1.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
2.
Glamour (magazine)
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Glamour is a womens magazine published by Condé Nast Publications. Founded in 1939 and first published in April 1939 in the United States, in most cases it is a monthly publication. In August 1943, the changed its name, to Glamour with the subtitle of for the girl with the job. The magazine is published in a larger format than many of its counterparts and its current editor-in-chief is Cynthia Leive. It targets women 18–49 and reaches an audience of 1,411,061 readers in the United States. Its circulation on newsstands is 986,447, making the average paid circulation,2,397,508. Glamour was the first womens magazine to feature an African-American covergirl when it included Katiti Kironde on the cover of its issue in August 1968. Since 1980 the magazine has held an annual Women of the Year awards ceremony, in April 2009, Glamour launched its first Google widget. IGoogle, which allows users to create a version of the Google home page with select regions of content, or “gadgets. The Glamour. com gadget potentially opens the site to an audience of iGoogle users, each autumn, the magazine organizes the “Glamour Woman of the Year Awards” which recognize women in the public eye. In 2007, Lorena Ochoa won a Woman of the Year award, in 2008 the award was granted to two Yemenis, 10-year-old divorcee Nujood Ali, and the lawyer who took on her case. Nujoods courage was praised by prominent attendees, including Hillary Clinton, the 2010 Glamour Woman of the Year was Cher and the 2016 Glamour Woman of the Year was Zendaya. Hundreds of college juniors apply each year, Glamour launched in the UK in April 2001, where it pioneered the “handbag size” format, with the tagline fits in your life as well as your handbag. Each September the magazine holds “National Glamour Week”, consequently, the magazine features extra coupons and competitions. Since its launch the magazine has been edited by Jo Elvin, in June 2009, to celebrate Glamours 8th birthday in the UK, Glamour. com have made a gallery of every cover since launch. The German edition is published fortnightly and was edited by Andrea Ketterer in March 2005, the Italian edition of Glamour was launched in December 1976, under the title Lei. It was not until 1992, when the magazine was officially renamed Glamour, the Russian edition was established in 2004 and it is published monthly in the country. The South African edition launched in April 2004, is published monthly and is, since its inception, in Germany and Greece Lucky, a fashion and shopping magazine is published seasonally, in tandem with Glamour
3.
Martha Stewart
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Martha Helen Stewart is an American businesswoman, writer, and television personality. As founder of Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia, she has gained success through a variety of ventures, encompassing publishing, broadcasting, merchandising. In 2004, Stewart was convicted of related to the ImClone stock trading case. There was speculation that the incident would end her media empire, although Stewart began a comeback campaign in 2005. Stewart rejoined the board of directors of Martha Stewart Living Omnimedia in 2011, the company was acquired by Sequential Brands in 2015. Martha Stewart was born in Jersey City, New Jersey, on August 3,1941 and she is the second of six children born to middle-class parents, Edward Eddie Kostyra and Martha Ruszkowski Kostyra, and is of entirely Polish heritage. When Stewart was three years old, the moved to Nutley. She adopted the name Grace for her confirmation name, when Stewart was 10, she worked as the occasional babysitter for the children of Mickey Mantle, Yogi Berra, and Gil McDougald, all players for the New York Yankees. Mickey and Merlyn Mantle had four sons, for whom Stewart watched and organized birthday parties, at 15, Stewart was featured in a television commercial for Unilever. She went on to appear in commercials and in magazines. During her college years, she supplemented her scholarship money through modeling jobs at $50/hour — which was a lot of money at that time, Stewarts mother taught her how to cook and sew. Later, she learned the processes of canning and preserving when she visited her grandparents home in Buffalo and her father had a passion for gardening and passed on much of his knowledge and expertise to his daughter. Stewart was also active in extracurricular activities, such as the school newspaper. Stewart graduated from Nutley High School and she attended Barnard College, originally planning to major in chemistry, but switching to art, European History, and later architectural history. To help pay her tuition, she did fashion modeling for Chanel. During this time, she met Andrew Stewart, who finished his law degree at Yale Law School and she returned to Barnard a year after their marriage to graduate with a double major in History and Architectural History. In 1967, Martha Stewart began a career as a stockbroker, her father-in-laws profession. Meanwhile, Andrew Stewart founded a house and served as chief executive of several others
4.
Diane Sawyer
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Lila Diane Sawyer is an American television journalist. Previously, Sawyer has been the anchor of ABC Newss nightly flagship program ABC World News, Early in her career, she was a member of U. S. President Richard Nixons White House staff and closely associated with the president himself. Sawyer was born in Glasgow, Kentucky, to Jean W. an elementary teacher, and Erbon Powers Tom Sawyer. Her ancestry includes English, Irish, Scots-Irish, and German, soon after her birth, her family moved to Louisville, where her father rose to local prominence as a Republican politician and community leader. He was Kentuckys Jefferson County Judge/Executive when he was killed in a car accident on Louisvilles Interstate 64 in 1969, E. P. Tom Sawyer State Park, in the Freys Hill area of Louisville, is named in his honor. Sawyer attended Seneca High School in the Buechel area of Louisville and she served as an editor-in-chief for her school newspaper, The Arrow, and participated in many artistic activities. She always felt, however, that she was in the shadow of her older sister, in her senior year of high school, in 1963, she won first place in the annual national Americas Junior Miss scholarship pageant as a representative from the Commonwealth of Kentucky. She won by her strength of poise in the interview and her essay comparing the music of the North. From 1962 to 1965, Sawyer was Americas Junior Miss, touring the country to promote the Coca-Cola Pavilion at the 1964–1965 New York Worlds Fair. At first, she thought that travelling around the country as Americas Junior Miss would be a terrifying experience, in 1967, she received a Bachelor of Arts degree with a major in English from Wellesley College in Wellesley, Massachusetts. She was a member of the Wellesley College Blue Notes, an a cappella-singing group and she attended one semester of law school at the University of Louisville before turning to journalism. Immediately after her graduation, Sawyer returned to Kentucky and was employed as weather forecaster for WLKY-TV in Louisville, in Sawyers opinion, the weather was boring, so she would occasionally add quotes to keep it interesting. Finally, Sawyer was promoted to a general-assignment post, but this did not sustain her interest for long, in 1970, Sawyer moved to Washington, D. C. and, unable to find work as a broadcast journalist, she interviewed for positions in government offices. She eventually became an assistant to Jerry Warren, the White House deputy press secretary, initially, Sawyer wrote press releases and quickly graduated to other tasks like drafting some of President Richard Nixons public statements. Within a few months, she became an assistant to White House Press Secretary Ron Ziegler. Speakes later claimed that he had come to the conclusion that Dean had not lied, and that he informed Sawyer and she also helped prepare Nixon for his famous set of television interviews with journalist David Frost in 1977. Years later, Sawyer would be suspected of being Deep Throat, Sawyer laughed it off and became one of six people to request and receive a public denial from Woodward. When Sawyer came back to Washington, D. C. in 1978 and she was promoted to political correspondent in February 1980 and featured on the weekday broadcasts of Morning with Charles Kuralt
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Sheryl Lee Ralph
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Sheryl Lee Ralph is an American actress, singer, and activist. Ralph has appeared in a number of movies during her career, in 1991, she received Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female for her role in the drama film To Sleep with Anger. Her other film credits include The Mighty Quinn, The Distinguished Gentleman, Sister Act 2, Back in the Habit, and Deterrence. On television, Ralph starred from 1986 to 1989 in the syndicated sitcom Its a Living, and later had the roles in the short-lived ABC sitcom New Attitude. From 1996 to 2001, she starred as Dee Mitchell in the UPN sitcom Moesha, sheryl Lee Ralph released her first book Redefining Diva, Life Lessons from the Original Dreamgirl by Simon & Schuster. In 2016 she played Madame Morrible in Wicked on Broadway, Ralph was born in Waterbury, Connecticut, the daughter of Ivy, a fashion designer, and Stanley Ralph, a college professor. Her father was African-American and her mother Afro-Jamaican, according to a DNA analysis, she descends partly from the Tikar people of Cameroon. She was raised between Mandeville, Jamaica, and Long Island, Ralph attended Uniondale High School in Uniondale, New York. She starred in a production of the musical Oklahoma. Earlier that year, she was crowned Miss Black Teen-age New York, also that year she was named one of the top ten college women in America by Glamour magazine. Many years later, she served as the commencement speaker at Rutgers for the Class of 2003, Ralph began her career on the stage, and was nominated in 1982 for a Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for her role as Deena Jones in Dreamgirls. In 1984, Ralph released her only album In the Evening, in 1988 she starred in the Disney movie Oliver & Company, providing the voice of Rita. Her first leading role in a film came as Denzel Washingtons wife in The Mighty Quinn, in 1992 she starred with Robert De Niro in the title role in Mistress. That same year, she co-starred with Eddie Murphy in The Distinguished Gentleman, during the 1990s she also had roles in The Flintstones, Deterrence, and Unconditional Love. On television, she was in the cast of the CBS daytime soap opera Search for Tomorrow while starring on Broadway in Dreamgirls and she is known for playing Ginger St. James on Its a Living, Etienne Toussaint-Bouvier on Designing Women, and Dee Mitchell on Moesha. She provided the voice of Cheetah in Justice League and Justice League Unlimited and she also played Florence Watson, the mother of Rita Louise Watson in the 1993 film Sister Act 2, Back in the Habit. Ralph produced Divas Simply Singing, which has become an important AIDS fundraiser and she also appeared on the Showtime series Barbershop as Claire. Sheryl brought a new face to the sufferings of war in the NBC hit series ER, ralphs 2002 project Baby of the Family concerns a young child who is born with a caul over her head, which enables her to see ghosts and the future
6.
Kate White
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Kate White is an American writer, magazine editor, and speaker. From 1998 to 2012, she served as the editor-in-chief of Cosmopolitan and she is the author of ten novels, six books in the Bailey Weggins mystery series, and four stand-alone novels of suspense, including the upcoming The Wrong Man. Kate has also written four books with business advice for women. Her books have appeared on the New York Times Best Seller list and she is also the editor of The Mystery Writers of America Cookbook. White was born in Glens Falls, New York and attended Union College in Schenectady and she graduated in 1972 with a BA in English. During her time at Glamour, White worked her way up to become a feature writer and she went on to hold positions at other national magazines, including Mademoiselle, before becoming editor-in-chief of Child. White later served as editor-in-chief for Working Woman, McCalls, and Redbook, in 1998, White was appointed editor-in-chief of Cosmopolitan magazine. During her 14-year tenure, White increased Cosmopolitans monthly circulation by more than 700,000 readers, in September 2012, White announced her intention to leave her position at Cosmopolitan before the end of the year in order to focus on her work as a writer and speaker. White has published six novels with the lead protagonist Bailey Weggins, the first book in the series, If Looks Could Kill, was chosen by Kelly Ripa for her book club, and reached number 10 on the New York Times Best Seller list. Entertainment Weekly reviewed the book positively and described it as “inningly salacious. ”In addition to the Bailey Weggins mysteries, White has also written four stand-alone suspense novels, Hush, which appeared on the New York Times Best Seller list. Eyes on You, and the upcoming The Wrong Man White has also written four books with career advice for women in business. White is married to former news anchorman Brad Holbrook, with whom she has two children, a son, Hunter and a daughter, Hayley
7.
Jean Hanff Korelitz
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Jean Hanff Korelitz is an American novelist, playwright, theater producer and essayist. Korelitz was born and raised in New York City, after graduating from Dartmouth College with a major in English, she continued her studies at Clare College, Cambridge, where she was awarded the Chancellors Gold Medal. While living in England, Korelitz met Irish poet Paul Muldoon, the couple married on August 30,1987, and went on to have two children, Dorothy and Asher. From 1990 until 2013 on, they lived in Princeton, New Jersey and they now reside in Korelitzs native New York City. In 2013 Korelitz created BOOKTHEWRITER, a New York City based service that represents authors who are available to book groups in. BOOKTHEWRITERs author list includes novelists, memoirists, biographers, non-fiction writers, poets, humorists, the adaptation of the story, The Dead,1904, was by Korelitz and Paul Muldoon. Dot Dot Productions plans a number of productions, ranging from off-Broadway immersive theater to Broadway musicals. Korelitz’s third novel, The White Rose, transposed the plot, the Boston Globe’s reviewer, Barbara Fisher, wrote, “Within the comic plot of this lighthearted novel lies a weightier theme. Having played around with disguises, cross-dressing, and self- delusion, the characters happily gain the prize of self-knowledge. Entertainment Weekly gave the novel an A- rating and called it “that rare thing in a novel, both juicy and literary, a genuinely smart read with a human, beating heart. ”In its review, Huffington Post reviewer Malcolm Ritter singled out the “atmosphere and details” of the admissions office setting. “That’s fascinating for us who’ve gotten good or bad news from colleges for which we yearned, or shepherded ambitious children through the gauntlet of the application process. ”The Wall Street Journal criticized the novel for its wooden monologues and improbable love story. Admission was adapted by screenwriter Karen Croner for the 2013 film of the same name, grand Central Publishing published Korelitzs fifth novel, You Should Have Known in March 2014. The book tells the story of a New York therapist who discovers that her husband has a secret and unfathomable life. The book was published in eighteen languages, grand Central Publishing will publish Korelitzs sixth novel, The Devil and Webster, in March 2017. The book revisits the protagonist of The Sabbathday River two decades on, though it is not strictly speaking a sequel and requires no knowledge of the earlier book. Formerly a VISTA volunteer in Goddard, NH, Naomi Roth is now a feminist scholar, Webster College, which shares some characteristics with Wesleyan University and others with Dartmouth College, is a liberal arts college known for left-leaning and activist undergraduates. In a plot that mirrors the student unrest of recent years, Roth, whose daughter Hannah is a Webster sophomore, discovers that her own activist past has not prepared her to handle the protest, which quickly spirals out of control. BOOKTHEWRITER represents over 100 NYC-based novelists, essayists, biographers, humor writers, food writers and memoirists who are available to book groups in
8.
Glamour Awards
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There is also an award handed out each year called the Man of the Year award. The awards started in 2003 and are hosted every May and June in the U. K, was there no woman in America, or the rest of the world, more deserving than this man. I can only guess that this was a publicity stunt meant to resuscitate a dying medium, after discussing this slap in the face to the memory of our Hero with my family, I have decided to return Moira’s award to Glamour magazine
9.
Lorena Ochoa
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Lorena Ochoa Reyes is a Mexican professional golfer who played on the U. S. As the first Mexican golfer of either gender to be ranked one in the world, she is considered the best Mexican golfer. Ochoa was elected to the World Golf Hall of Fame and will be inducted in September 2017, born and raised in Guadalajara, Ochoa was the third of four children of a real estate developer and an artist. She took up golf at the age of five, won her first state event at the age of six and she asked him if he would help her with her game. Alarcon asked her what her goal was, She said she wanted to be the best player in the world, as a junior, she captured 22 state events in Guadalajara and 44 national events in Mexico. While a student in Tucson, Ochoa received regular tutoring and greatly improved her English by watching movies and she won the 2001 Pac-10 Womens Golf Championships, was named Pac-10 Freshman/Newcomer of the Year 2001 and was All-Pac-10 First team in 2001 and 2002. In her sophomore year she had eight tournament wins in ten events she entered and she won the Golfstat Cup in both 2001 and 2002. The Cup is given to the player who has the best scoring average versus par with at least 20 full rounds played during a season. Setting the single-season NCAA scoring average record as a freshman at 71.33, in November 2001, Ochoa was presented with Mexicos National Sports Award by Mexican President Vicente Fox. She was the youngest person and first golfer to receive Mexicos highest sporting accolade and she was the recipient of the 2003 Nancy Lopez Award, which is presented annually to the worlds most outstanding female amateur golfer. Nancy Lopez describes Ochoa off the course as, When you meet her for the second time and she remembers not only your name. She was also Duramed FUTURES Tour Player of the Year, in 2004 she won her first two LPGA Tour titles, the Franklin American Mortgage Championship and the Wachovia LPGA Classic. That same year she placed in the top ten in three of the four major championships, in 2005, Ochoa won the Wegmans Rochester LPGA. In 2006, her first round score of 62 in the Kraft Nabisco Championship tied the record for lowest score ever by a golfer, male or female and her playoff loss to Karrie Webb marked her best finish until 2007 in an LPGA major. She also won the LPGA Vare Trophy for lowest scoring average on the LPGA Tour and her achievements were recognized outside the sport of golf when Ochoa won the 2006 Associated Press Female Athlete of the Year award and received the National Sports Prize for the second time. In April 2007, Ochoa overtook Annika Sörenstam to become the number one ranked golfer. In August 2007, Ochoa won her first major championship at the home of golf. She won the next two LPGA events, the CN Canadian Womens Open and the Safeway Classic, the first to win three consecutive events since Sörenstam in 2005
10.
Cher
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Cher is an American singer and actress. Commonly referred to as the Goddess of Pop, she is described as embodying female autonomy in a male-dominated industry. Cher gained popularity in 1965 as one-half of the folk rock husband-wife duo Sonny & Cher after their song I Got You Babe reached number one on the American and she began her solo career simultaneously, releasing in 1966 her first million-seller song, Bang Bang. She became a personality in the 1970s with her shows The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour, watched by over 30 million viewers weekly during its three-year run. She emerged as a trendsetter by wearing elaborate outfits on her television shows. While working on television, she established herself as a solo artist with the U. S. Billboard Hot 100 chart-topping singles Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves, Half-Breed, and Dark Lady. After her divorce from Sonny Bono in 1975, Cher launched a comeback in 1979 with the disco-oriented album Take Me Home and earned $300,000 a week for her 1980–82 residency show in Las Vegas. In 1982, Cher made her Broadway debut in the play Come Back to the Five and Dime, Jimmy Dean, Jimmy Dean and starred in the film adaptation of the same title. She subsequently earned critical acclaim for her performances in such as Silkwood, Mask. She then revived her career by recording the rock-inflected albums Cher, Heart of Stone. She reached a new peak in 1998 with the album Believe. It also features the use of Auto-Tune, also known as the Cher effect. Her 2002–2005 Living Proof, The Farewell Tour became one of the concert tours of all time. In 2008, she signed a $180 million deal to headline the Colosseum at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas for three years, after seven years of absence, she returned to film in the 2010 musical Burlesque. Chers first studio album in 12 years, Closer to the Truth, Cher has won a Grammy Award, an Emmy Award, an Academy Award, three Golden Globe Awards, a Cannes Film Festival Award, and a special CFDA Fashion Award, among several other honors. Throughout her career, she has sold 100 million records worldwide and she is the only artist to date to have a number-one single on a Billboard chart in each decade from the 1960s to the 2010s. Outside of her music and acting, she is noted for her views, philanthropic endeavors and social activism, including LGBT rights. Cher was born Cherilyn Sarkisian in El Centro, California, on May 20,1946, Chers father was rarely home when she was an infant, and her parents divorced when Cher was ten months old
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Zendaya
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Zendaya Maree Stoermer Coleman, known mononymously as Zendaya, is an American actress, singer, and dancer. From 2010 to 2013, she starred in the Disney Channel sitcom Shake It Up as Rocky Blue and she has starred in two films and played one of the lead roles in the film Frenemies as Halley Brandon. She voiced Fern in the Pixie Hollow Games and she appeared in Good Luck Charlie as Rocky Blue and in a Good Luck Charlie and Shake It Up crossover title Charlie Shakes It Up. She appeared on PrankStars as herself in the episode Walk The Prank, farm as Sequoia Jones in the episode Creative ConsultANT. Zendaya signed a deal with Hollywood Records on August 8,2012 and she released a single from an independent label called Swag It Out and another single with Bella Thorne called Watch Me, which is featured on the Break It Down album. On March 20,2012, Zendaya released the song Something to Dance For as promotional single from Shake It Up, Zendaya was born in Oakland, California, the daughter of Claire Marie and Kazembe Ajamu. Her father is African-American, with Arkansan roots, her mother is white, with German, Zendaya began her professional career working as a fashion model for Macys, Mervyns and Old Navy. She was featured in an iCarly toys ad and she also appeared as a back-up dancer in a Sears commercial. In 2009, she was a performer in the Kidz Bop music video for its cover of the song Hot n Cold. She auditioned in November 2009 for the role of CeCe Jones to join the cast of Dance Dance Chicago, for her audition, she performed Michael Jacksons Leave Me Alone. In 2011 Zendaya release Swag It Out, an independent single. The song was composed by Bobby Brackins and produced by Glenn A. Foster and she also starred in the book trailer for From Bad To Cursed by Katie Alender. In the same year, she released Watch Me, featuring Bella Thorne, the song peaked at 86 on the Billboard Hot 100. The second season of Shake It Up was announced on March 16,2011, on June 5,2011, Shake It Up had a crossover episode with Good Luck Charlie. Zendaya hosted Make Your Mark, Ultimate Dance Off 2011 and her first movie role was in the 2012 film, Frenemies, a Disney Channel Original Movie. On February 29,2012, Something to Dance For was released as single for Live 2 Dance. For the soundtrack, Zendaya also recorded three songs, Made In Japan, Same Heart, and Fashion In Krytonite, released as promotional single. On September 2,2012, she signed to Hollywood Records, in October, Zendaya performed at the Teen Music Festival and at the Operation Smile benefit
12.
Coupon
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In marketing, a coupon is a ticket or document that can be redeemed for a financial discount or rebate when purchasing a product. Customarily, coupons are issued by manufacturers of packaged goods or by retailers. They are often distributed through mail, coupon envelopes, magazines, newspapers, the Internet, directly from the retailer. In addition, coupons can also be targeted selectively to regional markets in which competition is great. In government, a coupon is a certificate used to administer a benefit or permission. The word is of French origin, pronounced, in Britain, the United States, and Canada it is pronounced /ˈkuːpɒn/ KOO-pon. A common alternate American pronunciation is /ˈkjuːpɑːn/ CUE-pahn, in 1886, The Coca-Cola Company was incorporated in Atlanta, Georgia, with Asa Candler as one of the partners. He transformed Coca-Cola from an insignificant tonic into a business by using advertising techniques. Candlers marketing included having the companys employees and sales representatives distribute complimentary coupons for Coca-Cola, coupons were mailed to potential customers and placed in magazines. The company gave soda fountains free syrup to cover the costs of the free drinks and it is estimated that between 1894 and 1913 one in nine Americans had received a free Coca-Cola, for a total of 8,500,000 free drinks. By 1895 Candler announced to shareholders that Coca-Cola was served in state in the United States. In Australia consumers first came in contact with couponing when a company called Shop A Docket promoted offers, a timeline for the history of coupons,1888 – Asa Candler used paper tickets for free glasses of Coke to help market his new soda 1909 – C. W.8 billion shopping with coupons 2009 – The U. S, coupons can be used to research the price sensitivity of different groups of buyers. In addition, it is assumed that buyers who take the effort to collect. Therefore, the price paid by price-insensitive buyers can be increased. Grocery coupons come in two types, store coupons and manufacturers coupons. Store coupons are coupon-based discounts offered for an item or group of items. The issuing store will accept its own store coupons, but some stores will also accept store coupons that are issued by competitors, coupons issued by the manufacturer of a product may be used at any coupon-accepting store that carries that product
13.
Italian language
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By most measures, Italian, together with Sardinian, is the closest to Latin of the Romance languages. Italian is a language in Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City. Italian is spoken by minorities in places such as France, Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Crimea and Tunisia and by large expatriate communities in the Americas. Many speakers are native bilinguals of both standardized Italian and other regional languages, Italian is the fourth most studied language in the world. Italian is a major European language, being one of the languages of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe. It is the third most widely spoken first language in the European Union with 65 million native speakers, including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries and on other continents, the total number of speakers is around 85 million. Italian is the working language of the Holy See, serving as the lingua franca in the Roman Catholic hierarchy as well as the official language of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Italian is known as the language of music because of its use in musical terminology and its influence is also widespread in the arts and in the luxury goods market. Italian has been reported as the fourth or fifth most frequently taught foreign language in the world, Italian was adopted by the state after the Unification of Italy, having previously been a literary language based on Tuscan as spoken mostly by the upper class of Florentine society. Its development was influenced by other Italian languages and to some minor extent. Its vowels are the second-closest to Latin after Sardinian, unlike most other Romance languages, Italian retains Latins contrast between short and long consonants. As in most Romance languages, stress is distinctive, however, Italian as a language used in Italy and some surrounding regions has a longer history. What would come to be thought of as Italian was first formalized in the early 14th century through the works of Tuscan writer Dante Alighieri, written in his native Florentine. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language, and thus the dialect of Florence became the basis for what would become the language of Italy. Italian was also one of the recognised languages in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Italy has always had a dialect for each city, because the cities. Those dialects now have considerable variety, as Tuscan-derived Italian came to be used throughout Italy, features of local speech were naturally adopted, producing various versions of Regional Italian. Even in the case of Northern Italian languages, however, scholars are not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages
14.
Russian language
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Russian is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages, written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century and beyond. It is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages and it is also the largest native language in Europe, with 144 million native speakers in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Russian is the eighth most spoken language in the world by number of native speakers, the language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Russian is also the second most widespread language on the Internet after English, Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language, another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family and it is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus. From the point of view of the language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. In the 19th century, the language was often called Great Russian to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called White Russian and Ukrainian, however, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language and it is also regarded by the United States Intelligence Community as a hard target language, due to both its difficulty to master for English speakers and its critical role in American world policy. The standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language, mikhail Lomonosov first compiled a normalizing grammar book in 1755, in 1783 the Russian Academys first explanatory Russian dictionary appeared. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features are observed in colloquial speech. Thus, the Russian language is the 6th largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi/Urdu, Spanish, Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Education in Russian is still a choice for both Russian as a second language and native speakers in Russia as well as many of the former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics, samuel P. Huntington wrote in the Clash of Civilizations, During the heyday of the Soviet Union, Russian was the lingua franca from Prague to Hanoi
15.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed
16.
Spain
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By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth
17.
Mexico
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Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a federal republic in the southern half of North America. It is bordered to the north by the United States, to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean, to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea, and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. Covering almost two million square kilometers, Mexico is the sixth largest country in the Americas by total area, Mexico is a federation comprising 31 states and a federal district that is also its capital and most populous city. Other metropolises include Guadalajara, Monterrey, Puebla, Toluca, Tijuana, pre-Columbian Mexico was home to many advanced Mesoamerican civilizations, such as the Olmec, Toltec, Teotihuacan, Zapotec, Maya and Aztec before first contact with Europeans. In 1521, the Spanish Empire conquered and colonized the territory from its base in Mexico-Tenochtitlan, Three centuries later, this territory became Mexico following recognition in 1821 after the colonys Mexican War of Independence. The tumultuous post-independence period was characterized by instability and many political changes. The Mexican–American War led to the cession of the extensive northern borderlands, one-third of its territory. The Pastry War, the Franco-Mexican War, a civil war, the dictatorship was overthrown in the Mexican Revolution of 1910, which culminated with the promulgation of the 1917 Constitution and the emergence of the countrys current political system. Mexico has the fifteenth largest nominal GDP and the eleventh largest by purchasing power parity, the Mexican economy is strongly linked to those of its North American Free Trade Agreement partners, especially the United States. Mexico was the first Latin American member of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and it is classified as an upper-middle income country by the World Bank and a newly industrialized country by several analysts. By 2050, Mexico could become the fifth or seventh largest economy. The country is considered both a power and middle power, and is often identified as an emerging global power. Due to its culture and history, Mexico ranks first in the Americas. Mexico is a country, ranking fourth in the world by biodiversity. In 2015 it was the 9th most visited country in the world, Mexico is a member of the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G8+5, the G20, the Uniting for Consensus and the Pacific Alliance. Mēxihco is the Nahuatl term for the heartland of the Aztec Empire, namely, the Valley of Mexico, and its people, the Mexica and this became the future State of Mexico as a division of New Spain prior to independence. It is generally considered to be a toponym for the valley became the primary ethnonym for the Aztec Triple Alliance as a result. After New Spain won independence from Spain, representatives decided to name the new country after its capital and this was founded in 1524 on top of the ancient Mexica capital of Mexico-Tenochtitlan
18.
Poland
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Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe, situated between the Baltic Sea in the north and two mountain ranges in the south. Bordered by Germany to the west, the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south, Ukraine and Belarus to the east, the total area of Poland is 312,679 square kilometres, making it the 69th largest country in the world and the 9th largest in Europe. With a population of over 38.5 million people, Poland is the 34th most populous country in the world, the 8th most populous country in Europe, Poland is a unitary state divided into 16 administrative subdivisions, and its capital and largest city is Warsaw. Other metropolises include Kraków, Wrocław, Poznań, Gdańsk and Szczecin, the establishment of a Polish state can be traced back to 966, when Mieszko I, ruler of a territory roughly coextensive with that of present-day Poland, converted to Christianity. The Kingdom of Poland was founded in 1025, and in 1569 it cemented a political association with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania by signing the Union of Lublin. This union formed the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the largest and most populous countries of 16th and 17th century Europe, Poland regained its independence in 1918 at the end of World War I, reconstituting much of its historical territory as the Second Polish Republic. In September 1939, World War II started with the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany, followed thereafter by invasion by the Soviet Union. More than six million Polish citizens died in the war, after the war, Polands borders were shifted westwards under the terms of the Potsdam Conference. With the backing of the Soviet Union, a communist puppet government was formed, and after a referendum in 1946. During the Revolutions of 1989 Polands Communist government was overthrown and Poland adopted a new constitution establishing itself as a democracy, informally called the Third Polish Republic. Since the early 1990s, when the transition to a primarily market-based economy began, Poland has achieved a high ranking on the Human Development Index. Poland is a country, which was categorised by the World Bank as having a high-income economy. Furthermore, it is visited by approximately 16 million tourists every year, Poland is the eighth largest economy in the European Union and was the 6th fastest growing economy on the continent between 2010 and 2015. According to the Global Peace Index for 2014, Poland is ranked 19th in the list of the safest countries in the world to live in. The origin of the name Poland derives from a West Slavic tribe of Polans that inhabited the Warta River basin of the historic Greater Poland region in the 8th century, the origin of the name Polanie itself derives from the western Slavic word pole. In some foreign languages such as Hungarian, Lithuanian, Persian and Turkish the exonym for Poland is Lechites, historians have postulated that throughout Late Antiquity, many distinct ethnic groups populated the regions of what is now Poland. The most famous archaeological find from the prehistory and protohistory of Poland is the Biskupin fortified settlement, dating from the Lusatian culture of the early Iron Age, the Slavic groups who would form Poland migrated to these areas in the second half of the 5th century AD. With the Baptism of Poland the Polish rulers accepted Christianity and the authority of the Roman Church
19.
Hungary
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Hungary is a unitary parliamentary republic in Central Europe. With about 10 million inhabitants, Hungary is a member state of the European Union. The official language is Hungarian, which is the most widely spoken language in Europe. Hungarys capital and largest metropolis is Budapest, a significant economic hub, major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs and Győr. His great-grandson Stephen I ascended to the throne in 1000, converting the country to a Christian kingdom, by the 12th century, Hungary became a middle power within the Western world, reaching a golden age by the 15th century. Hungarys current borders were established in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon after World War I, when the country lost 71% of its territory, 58% of its population, following the interwar period, Hungary joined the Axis Powers in World War II, suffering significant damage and casualties. Hungary became a state of the Soviet Union, which contributed to the establishment of a four-decade-long communist dictatorship. On 23 October 1989, Hungary became again a democratic parliamentary republic, in the 21st century, Hungary is a middle power and has the worlds 57th largest economy by nominal GDP, as well as the 58th largest by PPP, out of 188 countries measured by the IMF. As a substantial actor in several industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds 36th largest exporter and importer of goods, Hungary is a high-income economy with a very high standard of living. It keeps up a security and universal health care system. Hungary joined the European Union in 2004 and part of the Schengen Area since 2007, Hungary is a member of the United Nations, NATO, WTO, World Bank, the AIIB, the Council of Europe and Visegrád Group. Well known for its cultural history, Hungary has been contributed significantly to arts, music, literature, sports and science. Hungary is the 11th most popular country as a tourist destination in Europe and it is home to the largest thermal water cave system, the second largest thermal lake in the world, the largest lake in Central Europe, and the largest natural grasslands in Europe. The H in the name of Hungary is most likely due to historical associations with the Huns. The rest of the word comes from the Latinized form of Medieval Greek Oungroi, according to an explanation the Greek name was borrowed from Proto-Slavic Ǫgǔri, in turn borrowed from Oghur-Turkic Onogur. Onogur was the name for the tribes who later joined the Bulgar tribal confederacy that ruled the eastern parts of Hungary after the Avars. The Hungarians likely belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance and it is possible they became its ethnic majority. The Hungarian endonym is Magyarország, composed of magyar and ország, the word magyar is taken from the name of one of the seven major semi-nomadic Hungarian tribes, magyeri
20.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks
21.
Russia
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Russia, also officially the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. The European western part of the country is more populated and urbanised than the eastern. Russias capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a range of environments. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, the East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, in 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of states, most of the Rus lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion. The Soviet Union played a role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the worlds first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the second largest economy, largest standing military in the world. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic, the Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russias extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the producers of oil. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. The name Russia is derived from Rus, a state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants Русская Земля. In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus by modern historiography, an old Latin version of the name Rus was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия, comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Kievan Rus, the standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is Russians in English and rossiyane in Russian. There are two Russian words which are translated into English as Russians
22.
Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe
23.
Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama
24.
Turkey
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Turkey, officially the Republic of Turkey, is a transcontinental country in Eurasia, mainly in Anatolia in Western Asia, with a smaller portion on the Balkan peninsula in Southeast Europe. Turkey is a democratic, secular, unitary, parliamentary republic with a cultural heritage. The country is encircled by seas on three sides, the Aegean Sea is to the west, the Black Sea to the north, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. The Bosphorus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles, Ankara is the capital while Istanbul is the countrys largest city and main cultural and commercial centre. Approximately 70-80% of the countrys citizens identify themselves as ethnic Turks, other ethnic groups include legally recognised and unrecognised minorities. Kurds are the largest ethnic minority group, making up approximately 20% of the population, the area of Turkey has been inhabited since the Paleolithic by various ancient Anatolian civilisations, as well as Assyrians, Greeks, Thracians, Phrygians, Urartians and Armenians. After Alexander the Greats conquest, the area was Hellenized, a process continued under the Roman Empire. The Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm ruled Anatolia until the Mongol invasion in 1243, the empire reached the peak of its power in the 16th century, especially during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent. During the war, the Ottoman government committed genocides against its Armenian, Assyrian, following the war, the conglomeration of territories and peoples that formerly comprised the Ottoman Empire was partitioned into several new states. Turkey is a member of the UN, an early member of NATO. Turkeys growing economy and diplomatic initiatives have led to its recognition as a regional power while her location has given it geopolitical, the name of Turkey is based on the ethnonym Türk. The first recorded use of the term Türk or Türük as an autonym is contained in the Old Turkic inscriptions of the Göktürks of Central Asia, the English name Turkey first appeared in the late 14th century and is derived from Medieval Latin Turchia. Similarly, the medieval Khazar Empire, a Turkic state on the shores of the Black. The medieval Arabs referred to the Mamluk Sultanate as al-Dawla al-Turkiyya, the Ottoman Empire was sometimes referred to as Turkey or the Turkish Empire among its European contemporaries. The Anatolian peninsula, comprising most of modern Turkey, is one of the oldest permanently settled regions in the world, various ancient Anatolian populations have lived in Anatolia, from at least the Neolithic period until the Hellenistic period. Many of these peoples spoke the Anatolian languages, a branch of the larger Indo-European language family, in fact, given the antiquity of the Indo-European Hittite and Luwian languages, some scholars have proposed Anatolia as the hypothetical centre from which the Indo-European languages radiated. The European part of Turkey, called Eastern Thrace, has also been inhabited since at least forty years ago. It is the largest and best-preserved Neolithic site found to date, the settlement of Troy started in the Neolithic Age and continued into the Iron Age
25.
Greece
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Greece, officially the Hellenic Republic, historically also known as Hellas, is a country in southeastern Europe, with a population of approximately 11 million as of 2015. Athens is the capital and largest city, followed by Thessaloniki. Greece is strategically located at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, situated on the southern tip of the Balkan peninsula, it shares land borders with Albania to the northwest, the Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the northeast. Greece consists of nine regions, Macedonia, Central Greece, the Peloponnese, Thessaly, Epirus, the Aegean Islands, Thrace, Crete. The Aegean Sea lies to the east of the mainland, the Ionian Sea to the west, the Cretan Sea and the Mediterranean Sea to the south. Greece has the longest coastline on the Mediterranean Basin and the 11th longest coastline in the world at 13,676 km in length, featuring a vast number of islands, eighty percent of Greece is mountainous, with Mount Olympus being the highest peak at 2,918 metres. From the eighth century BC, the Greeks were organised into various independent city-states, known as polis, which spanned the entire Mediterranean region and the Black Sea. Greece was annexed by Rome in the second century BC, becoming a part of the Roman Empire and its successor. The Greek Orthodox Church also shaped modern Greek identity and transmitted Greek traditions to the wider Orthodox World, falling under Ottoman dominion in the mid-15th century, the modern nation state of Greece emerged in 1830 following a war of independence. Greeces rich historical legacy is reflected by its 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, among the most in Europe, Greece is a democratic and developed country with an advanced high-income economy, a high quality of life, and a very high standard of living. A founding member of the United Nations, Greece was the member to join the European Communities and has been part of the Eurozone since 2001. Greeces unique cultural heritage, large industry, prominent shipping sector. It is the largest economy in the Balkans, where it is an important regional investor, the names for the nation of Greece and the Greek people differ from the names used in other languages, locations and cultures. The earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern Balkans, dated to 270,000 BC, is to be found in the Petralona cave, all three stages of the stone age are represented in Greece, for example in the Franchthi Cave. Neolithic settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC, are the oldest in Europe by several centuries and these civilizations possessed writing, the Minoans writing in an undeciphered script known as Linear A, and the Mycenaeans in Linear B, an early form of Greek. The Mycenaeans gradually absorbed the Minoans, but collapsed violently around 1200 BC and this ushered in a period known as the Greek Dark Ages, from which written records are absent. The end of the Dark Ages is traditionally dated to 776 BC, the Iliad and the Odyssey, the foundational texts of Western literature, are believed to have been composed by Homer in the 7th or 8th centuries BC. With the end of the Dark Ages, there emerged various kingdoms and city-states across the Greek peninsula, in 508 BC, Cleisthenes instituted the worlds first democratic system of government in Athens
26.
Israel
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Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea. The country contains geographically diverse features within its small area. Israels economy and technology center is Tel Aviv, while its seat of government and proclaimed capital is Jerusalem, in 1947, the United Nations adopted a Partition Plan for Mandatory Palestine recommending the creation of independent Arab and Jewish states and an internationalized Jerusalem. The plan was accepted by the Jewish Agency for Palestine, next year, the Jewish Agency declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel. Israel has since fought several wars with neighboring Arab states, in the course of which it has occupied territories including the West Bank, Golan Heights and it extended its laws to the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem, but not the West Bank. Israels occupation of the Palestinian territories is the worlds longest military occupation in modern times, efforts to resolve the Israeli–Palestinian conflict have not resulted in peace. However, peace treaties between Israel and both Egypt and Jordan have successfully been signed, the population of Israel, as defined by the Israel Central Bureau of Statistics, was estimated in 2017 to be 8,671,100 people. It is the worlds only Jewish-majority state, with 74. 8% being designated as Jewish, the countrys second largest group of citizens are Arabs, at 20. 8%. The great majority of Israeli Arabs are Sunni Muslims, including significant numbers of semi-settled Negev Bedouins, other minorities include Arameans, Armenians, Assyrians, Black Hebrew Israelites, Circassians, Maronites and Samaritans. Israel also hosts a significant population of foreign workers and asylum seekers from Africa and Asia, including illegal migrants from Sudan, Eritrea. In its Basic Laws, Israel defines itself as a Jewish, Israel is a representative democracy with a parliamentary system, proportional representation and universal suffrage. The prime minister is head of government and the Knesset is the legislature, Israel is a developed country and an OECD member, with the 35th-largest economy in the world by nominal gross domestic product as of 2016. The country benefits from a skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentage of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree. The country has the highest standard of living in the Middle East and the third highest in Asia, in the early weeks of independence, the government chose the term Israeli to denote a citizen of Israel, with the formal announcement made by Minister of Foreign Affairs Moshe Sharett. The names Land of Israel and Children of Israel have historically used to refer to the biblical Kingdom of Israel. The name Israel in these phrases refers to the patriarch Jacob who, jacobs twelve sons became the ancestors of the Israelites, also known as the Twelve Tribes of Israel or Children of Israel. The earliest known artifact to mention the word Israel as a collective is the Merneptah Stele of ancient Egypt. The area is known as the Holy Land, being holy for all Abrahamic religions including Judaism, Christianity, Islam
27.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously
28.
Romania
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Romania is a sovereign state located in Southeastern Europe. It borders the Black Sea, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Hungary, Serbia and it has an area of 238,391 square kilometres and a temperate-continental climate. With over 19 million inhabitants, the country is the member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city, Bucharest, is the sixth-largest city in the EU, the River Danube, Europes second-longest river, rises in Germany and flows in a general southeast direction for 2,857 km, coursing through ten countries before emptying into Romanias Danube Delta. The Carpathian Mountains, which cross Romania from the north to the southwest are marked by one of their tallest peaks, Moldoveanu, modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1877, at the end of World War I, Transylvania, Bukovina and Bessarabia united with the sovereign Kingdom of Romania. Romania lost several territories, of which Northern Transylvania was regained after the war, following the war, Romania became a socialist republic and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the 1989 Revolution, Romania began a transition back towards democracy and it has been a member of NATO since 2004, and part of the European Union since 2007. A strong majority of the population identify themselves as Eastern Orthodox Christians and are speakers of Romanian. The cultural history of Romania is often referred to when dealing with artists, musicians, inventors. For similar reasons, Romania has been the subject of notable tourist attractions, Romania derives from the Latin romanus, meaning citizen of Rome. The first known use of the appellation was attested in the 16th century by Italian humanists travelling in Transylvania, Moldavia, after the abolition of serfdom in 1746, the word rumân gradually fell out of use and the spelling stabilised to the form român. Tudor Vladimirescu, a leader of the early 19th century. The use of the name Romania to refer to the homeland of all Romanians—its modern-day meaning—was first documented in the early 19th century. The name has been officially in use since 11 December 1861, in English, the name of the country was formerly spelt Rumania or Roumania. Romania became the predominant spelling around 1975, Romania is also the official English-language spelling used by the Romanian government. The Neolithic-Age Cucuteni area in northeastern Romania was the region of the earliest European civilization. Evidence from this and other sites indicates that the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture extracted salt from salt-laden spring water through the process of briquetage
29.
Bulgaria
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Bulgaria, officially the Republic of Bulgaria, is a country in southeastern Europe. It is bordered by Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, with a territory of 110,994 square kilometres, Bulgaria is Europes 16th-largest country. Organised prehistoric cultures began developing on current Bulgarian lands during the Neolithic period and its ancient history saw the presence of the Thracians, Greeks, Persians, Celts, Romans, Goths, Alans and Huns. With the downfall of the Second Bulgarian Empire in 1396, its territories came under Ottoman rule for five centuries. The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 led to the formation of the Third Bulgarian State, the following years saw several conflicts with its neighbours, which prompted Bulgaria to align with Germany in both world wars. In 1946 it became a one-party socialist state as part of the Soviet-led Eastern Bloc, in December 1989 the ruling Communist Party allowed multi-party elections, which subsequently led to Bulgarias transition into a democracy and a market-based economy. Bulgarias population of 7.2 million people is predominantly urbanised, most commercial and cultural activities are centred on the capital and largest city, Sofia. The strongest sectors of the economy are industry, power engineering. The countrys current political structure dates to the adoption of a constitution in 1991. Bulgaria is a parliamentary republic with a high degree of political, administrative. Human activity in the lands of modern Bulgaria can be traced back to the Paleolithic, animal bones incised with man-made markings from Kozarnika cave are assumed to be the earliest examples of symbolic behaviour in humans. Organised prehistoric societies in Bulgarian lands include the Neolithic Hamangia culture, Vinča culture, the latter is credited with inventing gold working and exploitation. Some of these first gold smelters produced the coins, weapons and jewellery of the Varna Necropolis treasure and this site also offers insights for understanding the social hierarchy of the earliest European societies. Thracians, one of the three primary groups of modern Bulgarians, began appearing in the region during the Iron Age. In the late 6th century BC, the Persians conquered most of present-day Bulgaria, and kept it until 479 BC. After the division of the Roman Empire in the 5th century the area fell under Byzantine control, by this time, Christianity had already spread in the region. A small Gothic community in Nicopolis ad Istrum produced the first Germanic language book in the 4th century, the first Christian monastery in Europe was established around the same time by Saint Athanasius in central Bulgaria. From the 6th century the easternmost South Slavs gradually settled in the region, in 680 Bulgar tribes under the leadership of Asparukh moved south across the Danube and settled in the area between the lower Danube and the Balkan, establishing their capital at Pliska
30.
Spanish language
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Spanish —also called Castilian —is a Romance language that originated in the Castile region of Spain, with hundreds of millions of native speakers around the world. It is usually considered the worlds second-most spoken native language after Mandarin Chinese and it is one of the few languages to use inverted question and exclamation marks. Spanish is a part of the Ibero-Romance group of languages, which evolved from several dialects of Vulgar Latin in Iberia after the collapse of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century. Beginning in the early 16th century, Spanish was taken to the colonies of the Spanish Empire, most notably to the Americas, as well as territories in Africa, Oceania, around 75% of modern Spanish is derived from Latin. Greek has also contributed substantially to Spanish vocabulary, especially through Latin, Spanish vocabulary has been in contact from an early date with Arabic, having developed during the Al-Andalus era in the Iberian Peninsula. With around 8% of its vocabulary being Arabic in origin, this language is the second most important influence after Latin and it has also been influenced by Basque as well as by neighboring Ibero-Romance languages. It also adopted words from languages such as Gothic language from the Visigoths in which many Spanish names and surnames have a Visigothic origin. Spanish is one of the six languages of the United Nations. It is the language in the world by the number of people who speak it as a mother tongue, after Mandarin Chinese. It is estimated more than 437 million people speak Spanish as a native language. Spanish is the official or national language in Spain, Equatorial Guinea, speakers in the Americas total some 418 million. In the European Union, Spanish is the tongue of 8% of the population. Spanish is the most popular second language learned in the United States, in 2011 it was estimated by the American Community Survey that of the 55 million Hispanic United States residents who are five years of age and over,38 million speak Spanish at home. The Spanish Constitution of 1978 uses the term castellano to define the language of the whole Spanish State in contrast to las demás lenguas españolas. Article III reads as follows, El castellano es la lengua española oficial del Estado, las demás lenguas españolas serán también oficiales en las respectivas Comunidades Autónomas. Castilian is the official Spanish language of the State, the other Spanish languages as well shall be official in their respective Autonomous Communities. The Spanish Royal Academy, on the hand, currently uses the term español in its publications. Two etymologies for español have been suggested, the Spanish Royal Academy Dictionary derives the term from the Provençal word espaignol, and that in turn from the Medieval Latin word Hispaniolus, from—or pertaining to—Hispania
31.
Latin America
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Latin America is a group of countries and dependencies in the Americas where Romance languages are predominant. It is therefore broader than the terms Ibero-America or Hispanic America—though it usually excludes French Canada and it has an area of approximately 19,197,000 km2, almost 13% of the Earths land surface area. As of 2015, its population was estimated at more than 626 million and in 2014, Latin America had a combined nominal GDP of 5,573,397 million USD and a GDP PPP of 7,531,585 million USD. The term Latin America was first used in 1861 in La revue des races Latines, a further investigation of the concept of Latin America is by Michel Gobat in the American Historical Review. The term was first used in Paris in an 1856 conference by the Chilean politician Francisco Bilbao and this term was also used in 1861 by French scholars in La revue des races Latines, a magazine dedicated to the Pan-Latinism movement. Latin America is, therefore, defined as all parts of the Americas that were once part of the Spanish. By this definition, Latin America is coterminous with Ibero-America and this definition emphasizes a similar socioeconomic history of the region, which was characterized by formal or informal colonialism, rather than cultural aspects. As such, some sources avoid this oversimplification by using the phrase Latin America, the distinction between Latin America and Anglo-America is a convention based on the predominant languages in the Americas by which Romance-language and English-speaking cultures are distinguished. Latin America can be subdivided into several subregions based on geography, politics, demographics and it may be subdivided on linguistic grounds into Hispanic America, Portuguese America and French America. *, Not a sovereign state The concept of Latin America has been criticized by a number of intellectuals, the earliest known settlement was identified at Monte Verde, near Puerto Montt in Southern Chile. Its occupation dates to some 14,000 years ago and there is disputed evidence of even earlier occupation. Over the course of millennia, people spread to all parts of the continents, by the first millennium CE, South Americas vast rainforests, mountains, plains and coasts were the home of tens of millions of people. Some groups formed more permanent settlements such as the Chibcha and the Tairona groups and these groups are in the circum Caribbean region. The Chibchas of Colombia, the Quechuas and Aymaras of Bolivia, the region was home to many indigenous peoples and advanced civilizations, including the Aztecs, Toltecs, Maya, and Inca. The Aztec empire was ultimately the most powerful civilization known throughout the Americas, with the arrival of the Europeans following Christopher Columbus voyages, the indigenous elites, such as the Incas and Aztecs, lost power to the heavy European invasion. Hernándo Cortés seized the Aztec elites power with the help of local groups who had favored the Aztec elite, epidemics of diseases brought by the Europeans, such as smallpox and measles, wiped out a large portion of the indigenous population. Historians cannot determine the number of natives who died due to European diseases, due to the lack of written records, specific numbers are hard to verify. Many of the survivors were forced to work in European plantations, intermixing between the indigenous peoples and the European colonists was very common, and, by the end of the colonial period, people of mixed ancestry formed majorities in several colonies
32.
Bonnie Fuller
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Bonnie Fuller is a Canadian media executive and the editor of HollywoodLife. com. Fuller has been responsible for several American magazine titles, including as vice president, Fuller was born in Toronto to a real-estate lawyer and an elementary school teacher. She graduated from Jarvis Collegiate Institute in 1974 and attended University of Toronto, in 1978, Fuller was a fashion reporter at the Toronto Star. Two years later, she became an editor for Womens Wear Daily. She landed her first Editor-in-Chief job at Canadian national fashion magazine Flare for 3 years, from 1983 to 1986, in 1994, she became Editor-in-Chief and launched the American version of Marie Claire magazine. In 1996, she was appointed Editor-in-Chief of Cosmopolitan magazine, succeeding Helen Gurley Brown, from 1998 to 2001, she was editor of Glamour magazine. Fuller worked as Editor-in-Chief of Us Weekly and redesigned the title and she created such signature sections as “Stars Are Just Like Us, ” “The Buzzometer, ” and “Who Wore It Best. ”Under Bonnie’s leadership at AMI, Star relaunched from a tabloid to a glossy magazine. Bonnie stepped down from her position in May 2008, but remained the Editor-at-Large at Star, in July 2009 she was hired by Jay Penske to relaunch HollywoodLife. com, a celebrity news site. Bonnie Fuller is currently President and Editor-in-Chief of HollywoodLife. com, bonnie also hosts a HollywoodLife weekly podcast available to download via iTunes. On Tuesday mornings, she appears on Sirius XM Radio’s Cosmo Radio and she authored the bestselling book The Joys of Much Too Much, Go For The Big Life — The Great Career, The Perfect Guy, and Everything Else You’ve Ever Wanted. Fuller married Canadian architect Michael Fuller on June 26,1983
33.
Cynthia Leive
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Cynthia Leive is the Editor in Chief of Glamour magazine. Leive began her career at Glamour, where she started as an editorial assistant. After eleven years, Leive left Glamour as Deputy Editor and joined Self magazine as Editor in Chief, during Leives tenure, Self’s circulation increased by eleven percent. Leive rejoined Glamour magazine as Editor in Chief in 2001, under Leive, Glamour has received editorial awards. Further, Glamours circulation has risen to a base of 2.25 million. In 2002, Crain’s put Leive on its Top 40 Under 40 list, Leive is a Board Member at the IWMF. She is a Resident Fellow for Yale Publishing Course, Leive was born in McLean, Virginia. A1988 graduate of Swarthmore College, Leive was an English Literature major, Leive lives in New York City with her husband, film producer Howard Bernstein, her daughter, Lucy, and her son, Isaac
34.
Lucky (magazine)
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Lucky was a fashion and lifestyle magazine founded by Kim France and first published in 2000 under the Condé Nast subsidiary. The magazine folded in June 2015, since its launch in December 2000, Lucky was one of Condé Nasts biggest publications, with circulation rising from 500,000 to over 1.1 million. Kim France founded Lucky and was its first editor-in-chief, a position she held for almost ten years, brandon Holley replaced France as editor-in-chief in 2010. In June 2013, Eva Chen replaced Holley as EIC of Lucky and she resigned from the post in April 2015. In 2012, Lucky announced that it would hold its first FABB, The Fashion and it was the first event of its kind, bringing together group of digital fashion, beauty, technology and celebrity leaders, and influential advertisers to the blogger community. Some of the included, Cat Deeley, Alli Webb, Jessica Alba. In April 2014, BeachMint, a Los Angeles–based e-commerce company began a joint venture with Condé Nast, the Condé Nast press release revealed that the venture would be called the Lucky Group. Eva Chen served as the chief officer for the Lucky Group. In May 2015 the frequency of Lucky was switched to quarterly, one month later, in June 2015, the magazine folded. From the magazine industry When Lucky was first released, it received criticism for its content that bordered between editorial and advertising, the American Society of Magazine Editors was skeptical of Luckys business practices in featuring products. Luckys reputation grew to a positive one as time progressed. David Carr and Jeremy W. Peters said in an article published in The New York Times, It was, in retrospect, ahead of its time, a print rendering of a shopping portal on the Web. It was well received by both the media and advertisers, in part because it was a well executed magazine that did not take itself too seriously. From the advertising industry Lucky was Advertising Ages Magazine of the Year in 2003, official website Lucky – magazine profile at Fashion Model Directory
35.
George Costanza
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George Louis Costanza is a character in the American television sitcom Seinfeld, played by Jason Alexander. He has variously described as a short, stocky, slow-witted, bald man. George and Jerry were junior high school friends and remained friends afterwards and he is friends with Jerry Seinfeld, Cosmo Kramer, and Elaine Benes. George appears in every episode except The Pen, the character was originally based on Seinfeld co-creator Larry David but is surnamed after Jerry Seinfelds real-life New York friend, Mike Costanza. Alexander reprised his role in an episode of Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee, reuniting with Jerry Seinfeld, George is the son of Frank, an Italian-American and Estelle Costanza, presumably Jewish-American. Though he never made an appearance on the show, George has mentioned twice that he has a brother, lloyd Braun is his childhood nemesis who George feels was the son his parents always wanted. Georges best friend Jerry Seinfeld described Frank and Estelle as psychopaths, George also describes himself as the result of his parents having stayed together. In The Junior Mint, he states he grew up in Brooklyn, New York, in a previous episode he mentions he went to high school on Long Island. He met Jerry during his youth, and they remained friends from that point on, George and Jerry both attended John F. Kennedy High School, class of 1971. During their high school years, George and Jerry frequently hung out at a pizzeria called Marios Pizzas, George was picked on by his gym teacher Mr. Heyman, who deliberately mispronounced his name as Cant stand ya and gave him wedgies. George has three cousins, Shelly, who appeared in The Contest, George Howarth and Rhisa. George talks to his parents about his family in The Money, during which its revealed that he had an Uncle Moe, who died a man and an Aunt Baby. It is also revealed that his mother has a Cousin Henny, in The Doll, its revealed that Frank Costanza was born in Italy and has a cousin, Carlo, who still lives there. As of The Robbery, George had living grandparents who hed recently visited, George is neurotic, self-loathing and dominated by his parents, yet also prone to occasional periods of overconfidence that invariably arise at the worst possible time. However, one Chicago Tribune reviewer noted that, despite all his shortcomings, Georges relationship with Frank is estranged. Episode plots frequently feature George manufacturing elaborate deceptions at work or in his relationships in order to gain or maintain some small or imagined advantage or image of success. He had success in The Opposite, where he starts to do the complete opposite of what his instincts tell him to do and his neurosis is also evident in The Note, where he begins doubting his sexuality after receiving a massage from a male masseuse. George sometimes refers to himself in the person, after befriending a person with a similar trait in The Jimmy
36.
Jason Alexander
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Jay Scott Greenspan, known by his stage name Jason Alexander, is an American actor, voice actor, comedian and director. Alexander is best known for his prominent role as George Costanza in the television series Seinfeld, Other well-known roles include Phillip Stuckey in the film Pretty Woman and the title character in the animated series Duckman. Alexander has had a career on stage, appearing in several Broadway musicals including Jerome Robbins Broadway in 1989. He appeared in the Los Angeles production of The Producers and he was the Artistic Director of Reprise. Broadways Best in Los Angeles, where he has directed several musicals, Alexander was born in Newark, New Jersey, the son of Jewish parents Ruth Minnie, a nurse and health care administrator, and Alexander B. He has a half-sister, Karen Van Horne, and a half-brother, Alexander grew up in Livingston, New Jersey and is a 1977 graduate of Livingston High School. He attended Boston University but left the summer before his senior year and he was later given an honorary degree in 1995. He is a magician, and only switched to acting as a career when he realized that he was unlikely to succeed as a magician. Alexander began his career on the New York stage and is an accomplished singer and dancer. Returning to the stage in 2003, Alexander was cast in a run, opposite Martin Short. Alexander also appeared with Kelsey Grammer in the 2004 musical adaptation of Charles Dickens A Christmas Carol, Alexander was recently named the Artistic Director of Reprise Theatre Company in Los Angeles, where he previously directed Sunday in the Park with George. He is scheduled to direct the revival of Damn Yankees at Reprise. In 2015, he replaced Larry David as the lead in Davids Broadway play Fish in the Dark, Alexander is best known as one of the key cast members of the award-winning television sitcom Seinfeld, in which he played George Costanza. He did, however, win a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Comedy Series for his work, before Seinfeld, he starred in a short-lived CBS sitcom called Everythings Relative in 1987 which lasted six episodes. Concurrently with his Seinfeld role, Alexander provided the voice of the character in the cult animated series Duckman. Alexander also voiced Catbert, the director of human resources. Alexander made cameo appearances in the season of Curb Your Enthusiasm. Alexander also appeared in the season of Curb Your Enthusiasm
37.
Seinfeld
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Seinfeld is an American sitcom that originally ran for nine seasons on NBC, from 1989 to 1998. It was created by Larry David and Jerry Seinfeld, the latter starring as a version of himself. It is often described as being a show about nothing, as many of its episodes are about the minutiae of daily life, Seinfeld was produced by Castle Rock Entertainment. In syndication, the series has been distributed by Sony Pictures Television since 2002, a favorite among critics, the series led the Nielsen ratings in seasons six and nine, and finished among the top two every year from 1994 to 1998. In 2002, TV Guide named Seinfeld the greatest television program of all time, E. named it the number 1 reason the 90s ruled. In 2013, the Writers Guild of America named Seinfeld the No.2 Best Written TV Series of All Time and that same year, Entertainment Weekly named it the No.3 best TV series of all time and TV Guide ranked it at No.2. Main Jerry Seinfeld – Jerry is a minor celeb stand-up comedian who is depicted as the voice of reason amidst the general insanity generated by the people in his world. The in-show character is a mild germaphobe and neat freak, as well as an avid Superman, New York Mets, Jerrys apartment is the center of a world visited by his eccentric friends and a focus of the show. Plot lines often involve Jerrys social interactions and romantic relationships around New York City and he typically finds minor, pedantic reasons to break up with women, including a habit of eating peas one at a time, oversized man hands and an irritating laugh. Other plot lines involve his longtime enemy Newman and his overbearing relatives, Elaine Benes – Elaine is Jerrys ex-girlfriend and later friend. She is attractive and genial, while also being humorous, arrogant and she sometimes has a tendency to be too honest with people, which often gets her into trouble. She usually gets caught up in her boyfriends quirks, eccentric employers unusual behaviors and idiosyncrasies, and she tends to make poor choices in men she chooses to date and is often overly reactionary. First she works at Pendant Publishing with Mr. Lippman, is hired as a personal assistant for Mr. Pitt. One of Elaines trademark moves is her forceful shove while exclaiming Get Out, when she receives good, objectionable or surprising news. Another is her memorable Little Kicks dance move, which is described as a full body heave accompanied by a double-fisted thumbs-up and she hates The English Patient, which is met with significant social disapproval. Elaine is popularly described as an amalgamation of Davids and Seinfelds girlfriends during their days in New York as struggling comedians. Cosmo Kramer – Kramer is Jerrys wacky neighbor and his trademarks include his humorous upright pompadour hairstyle, vintage clothes, and energetic sliding bursts through Jerrys apartment door. Kramer was heavily based on a neighbor of Davids during his amateur comedic years in Manhattan and this is seen in his success with women and employers
38.
Seinfeld (season 4)
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Season four of Seinfeld, an American comedy television series created by Jerry Seinfeld and Larry David, began airing on August 12,1992, and concluded on May 20,1993, on NBC. Seinfeld was produced by Castle Rock Entertainment and distributed by Columbia Pictures Television, the executive producers were Larry David, George Shapiro, and Howard West with Tom Gammill and Max Pross as supervising producers. Bruce Kirschbaum was the executive consultant and this season was directed by Tom Cherones and was largely written by Larry David, Jerry Seinfeld, Larry Charles, Peter Mehlman and Andy Robin. The series was set predominantly in an apartment block on New York Citys Upper West Side, however and this season had numerous story arcs. The story arc that lasted the season involves Jerry and George try to make a TV pilot for NBC. Another is George having a relationship with former NBC executive Susan Ross, however, he misses and hits himself in the face and has to go to the hospital. TV Guide named it #1 on their list of the greatest TV seasons, jamie Malanowski of Time named it the best season of the series saying A mix of high and low, of the self-referential and the hip, of things underfoot and out of left field. Season four was ranked #25 according to the Nielsen ratings system, Season 4 received eleven Emmy nominations, three of which were won. The show won its first and only Emmy Award for Outstanding Comedy Series, Larry David won the Emmy for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series for the episode The Contest. Michael Richards won his first out of three Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series, Jerry Seinfeld was nominated for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series. Jason Alexander was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series, julia Louis-Dreyfus was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Comedy Series. Tom Cherones was nominated for Outstanding Directing in a Comedy Series for The Contest, Larry Charles was nominated for Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series. Other nominees where Outstanding Achievement in Editing for a Comedy Series for The Airport, jason Alexander was nominated in the Golden Globe Award in the category for Best Performance by a Supporting Role in a Series, Mini-Series or Motion Picture for TV. This season won a Directors Guild of America for The Contest, official website List of Seinfeld episodes at the Internet Movie Database List of Seinfeld season 4 episodes at TV. com Seinfeld, Season 4 at Rotten Tomatoes
39.
The Contest
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The Contest is the 51st episode of the NBC sitcom Seinfeld. The 11th episode of the season, it aired on November 18,1992. In the episode, George tells Jerry, Elaine, and Kramer that his mother caught him masturbating, the conversation results in George, Jerry, Elaine, and Kramer entering into a contest to determine who can go for the longest period of time without masturbating. The episode was controversial when broadcast because NBC thought that masturbation was not a suitable for prime time television. As a result, the word masturbation is never used in the episode, instead, the subject is described using a series of euphemisms, while the meaning of the subject is still made clear to the audience. The writer of the episode, Larry David, won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Writing in a Comedy Series for his work on the episode. One of the used in the episode is master of my domain. It has since become a catchphrase in popular culture, although it is not always used in reference to masturbation, the episode was ranked #1 on TV Guides 2009 list of 100 Greatest Episodes of All-Time. The fourth season of Seinfeld has a story arc, in which Jerry. In the previous episode, The Virgin, Jerry had started dating Marla, the episode begins with Jerry, Kramer, and Elaine dining at Monks Café. George enters and says, My mother caught me, George says hell never do that again, and when the others express skepticism, Jerry and George make a $100 bet over who can go the longest without masturbating. Kramer then joins the bet, as does Elaine, however, Elaine is persuaded to bet $150, because the men claim that it is harder for men not to masturbate, as it is part of a mans lifestyle. Kramer is almost immediately out, due to the presence of a beautiful exhibitionist woman in the apartment across the street who walks around with the curtains open. Kennedy, Jr. Jerry is tempted by the woman across the street. One method he uses to distract himself is by watching wholesome shows like Tiny Toons on Nickelodeon, the contest affects their sleep, and the remaining contestants suffer insomnia. Only the eliminated Kramer can sleep peacefully, Elaine shares a cab ride with Kennedy, and she tells him that she lives Uptown near Jerry in order to extend the ride. She then learns that Kennedy wants to see her, and says hell drop by Jerrys apartment, eventually, the pressure becomes too much for her and she is the second person to be knocked out of the contest. While making out on the couch, Marla asks Jerry if they can have sex, however, Jerry then tells Marla about the contest, prompting Marla to leave in disgust
