1.
Peyote
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Lophophora williamsii /loʊˈfɒfərə wɪlˈjæmsiaɪ/ or peyote is a small, spineless cactus with psychoactive alkaloids, particularly mescaline. The English common name comes from the like-spelled Spanish name. Other sources translate the Nahuatl word as Divine Messenger, Native North Americans are likely to have used peyote, often for spiritual purposes, for at least 5,500 years. Peyote is native to Mexico and southwestern Texas and it is found primarily in the Chihuahuan Desert and in the states of Coahuila, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas and San Luis Potosí among scrub, especially where there is limestone. Peyote has a history of ritualistic and medicinal use by indigenous Americans. It flowers from March through May, and sometimes as late as September, the flowers are pink, with thigmotactic anthers. The various species of the genus Lophophora grow low to the ground and they form groups with numerous. The blue-green, yellow-green or sometimes reddish green shoots are mostly flattened spheres with sunken shoot tips and they can reach heights of from 2 to 7 centimeters and diameters of 4 to 12 centimeters. There are often significant, vertical ribs consisting of low and rounded or hump-like bumps, from the cusp areoles arises a tuft of soft, yellowish or whitish woolly hairs. Flowers are pink or white to yellowish, sometimes reddish. They open during the day, are from 1 to 2.4 centimeters long, the cactus produces flowers sporadically, these are followed by small edible pink fruit. The club-shaped to elongated, fleshy fruits are bare and more or less rosy colored, at maturity, they are brownish-white and dry. The fruits do not burst open on their own and they are between 1.5 and 2 centimeters long and they contain black, pear-shaped seeds that are 1 to 1.5 mm long and 1 mm wide. The seeds require hot and humid conditions to germinate, Peyote contains a large spectrum of phenethylamine alkaloids. The mescaline content of Lophophora williamsii is about 0. 4% fresh, cultivated specimens grow considerably faster, sometimes taking less than three years to go from seedling to mature flowering adult. More rapid growth can be achieved by grafting peyote onto mature San Pedro root stock, the top of the cactus that grows above ground, also referred to as the crown, consists of disc-shaped buttons that are cut above the roots and sometimes dried. When done properly, the top of the root will form a callus, when poor harvesting techniques are used, however, the entire plant dies. Currently in South Texas, peyote grows naturally but has been over-harvested, the buttons are generally chewed, or boiled in water to produce a psychoactive tea
2.
Pitkin County, Colorado
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Pitkin County is one of the 64 counties in the U. S. state of Colorado. As of the 2010 census, the population was 17,148, the county is named in honor of the late Colorado Governor Frederick Walker Pitkin. Pitkin County has the seventh-highest per capita income of any county in the United States, Pitkin County is included in the Glenwood Springs, CO Micropolitan Statistical Area, which is also included in the Edwards-Glenwood Springs, CO Combined Statistical Area. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 973 square miles. The high point of the county is Castle Peak, a fourteener with a height of 14,265 feet and it is located 20 miles south of Aspen on the Gunnison County border. The population density was 15 people per square mile, there were 10,096 housing units at an average density of 10 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 94. 33% White,0. 53% Black or African American,0. 27% Native American,1. 12% Asian,0. 04% Pacific Islander,2. 37% from other races, and 1. 34% from two or more races. Of the population,6. 54% were Hispanic or Latino of any race, of all households,35. 80% were made up of individuals and 3. 50% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the family size was 2.77. In the county, the population was out with 16. 70% under the age of 18,7. 70% from 18 to 24,38. 30% from 25 to 44,30. 50% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38 years, for every 100 females there were 115.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 117.40 males, the median income for a household in the county was $59,375, and the median income for a family was $75,048. Males had an income of $40,672 versus $33,896 for females. The per capita income for the county was $40,811, about 3. 00% of families and 6. 20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4. 40% of those under age 18 and 5. 60% of those age 65 or over
3.
Journalism
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Journalism is the production and distribution of reports on the interaction of events, facts, ideas, and people that are the news of the day and that informs society to at least some degree. The word applies to the occupation, the methods of gathering information, journalistic media include, print, television, radio, Internet, and, in the past, newsreels. Concepts of the role for journalism varies between countries. In some nations, the media is controlled by a government intervention. In others, the media is independent from the government. In the United States, journalism is protected by the freedom of the clause in the First Amendment. The role and status of journalism, along with that of the media, has undergone changes over the last two decades with the advent of digital technology and publication of news on the Internet. Notably, in the American media landscape, newsrooms have reduced their staff and coverage as traditional media channels, such as television, for instance, between 2007 and 2012, CNN edited its story packages into nearly half of their original time length. This compactness in coverage has been linked to broad audience attrition, in the United States, journalism is produced by media organizations or by individuals. Bloggers are often, but not always, journalists, the Federal Trade Commission requires that bloggers who receive free promotional gifts, then write about products, must disclose that they received the products for free. This is to eliminate conflicts of interest and protect consumers, fake news is news that is not truthful or is produced by unreliable media organizations. Fake news is spread on social media. Readers can determine fake news by evaluating whether the news has been published by a news organization. In the US, a news organization is an incorporated entity, has an editorial board. All of these organizations have codes of ethics that members abide by, many news organizations have their own codes of ethics that guide journalists professional publications. The New York Times code of standards and ethics is considered particularly rigorous, when they write stories, journalists are concerned with issues of objectivity and bias. Some types of stories are intended to represent the authors own opinion, in a physical newspaper, information is organized into sections and it is easy to see which stories are supposed to be opinion and which are supposed to be neutral. Online, many of these distinctions break down, readers should pay careful attention to headings and other design elements to ensure that they understand the journalists intent
4.
News
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News is information about current events. Common topics for news reports include war, government, politics, education, health, the environment, economy, business, government proclamations, concerning royal ceremonies, laws, taxes, public health, criminals, have been dubbed news since ancient times. Humans exhibit a nearly universal desire to learn and share news, technological and social developments, often driven by government communication and espionage networks, have increased the speed with which news can spread, as well as influenced its content. The genre of news as we know it today is closely associated with the newspaper, the English word news developed in the 14th century as a special use of the plural form of new. In Middle English, the equivalent word was newes, like the French nouvelles, jessica Garretson Finch is credited with coining the phrase current events while teaching at Barnard College in the 1890s. As its name implies, “news” typically connotes the presentation of new information, the newness of news gives it an uncertain quality which distinguishes it from the more careful investigations of history or other scholarly disciplines. News conspicuously describes the world in the present or immediate past, to make the news, an ongoing process must have some “peg”, an event in time which anchors it to the present moment. Relatedly, news often addresses aspects of reality which seem unusual, deviant, hence the famous dictum that “Dog Bites Man” is not news, but “Man Bites Dog” is. Another corollary of the newness of news is that, as new technology enable new media to disseminate news more quickly, according to some theoretical and understandings, news is whatever the news industry sells. Journalism, broadly understood along the lines, is the act or occupation of collecting and providing news. From a commercial perspective, news is simply one input, along with paper necessary to prepare a product for distribution. A news agency supplies this resource “wholesale” and publishers enhance it for retail, most purveyors of news value impartiality, neutrality, and objectivity, despite the inherent difficulty of reporting without political bias. Perception of these values has changed greatly over time as sensationalized tabloid journalism has risen in popularity, News is also sometimes said to portray the truth, but this relationship is elusive and qualified. Paradoxically, another property commonly attributed to news is sensationalism, the focus on. Thus news is not unrelated to gossip, the human practice of sharing information about other humans of mutual interest. A common sensational topic is violence, hence another news dictum, “if it bleeds, newsworthiness is defined as a subject having sufficient relevance to the public or a special audience to warrant press attention or coverage. In some countries and at points in history, what news media. Many news values seem to be common across cultures, people seem to be interested in news to the extent which it has a big impact, describes conflicts, happens nearby, involves well-known people, and deviates from the norms of everyday happenings
5.
News style
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Template, Menz Room spa News style, journalistic style or news writing style is the prose style used for news reporting in media such as newspapers, radio and television. News style encompasses not only vocabulary and sentence structure, but also the way in which present the information in terms of relative importance, tone. The tense used for news style articles is past tense, News writing attempts to answer all the basic questions about any particular event—who, what, when, where and why and also often how—at the opening of the article. This form of structure is called the inverted pyramid, to refer to the decreasing importance of information in subsequent paragraphs. News stories also contain at least one of the important characteristics relative to the intended audience, proximity, prominence, timeliness, human interest, oddity. The related term journalese is sometimes used, usually pejoratively, to refer to news-style writing, newspapers generally adhere to an expository writing style. Over time and place, journalism ethics and standards have varied in the degree of objectivity or sensationalism they incorporate, definitions of professionalism differ among news agencies, their reputations, according to both professional standards and reader expectations, are often tied to the appearance of objectivity. In its most ideal form, news writing strives to be intelligible to the majority of readers, engaging, within these limits, news stories also aim to be comprehensive. However, other factors are involved, some stylistic and some derived from the media form, among the larger and more respected newspapers, fairness and balance is a major factor in presenting information. Commentary is usually confined to a section, though each paper may have a different overall slant. Editorial policies dictate the use of adjectives, euphemisms, and idioms, newspapers with an international audience, for example, tend to use a more formal style of writing. The specific choices made by a news editor or editorial board are often collected in a style guide, common style guides include the AP Stylebook. The main goals of news writing can be summarized by the ABCs of journalism, accuracy, brevity, journalistic prose is explicit and precise and tries not to rely on jargon. As a rule, journalists will not use a word when a short one will do. They use subject-verb-object construction and vivid, active prose and they offer anecdotes, examples and metaphors, and they rarely depend on generalizations or abstract ideas. News writers try to avoid using the word more than once in a paragraph. A short, catchy word or phrase over a major headline, the headline of a story is typically a complete sentence, often with auxiliary verbs and articles removed. However, headlines sometimes omit the subject or verb, a subhead can be either a subordinate title under the main headline, or the heading of a subsection of the article
6.
Journalism ethics and standards
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Numerous guidelines exist regarding how journalists and the agencies they work for should do their jobs in an ethical manner. The principles of Journalistic codes of ethics are designed as guides through numerous difficulties, such as conflicts of interest, the codes and canons provide journalists a framework for self-monitoring and self-correction. The written codes and practical standards vary somewhat from country to country and organization to organization, the International Federation of Journalists launched a global Ethical Journalism Initiative in 2008 aimed at strengthening awareness of these issues within professional bodies. In 2013 the Ethical Journalism Network was founded by former IFJ General Secretary Aidan White and this coalition of international and regional media associations and journalism support groups campaigns for ethics, good governance and self-regulation across all platforms of media. One of the voices in the U. S. on the subject of Journalistic Standards. The Preamble to its Code of Ethics states. public enlightenment is the forerunner of justice, the duty of the journalist is to further those ends by seeking truth and providing a fair and comprehensive account of events and issues. Conscientious journalists from all media and specialties strive to serve the public with thoroughness, Professional integrity is the cornerstone of a journalists credibility. The primary themes common to most codes of journalistic standards and ethics are the following, reporters are expected to be as accurate as possible given the time allotted to story preparation and the space available, and to seek reliable sources. Events with an eyewitness are reported with attribution. Events with two or more independent eyewitnesses may be reported as fact, controversial facts are reported with attribution. Independent fact-checking by another employee of the publisher is desirable, corrections are published when errors are discovered. Defendants at trial are treated only as having committed crimes, until conviction. Reporting the truth is almost never libel, which makes accuracy very important, private persons have privacy rights that must be balanced against the public interest in reporting information about them. Public figures have fewer rights in U. S. law. In Canada, there is no immunity, reports on public figures must be backed by facts. Publishers vigorously defend libel lawsuits filed against their reporters, usually covered by libel insurance and this principle of limitation means that some weight needs to be given to the negative consequences of full disclosure, creating a practical and ethical dilemma. The Society of Professional Journalists code of ethics offers the following advice, quoting directly, Show compassion for those who may be affected adversely by news coverage. Use special sensitivity when dealing with children and inexperienced sources or subjects, be sensitive when seeking or using interviews or photographs of those affected by tragedy or grief
7.
News values
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News values, sometimes called news criteria, determine how much prominence a news story is given by a media outlet, and the attention it is given by the audience. A. Boyd states that, News journalism has an agreed set of values. News values are not universal and can vary widely between different cultures, some of these factors are listed below, together with others put forward by Schlesinger and Bell. According to Ryan, there is no end to lists of news criteria, Galtung and Ruge, in their seminal study in the area put forward a system of twelve factors describing events that together are used as a definition of newsworthiness. Focusing on newspapers and broadcast news, Galtung and Ruge devised a list describing what they believed were significant contributing factors as to how the news is constructed. Their theory argues that the more an event accessed these criteria the more likely it was to be reported on in a newspaper, in 2001, this 1965 study was updated by Tony Harcup and Deirdre ONeill, in a study of the British press. Forty years on, they found some differences, including the rise of celebrity news values. A variety of external and internal pressures influence journalists decisions on which stories are covered, how issues are interpreted and these pressures can sometimes lead to bias or unethical reporting. Achieving relevance, giving audiences the news they want and find interesting, is an important goal for media outlets seeking to maintain market share in a rapidly evolving market. This has made news organizations more open to input and feedback. Given these changes and the rise of digital technology in recent years, Harcup. Frequency, Events that occur suddenly and fit well with the news organizations schedule are more likely to be reported than those that occur gradually or at inconvenient times of day or night, long-term trends are not likely to receive much coverage. Familiarity, To do with people or places close to home, negativity, Bad news is more newsworthy than good news. Unexpectedness, If an event is out of the ordinary it will have an effect than something that is an everyday occurrence. Personalization, Events that can be portrayed as the actions of individuals will be attractive than one in which there is no such human interest. Meaningfulness, This relates to the sense of identification the audience has with the topic, reference to elite nations, Stories concerned with global powers receive more attention than those concerned with less influential nations. Reference to elite persons, Stories concerned with the rich, powerful, conflict, Opposition of people or forces resulting in a dramatic effect. Stories with conflict are often quite newsworthy, consonance, Stories that fit with the medias expectations receive more coverage than those that defy them
8.
Source (journalism)
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In journalism, a source is a person, publication, or other record or document that gives timely information. Outside journalism, sources are known as news sources. According to Shoemaker and McQuail, there are a multitude of factors that tend to condition the acceptance of sources as bona fide by investigative journalists, reporters are expected to develop and cultivate sources, especially if they regularly cover a specific topic, known as a beat. Beat reporters must, however, be cautious of becoming too close to their sources, reporters often, but not always, give greater leeway to sources with little experience. For example, sometimes a person will say they dont want to talk, journalists are also encouraged to be skeptical without being cynical as per the saying If your mother says she loves you, check it out. Popularized by the City News Bureau of Chicago, as a rule of thumb, but especially when reporting on controversy, reporters are expected to use multiple sources. Even if they cannot report certain information directly, journalists can use off the information to uncover related facts. This is especially useful in investigative journalism, information about a surprise event or breaking news, whether on or off the record, is known as a tip-off. Information that leads to the uncovering of more interesting information is called a lead, the identity of anonymous sources is sometimes revealed to senior editors or a news organizations lawyers, who would be considered bound by the same confidentiality. Legal staff may need to give counsel about whether it is advisable to publish certain information, the use of anonymous sources has always been controversial. Some news outlets insist that anonymous sources are the way to obtain certain information. News organizations may impose safeguards, such as requiring that information from an anonymous source be corroborated by a second source before it can be printed, nonetheless, prominent reports based on anonymous sources have sometimes proven to be incorrect. For instance, much of the O. J. Simpson reporting from unnamed sources was later deemed inaccurate. Newsweek retracted a story about a Quran being flushed down a toilet that led to riots in the Middle East, the Los Angeles Times retracted an article that implicated Sean Diddy Combs in the beating of Tupac Shakur. The original article was based on documents and several unnamed sources, when reporting on the original story, the Associated Press noted that one of the sources was named. After the embarrassment, an organization will often clamp down on the guidelines for using unnamed sources. One study found that large newspapers use of anonymous sources dropped dramatically between 2003 and 2004, the Project for Excellence in Journalism, a research group found use of anonymous sources dropped from 29 percent of all articles in 2003 to just 7 percent in 2004. As long as the interview is not confidential, the reporter may report the information given by the source and this often shows up in broadcasts as John Brown declined to be interviewed on camera, but said or simply a spokesperson said
9.
Defamation
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Under common law, to constitute defamation, a claim must generally be false and must have been made to someone other than the person defamed. Some common law jurisdictions also distinguish between spoken defamation, called slander, and defamation in other such as printed words or images. False light laws protect against statements which are not technically false, in some civil law jurisdictions, defamation is treated as a crime rather than a civil wrong. A person who defames another may be called a defamer, libeler, slanderer, or, rarely, the common law origins of defamation lie in the torts of slander, each of which gives a common law right of action. Defamation is the term used internationally, and is used in this article where it is not necessary to distinguish between slander and libel. Libel and slander both require publication, the fundamental distinction between libel and slander lies solely in the form in which the defamatory matter is published. If the offending material is published in some fleeting form, as by words or sounds, sign language, gestures or the like. Libel is defined as defamation by written or printed words, pictures, the law of libel originated in the 17th century in England. With the growth of publication came the growth of libel and development of the tort of libel, an early example of libel is the case of John Peter Zenger in 1735. Zenger was hired to publish New York Weekly Journal, when he printed another mans article that criticized William Cosby, who was then British Royal Governor of Colonial New York, Zenger was accused of Seditious Libel. Another example of libel is the case of New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, there are several ways a person must go about proving that libel has taken place. For example, in the United States, the person must prove that the statement was false, caused harm and these steps are for an ordinary citizen. Many nations have criminal penalties for defamation in some situations, there can be regional statutes that may differ from the national norm. For example, in the United States, defamation is generally limited to the living, however, there are nine states that have criminal statutes regarding defamation of the dead. Early cases of criminal defamation Questions of group libel have been appearing in law for hundreds of years. One of the earliest known cases of a defendant being tried for defamation of a group was the case of Rex v. Orme and Nutt. In this case, the found that the defendant was guilty of libeling several subjects. Since the jury was unable to identify the people who were being defamed
