1.
Ubuntu MATE
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Ubuntu MATE is a free and open-source Linux distribution and an official derivative of Ubuntu. As of February 2015, Ubuntu MATE gained the official Ubuntu flavour status from Canonical Ltd. as per the release of 15.04 Beta 1, in addition to IA-32 and x86-64 which were the initial supported platforms, Ubuntu MATE also supports PowerPC and ARMv7. Several other hardware deals were announced later, in a May 2016 review Jesse Smith of DistroWatch concluded, despite my initial problems getting Ubuntu MATE installed and running smoothly, I came away with a positive view of the distribution. The project is providing a very friendly desktop experience that requires few hardware resources by modern standards, I also want to tip my hat to the default theme used on Ubuntu MATE. Comparison of Linux distributions GTK+ Linux Mint MATE Ubuntu GNOME Ubuntu Unity Xubuntu Official website Ubuntu MATE at DistroWatch
2.
Software developer
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A software developer is a person concerned with facets of the software development process, including the research, design, programming, and testing of computer software. Other job titles which are used with similar meanings are programmer, software analyst. According to developer Eric Sink, the differences between system design, software development, and programming are more apparent, even more so that developers become systems architects, those who design the multi-leveled architecture or component interactions of a large software system. In a large company, there may be employees whose sole responsibility consists of one of the phases above. In smaller development environments, a few people or even an individual might handle the complete process. The word software was coined as a prank as early as 1953, before this time, computers were programmed either by customers, or the few commercial computer vendors of the time, such as UNIVAC and IBM. The first company founded to provide products and services was Computer Usage Company in 1955. The software industry expanded in the early 1960s, almost immediately after computers were first sold in mass-produced quantities, universities, government, and business customers created a demand for software. Many of these programs were written in-house by full-time staff programmers, some were distributed freely between users of a particular machine for no charge. Others were done on a basis, and other firms such as Computer Sciences Corporation started to grow. The computer/hardware makers started bundling operating systems, systems software and programming environments with their machines, new software was built for microcomputers, so other manufacturers including IBM, followed DECs example quickly, resulting in the IBM AS/400 amongst others. The industry expanded greatly with the rise of the computer in the mid-1970s. In the following years, it created a growing market for games, applications. DOS, Microsofts first operating system product, was the dominant operating system at the time, by 2014 the role of cloud developer had been defined, in this context, one definition of a developer in general was published, Developers make software for the world to use. The job of a developer is to crank out code -- fresh code for new products, code fixes for maintenance, code for business logic, bus factor Software Developer description from the US Department of Labor
3.
Miguel de Icaza
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Miguel de Icaza is a Mexican programmer, best known for starting the GNOME, Mono, and Xamarin projects. De Icaza was born in Mexico City and studied Mathematics at the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México and he came from a family of scientists in which his father is a physicist and his mother a biologist. He started writing software in 1992. One of the earliest pieces of software he wrote for Linux was the Midnight Commander file manager and he was also one of the early contributors to the Wine project. He worked with David S. Miller on the Linux SPARC port and wrote several of the video and network drivers in the port and they both later worked on extending Linux for MIPS to run on SGIs Indy computers and wrote the original X drivers for the system. With Ingo Molnar he wrote the software implementation of RAID-1. In summer of 1997, he was interviewed by Microsoft for a job in the Internet Explorer Unix team and he said in an interview that he tried to persuade his interviewers to free the IE code even before Netscape did so with their own browser. De Icaza started the GNOME project with Federico Mena in August 1997 to create a free desktop environment and component model for Linux. He also created the GNOME spreadsheet program, Gnumeric, in 1999, de Icaza, along with Nat Friedman, co-founded Helix Code, a GNOME-oriented free software company that employed a large number of other GNOME hackers. In 2001, Helix Code, later renamed Ximian, announced the Mono Project, to be led by de Icaza, with the goal to implement Microsofts new. NET development platform on Linux, in August 2003, Ximian was acquired by Novell. There, de Icaza was Vice President of Developer Platform, in May 2011, de Icaza started Xamarin to replace MonoTouch and Mono for Android after Novell was bought by Attachmate and the projects were abandoned. Shortly afterwards, Xamarin and Novell reached an agreement where Xamarin took over the development, in February 2016, Xamarin announced being acquired by Microsoft. De Icaza endorsed Microsofts Office Open XML document standard, disagreeing with a lot of the criticism in the open-source. He also developed Mono – a free and open-source alternative to Microsofts. NET Framework – for GNOME and this has raised much disagreement due to the patents that Microsoft holds on the. NET Framework. De Icaza was criticized by Richard Stallman on the Software Freedom Day 2009, Icaza responded on his blog to Stallman with the remark that he believes in a world of possibility and that he is open for discussions on ways to improve the FOSS pool. In August 2012, de Icaza criticized the Linux desktop as killed by Apple, de Icaza specifically criticized a generally developer-focused culture, lack of backward compatibility and fragmentation among the various Linux distributions. In March 2013, de Icaza announced on his blog that he regularly used Mac OS X instead of Linux for desktop computing. In 2014 he joined Anders Hejlsberg on stage during the announcements of the. NET Foundation and he serves on the board of directors of the. NET Foundation
4.
The GNOME Project
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The GNOME Project is a community behind the GNOME desktop environment and the software platform upon which it is based. It consists of all the developers, artists, writers, translators, other contributors. It is part of the GNU Project, in August 2000, the GNOME Foundation was set up to deal with administrative tasks and press interest, and to act as a contact point for companies interested in developing GNOME software. While not directly involved in decisions, the Foundation does coordinate releases. Membership is open to anyone who has made a contribution to the project. Members of the Foundation elect a board of directors every November, the GNOME Project holds several community programs and events, usually tailored to local users and developers. The main gathering of GNOME contributors is the GNOME Users And Developers European Conference, the idea of GUADEC events is attributed to the GNOME developers and users Paris meeting of 1998. An annual Asian conference called GNOME. Asia also exists, GNOME also participated in the Desktop Summit, which is a joint conference organized by the GNOME and KDE communities that was held in Europe in 2009 and 2011. Among the projects community programs is Outreachy, established with the goals of increasing women participation, the GNOME Project actively collaborates with other free software projects. Previous collaboration efforts were organized on project-to-project basis. To make the collaboration broader, the freedesktop. org project was founded, the project focuses on, Independence – the governing board is democratically elected and technical decisions are made by the engineers doing the work. Freedom – development infrastructure and communication channels are public, the code can be downloaded, modified and shared. Connectedness – work spans the entire Free software stack, people – emphasis on accessibility and internationalization. GNOME is available in more than 40 languages and is being translated to 190 languages
5.
Software release life cycle
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Usage of the alpha/beta test terminology originated at IBM. As long ago as the 1950s, IBM used similar terminology for their hardware development, a test was the verification of a new product before public announcement. B test was the verification before releasing the product to be manufactured, C test was the final test before general availability of the product. Martin Belsky, a manager on some of IBMs earlier software projects claimed to have invented the terminology, IBM dropped the alpha/beta terminology during the 1960s, but by then it had received fairly wide notice. The usage of beta test to refer to testing done by customers was not done in IBM, rather, IBM used the term field test. Pre-alpha refers to all activities performed during the project before formal testing. These activities can include requirements analysis, software design, software development, in typical open source development, there are several types of pre-alpha versions. Milestone versions include specific sets of functions and are released as soon as the functionality is complete, the alpha phase of the release life cycle is the first phase to begin software testing. In this phase, developers generally test the software using white-box techniques, additional validation is then performed using black-box or gray-box techniques, by another testing team. Moving to black-box testing inside the organization is known as alpha release, alpha software can be unstable and could cause crashes or data loss. Alpha software may not contain all of the features that are planned for the final version, in general, external availability of alpha software is uncommon in proprietary software, while open source software often has publicly available alpha versions. The alpha phase usually ends with a freeze, indicating that no more features will be added to the software. At this time, the software is said to be feature complete, Beta, named after the second letter of the Greek alphabet, is the software development phase following alpha. Software in the stage is also known as betaware. Beta phase generally begins when the software is complete but likely to contain a number of known or unknown bugs. Software in the phase will generally have many more bugs in it than completed software, as well as speed/performance issues. The focus of beta testing is reducing impacts to users, often incorporating usability testing, the process of delivering a beta version to the users is called beta release and this is typically the first time that the software is available outside of the organization that developed it. Beta version software is useful for demonstrations and previews within an organization
6.
Repository (version control)
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In revision control systems, a repository is an on-disk data structure which stores metadata for a set of files and/or directory structure. Some of the metadata that a repository contains includes, among other things, a set of references to commit objects, called heads. The main purpose of a repository is to store a set of files and these differences in methodology have generally led to diverse uses of revision control by different groups, depending on their needs. Software repository Codebase Forge Comparison of source code hosting facilities
7.
C (programming language)
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C was originally developed by Dennis Ritchie between 1969 and 1973 at Bell Labs, and used to re-implement the Unix operating system. C has been standardized by the American National Standards Institute since 1989, C is an imperative procedural language. Therefore, C was useful for applications that had formerly been coded in assembly language. Despite its low-level capabilities, the language was designed to encourage cross-platform programming, a standards-compliant and portably written C program can be compiled for a very wide variety of computer platforms and operating systems with few changes to its source code. The language has become available on a wide range of platforms. In C, all code is contained within subroutines, which are called functions. Function parameters are passed by value. Pass-by-reference is simulated in C by explicitly passing pointer values, C program source text is free-format, using the semicolon as a statement terminator and curly braces for grouping blocks of statements. The C language also exhibits the characteristics, There is a small, fixed number of keywords, including a full set of flow of control primitives, for, if/else, while, switch. User-defined names are not distinguished from keywords by any kind of sigil, There are a large number of arithmetical and logical operators, such as +, +=, ++, &, ~, etc. More than one assignment may be performed in a single statement, function return values can be ignored when not needed. Typing is static, but weakly enforced, all data has a type, C has no define keyword, instead, a statement beginning with the name of a type is taken as a declaration. There is no function keyword, instead, a function is indicated by the parentheses of an argument list, user-defined and compound types are possible. Heterogeneous aggregate data types allow related data elements to be accessed and assigned as a unit, array indexing is a secondary notation, defined in terms of pointer arithmetic. Unlike structs, arrays are not first-class objects, they cannot be assigned or compared using single built-in operators, There is no array keyword, in use or definition, instead, square brackets indicate arrays syntactically, for example month. Enumerated types are possible with the enum keyword and they are not tagged, and are freely interconvertible with integers. Strings are not a data type, but are conventionally implemented as null-terminated arrays of characters. Low-level access to memory is possible by converting machine addresses to typed pointers
8.
Operating system
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An operating system is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. All computer programs, excluding firmware, require a system to function. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones, the dominant desktop operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 83. 3%. MacOS by Apple Inc. is in place, and the varieties of Linux is in third position. Linux distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors, other specialized classes of operating systems, such as embedded and real-time systems, exist for many applications. A single-tasking system can run one program at a time. Multi-tasking may be characterized in preemptive and co-operative types, in preemptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time and dedicates a slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating systems, e. g. Solaris, Linux, cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to provide time to the other processes in a defined manner. 16-bit versions of Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-tasking, 32-bit versions of both Windows NT and Win9x, used preemptive multi-tasking. Single-user operating systems have no facilities to distinguish users, but may allow multiple programs to run in tandem, a distributed operating system manages a group of distinct computers and makes them appear to be a single computer. The development of networked computers that could be linked and communicate with each other gave rise to distributed computing, distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine. When computers in a work in cooperation, they form a distributed system. The technique is used both in virtualization and cloud computing management, and is common in large server warehouses, embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy and they are able to operate with a limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by design, Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems. A real-time operating system is a system that guarantees to process events or data by a specific moment in time. A real-time operating system may be single- or multi-tasking, but when multitasking, early computers were built to perform a series of single tasks, like a calculator. Basic operating system features were developed in the 1950s, such as resident monitor functions that could run different programs in succession to speed up processing
9.
Unix-like
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A Unix-like operating system is one that behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to any version of the Single UNIX Specification. A Unix-like application is one that behaves like the corresponding Unix command or shell, there is no standard for defining the term, and some difference of opinion is possible as to the degree to which a given operating system or application is Unix-like. The Open Group owns the UNIX trademark and administers the Single UNIX Specification and they do not approve of the construction Unix-like, and consider it a misuse of their trademark. Other parties frequently treat Unix as a genericized trademark, in 2007, Wayne R. Gray sued to dispute the status of UNIX as a trademark, but lost his case, and lost again on appeal, with the court upholding the trademark and its ownership. Unix-like systems started to appear in the late 1970s and early 1980s, many proprietary versions, such as Idris, UNOS, Coherent, and UniFlex, aimed to provide businesses with the functionality available to academic users of UNIX. These largely displaced the proprietary clones, growing incompatibility among these systems led to the creation of interoperability standards, including POSIX and the Single UNIX Specification. Various free, low-cost, and unrestricted substitutes for UNIX emerged in the 1980s and 1990s, including 4. 4BSD, Linux, some of these have in turn been the basis for commercial Unix-like systems, such as BSD/OS and OS X. The various BSD variants are notable in that they are in fact descendants of UNIX, however, the BSD code base has evolved since then, replacing all of the AT&T code. Since the BSD variants are not certified as compliant with the Single UNIX Specification, dennis Ritchie, one of the original creators of Unix, expressed his opinion that Unix-like systems such as Linux are de facto Unix systems. Eric S. Raymond and Rob Landley have suggested there are three kinds of Unix-like systems, Genetic UNIX Those systems with a historical connection to the AT&T codebase. Most commercial UNIX systems fall into this category, so do the BSD systems, which are descendants of work done at the University of California, Berkeley in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Some of these systems have no original AT&T code but can trace their ancestry to AT&T designs. Trademark or branded UNIX These systems—largely commercial in nature—have been determined by the Open Group to meet the Single UNIX Specification and are allowed to carry the UNIX name, many ancient UNIX systems no longer meet this definition. Around 2001, Linux was given the opportunity to get a certification including free help from the POSIX chair Andrew Josey for the price of one dollar. Some non-Unix-like operating systems provide a Unix-like compatibility layer, with degrees of Unix-like functionality. IBM z/OSs UNIX System Services is sufficiently complete to be certified as trademark UNIX, cygwin and MSYS both provide a GNU environment on top of the Microsoft Windows user API, sufficient for most common open source software to be compiled and run. Subsystem for Unix-based Applications provides Unix-like functionality as a Windows NT subsystem, Windows Subsystem for Linux provides a Linux-compatible kernel interface developed by Microsoft and containing no Linux code, with Ubuntu user-mode binaries running on top of it
10.
Computing platform
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Computing platform means in general sense, where any piece of software is executed. It may be the hardware or the system, even a web browser or other application. The term computing platform can refer to different abstraction levels, including a hardware architecture, an operating system. In total it can be said to be the stage on which programs can run. For example, an OS may be a platform that abstracts the underlying differences in hardware, platforms may also include, Hardware alone, in the case of small embedded systems. Embedded systems can access hardware directly, without an OS, this is referred to as running on bare metal, a browser in the case of web-based software. The browser itself runs on a platform, but this is not relevant to software running within the browser. An application, such as a spreadsheet or word processor, which hosts software written in a scripting language. This can be extended to writing fully-fledged applications with the Microsoft Office suite as a platform, software frameworks that provide ready-made functionality. Cloud computing and Platform as a Service, the social networking sites Twitter and facebook are also considered development platforms. A virtual machine such as the Java virtual machine, applications are compiled into a format similar to machine code, known as bytecode, which is then executed by the VM. A virtualized version of a system, including virtualized hardware, OS, software. These allow, for instance, a typical Windows program to run on what is physically a Mac, some architectures have multiple layers, with each layer acting as a platform to the one above it. In general, a component only has to be adapted to the layer immediately beneath it, however, the JVM, the layer beneath the application, does have to be built separately for each OS
11.
GTK+
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GTK+ is a cross-platform widget toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces. It is licensed under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License and it is one of the most popular toolkits for the Wayland and X11 windowing systems, along with Qt. The GTK+ library contains a set of graphical elements, version 3.13.3 contains 203 active and 37 deprecated widgets. GTK+ is a widget toolkit written in the C programming language, it uses GObject. While GTK+ is primarily targeted at windowing systems based upon X11 and Wayland, it works on other platforms, including Microsoft Windows, there is also an HTML5 back-end called Broadway. GTK+ can be configured to change the look of the widgets drawn, several display engines exist which try to emulate the look of the native widgets on the platform in use. Starting with version 2.8, released in 2005, GTK+ began the transition to using Cairo to render the majority of its control elements. Since GTK+ version 3.0, all the rendering is done using Cairo, GDK acts as a wrapper around the low-level functions provided by the underlying windowing and graphics systems. GDK is found in the /gdk directory, GSK is the rendering and scene graph API for GTK+. GSK lies between the control elements and the rendering. GSK was finally merged into GTK+ version 3.90 released March 2017, GSK is found in the /gsk directory. GtkInspector has been introduced with version 3.14, gtkInspector can only be invoked after installing the development package libgtk-3-dev/gtk+-devel. There are several GUI designers for GTK+, the following projects are active as of July 2011, Glade, supports GtkBuilder, which is a GTK+ built-in GUI description format. Gazpacho, GUI builder for the GTK+ toolkit written in Python Crow Designer, relies on its own GuiXml format, Stetic, part of MonoDevelop, oriented towards Gtk#. GtkBuilder allows user interfaces to be designed without writing code, the interface is described in an Extensible Markup Language file, which is then loaded at runtime and the objects created automatically. The Glade Interface Designer allows creation of the interface in a WYSIWYG manner. The description of the interface is independent from the programming language being used. A library written in one programming language may be used in another language if bindings are written, Gtk# is a set of. NET bindings for the GTK+ GUI toolkit and assorted GNOME libraries
12.
Spreadsheet
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A spreadsheet is an interactive computer application for organization, analysis and storage of data in tabular form. Spreadsheets are developed as computerized simulations of paper accounting worksheets, the program operates on data entered in cells of a table. Each cell may contain either numeric or text data, or the results of formulas that automatically calculate, a spreadsheet may also refer to one such electronic document. Spreadsheet users can adjust any stored value and observe the effects on calculated values and this makes the spreadsheet useful for what-if analysis since many cases can be rapidly investigated without manual recalculation. Modern spreadsheet software can have multiple interacting sheets, and can display either as text and numerals. Besides performing basic arithmetic and mathematical functions, modern spreadsheets provide built-in functions for financial and statistical operations. Such calculations as net present value or standard deviation can be applied to data with a pre-programmed function in a formula. Spreadsheet programs also provide conditional expressions, functions to convert between text and numbers, and functions operate on strings of text. Spreadsheets have replaced paper-based systems throughout the business world, although they were first developed for accounting or bookkeeping tasks, they now are used extensively in any context where tabular lists are built, sorted, and shared. LANPAR, available in 1969, was the first electronic spreadsheet on mainframe and time sharing computers, LANPAR was an acronym, LANguage for Programming Arrays at Random. VisiCalc was the first electronic spreadsheet on a microcomputer, and it helped turn the Apple II computer into a popular, Lotus 1-2-3 was the leading spreadsheet when DOS was the dominant operating system. Excel now has the largest market share on the Windows and Macintosh platforms, a spreadsheet program is a standard feature of an office productivity suite, since the advent of web apps, office suites now also exist in web app form. A spreadsheet consists of a table of cells arranged into rows and columns, X locations, the columns, are normally represented by letters, A, B, C, etc. while rows are normally represented by numbers,1,2,3, etc. A single cell can be referred to by addressing its row and column and this electronic concept of cell references was first introduced in LANPAR and a variant used in VisiCalc, and known as A1 notation. Additionally, spreadsheets have the concept of a range, a group of cells, for instance, one can refer to the first ten cells in the first column with the range A1, A10. LANPAR innovated forward referencing/natural order calculation which didnt re-appear until Lotus 123, in modern spreadsheet applications, several spreadsheets, often known as worksheets or simply sheets, are gathered together to form a workbook. A workbook is physically represented by a file, containing all the data for the book, the sheets, worksheets are normally represented by tabs that flip between pages, each one containing one of the sheets, although Numbers changes this model significantly. Cells in a multi-sheet book add the name to their reference, for instance
13.
Software license
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A software license is a legal instrument governing the use or redistribution of software. Under United States copyright law all software is copyright protected, in code as also object code form. The only exception is software in the public domain, most distributed software can be categorized according to its license type. Two common categories for software under copyright law, and therefore with licenses which grant the licensee specific rights, are proprietary software and free, unlicensed software outside the copyright protection is either public domain software or software which is non-distributed, non-licensed and handled as internal business trade secret. Contrary to popular belief, distributed unlicensed software is copyright protected. Examples for this are unauthorized software leaks or software projects which are placed on public software repositories like GitHub without specified license. As voluntarily handing software into the domain is problematic in some international law domains, there are also licenses granting PD-like rights. Therefore, the owner of a copy of software is legally entitled to use that copy of software. Hence, if the end-user of software is the owner of the respective copy, as many proprietary licenses only enumerate the rights that the user already has under 17 U. S. C. §117, and yet proclaim to take away from the user. Proprietary software licenses often proclaim to give software publishers more control over the way their software is used by keeping ownership of each copy of software with the software publisher. The form of the relationship if it is a lease or a purchase, for example UMG v. Augusto or Vernor v. Autodesk. The ownership of goods, like software applications and video games, is challenged by licensed. The Swiss based company UsedSoft innovated the resale of business software and this feature of proprietary software licenses means that certain rights regarding the software are reserved by the software publisher. Therefore, it is typical of EULAs to include terms which define the uses of the software, the most significant effect of this form of licensing is that, if ownership of the software remains with the software publisher, then the end-user must accept the software license. In other words, without acceptance of the license, the end-user may not use the software at all, one example of such a proprietary software license is the license for Microsoft Windows. The most common licensing models are per single user or per user in the appropriate volume discount level, Licensing per concurrent/floating user also occurs, where all users in a network have access to the program, but only a specific number at the same time. Another license model is licensing per dongle which allows the owner of the dongle to use the program on any computer, Licensing per server, CPU or points, regardless the number of users, is common practice as well as site or company licenses
14.
GNU General Public License
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The GNU General Public License is a widely used free software license, which guarantees end users the freedom to run, study, share and modify the software. The license was written by Richard Stallman of the Free Software Foundation for the GNU Project. The GPL is a license, which means that derivative work can only be distributed under the same license terms. This is in distinction to permissive free licenses, of which the BSD licenses. GPL was the first copyleft license for general use, historically, the GPL license family has been one of the most popular software licenses in the free and open-source software domain. Prominent free software licensed under the GPL include the Linux kernel. In 2007, the version of the license was released to address some perceived problems with the second version that were discovered during its long-time usage. To keep the license up to date, the GPL license includes an optional any later version clause, developers can omit it when licensing their software, for instance the Linux kernel is licensed under GPLv2 without the any later version clause. The GPL was written by Richard Stallman in 1989, for use with programs released as part of the GNU project, the original GPL was based on a unification of similar licenses used for early versions of GNU Emacs, the GNU Debugger and the GNU C Compiler. These licenses contained similar provisions to the modern GPL, but were specific to each program, rendering them incompatible, Stallmans goal was to produce one license that could be used for any project, thus making it possible for many projects to share code. The second version of the license, version 2, was released in 1991, version 3 was developed to attempt to address these concerns and was officially released on 29 June 2007. Version 1 of the GNU GPL, released on 25 February 1989, the first problem was that distributors may publish binary files only—executable, but not readable or modifiable by humans. To prevent this, GPLv1 stated that any vendor distributing binaries must also make the source code available under the same licensing terms. The second problem was that distributors might add restrictions, either to the license, the union of two sets of restrictions would apply to the combined work, thus adding unacceptable restrictions. To prevent this, GPLv1 stated that modified versions, as a whole, had to be distributed under the terms in GPLv1. Therefore, software distributed under the terms of GPLv1 could be combined with software under more permissive terms, according to Richard Stallman, the major change in GPLv2 was the Liberty or Death clause, as he calls it – Section 7. The section says that licensees may distribute a GPL-covered work only if they can all of the licenses obligations. In other words, the obligations of the license may not be severed due to conflicting obligations and this provision is intended to discourage any party from using a patent infringement claim or other litigation to impair users freedom under the license
15.
GNOME
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GNOME is a desktop environment composed of free and open-source software that runs on Linux and most BSD derivatives. GNOME was originally an acronym for GNU Network Object Model Environment, GNOME is developed by The GNOME Project, which is composed of both volunteers and paid contributors, the largest corporate contributor being Red Hat. GNOME is part of the GNU Project, since GNOME2, productivity has been a key focus for GNOME. To this end, the GNOME Human Interface Guidelines were created, all GNOME programs share a coherent style of graphical user interface but are not limited to the employment of the same GUI widgets. Rather, the design of the GNOME GUI is guided by concepts described in the GNOME HIG, following the HIG, developers can create high-quality, consistent, and usable GUI programs, as it addresses everything from GUI design to recommended pixel-based layout of widgets. During the GNOME2 rewrite, many settings deemed of value to the majority of users were removed. Or even configurable to be the union of all applications that anyones ever seen on any historical platform and it turns out that preferences have a cost. Of course, some also have important benefits – and can be crucial interface features. But each one has a price, and you have to consider its value. Many users and developers dont understand this, and end up with a lot of cost, GNOME aims to make and keep the desktop environment physically and cognitively ergonomic for people with disabilities. The GNOME HIG tries to take this account as far as possible. Particular utilities are registered with ATK using Assistive Technology Service Provider Interface, several assistive technology providers, including Orca screen reader and Dasher input method, were developed specifically for use with GNOME. GNOME Shell is the user interface of the GNOME desktop environment. It features a top bar holding an Activities button, a menu, a clock. The status menu holds various system status indicators, shortcuts to system settings, and session actions including logging out, switching users, locking the screen, clicking on the Activities button, moving the mouse to the top-left hot corner or pressing the Super key brings up the Overview. The Overview gives users an overview of current activities and provides a way to switch between windows and workspaces and to launch applications, the Dash on the left houses shortcuts to favorite applications and open windows and an application picker button to show a list of all installed applications. A search bar appears at the top and a workspace list for switching between workspaces is on the right, notifications appear from the bottom of the screen. Beginning with GNOME3.8, GNOME provides a Classic Mode for those who prefer a traditional desktop experience, GNOME3.24 will extend Wayland compatibility to NVidia drivers
16.
Free software
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The right to study and modify software entails availability of the software source code to its users. This right is conditional on the person actually having a copy of the software. Richard Stallman used the existing term free software when he launched the GNU Project—a collaborative effort to create a freedom-respecting operating system—and the Free Software Foundation. The FSFs Free Software Definition states that users of software are free because they do not need to ask for permission to use the software. Free software thus differs from proprietary software, such as Microsoft Office, Google Docs, Sheets, and Slides or iWork from Apple, which users cannot study, change, freeware, which is a category of freedom-restricting proprietary software that does not require payment for use. For computer programs that are covered by law, software freedom is achieved with a software license. Software that is not covered by law, such as software in the public domain, is free if the source code is in the public domain. Proprietary software, including freeware, use restrictive software licences or EULAs, Users are thus prevented from changing the software, and this results in the user relying on the publisher to provide updates, help, and support. This situation is called vendor lock-in, Users often may not reverse engineer, modify, or redistribute proprietary software. Other legal and technical aspects, such as patents and digital rights management may restrict users in exercising their rights. Free software may be developed collaboratively by volunteer computer programmers or by corporations, as part of a commercial, from the 1950s up until the early 1970s, it was normal for computer users to have the software freedoms associated with free software, which was typically public domain software. Software was commonly shared by individuals who used computers and by manufacturers who welcomed the fact that people were making software that made their hardware useful. Organizations of users and suppliers, for example, SHARE, were formed to exchange of software. As software was written in an interpreted language such as BASIC. Software was also shared and distributed as printed source code in computer magazines and books, in United States vs. IBM, filed January 17,1969, the government charged that bundled software was anti-competitive. While some software might always be free, there would henceforth be an amount of software produced primarily for sale. In the 1970s and early 1980s, the industry began using technical measures to prevent computer users from being able to study or adapt the software as they saw fit. In 1980, copyright law was extended to computer programs, Software development for the GNU operating system began in January 1984, and the Free Software Foundation was founded in October 1985
17.
Microsoft Excel
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Microsoft Excel is a spreadsheet developed by Microsoft for Windows, macOS, Android and iOS. It features calculation, graphing tools, pivot tables, and a programming language called Visual Basic for Applications. It has been a widely applied spreadsheet for these platforms, especially since version 5 in 1993. Excel forms part of Microsoft Office, Microsoft Excel has the basic features of all spreadsheets, using a grid of cells arranged in numbered rows and letter-named columns to organize data manipulations like arithmetic operations. It has a battery of supplied functions to answer statistical, engineering, in addition, it can display data as line graphs, histograms and charts, and with a very limited three-dimensional graphical display. It allows sectioning of data to view its dependencies on various factors for different perspectives, Excel was not designed to be used as a database. Microsoft allows for a number of optional command-line switches to control the manner in which Excel starts, the Windows version of Excel supports programming through Microsofts Visual Basic for Applications, which is a dialect of Visual Basic. Programming with VBA allows spreadsheet manipulation that is awkward or impossible with standard spreadsheet techniques, programmers may write code directly using the Visual Basic Editor, which includes a window for writing code, debugging code, and code module organization environment. A common and easy way to generate VBA code is by using the Macro Recorder, the Macro Recorder records actions of the user and generates VBA code in the form of a macro. These actions can then be repeated automatically by running the macro, the macros can also be linked to different trigger types like keyboard shortcuts, a command button or a graphic. The actions in the macro can be executed from these types or from the generic toolbar options. The VBA code of the macro can also be edited in the VBE, advanced users can employ user prompts to create an interactive program, or react to events such as sheets being loaded or changed. Macro Recorded code may not be compatible between Excel versions, some code that is used in Excel 2010 can not be used in Excel 2003. Making a Macro that changes the colors and making changes to other aspects of cells may not be backward compatible. User-created VBA subroutines execute these actions and operate like macros generated using the macro recorder, from its first version Excel supported end user programming of macros and user defined functions.0. Beginning with version 5.0 Excel recorded macros in VBA by default, after version 5.0 that option was discontinued. All versions of Excel, including Excel 2010 are capable of running an XLM macro, Excel supports charts, graphs, or histograms generated from specified groups of cells. The generated graphic component can either be embedded within the current sheet and these displays are dynamically updated if the content of cells change
18.
Microsoft Windows
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Microsoft Windows is a metafamily of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists of families of operating systems, each of which cater to a certain sector of the computing industry with the OS typically associated with IBM PC compatible architecture. Active Windows families include Windows NT, Windows Embedded and Windows Phone, defunct Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows 10 Mobile is an active product, unrelated to the defunct family Windows Mobile. Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20,1985, Microsoft Windows came to dominate the worlds personal computer market with over 90% market share, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984. Apple came to see Windows as an encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa. On PCs, Windows is still the most popular operating system, however, in 2014, Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android, because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones. In 2014, the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold and this comparison however may not be fully relevant, as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms. As of September 2016, the most recent version of Windows for PCs, tablets, smartphones, the most recent versions for server computers is Windows Server 2016. A specialized version of Windows runs on the Xbox One game console, Microsoft, the developer of Windows, has registered several trademarks each of which denote a family of Windows operating systems that target a specific sector of the computing industry. It now consists of three operating system subfamilies that are released almost at the time and share the same kernel. Windows, The operating system for personal computers, tablets. The latest version is Windows 10, the main competitor of this family is macOS by Apple Inc. for personal computers and Android for mobile devices. Windows Server, The operating system for server computers, the latest version is Windows Server 2016. Unlike its clients sibling, it has adopted a strong naming scheme, the main competitor of this family is Linux. Windows PE, A lightweight version of its Windows sibling meant to operate as an operating system, used for installing Windows on bare-metal computers. The latest version is Windows PE10.0.10586.0, Windows Embedded, Initially, Microsoft developed Windows CE as a general-purpose operating system for every device that was too resource-limited to be called a full-fledged computer. The following Windows families are no longer being developed, Windows 9x, Microsoft now caters to the consumers market with Windows NT. Windows Mobile, The predecessor to Windows Phone, it was a mobile operating system
19.
Microsoft Works
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Microsoft Works is a discontinued office suite developed by Microsoft. Works was smaller, was expensive, and had fewer features than Microsoft Office or other major office suites. Its core functionality included a word processor, a spreadsheet and a management system. Later versions had an application and a dictionary while older releases included a terminal emulator. Works was available as a program, and as part of a namesake home productivity suite. Because of its low cost, companies frequently pre-installed Works on their low-cost machines, Microsoft Works originated as MouseWorks, an integrated spreadsheet, word processor and database program, designed for the Macintosh by ex-Apple employee Don Williams and Rupert Lissner. Williams was planning to emulate the success of AppleWorks, a product for Apple II computers. However, Bill Gates and his Head of Acquisitions, Alan M. Boyd, initially it was to be a scaled-down version of Office for the small laptops such as the Radio Shack TRS-80 Model 100 which Microsoft was developing. As laptops grew in power, however, Microsoft Works, as it was to be called, evolved as a product in its own right. On September 14,1987, Microsoft unveiled Works for DOS, through version 4. 5a, Works used a monolithic program architecture whereby the Works Word Processor and Spreadsheet/Database documents ran in windows of the same program interface. This resulted in a memory and disk footprint, which enabled it to run on slower computers with requirements as low as 6 MB of RAM and 12 MB free disk space. Works 2000 switched to an architecture which opens each document as a separate instance. In late 2009, Microsoft announced it was discontinuing Works and replacing it with Office 2010 Starter Edition, newer versions include task panes but do not include significantly updated features. Even in the version, the Windows 95-era icons and toolbars were not updated to make them consistent with later application software. Version 4. 5a is particularly noted in this respect, a Works Portfolio utility offers Microsoft Binder-like functionality. The Works Calendar can store appointments, integrates with the Windows Address Book, as well as Address Books successor, Windows Contacts and it supports importing and exporting iCalendar files. It does not however support subscribing to iCalendar files or publishing them online via WebDAV, up to version 8, using the Works Task Launcher, the calendar and contacts from Windows Address Book could be synchronized with portable devices. In Works 9.0, the sync capability has been removed, Microsoft makes file format converter filters for Microsoft Word for opening and saving to Works Word Processor format
20.
HTML
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Hypertext Markup Language is the standard markup language for creating web pages and web applications. With Cascading Style Sheets and JavaScript it forms a triad of cornerstone technologies for the World Wide Web, Web browsers receive HTML documents from a webserver or from local storage and render them into multimedia web pages. HTML describes the structure of a web page semantically and originally included cues for the appearance of the document, HTML elements are the building blocks of HTML pages. With HTML constructs, images and other objects, such as interactive forms and it provides a means to create structured documents by denoting structural semantics for text such as headings, paragraphs, lists, links, quotes and other items. HTML elements are delineated by tags, written using angle brackets, tags such as <img /> and <input /> introduce content into the page directly. Include explicit close tags for elements that permit content but are left empty, by carefully following the W3Cs compatibility guidelines, a user agent should be able to interpret the document equally as HTML or XHTML. For documents that are XHTML1.0 and have made compatible in this way. When delivered as XHTML, browsers should use an XML parser, HTML4 defined three different versions of the language, Strict, Transitional and Frameset. The Transitional and Frameset versions allow for presentational markup, which is omitted in the Strict version, instead, cascading style sheets are encouraged to improve the presentation of HTML documents. Because XHTML1 only defines an XML syntax for the language defined by HTML4, as this list demonstrates, the loose versions of the specification are maintained for legacy support. However, contrary to popular misconceptions, the move to XHTML does not imply a removal of this legacy support, rather the X in XML stands for extensible and the W3C is modularizing the entire specification and opening it up to independent extensions. The primary achievement in the move from XHTML1.0 to XHTML1.1 is the modularization of the entire specification, the strict version of HTML is deployed in XHTML1.1 through a set of modular extensions to the base XHTML1.1 specification. Likewise, someone looking for the loose or frameset specifications will find similar extended XHTML1.1 support, the modularization also allows for separate features to develop on their own timetable. So for example, XHTML1.1 will allow quicker migration to emerging XML standards such as MathML, in summary, the HTML4 specification primarily reined in all the various HTML implementations into a single clearly written specification based on SGML. XHTML1.0, ported this specification, as is, next, XHTML1.1 takes advantage of the extensible nature of XML and modularizes the whole specification. XHTML2.0 was intended to be the first step in adding new features to the specification in a standards-body-based approach. The WHATWG considers their work as living standard HTML for what constitutes the state of the art in major browser implementations by Apple, Google, Mozilla, Opera, hTML5 is specified by the HTML Working Group of the W3C following the W3C process. HTML lacks some of the found in earlier hypertext systems, such as source tracking, fat links
21.
LaTeX
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LaTeX is a document preparation system. When writing, the writer uses plain text as opposed to the text found in WYSIWYG word processors like Microsoft Word or LibreOffice Writer. The writer uses markup tagging conventions to define the structure of a document, to stylise text throughout a document. A TeX distribution such as TeX Live or MikTeX is used to produce a file suitable for printing or digital distribution. Within the typesetting system, its name is stylised as LaTeX and it also has a prominent role in the preparation and publication of books and articles that contain complex multilingual materials, such as Tamil, Sanskrit and Greek. LaTeX uses the TeX typesetting program for formatting its output, LaTeX can be used as a standalone document preparation system or as an intermediate format. In the latter role, for example, it is used as part of a pipeline for translating DocBook. LaTeX is intended to provide a language that accesses the power of TeX in an easier way for writers. In short, TeX handles the layout side, while LaTeX handles the content side for document processing, LaTeX comprises a collection of TeX macros and a program to process LaTeX documents. LaTeX was originally written in the early 1980s by Leslie Lamport at SRI International, LaTeX is free software and is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License. It therefore encourages the separation of layout from content while still allowing manual typesetting adjustments where needed and this concept is similar to the mechanism by which many word processors allow styles to be defined globally for an entire document or the use of Cascading Style Sheets to style HTML. The LaTeX system is a language that also handles typesetting and rendering. LaTeX can be extended by using the underlying macro language to develop custom formats. Such macros are often collected into packages, which are available to address special formatting such as complicated mathematical content or graphics. Indeed, in the example below, the environment is provided by the amsmath package. In order to create a document in LaTeX, you first write a file, say document. tex, then you give your document. tex file as input to the TeX program, and TeX writes out a file suitable for viewing onscreen or printing. This write-format-preview cycle is one of the ways in which working with LaTeX differs from what-you-see-is-what-you-get word-processing. It is similar to the code-compile-execute cycle familiar to computer programmers, today, many LaTeX-aware editing programs make this cycle a simple matter of pressing a single key, while showing the output preview on the screen beside the input window
22.
Lotus 1-2-3
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Lotus 1-2-3 is a discontinued spreadsheet program from Lotus Software. It was the IBM PCs first killer application, was popular in the 1980s. The first spreadsheet, VisiCalc, had helped launch the Apple II as one of the earliest personal computers in business use, 1-2-3 quickly overtook VisiCalc, as well as Multiplan and SuperCalc, two VisiCalc competitors. With the acceptance of Windows 3.0, the market for desktop software grew even more, Lotus was passed by Microsoft in the early 1990s and never recovered. IBM purchased Lotus and continued to sell Lotus offerings, only officially ending sales in 2013, VisiCalc was launched in 1979 on the Apple II and immediately became a best-seller. Compared to earlier programs, VisiCalc allowed one to easily construct free-form calculation systems for any purpose. The application was so compelling that there were stories of people buying Apple II machines to run the program. VisiCalcs runaway success on the Apple led to direct bug compatible ports to other platforms, including the Atari 8-bit family, Commodore PET and many others. This included the IBM PC when it launched in 1981, where it became another best-seller. There were well known problems with VisiCalc, and several competitors appeared to some of these issues. In spite of these, and others, VisiCalc continued to outsell them all, the Lotus Development Corporation was founded by Mitchell Kapor, a friend of the developers of VisiCalc. 1-2-3 was originally written by Jonathan Sachs, who had written two spreadsheet programs previously while working at Concentric Data Systems, Inc, to aid its growth, in the UK, and possibly elsewhere, Lotus 1-2-3 was the very first computer software to use television consumer advertising. Lotus 1-2-3 was released on 26 January 1983, and immediately overtook Visicalc in sales, unlike Microsoft Multiplan, it stayed very close to the model of VisiCalc, including the A1 letter and number cell notation, and slash-menu structure. Among other novelties that Lotus introduced was a graph maker that could display several forms of graphs, at this early stage, the only video boards available for the PC were IBMs Color/Graphics Adapter and Monochrome Display and Printer Adapter while the latter did not support any graphics. The initial release of 1-2-3 supported only three video setups, CGA, MDA or dual monitor mode, however, a few months later support was added for Hercules Computer Technologys Hercules Graphics Adapter which was a clone of the MDA that allowed bitmap mode. The ability to have text and graphics capabilities proved extremely popular. Subsequent releases of Lotus 1-2-3 supported more video standards as time went on, including EGA, AT&T/Olivetti, significantly, support for the PCjr/Tandy modes was never added and users of those machines were limited to CGA graphics. The early versions of 1-2-3 also had a key disk copy protection, while the program was hard disk installable, the user had to insert the original floppy disk when starting 1-2-3 up
23.
XML
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In computing, Extensible Markup Language is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. The W3Cs XML1.0 Specification and several other related specifications—all of them free open standards—define XML, the design goals of XML emphasize simplicity, generality, and usability across the Internet. It is a data format with strong support via Unicode for different human languages. Although the design of XML focuses on documents, the language is used for the representation of arbitrary data structures such as those used in web services. Several schema systems exist to aid in the definition of XML-based languages, hundreds of document formats using XML syntax have been developed, including RSS, Atom, SOAP, SVG, and XHTML. XML-based formats have become the default for many office-productivity tools, including Microsoft Office, OpenOffice. org and LibreOffice, XML has also provided the base language for communication protocols such as XMPP. Applications for the Microsoft. NET Framework use XML files for configuration, apple has an implementation of a registry based on XML. XML has come into use for the interchange of data over the Internet. IETF RFC7303 gives rules for the construction of Internet Media Types for use when sending XML and it also defines the media types application/xml and text/xml, which say only that the data is in XML, and nothing about its semantics. The use of text/xml has been criticized as a source of encoding problems. RFC7303 also recommends that XML-based languages be given media types ending in +xml, further guidelines for the use of XML in a networked context appear in RFC3470, also known as IETF BCP70, a document covering many aspects of designing and deploying an XML-based language. The material in this section is based on the XML Specification and this is not an exhaustive list of all the constructs that appear in XML, it provides an introduction to the key constructs most often encountered in day-to-day use. Character An XML document is a string of characters, almost every legal Unicode character may appear in an XML document. Processor and application The processor analyzes the markup and passes structured information to an application, the specification places requirements on what an XML processor must do and not do, but the application is outside its scope. The processor is often referred to colloquially as an XML parser, Markup and content The characters making up an XML document are divided into markup and content, which may be distinguished by the application of simple syntactic rules. Generally, strings that constitute markup either begin with the character < and end with a >, or they begin with the character &, strings of characters that are not markup are content. However, in a CDATA section, the delimiters <. > are classified as markup, in addition, whitespace before and after the outermost element is classified as markup. Tag A tag is a construct that begins with <
24.
Gzip
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Gzip is a file format and a software application used for file compression and decompression. The program was created by Jean-loup Gailly and Mark Adler as a free replacement for the compress program used in early Unix systems. Version 0.1 was first publicly released on 31 October 1992, Gzip is based on the DEFLATE algorithm, which is a combination of LZ77 and Huffman coding. DEFLATE was intended as a replacement for LZW and other patent-encumbered data compression algorithms which, at the time, limited the usability of compress, although its file format also allows for multiple such streams to be concatenated, gzip is normally used to compress just single files. Compressed archives are created by assembling collections of files into a single tar archive. The final. tar. gz or. tgz file is called a tarball. Gzip is not to be confused with the ZIP archive format, various implementations of the program have been written. The most commonly known is the GNU Projects implementation using Lempel-Ziv coding, openBSDs version of gzip is actually the compress program, to which support for the gzip format was added in OpenBSD3.4. The g in this specific version stands for gratis and these implementations originally come from NetBSD, and supports decompression of bzip2 and the Unix pack format. The tar utility included in most Linux distributions can extract. tar. gz files by passing the z option, zlib is an abstraction of the DEFLATE algorithm in library form which includes support both for the gzip file format and a lightweight stream format in its API. The zlib stream format, DEFLATE, and the file format were standardized respectively as RFC1950, RFC1951. The gzip format is used in HTTP compression, a used to speed up the sending of HTML. It is one of the three formats for HTTP compression as specified in RFC2616. This RFC also specifies a zlib format, which is equal to the gzip format except that gzip adds eleven bytes of overhead in the form of headers and trailers. Still, the format is sometimes recommended over zlib because Microsoft Internet Explorer does not implement the standard correctly. Zlib DEFLATE is used internally by the Portable Network Graphics format, since the late 1990s, bzip2, a file compression utility based on a block-sorting algorithm, has gained some popularity as a gzip replacement. It produces considerably smaller files, but at the cost of memory, comparison of file archivers Free file format List of archive formats List of Unix programs GNU Gzip home page Original gzip Home Page
25.
North America
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North America is a continent entirely within the Northern Hemisphere and almost all within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be considered a subcontinent of the Americas. It is bordered to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean, to the west and south by the Pacific Ocean, and to the southeast by South America and the Caribbean Sea. North America covers an area of about 24,709,000 square kilometers, about 16. 5% of the land area. North America is the third largest continent by area, following Asia and Africa, and the fourth by population after Asia, Africa, and Europe. In 2013, its population was estimated at nearly 565 million people in 23 independent states, or about 7. 5% of the worlds population, North America was reached by its first human populations during the last glacial period, via crossing the Bering land bridge. The so-called Paleo-Indian period is taken to have lasted until about 10,000 years ago, the Classic stage spans roughly the 6th to 13th centuries. The Pre-Columbian era ended with the migrations and the arrival of European settlers during the Age of Discovery. Present-day cultural and ethnic patterns reflect different kind of interactions between European colonists, indigenous peoples, African slaves and their descendants, European influences are strongest in the northern parts of the continent while indigenous and African influences are relatively stronger in the south. Because of the history of colonialism, most North Americans speak English, Spanish or French, the Americas are usually accepted as having been named after the Italian explorer Amerigo Vespucci by the German cartographers Martin Waldseemüller and Matthias Ringmann. Vespucci, who explored South America between 1497 and 1502, was the first European to suggest that the Americas were not the East Indies, but a different landmass previously unknown by Europeans. In 1507, Waldseemüller produced a map, in which he placed the word America on the continent of South America. He explained the rationale for the name in the accompanying book Cosmographiae Introductio, for Waldseemüller, no one should object to the naming of the land after its discoverer. He used the Latinized version of Vespuccis name, but in its feminine form America, following the examples of Europa, Asia and Africa. Later, other mapmakers extended the name America to the continent, In 1538. Some argue that the convention is to use the surname for naming discoveries except in the case of royalty, a minutely explored belief that has been advanced is that America was named for a Spanish sailor bearing the ancient Visigothic name of Amairick. Another is that the name is rooted in a Native American language, the term North America maintains various definitions in accordance with location and context. In Canadian English, North America may be used to refer to the United States, alternatively, usage sometimes includes Greenland and Mexico, as well as offshore islands
26.
Pivot table
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In data processing, a pivot table is a data summarization tool found in data visualization programs such as spreadsheets or business intelligence software. Among other functions, a table can automatically sort, count, total or average the data stored in one table or spreadsheet. Pivot tables are useful for quickly creating unweighted cross tabulations. The user sets up and changes the structure by dragging and dropping fields graphically. This rotation or pivoting of the table gives the concept its name. The term pivot table is a phrase used by multiple vendors. In the United States, Microsoft Corporation has trademarked the specific compound word form, Pivot tables can be seen as a simplification of the more complete and complex online analytical processing concepts. In their book Pivot Table Data Crunching, Bill Jelen and Mike Alexander refer to Pito Salas as the father of pivot tables, while working on a concept for a new program that would eventually become Lotus Improv, Salas noted that spreadsheets have patterns of data. A tool that could help the user recognize these patterns would help to build advanced data models quickly, with Improv, users could define and store sets of categories, then change views by dragging category names with the mouse. This core functionality would provide the model for pivot tables, Lotus Development released Improv in 1991 on the NeXT platform. A few months after the release of Improv, Brio Technology published a standalone Macintosh implementation, borland purchased the DataPivot technology in 1992 and implemented it in their own spreadsheet application, Quattro Pro. In 1993 the Microsoft Windows version of Improv appeared, early in 1994 Microsoft Excel 5 brought a new functionality called a PivotTable to market. A pivot table can help quickly summarize the data and highlight the desired information, the usage of a pivot table is extremely broad and depends on the situation. The first question to ask is, What am I seeking, in the example here, let us ask, How many Units did we sell in each Region for every Ship Date. A pivot table usually consists of row, column and data fields, in this case, the column is Ship Date, the row is Region and the datum we would like to see is Units. These fields allow several kinds of aggregations, including, sum, average, standard deviation, count, in this case, the total number of units shipped is displayed here using a sum aggregation. Using the example above, software will find all distinct values for Region, in this case, they are, North, South, East, West. Furthermore, it will find all distinct values for Ship Date, based on the aggregation type, sum, it will summarize the fact, the quantities of Unit, and display them in a multidimensional chart
27.
Visual Basic for Applications
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Visual Basic for Applications enables building user-defined functions, automating processes and accessing Windows API and other low-level functionality through dynamic-link libraries. It supersedes and expands on the abilities of earlier application-specific macro programming languages such as Words WordBasic. It can be used to control aspects of the host application, including manipulating user interface features, such as menus and toolbars. As its name suggests, VBA is closely related to Visual Basic, however, VBA code normally can only run within a host application, rather than as a standalone program. VBA can, however, control one application from another using OLE Automation, for example, VBA can automatically create a Microsoft Word report from Microsoft Excel data that Excel collects automatically from polled sensors. VBA can use, but not create, ActiveX/COM DLLs, VBA is built into most Microsoft Office applications, including Office for Mac OS X, and other Microsoft applications, including Microsoft MapPoint and Microsoft Visio. VBA is also implemented, at least partially, in applications published by other than Microsoft, including ArcGIS, AutoCAD, SolidWorks, CorelDraw. The intermediate code is executed by a virtual machine. Compatibility ends with Visual Basic version 6, VBA is incompatible with Visual Basic. NET, VBA is proprietary to Microsoft and, apart from the COM interface, is not an open standard. Interaction with the host application uses OLE Automation, typically, the host application provides a type library and application programming interface documentation which document how VBA programs can interact with the application. This documentation can be examined from inside the VBA development environment using its Object Browser, for example, a VBA program written to automate Microsoft Word cannot be used with a different word processor, even if that word processor hosts VBA. Conversely, multiple applications can be automated from the one host by creating Application objects within the VBA code, references to the different libraries must be created within the VBA client before any of the methods, objects, etc. become available to use in the application. This is achieved through what is referred to as Early or Late Binding and these application objects create the OLE link to the application when they are first created. Commands to the different applications must be done explicitly through these objects in order to work correctly. VBA programs can be attached to a button, a macro. The language provides an interface in the form of UserForms. As with any common programming language, VBA macros can be created with malicious intent, using VBA, most of the security features lie in the hands of the user, not the author. The VBA host application options are accessible to the user, the user who runs any document containing VBA macros can preset the software with user preferences
28.
Statistics
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Statistics is a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. In applying statistics to, e. g. a scientific, industrial, or social problem, populations can be diverse topics such as all people living in a country or every atom composing a crystal. Statistics deals with all aspects of data including the planning of data collection in terms of the design of surveys, statistician Sir Arthur Lyon Bowley defines statistics as Numerical statements of facts in any department of inquiry placed in relation to each other. When census data cannot be collected, statisticians collect data by developing specific experiment designs, representative sampling assures that inferences and conclusions can safely extend from the sample to the population as a whole. In contrast, an observational study does not involve experimental manipulation, inferences on mathematical statistics are made under the framework of probability theory, which deals with the analysis of random phenomena. A standard statistical procedure involves the test of the relationship between two data sets, or a data set and a synthetic data drawn from idealized model. A hypothesis is proposed for the relationship between the two data sets, and this is compared as an alternative to an idealized null hypothesis of no relationship between two data sets. Rejecting or disproving the hypothesis is done using statistical tests that quantify the sense in which the null can be proven false. Working from a hypothesis, two basic forms of error are recognized, Type I errors and Type II errors. Multiple problems have come to be associated with this framework, ranging from obtaining a sufficient sample size to specifying an adequate null hypothesis, measurement processes that generate statistical data are also subject to error. Many of these errors are classified as random or systematic, the presence of missing data or censoring may result in biased estimates and specific techniques have been developed to address these problems. Statistics continues to be an area of research, for example on the problem of how to analyze Big data. Statistics is a body of science that pertains to the collection, analysis, interpretation or explanation. Some consider statistics to be a mathematical science rather than a branch of mathematics. While many scientific investigations make use of data, statistics is concerned with the use of data in the context of uncertainty, mathematical techniques used for this include mathematical analysis, linear algebra, stochastic analysis, differential equations, and measure-theoretic probability theory. In applying statistics to a problem, it is practice to start with a population or process to be studied. Populations can be diverse topics such as all living in a country or every atom composing a crystal. Ideally, statisticians compile data about the entire population and this may be organized by governmental statistical institutes
29.
Science
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Science is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. The formal sciences are often excluded as they do not depend on empirical observations, disciplines which use science, like engineering and medicine, may also be considered to be applied sciences. However, during the Islamic Golden Age foundations for the method were laid by Ibn al-Haytham in his Book of Optics. In the 17th and 18th centuries, scientists increasingly sought to formulate knowledge in terms of physical laws, over the course of the 19th century, the word science became increasingly associated with the scientific method itself as a disciplined way to study the natural world. It was during this time that scientific disciplines such as biology, chemistry, Science in a broad sense existed before the modern era and in many historical civilizations. Modern science is distinct in its approach and successful in its results, Science in its original sense was a word for a type of knowledge rather than a specialized word for the pursuit of such knowledge. In particular, it was the type of knowledge which people can communicate to each other, for example, knowledge about the working of natural things was gathered long before recorded history and led to the development of complex abstract thought. This is shown by the construction of calendars, techniques for making poisonous plants edible. For this reason, it is claimed these men were the first philosophers in the strict sense and they were mainly speculators or theorists, particularly interested in astronomy. In contrast, trying to use knowledge of nature to imitate nature was seen by scientists as a more appropriate interest for lower class artisans. A clear-cut distinction between formal and empirical science was made by the pre-Socratic philosopher Parmenides, although his work Peri Physeos is a poem, it may be viewed as an epistemological essay on method in natural science. Parmenides ἐὸν may refer to a system or calculus which can describe nature more precisely than natural languages. Physis may be identical to ἐὸν and he criticized the older type of study of physics as too purely speculative and lacking in self-criticism. He was particularly concerned that some of the early physicists treated nature as if it could be assumed that it had no intelligent order, explaining things merely in terms of motion and matter. The study of things had been the realm of mythology and tradition, however. Aristotle later created a less controversial systematic programme of Socratic philosophy which was teleological and he rejected many of the conclusions of earlier scientists. For example, in his physics, the sun goes around the earth, each thing has a formal cause and final cause and a role in the rational cosmic order. Motion and change is described as the actualization of potentials already in things, while the Socratics insisted that philosophy should be used to consider the practical question of the best way to live for a human being, they did not argue for any other types of applied science
30.
R programming language
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R is an open source programming language and software environment for statistical computing and graphics that is supported by the R Foundation for Statistical Computing. The R language is used among statisticians and data miners for developing statistical software. Polls, surveys of data miners, and studies of scholarly literature databases show that Rs popularity has increased substantially in recent years, while R has a command line interface, there are several graphical front-ends available. R is an implementation of the S programming language combined with lexical scoping semantics inspired by Scheme, S was created by John Chambers while at Bell Labs. There are some important differences, but much of the code written for S runs unaltered. R was created by Ross Ihaka and Robert Gentleman at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, R is named partly after the first names of the first two R authors and partly as a play on the name of S. The project was conceived in 1992, with a version released in 1995. R is easily extensible through functions and extensions, and the R community is noted for its contributions in terms of packages. Many of Rs standard functions are written in R itself, which makes it easy for users to follow the algorithmic choices made, for computationally intensive tasks, C, C++, and Fortran code can be linked and called at run time. Advanced users can write C, C++, Java. NET or Python code to manipulate R objects directly, R is highly extensible through the use of user-submitted packages for specific functions or specific areas of study. Due to its S heritage, R has stronger object-oriented programming facilities than most statistical computing languages, extending R is also eased by its lexical scoping rules. Another strength of R is static graphics, which can produce publication-quality graphs, dynamic and interactive graphics are available through additional packages. R has Rd, its own LaTeX-like documentation format, which is used to supply comprehensive documentation, R is an interpreted language, users typically access it through a command-line interpreter. If a user types 2+2 at the R command prompt and presses enter, Rs data structures include vectors, matrices, arrays, data frames and lists. Rs extensible object system includes objects for, regression models, time-series, the scalar data type was never a data structure of R. Instead, a scalar is represented as a vector with length one. R supports procedural programming with functions and, for some functions, a generic function acts differently depending on the classes of arguments passed to it. In other words, the generic function dispatches the function specific to that class of object, for example, R has a generic print function that can print almost every class of object in R with a simple print syntax. Arrays are stored in column-major order, the capabilities of R are extended through user-created packages, which allow specialized statistical techniques, graphical devices, import/export capabilities, reporting tools, etc
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EditGrid
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EditGrid was a Web 2.0 spreadsheet service, operated via Internet access. It offered both a service to personal users and a subscription service to organisations and was available on a number of partner sites. EditGrid was shut down on May 1,2014, EditGrid was developed, provided and maintained by Team and Concepts, a Hong Kong-based company. The first public release of EditGrid was launched on 7 April 2006. It registered its 10, 000th personal user in November 2006, in January 2007 EditGrid started to offer organisation accounts for free trial and also became available on Salesforce. coms AppExchange platform. On 14 February 2007, EditGrid officially declared out-of-beta and launched its subscription service, in June 2007, EditGrid announced a $1.25 million series A investment from the WI Harper Group. EditGrid announced a series of changes to its business in September 2009, according to the change, they were no longer supporting users through future enhancements or subscription based accounts. The user forum and the wiki have been closed, in October 2009 Apple had bought EditGrid. Touted as the most advanced and well-polished Ajax-enabled spreadsheet, EditGrid included features for shared access and its Real-Time Update feature allowed multiple users to see changes on a spreadsheet immediately, and it was considered a winning feature among similar products. Its Remote Data feature was able to retrieve data on the web, while its My Data Format feature allowed users to customise the output format using XSLT. Other features included multiple access control levels, revision history, charting, live chat, permalinks, apart from access from its main site, spreadsheets hosted on EditGrid could be accessed on third-party websites by means of its post-to-blog feature. In September 2007, the EditGrid iPhone Edition was launched at the Office 2.0 Conference, in September 2008, EditGrid had launched its JavaScript Macro support, enabling user-programmed macros to manipulate EditGrid spreadsheets using JavaScript. EditGrid was available as a module on Netvibes, Pageflakes and Google Personalized Homepage, EditGrid was also available on Salesforce. coms AppExchange platform. EditGrid also formed part of the offering of Central Desktop, ShareOffice, in addition, developers could make use of the EditGrid API to build custom applications. There were a number of EditGrid add-ons that mashed up other services, one of these, Grid2Map, turned longitude-latitude pairs into placemarks on Google Maps. EditGrid was available to users on a software-as-a-service basis. Organisation users were supported by SSL-encrypted traffic, user account administration, EditGrid organisation accounts had become completely free-of-charge for all users since September 2009. EditGrid had been developed on a software architecture
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Comparison of spreadsheet software
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Web-based spreadsheets do not in general depend on a particular operating system or similar constraints and are therefore generally more portable by their nature than desktop applications. Generally, online spreadsheets offer spreadsheet sharing and public sharing as part of their features which enables collaboration between multiple users, some on-line spreadsheets provide remote data update allowing data values to be extracted from other users spreadsheets even though they may be inactive at the time. Gnumeric is also used as the processor in at least one on-line spreadsheet application. The following tables provide a comparison of desktop spreadsheet applications. For a list and links to comparisons of online spreadsheets, see List of online spreadsheets, the operating systems the software can run on natively. This table gives a comparison of file formats each spreadsheet can import and export. Yes means can both import and export, List of spreadsheets List of online spreadsheets Comparison of word processors
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International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
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Open-source software
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Open-source software may be developed in a collaborative public manner. According to scientists who studied it, open-source software is a prominent example of open collaboration, a 2008 report by the Standish Group states that adoption of open-source software models has resulted in savings of about $60 billion per year to consumers. In the early days of computing, programmers and developers shared software in order to learn from each other, eventually the open source notion moved to the way side of commercialization of software in the years 1970-1980. In 1997, Eric Raymond published The Cathedral and the Bazaar and this source code subsequently became the basis behind SeaMonkey, Mozilla Firefox, Thunderbird and KompoZer. Netscapes act prompted Raymond and others to look into how to bring the Free Software Foundations free software ideas, the new term they chose was open source, which was soon adopted by Bruce Perens, publisher Tim OReilly, Linus Torvalds, and others. The Open Source Initiative was founded in February 1998 to encourage use of the new term, a Microsoft executive publicly stated in 2001 that open source is an intellectual property destroyer. I cant imagine something that could be worse than this for the software business, IBM, Oracle, Google and State Farm are just a few of the companies with a serious public stake in todays competitive open-source market. There has been a significant shift in the corporate philosophy concerning the development of FOSS, the free software movement was launched in 1983. In 1998, a group of individuals advocated that the free software should be replaced by open-source software as an expression which is less ambiguous. Software developers may want to publish their software with an open-source license, the Open Source Definition, notably, presents an open-source philosophy, and further defines the terms of usage, modification and redistribution of open-source software. Software licenses grant rights to users which would otherwise be reserved by law to the copyright holder. Several open-source software licenses have qualified within the boundaries of the Open Source Definition, the open source label came out of a strategy session held on April 7,1998 in Palo Alto in reaction to Netscapes January 1998 announcement of a source code release for Navigator. They used the opportunity before the release of Navigators source code to clarify a potential confusion caused by the ambiguity of the free in English. Many people claimed that the birth of the Internet, since 1969, started the open source movement, the Free Software Foundation, started in 1985, intended the word free to mean freedom to distribute and not freedom from cost. Since a great deal of free software already was free of charge, such software became associated with zero cost. The Open Source Initiative was formed in February 1998 by Eric Raymond and they sought to bring a higher profile to the practical benefits of freely available source code, and they wanted to bring major software businesses and other high-tech industries into open source. Perens attempted to open source as a service mark for the OSI. The Open Source Initiatives definition is recognized by governments internationally as the standard or de facto definition, OSI uses The Open Source Definition to determine whether it considers a software license open source
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Calligra Sheets
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Calligra Sheets is a free software spreadsheet application that is part of Calligra Suite, an integrated graphic art and office suite developed by KDE. Sheets’ native file format has been OpenDocument since version two and previously used its own XML format, compressed with ZIP. Sheets also has the ability to import several spreadsheet formats, including XLS, Applix Spreadsheet, Quattro Pro, CSV, dBase, Gnumeric, SXC, Kexi and it supports export of OpenDocument Spreadsheet, SXC, Tables document, CSV, HTML, Gnumeric, TeX and TXT. Sheets does not support export of XLS, kChart is the charting tool of Calligra Suite
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LibreOffice Calc
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LibreOffice Calc is the spreadsheet component of the LibreOffice software package. Additionally Calc now supports 1 million rows in a spreadsheet with macro references to each cell, Calc is capable of opening and saving most spreadsheets in Microsoft Excel file format. Calc is also capable of saving spreadsheets as PDF files, as with the entire LibreOffice suite, Calc is available for a variety of platforms, including Linux, OS X, Microsoft Windows, and FreeBSD. Available under the Mozilla Public License, Calc is free and open source software, capabilities of Calc include, Ability to read/write OpenDocument, Excel, CSV and several other formats. Support for a number of functions, including those for imaginary numbers. Supports 1 million rows in a spreadsheet, making LibreOffice spreadsheets more suitable for scientific or financial spreadsheets. However, the number of columns is restricted to at most 1024, in its internal data structure, Calc until version 4.1 relies on cells as the base class throughout, which has been blamed for extreme memory use, slow computation, and difficult code. Version 4.2 addresses these issues by storing the data in arrays where possible. Originally called DataPilot, Pivot Table provides similar functionality to the Pivot table found in Microsoft Excel and it is used for interactive table layout and dynamic data analysis. Pivot table has support for an number of fields. Previously Pivot Table only supported up to 8 column/row/data fields and up to 10 page fields, an advanced sort macro is included that allows data to be arranged or categorised based on either a user generated macro or one of several default included macros. Calc has continued to diverge since the fork from its parent OpenOffice with new features being added, versions for LibreOffice Calc include the following, List of spreadsheets Comparison of spreadsheets Official website
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NeoOffice
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NeoOffice is an office suite for the macOS operating system developed by Planasema Inc. Versions of OpenOffice. org for Mac prior to 3.0 did not have a native OS X interface, subsequently, both LibreOffice and Apache OpenOffice followed NeoOffices lead and implemented similarly native OS X versions. NeoOffice began as a project to investigate methods of creating a port of OpenOffice. org to OS X. The project now called NeoOffice was originally dubbed NeoOffice/J, reflecting its use of OS Xs Java integration to enable a native application, a related project was NeoOffice/C, which was a simultaneous effort to develop a version using Apples Cocoa APIs. But NeoOffice/C proved very difficult to implement and the application was highly unstable, the /J suffix was dropped with version 1.2, since there was no longer another variety of NeoOffice from which to distinguish it. Many of these releases were preceded by a version that only Early Access Members could download, NeoOffice 3.1.1 and later is based on OpenOffice. org 3.1.1, though recent versions include stability fixes from LibreOffice and Apache OpenOffice. In 2013 NeoOffice moved to a distribution model via the Mac App Store. As of 2016, the code is still available for free. Listed here, in the order of appearance in the Save As dialogue box, are the formats supported for saving documents in NeoOffice 3.1.2. In cases where NeoOffice is used to edit a document originally in a Microsoft format, the OpenDocument file format is an XML file format standardized by OASIS. NeoOffice chose not to assign its code to Sun, which prevented Sun from using NeoOffice code in official OpenOffice. org versions, there were initially some attempts to resolve the licensing differences and foster more direct cooperation and code-sharing between the NeoOffice and OpenOffice. org developers. However, the NeoOffice developers said that they preferred to work separately from OpenOffice. org because coordination requires a significant amount of time, the OpenOffice. org developers said that a proposal to work together has been made, and NeoOffice developers refused. The NeoOffice developers subsequently expressed support for LibreOffice and the launch of The Document Foundation, though NeoOffice is sold commercially, the source code is still available for free under the terms of the GPL. List of word processors Comparison of word processors Official website NeoWiki
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Pyspread
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Pyspread is a non-traditional spreadsheet software. Cells in pyspreads grid accept expressions in the Python programming language, a cell can return any Python object, which allows calculations with vectors, matrices, fractions, arbitrary precision numbers and symbols. Therefore, pyspread follows an approach that is similar to the spreadsheet SIAG from Siag Office, besides text, pyspread can display bitmap and vector images in its cells. It provides a graphical front-end for creating matplotlib charts, pyspread can import and export data from and to CSV files and Microsoft Excel xls files. Spreadsheets can be exported to files in Portable Document Format and Scalable Vector Graphics format, pyspread has been mentioned for its GNU Privacy Guard based security approach and its capability to access local files and the Web from cell code. Pyspread runs on Linux and Microsoft Windows and it has been packaged for the Linux distributions Arch, Debian, Mageia, Slackware and Ubuntu. Pyspread is developed and maintained by Martin Manns and it is licensed under the GNU General Public License and therefore is free software
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Siag Office
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Siag Office is a tightly integrated free software office package for Unix-like operating systems. It consists of the spreadsheet SIAG, the word processor Pathetic Writer, the animation program Egon Animator, the text editor XedPlus, the file manager Xfiler and the previewer Gvu. Siag Office is known to be extremely light-weight, hence able to run on very old systems reasonably well, because it is kept light-weight, the software lacks many of the features of major office suites, like LibreOffice, Calligra Suite, or Microsoft Office. Siag Office is distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License, version 3.6.0 was released in 2003, and the latest version 3.6.1 was released in 2006. Siag Office is included in Damn Small Linux, a lightweight Linux distribution, Siag is the spreadsheet based on the X Window System and the Scheme programming language. It supports import of CSV, Lotus 1-2-3, Scheme Code, ABScript, Siag native format and partially also XLS files and it can export files to CSV, TXT, Postscript, HTML, Lotus 1-2-3, Troff table, Latex table, PDF and its native Siag format. PW is an X-based word processor for Unix, support for RTF allows documents to be exchanged between Pathetic Writer and legacy Windows applications. External converters such as Caolan McNamaras wv can be used to virtually any format. HTML pages can be loaded and saved, making it possible to instantly publish PW documents on the web, Egon Animator is the X-based animation development tool for Unix. The idea is that objects are added to a stage where they are made to perform by telling them where they should be. It can also edit MagicPoint files, comparison of office suites Siag Office is far from pathetic, Linux. com,2007 Official website
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WPS Office
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WPS Office is an office suite for Microsoft Windows, Linux, iOS and Android OS, developed by Zhuhai-based Chinese software developer Kingsoft. WPS Office is a suite of software which is made up of three components, WPS Writer, WPS Presentation, and WPS Spreadsheet. The personal basic version is free to use, a fully featured professional-grade version is also available for a subscription fee. The current version of WPS Office is WPS Office 2016, the product has had a long history of development and success in China under the name WPS and WPS Office. For a time, Kingsoft branded the suite under KSOffice in an attempt to gain an international market foothold, since WPS Office 2005, the user interface is similar to that of Microsoft Office products, and supports Microsoft document formats besides native Kingsoft formats. WPS Office initially started as Super-WPS文字处理系统 debuted in 1988 as a processor which ran on DOS systems. It was the first Chinese word processor designed and developed for China mainland market, WPS retained a large user base throughout the late 1980s and mid-1990s before Microsoft Word 95 and Windows 95 became popular. In 1997, WPS97 was released, the next version, WPS2000, was released two years later. Both products were developed for a 16-bit Windows platform, with the capability of running on 32-bit Windows platforms, in May 2001, Kingsoft launched a full office suite under the name WPS Office 2001, which contained a word processor, together with spreadsheet and presentation applications. With WPS Office 2001, Kingsoft entered the office productivity market in the Peoples Republic of China, in 2002, WPS Office 2002 was released, succeeding WPS Office 2001 as the flagship version of WPS Office and adding an email client to the office suite. WPS Office 2002 maintained interface compatibility with established office products, in 2003, WPS Office 2003 was released. Individuals already familiar with Microsoft Office found little difficulty transitioning to it, the Chinese government made Kingsoft office software the standard for various divisions of the government. The 2004 incarnation of the suite, dubbed WPS Office Storm, was released in late 2004 to minimal fanfare. In its increased effort to compete with Microsoft Office, WPS Office Storm claimed to offer compatibility with the Microsoft Office file formats. Unlike previous versions, WPS Storm was based on OpenOffice. org, in an attempt to differentiate itself from other office suites, Kingsoft collaborated with Intel and IBM to integrate their text-to-text and text-to-speech technology into WPS Office Storm. These new features became the point in Kingsoft advertising campaigns. In late 2005, WPS Office 2005 was released with a revamped interface, besides the Professional edition, a free-of-charge edition was offered, in the hopes of attracting more users. The personal edition was available in Simplified Chinese, licensed only to students
41.
Numbers (spreadsheet)
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Numbers is a spreadsheet application developed by Apple Inc. as part of the iWork productivity suite alongside Keynote and Pages. Numbers is available for iOS, and Mac OS X v10.4 or newer, Numbers 1.0 on OS X was announced on 7 August 2007, making it the newest application in the iWork suite. The iPad version was released on 27 January 2010, the app was later updated to support iPhone and iPod Touch. Numbers uses a free-form canvas approach that demotes tables to one of different media types placed on a page. Other media, like charts, graphics and text, are treated as peers, in comparison, traditional spreadsheets like Microsoft Excel use the table as the primary container, with other media placed within the table. Numbers also includes features from the seminal Lotus Improv, notably the use of formulas based on rather than cells. However, it implements these using traditional spreadsheet concepts, as opposed to Improvs use of multidimensional databases, Numbers also includes numerous stylistic improvements in an effort to improve the visual appearance of spreadsheets. At its introductory demonstration, Steve Jobs pitched a more usable interface and better control over the appearance, Numbers works in a fashion somewhat different from traditional spreadsheets like Microsoft Excel or Lotus 1-2-3. In effect, the spreadsheet and the table are one and the same, in contrast, Numbers uses a separate canvas as its basic container object, and tables are among the many objects that can be placed within the canvas. This difference is not simply a case of syntax, in order to provide a large workspace, conventional spreadsheets extend a table in X and Y to form a very large grid - ideally infinite, but normally limited to some smaller dimension. Some of these cells, selected by the user, hold data, data is manipulated using formulas, which are placed in other cells in the same sheet and output their results back into the formula cells display. The rest of the sheet is sparse, currently unused, sheets often grow very complex with input data, intermediate values from formulas and output areas, separated by blank areas. In order to manage this complexity, Excel allows one to hide data that is not of interest, quattro Pro commonly introduced the idea of multiple sheets in a single book, allowing further subdivision of the data. In contrast, Numbers does not have a spreadsheet in the traditional sense. Tables are an X and Y collection of cells, like a sheet, each section of data, or output from formulas, can be combined into an existing table, or placed into a new table. Tables can be collected by the user onto single or multiple canvases, whereas a typical Excel sheet has data strewn across it, a Numbers canvas could build the same output through smaller individual tables encompassing the same data. Consider a simple spreadsheet being used to calculate the value of all car sales in a month for a given year. The sheet might contain the number or name in column A, the number of cars sold in column B
