more medieval. Work was carried out under the supervision of Francesco Nicoletti, an architect from Trapani, velazquezs portrait of Innocent X, who rose to papacy as cardinal Giovan Battista Pamphilj in 1644, is considered the collections masterpiece. The portrait painted to commemorate the Holy Year was commissioned by his hedonistic sister-in-law Olimpia Maidalchini who was his confidante and adviser. Since 1927, Velázquezs portrait was placed in a specially designated small room along with a sculptured bust of the pope by Bernini. Olimpia Maidalchinis son Camillo Pamphilj, defying his mother, renounced the Cardinalship conferred on him by his uncle the Pope. Born an Aldobrandini it was she who brought the palazzo, then known as the Palazzo Aldobrandini, the architect in charge of this lengthy project was Antonio Del Grande. The façade facing the Via del Corso, however, is by Gabriele Valvassori, following Camillos death in 1666, building continued under the auspices of his two sons Giovanni Battista and Benedetto. In 1763 Principe Andrea IV combined his Genoese and Roman names to the present Doria-Pamphilj-Landi, in 1767 the ceilings of the state rooms were frescoed by late-baroque artists such as Crescenzio Onofri, Aureliano Milani, and Stefano Pozzi. The collection was first opened to the public by the three-quarters English Princess Orietta Pogson Doria Pamphilj and her own father, Prince Filippo Andrea VI, was half English. The ivory crucifix was carved by Ercole Ferrata, Saletta Gialla and Rossa contain Gobelins tapestries, including those on Zodiac signs by Claude Audran. Sala del Poussin, Landscapes by Claude Lorraine, birth of Adonis and the Rape of Adonis by Poussin and Giacomo Eremiti. In the main painting galleries are, 1st Gallery, Mary Magdalene by Carracci, Christ in the house of the Pharisee by Cigoli, St. Roch and angel by Saraceni, and Herminia and Tancred by Guercino. 2nd Gallery, Velazquez and Bernini portraits, antique Roman statues, Saletta del Seicento, Caravaggios Penitent Magdalene and The Rest on the Flight into Egypt Saletta del Cinquecento, Double portrait by Raphael, Salome with the head of St John the Baptist by Titian
Doria Pamphilj Gallery
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The Palazzo Doria Pamphilj, facade facing the via del Corso, on right is Santa Maria in Via Lata
Doria Pamphilj Gallery
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The courtyard. The first floor shutterd windows are those of a four sided gallery, housing the collection's principal paintings.
Doria Pamphilj Gallery
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This wing, facing the via del Plebiscito, now forms shops and apartments.
Doria Pamphilj Gallery
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Titian Judith. 90 x 72 cm.
34.
Keats-Shelley Memorial House
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The Keats-Shelley Memorial House is a writers house museum in Rome, Italy, commemorating the Romantic poets John Keats and Percy Bysshe Shelley. It is located on the floor of the building situated just to the south of the base of the Spanish Steps. In November 1820, the English poet John Keats, who was dying of tuberculosis, came to Rome at the urging of friends and doctors who hoped that the warmer climate might improve his health. He was accompanied by an acquaintance, the artist Joseph Severn, the walls were initially scraped and all things remaining in the room immediately burned following the poet’s death. The effort to purchase and restore the two-room apartment in which Keats spent his final days began in 1903 at the instigation of the American poet Robert Underwood Johnson. Assisted by interested parties representing America, England, and Italy, the rooms then became known as the Keats-Shelley House. External markings relating to the museum were removed from the building, although the librarys 10,000 volumes were not removed, two boxes of artifacts were sent to the Abbey of Monte Cassino in December 1942 for safekeeping. The items were reclaimed by the curator and returned to the Keats-Shelley House. The building at Piazza di Spagna 26 was remodelled as part of the project to build the Spanish Steps in 1724–25, the project was designed by Francesco de Sanctis, who wanted to frame the steps with an identical building on either side. Keats House, London, England Shelley Memorial, Oxford, England Official website Keats Shelley Memorial Association website
Keats-Shelley Memorial House
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The Keats-Shelley House in Rome
35.
Museo delle anime del Purgatorio
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The Museo delle Anime del Purgatorio is a museum of Rome, in 12 Lungotevere Prati, within the vestry of the Chiesa del Sacro Cuore del Suffragio. In 1897 a fire burned a chapel of the Chiesa del Sacro Cuore del Suffragio, the priest Victor Jouët saw on the wall behind the altar the image of a human face bearing a sad and melancholy expression, impressed by the flames. He believed that the soul of a man, condemned to Purgatory, had tried to get in contact with alive people. This specific occurrence brought to the foundation of the museum, Victor Jouët decided to find other documents and statements about similar facts. The collection of the museum is gathered into a room of the vestry in the Chiesa del Sacro Cuore del Suffragio
Museo delle anime del Purgatorio
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Museum of the Souls of Purgatory
36.
Palazzo Colonna
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The Palazzo Colonna is a palatial block of buildings in central Rome, Italy, at the base of the Quirinal Hill, and adjacent to the church of Santi Apostoli. It is built in part over ruins of an old Roman Serapeum, the first part of the palace dates from the 13th century, and tradition holds that the building hosted Dante in his visit to Rome. The first documentary mention notes that the property hosted Cardinal Giovanni and it was also home to Cardinal Oddone Colonna before he ascended to the papacy as Martin V. With his passing, the palace was sacked during feuds, and it returned to the Colonna family when Marcantonio I Colonna married Lucrezia Gara Franciotti Della Rovere, the niece of pope Julius II. The Colonnas alliance to the Habsburg power, likely protected the palace from looting during the Sack of Rome, starting with Filippo Colonna many changes have refurbished and create a unitary complex around a central garden. Architects including Girolamo Rainaldi and Paolo Marucelli labored on specific projects, only in the 17th and 18th centuries were the main facades completed, one facing Piazza SS. Apostoli and the other Via della Pilotta, much of this design was completed by Antonio del Grande, and Girolamo Fontana. Ceiling frescoes by Filippo Gherardi, Giovanni Coli, Sebastiano Ricci, an Apotheosis of Martin V was painted by Benedetto Luti. There are frescoed apartments completed after 1664 by Crescenzio Onofri, Gaspard Dughet, other rooms were frescoed in the 18th century by Pompeo Batoni and Pietro Bianchi. The gallery is open to the public on Saturday mornings, featuring guided tours in English at 11.45 a. m. It contains a collection of landscapes and genre scenes by painters like Gaspard Dughet, Caspar Van Wittel, along with the possessions of the Doria-Pamphilij and Pallavacini-Rospigliosi families, this is one of the largest private art collections in Rome. Rome Art Lover site Galleria Colonna website
Palazzo Colonna
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Palazzo Colonna
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Porta San Paolo Railway Museum
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The Rome Porta San Paolo Railway Park Museum is a museum in Rome, concerned with railway and tram transportation. It is housed next to the Roma Porta San Paolo railway station, the museum is open from 9 a. m. to 4 p. m. from Monday to Thursday and from 9 a. m. to 1 p. m. on Friday. The rolling stock examples kept in the include, Locomotive Breda AEG, year 1915. Locomotive Carminati-Toselli TIBB, year 1922, s. n.05 STEFER from the Rome–Lido railway, electric locomotive ECD Officine Meccaniche della Stanga TIBB, year 1931, s. n.21 from the Rome–Civitacastellana–Viterbo railway. Tram STFER series 400, s. n.404 Officine Meccaniche della Stanga TIBB, year 1941,70, from the extra-urban service on the Castelli Romani lines. STEFER, flat service wagon obtained by modifying a former extra-urban two-axle trailer, power trolley STEFER used for inspections on the Rome–Fiuggi railway. The museum centre of ATAC SpA website, with a description of the exhibits
Porta San Paolo Railway Museum
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Rome Porta San Paolo Railway Park Museum
Porta San Paolo Railway Museum
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Electric locomotive "STEFER" 05
Porta San Paolo Railway Museum
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Tram STFER series 400
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Vatican Museums
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The Vatican Museums are the museums of the Vatican City and are located within the citys boundaries. The museums contain roughly 70,000 works, of which 20,000 are on display, and currently employ 640 people who work in 40 different administrative, scholarly, Pope Julius II founded the museums in the early 16th century. The Sistine Chapel, with its ceiling decorated by Michelangelo and the Stanze di Raffaello decorated by Raphael, are on the route through the Vatican Museums. In 2013, they were visited by 6 million people, which combined makes it the 6th most visited art museum in the world, there are 54 galleries, or sale, in total, with the Sistine Chapel, notably, being the very last sala within the Museum. It is one of the largest museums in the world, in 2017, the Museums official website and social media presence was completely redone, in accord with current standards and appearances for modern websites. Pope Julius II sent Giuliano da Sangallo and Michelangelo Buonarroti, who were working at the Vatican, on their recommendation, the pope immediately purchased the sculpture from the vineyard owner. The pope put the sculpture of Laocoön and his sons on public display at the Vatican exactly one month after its discovery, the Museum Christianum was founded by Benedict XIV, and some of the Vatican collections formed the Lateran Museum, which Pius IX founded by decree in 1854. The Museums celebrated their 500th anniversary in October 2006 by permanently opening the excavations of a Vatican Hill necropolis to the public, on 1 January 2017 Barbara Jatta became the Director of the Vatican Museums, replacing Antonio Paolucci who had been director since 2007. The art gallery was housed in the Borgia Apartment until Pope Pius XI ordered construction of a proper building, the new building, designed by Luca Beltrami, was inaugurated on 27 October 1932. The museum has paintings including, Giottos Stefaneschi Triptych Olivuccio di Ciccarello, Opere di Misericordia Raphaels Madonna of Foligno, Oddi Altarpiece, the group of museums includes several sculpture museums surrounding the Cortile del Belvedere. The museum takes its name from two popes, Clement XIV and Pius VI, the pope who brought the museum to completion, Clement XIV came up with the idea of creating a new museum in Innocent VIIIs Belvedere palace and started the refurbishment work. Pope Clement XIV founded the Pio-Clementino museum in 1771, and originally it contained the Renaissance, the museum and collection were enlarged by Clements successor Pius VI. Today, the museum works of Greek and Roman sculpture. Some notable galleries are, Greek Cross Gallery, with the porphyri sarcophagi of Constance and Saint Helen, daughter and mother of Constantine the Great. Sala Rotonda, shaped like a miniature Pantheon, the room has impressive ancient mosaics on the floors, Gallery of the Statues, as its name implies, holds various important statues, including Sleeping Ariadne and the bust of Menander. It also contains the Barberini Candelabra, Gallery of the Busts, Many ancient busts are displayed. Cabinet of the Masks, The name comes from the mosaic on the floor of the gallery, found in Villa Adriana, along the walls, several famous statues are shown including the Three Graces. One wove the thread of life, second nurtured it, third cut it. The center piece is Belvedere Torso, revered by Michelangelo and other Renaissance men, sala degli Animali, So named because of the many ancient statues of animals
Vatican Museums
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Sculptures above the entrance of museums
Vatican Museums
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Spiral stairs of the Vatican Museums, designed by Giuseppe Momo in 1932.
Vatican Museums
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The New Wing, Braccio Nuovo built by Raphael Stern
Vatican Museums
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The
Prima Porta Augustus
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Vatican Historical Museum
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The Vatican Historical Museum is one of the sections of the Vatican Museums. It was founded in 1973 at the behest of Pope Paul VI, in 1987 it was moved to the main floor of the Apostolic Palace of the Lateran and opened in March 1991. Also on display on the floor are the papamobili, carriages and motorcars of Popes and Cardinals. The Lateran Palace, which is next to the Basilica of Saint John Lateran to its left within the courtyard of the church with an entry gate, is a large apartment complex of the Pope. Domenico Fontana was the architect of this palace which was built to his design in 1586, right at the entrance the staircase is a massive and impressive structure with the ceiling decorated with frescoes. It had been refurbished by Pope Paul IV into ten halls, the hall known as the Conciliation, and was provided with allegories related to the papacy of Sixtus V. The other halls were named Constantine, Hall of Apostles, Emperors Room, Popes Room, the fresco decorations were on themes of the History of Rome, episodes of the Bible related to Daniel, David, Solomon, Samuel and others, and also related to the Gospel. Several colourful tapestries and Goblins added to the elegance of the halls. Before the History Museum decided to relocate here to a more luxurious locale, since 1991, these rooms have been exclusively used as exhibition or display rooms for the exhibits moved from the Vatican Museums. The museum has been arranged into two wings, the second wing is an annex wing on the ground floor where the papamobili are on display, these consist of decorated carriages, saddles, sedans, wagons and the first cars used by the Popes. Index of Vatican City-related articles Media related to Vatican Historical Museum at Wikimedia Commons
Vatican Historical Museum
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Vatican Historical Museum
Vatican Historical Museum
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The San Giovanni in Laterano square with the Lateran Palace (left) and the Basilica di San Giovanni in Laterano (right).
40.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
