1.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
2.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
3.
38th United States Congress
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It met in Washington, D. C. from March 4,1863, to March 4,1865, during the last two years of the first administration of U. S. President Abraham Lincoln. The apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives was based on the Eighth Census of the United States in 1860, the Senate had a Republican majority, and the House of Representatives had a Republican plurality. 66,13 Stat.54 June 30,1864, Yosemite Valley Grant Act,1,16 Stat.48 March 3,1865, Freedmens Bureau, Sess. Elections held in Missouri and Kentucky seated all members to the House, in rebellion 1862–64 according to the Emancipation Proclamation were Arkansas, Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina and Virginia. Tennessee was not held to be in rebellion as of the end of 1862, may 26,1864, Montana Territory organized, Sess. Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section, during this Congress, two seats were added for each of the new states of Nevada and West Virginia, thereby adding four new seats. Before this Congress, the 1860 United States Census and resulting reapportionment changed the size of the House to 241 members, during this Congress, one seat was added for the new state of Nevada, and three seats were reapportioned from Virginia to the new state of West Virginia. President, Hannibal Hamlin President pro tempore, Solomon Foot, until April 13,1864 Daniel Clark, elected April 26,1864 Republican Conference Chairman, Henry B. Anthony Speaker, Schuyler Colfax Republican Conference Chairman, Justin S. Morrill Chairman, Committee on Ways and Means, Thaddeus Stevens This list is arranged by chamber, Senators are listed by class, and Representatives are listed by district. Skip to House of Representatives, below Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. The count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress, todd Postmaster, William S. King Sergeant at Arms, Nehemiah G. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts
4.
39th United States Congress
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The apportionment of seats in this House of Representatives was based on the Eighth Census of the United States in 1860. Both chambers had a Republican majority, March 4,1865, Second inauguration of President Abraham Lincoln. July 24,1866, Tennessee became the first U. S. state to be readmitted to the Union following the American Civil War,31,14 Stat.27 July 16,1866, Freedmens Bureau Bill, Sess. 200,14 Stat.173 July 23,1866, Judicial Circuits Act, Sess. 209, reduced the number of United States circuit courts to nine,223, Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant became the first to have this rank. July 28,1866, Metric Act of 1866, Sess,339, legalized the use of the metric system for weights and measures in the United States. March 1,1867, Nebraska admitted as the 37th state, Changes resulting from subsequent replacements are shown below in the Changes in membership section. During this Congress, two seats were added for the new state of Nebraska, during this Congress, one seat was added for the new state of Nebraska. President, Andrew Johnson, until April 15,1865, vacant thereafter, President pro tempore, Lafayette S. Foster, until March 2,1867 Benjamin F. Wade, elected March 2,1867 Republican Conference Chairman, Henry B. Anthony Speaker, Schuyler Colfax Republican Conference Chairman, Justin S. Morrill This list is arranged by chamber, senators are listed in order of seniority, and Representatives are listed by district. Senators were elected by the state legislatures every two years, with one-third beginning new six-year terms with each Congress, preceding the names in the list below are Senate class numbers, which indicate the cycle of their election. Skip to House of Representatives, below The names of members of the House of Representatives are preceded by their district numbers, the count below reflects changes from the beginning of the first session of this Congress. Boynton Clerk, Edward McPherson Doorkeeper, Ira Goodnow Messenger to the Speaker, todd Postmaster, Joshua Given Sergeant at Arms, Nehemiah G. The 39th Congress and the 14th Amendment, Some Preliminary Perspectives, Akron Law Review,42, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, the Senate, 1789-1989, Historical Statistics, 1789-1992. Congressional Directory for the 39th Congress, 2nd Session
5.
Rutherford B. Hayes
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Rutherford Birchard Hayes was the 19th President of the United States. He became President at the end of the Reconstruction Era of the United States through a complex Compromise of 1877, Hayes, an attorney in Ohio, was city solicitor of Cincinnati from 1858 to 1861. When the Civil War began, he left a political career to join the Union Army as an officer. Hayes was wounded five times, most seriously at the Battle of South Mountain and he earned a reputation for bravery in combat and was promoted to the rank of brevet major general. After the war, he served in the Congress from 1865 to 1867 as a Republican, Hayes left Congress to run for Governor of Ohio and was elected to two consecutive terms, from 1868 to 1872, and then to a third term, from 1876 to 1877. In 1876, Hayes was elected president in one of the most contentious elections in national history and he lost the official popular vote to Democrat Samuel J. Tilden but he won an intensely disputed electoral college vote after a Congressional commission awarded him twenty contested electoral votes. The result was the Compromise of 1877, in which the Democrats acquiesced to Hayess election, Hayes believed in meritocratic government, equal treatment without regard to race. He ordered federal troops to crush the Great Railroad Strike of 1877 and he implemented modest civil service reforms that laid the groundwork for further reform in the 1880s and 1890s. He vetoed the Bland–Allison Act, which would have put money into circulation and raised nominal prices. His policy toward Western Indians anticipated the assimilationist program of the Dawes Act of 1887, Hayes kept his pledge not to run for re-election, retired to his home in Ohio, and became an advocate of social and educational reform. Rutherford Birchard Hayes was born in Delaware, Ohio, on October 4,1822, Hayess father, a Vermont storekeeper, took the family to Ohio in 1817. He died ten weeks before Rutherfords birth, Sophia took charge of the family, bringing up Hayes and his sister, Fanny, the only two of their four children to survive to adulthood. She never remarried, Sophias younger brother, Sardis Birchard, lived with the family for a time and he was always close to Hayes and became a father figure to him, contributing to his early education. Through both his father and mother, Hayes was of New England colonial ancestry and his earliest American ancestor emigrated to Connecticut from Scotland in 1625. His mothers ancestors arrived in Vermont at a time. John Noyes, an uncle by marriage, had been his fathers partner in Vermont and was later elected to Congress. His first cousin, Mary Jane Noyes Mead, was the mother of sculptor Larkin Goldsmith Mead, John Humphrey Noyes, the founder of the Oneida Community, was also a first cousin. He became a member of the Sons of the American Revolution based on his descent from Daniel Austin, Hayes attended the common schools in Delaware, Ohio, and enrolled in 1836 at the Methodist Norwalk Seminary in Norwalk, Ohio
6.
James A. Garfield
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James Abram Garfield was the 20th President of the United States, serving from March 4,1881, until his assassination later that year. He is the only sitting House member to be elected president, Garfield was raised in humble circumstances on an Ohio farm by his widowed mother. He worked at various jobs, including on a canal boat, beginning at age 17, he attended several Ohio schools, then studied at Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, from which he graduated in 1856. A year later, Garfield entered politics as a Republican and he married Lucretia Rudolph in 1858, and served as a member of the Ohio State Senate. Garfield opposed Confederate secession, served as a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War, and fought in the battles of Middle Creek, Shiloh. He was first elected to Congress in 1862 to represent Ohios 19th District, throughout Garfields extended congressional service after the Civil War, he firmly supported the gold standard and gained a reputation as a skilled orator. Garfield initially agreed with Radical Republican views regarding Reconstruction, but later favored an approach for civil rights enforcement for freedmen. At the 1880 Republican National Convention, Senator-elect Garfield attended as campaign manager for Secretary of the Treasury John Sherman, and gave the presidential nomination speech for him. When neither Sherman nor his rivals – Ulysses S. Grant and James G. Blaine – could get votes to secure the nomination. In the 1880 presidential election, Garfield conducted a front porch campaign. Garfield made notable diplomatic and judiciary appointments, including a U. S. Supreme Court justice, Garfield advocated agricultural technology, an educated electorate, and civil rights for African Americans. He also proposed substantial civil service reform, eventually passed by Congress in 1883 and signed into law by his successor, Chester A. Arthur, Presidents due to the short length of his presidency. James Garfield was born the youngest of five children on November 19,1831, in a log cabin in Orange Township, now Moreland Hills, Orange Township was located in the Western Reserve, and like many who settled there, Garfields ancestors were from New England. James father Abram had been born in Worcester, New York and he instead wed her sister Eliza, who had been born in New Hampshire. James was named for a brother, dead in infancy. In early 1833, Abram and Eliza Garfield joined the Church of Christ, Abram Garfield died later that year, his son was raised in poverty in a household led by the strong-willed Eliza. James was her child, and the two remained close for the rest of her life. Eliza Garfield remarried in 1842, but soon left her husband, Warren Belden
7.
Pennsylvania's 19th congressional district
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In its last incarnation, the district included all of Adams and York Counties, and parts of Cumberland County. The last representative was Republican Todd Russell Platts, who decided to retire at the end of the 112th Congress, most of the 19th district remained intact and was renumbered as the 4th district. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present Congressional redistricting in Pennsylvania
8.
Pennsylvania's at-large congressional district
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Pennsylvania elected its United States representatives at-large on a general ticket for the first and third United States Congresses. General ticket representation was prohibited by the 1842 Apportionment Bill and subsequent legislation, some representatives, including Galusha A. Grow, served at-large after 1842. This was allowed because Pennsylvania had received an increase in the number of its representatives yet its legislature didnt pass an apportionment bill during those years, representatives were elected statewide at-large on a general ticket. After 1795, most representatives were elected in districts, occasionally, at-large representatives were also elected. No at-large representatives were apportioned after the 78th Congress, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
9.
Pennsylvania's 25th congressional district
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Pennsylvanias 25th congressional district was one of Pennsylvanias districts of the United States House of Representatives. In 1903 the district was drawn to cover Crawford and Erie counties, the district was again moved in 1922. At this time it was redrawn to cover Washington and Greene counties, in 1942 the boundaries of the district were redrawn without actually moving it for the first time. Greene County was transferred to the 24th District while parts of Allegheny County south, in 1944 the district boundaries were totally redrawn. It now consisted of Beaver, Butler and Lawrence counties and these boundaries were then redrawn in 1972, with a small strip of northern Allegheny County being put in the 25th district. The district was eliminated in 1983, in 1902 the district was drawn to cover an area with a population of 162,116. Only 4 of Pennsylvanias 30 districts had fewer people at this point, some Pennsylvania districts had over 250,000 people at this point. 0. 4% of the population of what would be the 25th district in 1902 was black in 1900 and this district was created in 1833. In 1853, It consisted of Crawford County, Pennsylvania and Erie County, the district had a population of 76,591. This district was recreated in 1873, the district was held at-large until 1875. It had a population of 131,663, in 1888 Pennsylvania congressional districts were redrawn because there was a decision to make Pennsylvanias 28th congressional district a geographical district and end its election at large. The 25th district was shifted to cover Butler County, Pennsylvania, Beaver County, Pennsylvania, Lawrence County, Pennsylvania and Mercer County and these would remain the boundaries until 1912. The district was eliminated in 1983
10.
Pennsylvania's 26th congressional district
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Pennsylvanias 26th congressional district was one of Pennsylvanias districts of the United States House of Representatives. The district was eliminated in 1973, the district was eliminated in 1973. The Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress, the Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts. Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
11.
Pennsylvania's 27th congressional district
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Pennsylvanias 27th congressional district was one of Pennsylvanias districts of the United States House of Representatives. District created in 1875 District eliminated in 1973 Martis, Kenneth C, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present
12.
William Eustis
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William Eustis was an early American physician, politician, and statesman from Massachusetts. Trained in medicine, he served as a surgeon during the American Revolutionary War. He resumed medical practice after the war, but soon entered politics, after several terms in the state legislature, Eustis won election to the United States Congress in 1800, serving as a moderate Democratic-Republican. He briefly returned to politics after losing reelection in 1804. Due in part to his inexperience at managing the army and a lack of preparedness, Madison then appointed Eustis Minister to the Netherlands, a post he held from 1814 until 1818. After another period in Congress, he was elected Governor of Massachusetts in 1822, a popular successor to long-serving John Brooks, Eustis died in office in 1825. His Boston mansion, built in the 1750s by royal governor William Shirley, is known as the Shirley-Eustis House and is a National Historic Landmark, William Eustis was born on June 10,1753 in Cambridge, to Benjamin Eustis, a prominent Boston doctor, and Elizabeth Eustis. He was the surviving son of twelve children. He was educated at the Boston Latin School before he entered Harvard College, while at Harvard he belonged to an undergraduate militia unit called the Martimercurian Band. After graduation he studied medicine under Dr. Joseph Warren, a well-known Patriot political leader, when the Battles of Lexington and Concord sparked the American Revolutionary War in April 1775, Warren and Eustis both worked in the field, tending the injured revolutionaries. Warren secured for Eustis a commission as surgeon to the rebel artillery. Eustis helped care for the wounded at the June 1775 Battle of Bunker Hill and he served with the Continental Army in the New York and New Jersey campaign, refusing a lieutenant colonels commission offered by artillery chief Henry Knox. During his Continental Army service, Eustis met and established a friendship with New Jersey native Aaron Burr. In 1777 Eustis was placed in command of a hospital established at the former residence of Loyalist Beverley Robinson north of New York City. After the war Eustis returned to practice in Boston. Eustis became vice president of the Society of the Cincinnati in 1786, a post he held until 1810, Eustis was elected to the Massachusetts General Court from 1788 to 1794, which he left because he was sick of the political gamesmanship in the body. He was thereafter chosen to serve on the Governors Council for two years, in 1800 he ran for a seat in the United States House of Representatives. Eustis publicly denied being the author of the letters, but was silent on his role in the affair, Eustis was a moderate Democratic-Republican who did not seek the significant reforms more radical Republicans wanted
