1.
Atlanta, Georgia
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Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
Atlanta, Georgia
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From top to bottom left to right: Atlanta skyline seen from
Buckhead, the
Fox Theatre, the
Georgia State Capitol,
Centennial Olympic Park,
Millennium Gate, the
Canopy Walk, the
Georgia Aquarium,
The Phoenix statue, and the
Midtown skyline
Atlanta, Georgia
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Marietta Street, 1864
Atlanta, Georgia
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Atlanta in ruins during the Civil War, 1864
Atlanta, Georgia
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In 1907, Peachtree Street, the main street of Atlanta, was busy with streetcars and automobiles.
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
United States
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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764
United States
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Flag
United States
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The signing of the
Mayflower Compact, 1620.
United States
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The
Declaration of Independence: the
Committee of Five presenting their draft to the
Second Continental Congress in 1776
3.
Hip hop music
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It developed as part of hip hop culture, a subculture defined by four key stylistic elements, MCing/rapping, DJing/scratching with turntables, break dancing, and graffiti writing. Other elements include sampling beats or bass lines from records, while often used to refer solely to rapping, hip hop more properly denotes the practice of the entire subculture. Hip hops early evolution occurred as sampling technology and drum machines became available and affordable. Turntablist techniques such as scratching and beatmatching developed along with the breaks and Jamaican toasting, rapping developed as a vocal style in which the artist speaks or chants along rhythmically with an instrumental or synthesized beat. The Sugarhill Gangs 1979 song Rappers Delight is widely regarded to be the first hip hop record to gain popularity in the mainstream. The 1980s marked the diversification of hip hop as the genre developed more complex styles, prior to the 1980s, hip hop music was largely confined within the United States. However, during the 1980s, it began to spread to scenes in dozens of countries. New school hip hop was the wave of hip hop music, originating in 1983–84 with the early records of Run-D. M. C. The Golden age hip hop period was a period between the mid-1980s and the early 1990s. Notable artists from this era include the Juice Crew, Public Enemy, & Rakim, Boogie Down Productions and KRS-One, EPMD, Slick Rick, Beastie Boys, Kool G Rap, Big Daddy Kane, Ultramagnetic MCs, De La Soul, and A Tribe Called Quest. Gangsta rap is a subgenre of hip hop that often focuses on the violent lifestyles, in the West Coast hip hop style, G-funk dominated mainstream hip hop for several years during the 1990s. I. G. In the 1990s, hip hop began to diversify with other regional styles emerging, such as Southern rap, at the same time, hip hop continued to be assimilated into other genres of popular music, examples being Neo soul and nu metal. Hip hop became a pop music genre in the mid-1990s. The popularity of hip hop music continued through the 2000s, with hip hop influences also increasingly finding their way into mainstream pop, the United States also saw the success of regional styles such as crunk, a Southern genre that emphasized the beats and music more than the lyrics. Starting in 2005, sales of hip hop music in the United States began to severely wane, during the mid-2000s, alternative hip hop secured a place in the mainstream, due in part to the crossover success of artists such as OutKast and Kanye West. Creation of the hip hop is often credited to Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash. However, Lovebug Starski, Keith Cowboy, and DJ Hollywood used the term when the music was known as disco rap. Cowboy later worked the hip hop cadence into a part of his stage performance, the first use of the term in print was in The Village Voice, by Steven Hager, later author of a 1984 history of hip hop
Hip hop music
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1520 Sedgwick Avenue, the Bronx, a venue used by Kool Herc that is often considered the birthplace of hip hop in 1973
Hip hop music
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DJ Kool Herc, recognized as one of the earliest hip hop artists
Hip hop music
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Grandmaster Flash
Hip hop music
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Afrika Bambaataa (left)
4.
LaFace Records
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LaFace Records was an American record label based in Atlanta, Georgia that operated as a unit of Sony Music Entertainment and was historically a part of Bertelsmann Music Group from 1989 to 2004. It was most active and achieved its greatest commercial success during the 1990s and it was originally distributed by its co-creator Arista Records from 1989 through 2001, after which it was shuttered and absorbed into Arista. In 2004, the label was rebooted, and it began operating through Jive Records until both were absorbed into RCA Records in 2011, today, the labels back catalog and reissues are managed by Legacy Recordings. LaFace was formed in 1989 as a joint venture between the producing duo Antonio L. A. Reid & Kenneth Babyface Edmonds, and Arista Records, the combined nicknames of the duos successful production company inspired the name of the label. Towards the end of the decade LaFace produced fewer artists, while Babyface began to more on his own music career. The label was acquired completely by Arista and BMG in 1999, in 2001, L. A. Reid was appointed Chairman/CEO of Arista. As a result of Reids promotion, LaFace was dissolved as most of its prominent acts moved up to the main Arista label to continue to work under Reid. In 2004, after the restructuring of the BMG labels. Most of its roster had moved on to Arista returned to the company upon its reactivation. In 2011, LaFace was again shuttered, this time being absorbed into RCA Records, the following is a list of artists who have recorded for LaFace Records. L. A. Reid Babyface Daryl Simmons Kayo Dallas Austin Organized Noize List of record labels Rosa Parks v. LaFace Records
LaFace Records
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Primary businesses
LaFace Records
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LaFace Records
5.
Arista Records
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/ˈɛ. rɪ. stə/ was a major American record label. It was a wholly owned unit of Sony Music Entertainment and was handled by Bertelsmann Music Group. The company operated under the RCA Music Group until 2011, the label was founded in 1974 by Clive Davis, who formerly worked for CBS Records. Until its demise in 2011, it was a distributor and promoter of albums throughout the United States. Today, the labels reissues and catalogue releases are handled by RCA Records, after being fired from CBS Records, Clive Davis was hired by Columbia Pictures in June 1974 to be a consultant for the companys record and music operations. The label was named Arista after New York Citys secondary school honor society, in early 1975, most of the artists who had been signed to Bell were let go, except David Cassidy, Tony Orlando and Dawn, and the 5th Dimension. Others, such as Suzi Quatro and Hot Chocolate, were farmed out to the Bell/Arista-distributed label, several Bell acts, such as Barry Manilow, the Bay City Rollers, and Melissa Manchester moved to Arista. The British Bell label kept that name for a couple of years before changing its name to Arista, the label was immortalized in the 1978 Rockpile song They Called It Rock, in the lyric, Arista says they love you/But the kids cant dance to this. In addition to Manilow, the Kinks, and Dionne Warwick, Arista signed Aretha Franklin in 1980, the labels most significant acquisition came in 1983 when Davis signed Warwicks cousin, Whitney Houston. Houston would eventually become Aristas biggest-selling recording artist, with sales of 200 million records worldwide, Arista had an imprint label in the 1970s called Arista Novus, which focused on contemporary jazz artists. A country music division, Career Records, was merged into the Arista Nashville division in 1997, Arista Austin was used in the late 1990s as a country label. Additionally, Arista was the North American distributor of Jive Records from 1981 until 1987, during the 1990s, Arista also distributed Logic, Rowdy and Heavenly Recordings. Looking to stave off bankruptcy, Columbia Pictures sold Arista to German-based Ariola Records in 1979, after Ariola purchased General Electrics RCA Records in 1986, the combined company was renamed Bertelsmann Music Group, though Aristas U. S. releases would not note BMG until 1987. Into the 1980s, Arista continued its success, including major UK act Secret Affair, over the years it acquired Northwestside Records, deConstruction Records, First Avenue Records, and Dedicated Records in the UK. In 1989, Arista entered into a joint venture with Antonio L. A. Reid and Babyface in the creation of LaFace Records record company of TLC, in 1993, Arista also entered into a joint-venture with Sean P. Diddy Combs to form Bad Boy Records. In 1997 Arista acquired Profile Records, the home of Run-D. M. C. in 1989, Arista signed Milli Vanilli, a duo consisting of Rob Pilatus and Fab Morvan that was based in Germany. The label released its album, Girl You Know Its True, which was a remixed and re-edited version of All or Nothing. The album was certified platinum in the U. S. and charted five top-ten singles
Arista Records
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Primary businesses
6.
Bertelsmann Music Group
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Bertelsmann Music Group was a division of German media company Bertelsmann before its completion of sale of the majority of its assets to Japans Sony Corporation of America on October 1,2008. It was established in 1987 to combine the music activities of Bertelsmann. The joint venture with Sony Music was set up in August 2004 and it reduced the Big Five record companies to the Big Four record companies. At that time, the company had a 21. 5% share in the music market. Sony Music and BMG remained separate in Japan, although BMG Music Japan was wholly owned by Sony BMG. Bertelsmann sold its 50% share of Sony BMG to Sony Corporation of America for a total of $1.5 billion, and it is focused mainly in BMGs European stronghold markets. The basis of the company was formed through BMGs decision to withhold selected European music catalogues from the former Sony BMG joint venture, also kept separate from the acquisition by Sony Corporation of America was Sony BMGs wholly owned and operated BMG Japan. Sony Music Japan remained independent from the Sony BMG joint venture, therefore BMG, during Sony BMGs buyout, BMG Japan was instead picked up by Sony Music Entertainment Japan. It briefly continued to operate as an entity until a reorganization in early 2009 folded the company into Sony Music Japan. Barry Weiss, President and Chief Executive Officer, Zomba Label Group CEO Now part of Sony Music Entertainment after the buyout of Bertelsmann AGs 50% stake in Sony BMG. BMG Music Publishing, which was not part of the Sony BMG merger, was a business of the Bertelsmann Music Group until it was sold to Universal Music Group for €1.63 billion in 2007. Universal then folded the company into Universal Music Publishing Group, the company was headquartered at 245 Fifth Avenue, 8th Floor New York, New York 10016 and had operations in 36 offices in 25 countries. BMG Music publishing controlled over one million copyrights, BMG Music Publishing was the global leader in Classical music and was number one in Contemporary Christian music. Brentwood-Benson Music Publishing is BMG Music Publishings Christian publisher and owns over 60,000 copyrights, BMG Music Publishing and its assets have now been completely absorbed and folded into Universal Music Publishing Group. After Sony bought out Bertelsmanns share in Sony BMG, Bertelsmann was allowed to keep the rights to recordings from the former joint venture. These songs served as the foundation to BMG Rights Management, BMG Rights Management now serves as a division within Bertelsmann and as a replacement to the defunct Bertelsmann Music Group. A settlement in 2002 included the publishers and distributors, Sony Music, Warner Music, Bertelsmann Music Group, EMI Music. In restitution for price fixing they agreed to pay a $67.4 million fine and distribute $75.7 million in CDs to public and non-profit groups and it is estimated customers were overcharged by nearly $500 million and up to $5 per album
Bertelsmann Music Group
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Primary businesses
Bertelsmann Music Group
7.
Koch Records
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Entertainment One Music, a primary division of Entertainment One, is an independent record label in the United States. It has garnered the most Billboard hits of any independently owned music label in history and it is also distributed by the Universal Music Group in Europe under the name eOne Universal. On January 22,2009, Koch Records was officially branded as E1 Music by parent company Entertainment One, E1 Entertainment acquired KOCH Entertainment in June 2005, and renamed the company E1 Music. Since its inception as KOCH Records, E1 Music has charted over 100 albums on Billboards Independent Chart, E1 Music has been the number one independent label according to Billboard for the last six years and quickly grew to become North Americas largest independently owned and distributed record label. E1 Music covers all genres from adult-contemporary to rock, hip hop/urban to country. E1 Music was formed in January 1987 as Koch Records to serve as the North American umbrella for Koch Entertainment. They would sign many country, classical, and rock acts including Ringo Starr, Joan Baez, Chris Brubeck, Bob James, the label soon began to gain ground on the other independent record labels in the United States. In the 2000s, they began to sign hip hop acts. They signed various distribution deals with labels like Open Bar Entertainment, Terror Squad, D-Block Records, in 2004, they were able to sign a deal with Snoop Dogg and his Doggystyle Records along with Mobb Deep. They hired Snoop Dogg on to head up their western spin off Koch West, Koch also added onto their roster, Camron and his Diplomat Records. Diplomat rapper, Jim Jones would rise to prominence on the label through the deal, Koch later signed Yonkers rapper, J-Hood and his label On Da Grind Ent. Koch has also had releases from 2Pac, Tha Dogg Pound, Kurupt, Daz Dillinger and Gangsta Advisory. In 2007, when they signed J-Hood they gave him a big position in their Koch East division, J-Hood never released this album and he was booted from D-Block. In 2007, they signed a deal with Foxy Brown and her Black Rose Entertainment, as well as with Ray J. Slim Thug was signed to the label along with his Boss Hoggs label in late 2005. Latin Thug Records was formed by CEO Reyes to build a business with his brother and acting VP of A&R Mellow Man Ace that would focus on releasing personal projects. The label represents the extended Latin Thug family, including projects from Sen and Mellow and collaborations with B Real, Soul Assassins. In March 2008, the company signed neo-soul singer Dwele to their lineup, in October 2008, they signed also pop-jazz singer Basia, and released her comeback album Its That Girl Again a year later. Koch Records also releases music, such as Pokémon, Barney, Sesame Street, The Wiggles
Koch Records
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Entertainment One U.S. LP
8.
Elektra Records
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Elektra Records is an American record label owned by Warner Music Group, founded in 1950 by Jac Holzman and Paul Rickolt. It played an important role in the development of folk music. In 2004, it was consolidated into WMGs Atlantic Records Group, after five years of dormancy, the label was revived as an imprint of Atlantic in 2009. The label has been run by Gregg Nadel since 2015 who officially became its president in 2017, Elektra was formed in 1950 by Jac Holzman and Paul Rickolt in Holzmans St. Johns College dorm room. The usual spelling of the Greek mythological Pleiad Electra was changed, Holzman famously explained, I gave her the ‘K’ that I lacked. He found the C in the name too soft but liked the solid bite of the letter K. The first Elektra LP, New Songs, was a collection of Lieder and similar art songs, Holzman also recorded Josh White, who was without a record deal as a result of McCarthyite blacklisting. In 1964, Elektra launched Nonesuch Records and this classical budget label was the best-selling budget classical label of the era. In 1965, Elektra began a joint venture with Survey Music called Bounty Records which was Elektras first foray into pop music. The most notable signing for Bounty was the Paul Butterfield Band who was moved over to Elektra when Bounty folded, the labels most important signings were the Chicago-based Paul Butterfield Blues Band, the Los Angeles bands Love and The Doors, and the Detroit bands The Stooges and MC5. Included in Elektras LA signings were Tim Buckley and Bread, in 1968, the label also signed pioneering rock guitar soloist Lonnie Mack to a three-album deal. Also in 1967, Elektra launched its influential Nonesuch Explorer Series, excerpts from several Nonesuch Explorer recordings were later included on the two Voyager Golden Discs which were sent into deep space in 1977 aboard the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 space probes. Elektra, along with its Nonesuch Records subsidiary, was acquired by Kinney National Services in 1970, soon afterwards, Kinney consolidated their label holdings under the Warner-Elektra-Atlantic umbrella. Holzman remained in charge of Elektra until 1972, when it merged with Asylum Records to become Elektra/Asylum Records, Asylums founder, David Geffen, would head the newly combined label. Holzman, in the meantime, was appointed vice president and chief technologist for Warner — ushering the company into home video. Holzman also went on to acquire Discovery Records, in 1975, Geffen stepped down due to health problems. He would be replaced by Joe Smith, who went on to become CEO of Capitol Records. Although the company was listed as Elektra/Asylum Records on the label credits
Elektra Records
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Elektra Records logo
9.
OutKast
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Outkast is an American hip hop duo formed in 1991, in East Point, Atlanta, Georgia, composed of Atlanta-based rappers André André3000 Benjamin and Antwan Big Boi Patton. Benjamin and Patton formed the group as high school students in 1991, OutKast released their debut album Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik in 1994, which gained popularity after the single Players Ball reached number one on the Billboard Hot Rap Tracks chart. With successive releases including ATLiens and Aquemini, the duo developed their sound, experimenting with a variety of styles. In 2000, Outkast released the critically acclaimed Stankonia, which included the singles Ms. Jackson, in 2003, the duo released the double album Speakerboxxx/The Love Below, which featured the number one singles Hey Ya. and The Way You Move. The album would win the Grammy Award for Album of the Year and was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America. Outkast next released the soundtrack for the 2006 musical film Idlewild, in 2007, the duo went on hiatus and both members have since pursued solo careers. In 2014, Outkast reunited to celebrate their 20th anniversary by performing at more than 40 festivals worldwide in 2014, the duo is one of the most successful hip-hop groups of all time, having received six Grammy Awards. Between six studio albums and a greatest hits release, Outkast has sold over 25 million records, meanwhile, they have garnered widespread critical acclaim, with publications such as Rolling Stone and Pitchfork Media listing albums such as Aquemini and Stankonia among the best of their era. Benjamin and Patton met in 1991 at the Lenox Square shopping mall when they were sixteen years old. The two lived in the East Point section of Atlanta and attended Tri-Cities High School, an arts based academy, during school, Benjamin and Patton participated in rap battles in the cafeteria. Benjamins parents were divorced and he was living with his father, meanwhile, Patton had to move with his four brothers and six sisters from Savannah to Atlanta. Benjamin and Patton eventually teamed up and were pursued by Organized Noize, OutKast, Organized Noize, and schoolmates Goodie Mob formed the nucleus of the Dungeon Family organization. During the holiday season of 1993, they released their first single, the songs funky style, much of it accomplished with live instrumentation, was a hit with audiences. Players Ball hit number-one on the Billboard Hot Rap Tracks chart, Players Ball also topped the R&B charts for six weeks. Their debut album, Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik, was issued on April 26,1994 and this initial effort is credited with laying the foundation for southern hip hop and is considered a classic by many. Every track on Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik was produced by Organized Noize and featured members of the Dungeon Family. Follow-up singles included the track and Git Up Git Out. OutKast won Best New Rap Group at the Source Awards in 1995, in the same year, the group contributed Benz or a Beamer to the popular New Jersey Drive soundtrack
OutKast
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OutKast performing live at the
Area:One music festival in 2001
OutKast
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André 3000 and Big Boi met as teenagers at Atlanta's
Lenox Square shopping center (pictured).
OutKast
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Big Boi performing in 2006 in Atlanta.
OutKast
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Outkast headlining at
Governors Ball Music Festival.
10.
TLC (band)
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TLC is an American girl group whose original line-up consisted of Tionne T-Boz Watkins, Lisa Left Eye Lopes and Rozonda Chilli Thomas. Formed in Atlanta, Georgia, in 1991, the group was successful during the 1990s and early 2000s in spite of numerous spats with the law, each other. They scored nine hits on the Billboard Hot 100, including four number-one singles Creep, Waterfalls, No Scrubs. TLC also became the first R&B group in history to receive Million certification from the Recording Industry Association of Japan for FanMail, having sold over 65 million records worldwide, TLC is the best-selling American girl group and second worldwide to the English group Spice Girls. VH1 ranked TLC as the greatest female group, placing them at number 12 on the list of 100 Greatest Women in Music, Billboard magazine ranked TLC as one of the greatest musical trios, as well as the seventh most successful act of the 1990s. The groups accolades include five career Grammy Awards, five MTV Video Music Awards, twenty years after their debut, TLC was honored with Outstanding Contribution to Music at the 17th MOBO Awards and Legend Award at the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards Japan. All three members of TLC are considered irreplaceable by the members, and each of them have contributed equally to the group. Following Lopes death in 2002, instead of replacing her, the members chose to carry on as a duo. In 2017, they are set to release their album as TLC. Jones put out a call for two girls to join her in this trio. Calling the group 2nd Nature, Jones, Watkins, and Lopes began working with producers Jermaine Dupri, impressed by the girls, Reid renamed the group TLC-Skee, with TLC being an Initialism for the names Tionne, Lisa, and Crystal. Reid arranged an audition for them with local record label LaFace Records, run by Kenneth Babyface Edmonds and Reids then-husband, Antonio Reid saw potential in Watkins and Lopes as performers, but felt that Jones should be replaced. According to Jones, things began to unravel for her after Pebbles denied the group the opportunity to take home the contracts that Pebbitone had drafted, Jones did not want to sign before having the contract reviewed by others and perhaps a lawyer. In contrast, Watkins recollection of Jones departure is that both she and Lopes asked Jones to leave the group before their contracts were negotiated. On February 28,1991, Watkins and Lopes signed production, management, as they looked for a replacement for Jones, the two-member TLC-Skee made its first recorded appearance on a track for LaFace act Damian Dames self-titled 1991 LP. Pebbles found the third member in Rozonda Thomas, one of Damian Dames part-time backup dancers, Thomas was signed to the act in April 1991, at about which time the groups name was shortened to TLC. To maintain TLCs name as an acronym for the names, Watkins became T-Boz, Lopes became Left-Eye. The girls were signed to LaFace in May through the production deal with Pebbitone
TLC (band)
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From left to right:
Tionne Watkins,
Rozonda Thomas,
Lisa Lopes
11.
Tupac Shakur
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Tupac Amaru Shakur, also known by his stage names 2Pac, Makaveli or just Pac, was an American rapper, record producer, actor, activist and poet. As of 2007, Shakur has sold over 75 million records worldwide and his double disc albums All Eyez on Me and his Greatest Hits are among the best-selling albums in the United States. He has been listed and ranked as one of the greatest artists of all time by publications, including Rolling Stone. He is consistently ranked as one of the greatest and most influential rappers of all time, on April 7,2017, Shakur was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Shakur began his career as a roadie, backup dancer, and MC for the hip hop group Digital Underground. The themes of most of Shakurs songs revolved around the violence and hardship in inner cities, racism, and other social problems. Both of his parents and several people in his family were members of the Black Panther Party, whose ideals were reflected in his songs. I. G. On September 7,1996, Shakur was fatally shot in a shooting at the intersection of Flamingo Road and Koval Lane in Las Vegas. He was taken to the University Medical Center of Southern Nevada, Shakur was born on June 16,1971, in the East Harlem section of Manhattan in New York City. His mother Afeni Shakur and his father Billy Garland were active members of the Black Panther Party in New York in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Lesane was born a month after his mother was acquitted of more than 150 charges of Conspiracy against the United States government, Many people in Shakurs life were involved with the Black Liberation Army, some were convicted of serious criminal offenses and imprisoned, including his mother. His godfather, Elmer Geronimo Pratt, a high-ranking Black Panther, was convicted of murdering a school teacher during a 1968 robbery and his stepfather, Mutulu, spent four years at large on the FBIs Ten Most Wanted Fugitives list beginning in 1982. Mutulu was wanted for having helped his sister Assata Shakur, Tupacs godmother and she had been imprisoned since 1977 for killing a state trooper in 1973. She lived as a fugitive for years before gaining asylum in Cuba in 1985. Mutulu was caught in 1986, tried and convicted, and imprisoned for the robbery of a Brinks armored truck in two police officers and a guard were killed. Shakur had a stepbrother, Mopreme Komani Shakur, and a half-sister, Sekyiwa. His stepbrother Mopreme performed in many of his recordings, in 1986, his family moved to Baltimore, Maryland. After completing his year at Paul Laurence Dunbar High School
Tupac Shakur
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Tupac Shakur
Tupac Shakur
Tupac Shakur
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East Harlem neighborhood of New York City, where Shakur was born
Tupac Shakur
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Shakur was rushed to Bellevue Hospital after a shooting in 1994
12.
Nate Dogg
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Nathaniel Dwayne Hale, better known by his stage name Nate Dogg, was an American rapper, singer, and actor. He was known as one of the pioneers of West Coast hip hop and he released three solo albums, G-Funk Classics, Vol.1 &2 in 1998, Music & Me in 2001, and Nate Dogg as a bootlegged album in 2003 and on CD in 2014. Nate Dogg died in 2011 in Long Beach, California, of complications from multiple strokes, nathaniel Dwayne Hale was born in Clarksdale, Mississippi on August 19,1969. He moved to Long Beach, California when he was 14 following his parents divorce and he was friends with rappers Warren G, RBX, and Daz Dillinger and cousin of Butch Cassidy, Snoop Dogg, and Lil ½ Dead. At the age of 17 he dropped out of school in Long Beach and left home to join the US Marine Corps. In 1990, Nate Dogg, Snoop Dogg, and Warren G and they recorded their first demo in the back of the famed V. I. P. The demo was heard by Dr. Dre at a house party. Nate Dogg made his debut on The Chronic, singing in what later became his trademark style, he was well received by fans and critics alike, and would go on to sign with Death Row Records in 1993. Nate Dogg was also featured on Mista Grimms Indosmoke with Warren G, then in 1994 he produced his first hit single Regulate with Warren G. Nate Dogg was also featured in many 2Pac releases, including his collaboration record Thug Life, Volume 1. Then in 1998 after a time at Death Row Records he released another album. The double album was titled G-Funk Classics Vol.1 &2 and was followed up in late 2001 with Music & Me on Elektra Records, Music & Me peaked at number three on the Billboard hip-hop charts in 2001. After a number of delays and a release date of April 2004. In 2015 his final studio album Nate Dogg, It’s A Wonderful Life was released by Seven Arts Music and United Media, the album features unreleased material from Nate as well as appearances from Eminem, Dr. Dre, Snoop Dogg, Mary J. Blige and Jay-Z. In 2002, Nate Dogg appeared on a celebrity episode of the Weakest Link, Nate Dogg found success, not only in solo projects, but in collaborations with other hip-hop artists. In the 2000s, Nates high-ranking collaborative singles, according to Rolling Stone, includes 2Pacs All About U, in the early 1990s, Nate Dogg was arrested and charged with two separate robberies. Nate Dogg was charged with the Check Changers robbery in 1991 and he faced a maximum of nearly eleven years in prison, but was subsequently acquitted of both charges. In 1996, Nate Dogg was convicted of an offense in Los Angeles County. On June 17,2000, Nate Dogg was arrested for kidnapping and assaulting his former girlfriend
Nate Dogg
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Nate Dogg in 2005.
Nate Dogg
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Graffiti devoted to Nate Dogg on Solidarności Avenue in
Warsaw (April 2012)
13.
Big Gipp
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Big Gipp is an American rapper from Atlanta, Georgia. He is best known as a member of Goodie Mob, and has released one solo album and been part of several collaborations. Big Gipp, who is a Southern rapper, hails from the hotbed of the genre, Atlanta, Gipp is known for his slow, drawn-out rapping dialect with political and street-life themed lyrics. The public first heard him rap on OutKasts first album, Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik, on the song Git Up and he later rose to prominence as one-fourth of the Dungeon Family-affiliated group Goodie Mob along with Cee-Lo, T-Mo, and Khujo. The group released four albums to critical and commercial success, after a brief stint away from Goodie Mob, he rejoined the group along with Cee-Lo to reconstruct the once estranged quartet. They are currently in the planning to release a new album. Big Gipp has released a collaborative effort with one of St. Lunaticss, a single and accompanying music video were released on July 31,2007. 2003 Mutant Mindframe 2007 Kinfolk Shine Like Gold with Cee Lo Green Big Gipp gained radio airplay when he was featured in Nellys hit song Grillz with Jermaine Dupri, Paul Wall, and Ali. He has collaborated individually with artists including OutKast,8 Ball & MJG, Mack 10, devin the Dude, Too Short, Kokane, Ludacris, C-Murder, Jagged Edge, Bubba Sparxxx, and Lil Jon
Big Gipp
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Big Gipp at the BET Hip Hop Awards in Atlanta, October 14, 2007.
14.
CeeLo Green
–
Thomas DeCarlo Callaway, better known by his stage name CeeLo Green, is an American singer, rapper, songwriter, record producer, actor, and businessman. Green came to prominence as a member of the Southern hip hop group Goodie Mob and later as part of the soul duo Gnarls Barkley. Subsequently he embarked on a career, partially spurred by YouTube popularity. Internationally, Green is best known for his work, his most popular was Gnarls Barkleys 2006 worldwide hit Crazy. In the United States, Crazy reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 and its parent album St. Elsewhere, was also a hit, peaked at number 1 on the UK Albums Chart and number 4 on the US Billboard 200 albums chart. Gnarls Barkleys second album, The Odd Couple, charted at number 12 on the Billboard 200, in 2010, Green took a hiatus from working with Danger Mouse, and released a solo single titled Fuck You. on August 19. The song became a single, with the radio-edit version Forget You, reaching the top spot in the UK. His next two singles, Its OK and Bright Lights Bigger City were also hits in Europe, from 2011 to 2014, Green was a judge and coach on American reality television singing competition The Voice, appearing on four of its seasons. In 2013, Green reunited with the rest of Goodie Mob, in 2011 he did a concert with Prince in Madison Square Garden. He worked as an actor in the animated feature Hotel Transylvania. Green has endorsed 7 Up, Duracell, M&M’s, and sake brand TY KU and his work has earned numerous awards and accolades, including five Grammy Awards, a BET Award, a Billboard Award, and a Brit Award. Green was born in Atlanta, Georgia and he graduated from high school at Riverside Military Academy, a boarding school for boys in Gainesville, Georgia. Both of his parents were ordained ministers, and he started his career in church. His father died when Green was two years old and his mother, Sheila J. Tyler-Callaway, a firefighter, was paralyzed in a car crash and died two years after the accident when Green was 18. At the time of his mothers death, Greens career with Goodie Mob had just begun taking off, Green also wrote about his mother in the song Guess Who from Goodie Mobs album Soul Food. Along with Big Gipp, T-Mo, and Khujo, Green was an member of the Atlanta hip hop group Goodie Mob. He is the youngest of the four, the Goodie Mob was a part of the Atlanta rap collective the Dungeon Family, which also included Outkast. Goodie Mob appeared on two tracks on OutKasts 1994 debut album Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik, with Green providing vocals for Call of da Wild and Git Up, Goodie Mob released their debut album, Soul Food, in 1995
CeeLo Green
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Green performing in 2008
CeeLo Green
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Green (front) with Danger Mouse (back)
15.
Backronym
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A backronym or bacronym is a specially constructed phrase that is supposed to be the source of a word that is, or is claimed to be, an acronym. Backronyms may be invented with serious or humorous intent, or may be a type of false or folk etymology, the word is a combination of backward and acronym, and has been defined as a reverse acronym. Its earliest known citation in print is as bacronym in the November 1983 edition of the Washington Post monthly neologism contest. The newspaper quoted winning reader Meredith G. Williams of Potomac, Maryland, defining it as the same as an acronym, except that the words were chosen to fit the letters. An acronym is a derived from the initial letters of the words of a phrase, For example. By contrast, a backronym is constructed by creating a new phrase to fit an existing word, name. Backronyms are also used for comedic effect, as exemplified by NASAs C. O. L. B. E. R. T. NASA named its ISS treadmill the Combined Operational Load-Bearing External Resistance Treadmill after Stephen Colbert, the backronym was a lighthearted compromise in recognition of the comedians ability to sway NASAs online vote for the naming of an ISS module. Backronyms can be constructed for educational purposes, for example to form mnemonics, an example of such a mnemonic is the Apgar score, used to assess the health of newborn babies. Alcoholics Anonymous and other 12-step programs use backronyms as teaching tools, similar to such as one day at a time, or Let go, let God. For example, a slip may be expanded as Sobriety Losing Its Priority, backronyms are also created as jokes or as slogans, often expressing consumer loyalties or frustration. For example, the name of the restaurant chain Arbys is a play on the letters RB, referring to the companys founders, an advertising campaign in the 1980s created a backronym with the slogan America’s Roast Beef, Yes Sir. Many companies or products have spawned multiple humorous backronyms, with positive connotations asserted by supporters or negative ones by detractors. For example, the car company Ford was said to stand for First On Race Day, by aficionados, similar backronyms have been directed against many other automakers, such as Fix It Again Tony for Fiat. Backronyms have also coined by military personnel during wartime. The backronym for Spam, Something Posing As Meat, was said to have originated from jaundiced soldiers who were sick of eating canned meat. The British contribution to the 2003 invasion of Iraq was code-named Operation Telic, backronyms are sometimes created to name laws or programs. Commentators have noted a trend among US lawmakers to devise names that form a desired acronym
Backronym
–
NASA 's
Combined Operational Load-Bearing External Resistance Treadmill (C.O.L.B.E.R.T.) is named for comedian
Stephen Colbert.
16.
Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik
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Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik is the 1994 debut album of American hip hop duo OutKast. After befriending each other in 1992, rappers André3000 and Big Boi pursued recording music as a duo and worked with production team Organized Noize, the album was produced by the team and recorded at the Dungeon, D. A. R. P. Studios, Purple Dragon, Bosstown, and Doppler Studios in Atlanta, a Southern hip hop record, Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik features live instrumentation in its hip hop production and musical elements from funk and soul genres. Wanting to make a statement about life as an African American in the South, OutKast wrote and recorded the album as teenagers. They also incorporated repetitive hooks and Southern slang in their lyrics, Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik was released by LaFace on April 26,1994, and peaked at number 20 on the Billboard 200, eventually being certified platinum in the United States. The record received positive reviews critics and helped distinguish Southern hip hop as a credible hip hop scene. The album has since been viewed by music journalists as an important release in both hip hop and Atlantas music scene, André3000 and Big Boi met in 1992 at the Lenox Square shopping mall when they were both 16 years old. The two lived in the East Point section of Atlanta and attended Tri-Cities High School, during school, they participated in rap battles in the cafeteria. They briefly dabbled in street-hustling to save up for recording money, the duo also spent time at their friend Rico Wades basement recording studio, known as the Dungeon, with Wades production team Organized Noize and future members of hip hop group Goodie Mob. OutKast recorded demos at the studio, and Organized Noize member Ray Murray helped Big Boi, whose strength lay in songwriting, after several local productions, the team was hired by LaFace Records to produce remixes to songs from TLCs 1992 album Ooooooohhh. The team had André3000 and Big Boi rap over them, the commercial success of Arrested Developments 1992 alternative hip hop single Tennessee also encouraged LaFace to sign OutKast, the labels first hip hop act. After receiving a $15,000 advance from LaFace in 1993, the studio featured mostly secondhand recording equipment. Recording sessions also took place at Bosstown, Dallas Austins D. A. R. P, Studios, Doppler Studios, and Purple Dragon in Atlanta. Located in midtown Atlanta, Bosstown developed a value for OutKast. Throughout the albums recording, the duo refined their artistry and drew on ideas from funk, contemporary R&B, André3000 also smoked marijuana during the sessions. They recorded over 30 songs for the album, Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik was produced entirely by Organized Noize, which was made up of Rico Wade, Ray Murray, and Sleepy Brown. They viewed that the feel of live instruments made the sound more authentic. With their production, the team sought an organic, celebratory, down-home vibe, as Brown later recalled, Brown also sung vocals for several tracks
Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik
–
Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik
Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik
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Organized Noize incorporated the
Roland TR-808 in the album's production.
Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik
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The album reflected on urban life in Atlanta and was a part of the city's music scene at the time.
17.
Mystery Men
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The film details the story of a trio of lesser superheroes with unimpressive powers who are required to save the day. Despite its list of stars, Mystery Men made a little over $33 million worldwide against a $68 million budget, in the metropolis of Champion City, the would-be superhero team of Mr. To create a need for himself, Amazing uses his alter ego, billionaire lawyer Lance Hunt, Mr. Furious, while spying on Casanova Frankensteins mansion, discovers Amazings capture and informs the others. After an unsuccessful attempt, the three realize they need more allies, and through word-of-mouth and try-outs, they recruit Invisible Boy, the Spleen. The newly formed team assaults Casanova, which succeeds in annoying him. While drunk from celebrating their victory, the team is killed in retaliation by Tony P and the Disco Boys. The Sphinx trains them, but his methods annoy Mr. Furious – he has them complete rote team-building exercises and they also seek out mad scientist Doc Heller, who specializes in non-lethal weaponry, to equip them for their battle. Without Amazing, the team despairs of saving the city, with new-found purpose, they assault the mansion and, by making effective use of their negligible superpowers and Hellers weapons, manage to subdue most of Casanova Frankensteins henchmen. While the team tries to stop the device, Mr. Furious takes on Casanova Frankenstein, after initially taking a beating, Mr. Furious unleashes his inner rage and manages to fight effectively for the first time. He defeats Casanova Frankenstein, who is thrown into the core of the Psycho-frakulator, the rest of the team helps The Bowler use her bowling ball to destroy the device and escape the mansion as it implodes. The team is interviewed by reporters, begging to know their team name, the musical score for Mystery Men was composed by Stephen Warbeck. Written within a time span, the score was recorded on the Sony Scoring Stage. And then Mike Fisher and the other percussionists have brought along a range of stuff which are so interesting and varied that we keep picking bits of those. After Warbecks contributions were completed, the producers decided to alter various scenes. Because of this, composer Shirley Walker was brought in to additional music. A soundtrack album was released on July 6,1999 by Interscope Records. By the end of its run, on October 14, the film had grossed $29,762,011 domestically and $3,699,000 overseas, given its $68 million budget, the film is a box office bomb. The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics, on Metacritic, the film has a 65/100 rating based on 24 critics, signifying generally favorable reviews
Mystery Men
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Theatrical release poster
18.
Danger Mouse (music producer)
–
Brian Joseph Burton, better known by his stage name Danger Mouse, is an American musician, songwriter and record producer. He came to prominence in 2004 when he released The Grey Album and he formed Gnarls Barkley with CeeLo Green and produced its albums St. Elsewhere and The Odd Couple. In 2009 he collaborated with James Mercer of the rock band The Shins to form the band Broken Bells. In addition, Burton worked with rapper MF Doom as Danger Doom and released the album The Mouse, as a producer Danger Mouse produced the second Gorillaz album, 2005s Demon Days, as well as Becks 2008 record Modern Guilt and three albums with The Black Keys. In 2016, Danger Mouse produced, performed on and co-wrote songs for the studio album by the Red Hot Chili Peppers titled The Getaway. Danger Mouse has also produced and co-written albums by Norah Jones, Electric Guest, the Man, Adele, and ASAP Rockys. He has been nominated for 19 Grammy Awards and has won 6, hes been nominated in the Producer of the Year category five times, and won the award in 2011. Brian Joseph Burton was born in White Plains, New York, to an African American father and he spent much of his childhood in Spring Valley, New York. Burton also lived in Athens, Georgia for a while, where his trip hop work was released under the name Pelican City and he also remixed work by several local artists, including Neutral Milk Hotel and DJd for University of Georgia radio station WUOG-FM. From 1998 to 2003, Burton also created a series of remix CDs and he performed in a mouse outfit because he was too shy to show his face, and took his name from the British cartoon series Danger Mouse. Afterwards, Burton approached CeeLo Green, a member of Goodie Mob and it would be several years before the pair made contact again, but the two would eventually collaborate as Gnarls Barkley. Burton moved to Britain for a couple of years, living in New Cross in London, while there, he sent a demo to Lex Records, which signed him. He discussed his feelings about any controversy the album may have created in the documentary Alternative Freedom, Danger Mouse was also named among the Men of the Year by GQ in 2004 and won a 2005 Wired Rave Award. The Grey Album also got the attention of Damon Albarn, who enlisted Danger Mouse to produce the Gorillaz second studio album, Demon Days earned Burton a Grammy Award nomination for Producer of the Year. Danger Mouses next project was The Mouse and the Mask, a collaboration with MF DOOM about, the two had previously collaborated on the Danger Mouse remix of Zero 7s Somersault, on the Prince Po track Social Distortion, and on Gorillaz November Has Come. A year later, DANGERDOOM released a follow-up EP called Occult Hymn, the 7-track EP featured new songs as well as remixes of tracks from The Mouse & The Mask and was released exclusively as a free download on Adult Swims site. In 2006, Danger Mouse and CeeLo released their first album, St. Elsewhere, Crazy became the first UK number-one single based solely on downloads. Gnarls Barkley set out on tour and was one of the opening acts on the Red Hot Chili Peppers Stadium Arcadium World Tour
Danger Mouse (music producer)
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Danger Mouse performing with Broken Bells in 2010
Danger Mouse (music producer)
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Danger Mouse (left) and CeeLo performing as
Gnarls Barkley in 2007
19.
Gnarls Barkley
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Gnarls Barkley is an American soul duo, composed of singer-songwriter CeeLo Green and producer Danger Mouse. They have released two albums, St. Elsewhere and The Odd Couple. St. Elsewhere was recorded on the Warner Music UK label and it was also nominated at the 2007 Grammy Awards for Record of the Year, and was platinum certified for shipping over 1,000,000 records. The Odd Couple was recorded on Downtown Records label, and was scheduled for release in April 2008, the album in its entirety received good reviews, but did not have as much commercial success as their first album. CeeLo Green first entered the scene as part of the Atlanta hip hop group Goodie Mob which had a hand in the Dirty South movement of the 1990s. Green left the group after their album in 1999 and started his solo career. That year he sang on Do You Like the Way along with Lauryn Hill on Santanas multi-platinum Supernatural album and he received international attention for his mash-up The Grey Album, which blended the a cappella edition of Jay-Zs The Black Album with samples from The Beatles White Album. The duo first met while Green was on a tour for which Danger Mouse happened to be the DJ, a High Plains drifter, I might add. Danger Mouse said, Theres no story behind it. The name doesnt have anything to do with anything, although many people believe that their name has something to do with former NBA player Charles Barkley, the duo dismiss that idea. Sanjiv asked them about it, saying Not even Charles Barkley, to which Danger Mouse replied, Nope. Its just like everything else on this record, there was no conscious decision about stuff. The costuming extends to photo shoots, as Burton and Cee Lo would rather impersonate characters from films as Back to the Future or Waynes World. They also have dressed up as characters from films A Clockwork Orange, about Gnarls Barkley, Green said in an interview, That is that electric industrial Euro soul, thats what I call it. If I can call it anything and it truly is shapeless and formless. My style and my approach is water, and it runs so deep. So, with that project I got a chance to be a lil zany, of course a continuation of eccentricity, abstract and vague, and all of those wonderful things that make art exactly what it is. As far as the artiste himself, it does cater to and extend the legacy of Cee Lo Green and it is a great project that Im very, very proud of. Crazy was released as their first single on April 3,2006, in an interview with journalist Stephen Mooallem about their single Crazy, Mooallem asked the duo, Is it true that Cee-Lo recorded the vocals for Crazy in just one take
Gnarls Barkley
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Danger Mouse and Cee-Lo Green in 2007.
Gnarls Barkley
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Gnarls Barkley at the Mini V festival in Melbourne, 2007
20.
Soul Food (Goodie Mob album)
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Soul Food is the acclaimed debut album from American rap group Goodie Mob, released by LaFace Records. Its title track was a hit single and the album included the first use of the term dirty south, the Goodie Mob quartet includes CeeLo Green, Big Gipp, Khujo, and T-Mo. Guest vocalists on this album include André3000 and Big Boi of Outkast, Cool Breeze, in 1996, it was certified gold as sales stand at over 500,000 units in the U. S. The album is dedicated to the memory of Sheila J. Tyler-Calloway, Soul Food received critical acclaim for its raw, Southern, socially conscious lyrics and original production from Organized Noize. Along with Outkasts Southernplayalisticadillacmuzik, Soul Food has been regarded as one of the two albums that brought southern hip hop to the mainstream, and it is regarded as a southern classic. All tracks were produced by Organized Noize except Fighting, which was produced by Mixzo, mr. DJ co-produced Goodie Bag, although he was uncredited. Sample credits Dirty South contains samples of Passacaglia in C Minor performed by Hubert Laws, sesame Street contains samples of Dreams performed by Ramsey Lewis
Soul Food (Goodie Mob album)
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Soul Food
21.
Atlanta
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Atlanta is the capital of and the most populous city in the U. S. state of Georgia, with an estimated 2015 population of 463,878. Atlanta is the cultural and economic center of the Atlanta metropolitan area, home to 5,710,795 people, Atlanta is the county seat of Fulton County, and a small portion of the city extends eastward into DeKalb County. In 1837, Atlanta was founded at the intersection of two lines, and the city rose from the ashes of the American Civil War to become a national center of commerce. Atlantas economy is considered diverse, with dominant sectors that include logistics, professional and business services, media operations, Atlanta has topographic features that include rolling hills and dense tree coverage. Revitalization of Atlantas neighborhoods, initially spurred by the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, has intensified in the 21st century, altering the demographics, politics. Prior to the arrival of European settlers in north Georgia, Creek Indians inhabited the area, standing Peachtree, a Creek village located where Peachtree Creek flows into the Chattahoochee River, was the closest Indian settlement to what is now Atlanta. As part of the removal of Native Americans from northern Georgia from 1802 to 1825, the Creek ceded the area in 1821. In 1836, the Georgia General Assembly voted to build the Western, the initial route was to run southward from Chattanooga to a terminus east of the Chattahoochee River, which would then be linked to Savannah. After engineers surveyed various possible locations for the terminus, the zero milepost was driven into the ground in what is now Five Points. A year later, the area around the milepost had developed into a settlement, first known as Terminus, and later as Thrasherville after a merchant who built homes. By 1842, the town had six buildings and 30 residents and was renamed Marthasville to honor the Governors daughter, later, J. Edgar Thomson, Chief Engineer of the Georgia Railroad, suggested the town be renamed Atlantica-Pacifica, which was shortened to Atlanta. The residents approved, and the town was incorporated as Atlanta on December 29,1847, by 1860, Atlantas population had grown to 9,554. During the American Civil War, the nexus of multiple railroads in Atlanta made the city a hub for the distribution of military supplies, in 1864, the Union Army moved southward following the capture of Chattanooga and began its invasion of north Georgia. On the next day, Mayor James Calhoun surrendered Atlanta to the Union Army, on November 11,1864, Sherman prepared for the Union Armys March to the Sea by ordering Atlanta to be burned to the ground, sparing only the citys churches and hospitals. After the Civil War ended in 1865, Atlanta was gradually rebuilt, due to the citys superior rail transportation network, the state capital was moved from Milledgeville to Atlanta in 1868. In the 1880 Census, Atlanta surpassed Savannah as Georgias largest city, by 1885, the founding of the Georgia School of Technology and the citys black colleges had established Atlanta as a center for higher education. In 1895, Atlanta hosted the Cotton States and International Exposition, during the first decades of the 20th century, Atlanta experienced a period of unprecedented growth. In three decades time, Atlantas population tripled as the city expanded to include nearby streetcar suburbs
Atlanta
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From top to bottom left to right: Atlanta skyline seen from
Buckhead, the
Fox Theatre, the
Georgia State Capitol,
Centennial Olympic Park,
Millennium Gate, the
Canopy Walk, the
Georgia Aquarium,
The Phoenix statue, and the
Midtown skyline
Atlanta
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Marietta Street, 1864
Atlanta
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Atlanta in ruins during the Civil War, 1864
Atlanta
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In 1907, Peachtree Street, the main street of Atlanta, was busy with streetcars and automobiles.
22.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
Billboard Hot 100
–
The Billboard logo
23.
Red Hot Organization
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Red Hot Organization is a not-for-profit,5013, international organization dedicated to fighting AIDS through pop culture. The Red Hot Organization Collection was donated to Fales Library in New York City in 2006, Red Hot is a not-for-profit production company that has produced 16 albums and dedicated more than 10 million dollars to worthy organizations, causes and pro-social projects around the world. Its mission is to raise awareness and money to fight AIDS/HIV and related health, Red Hot is more of a creative production company than a traditional charitable organization. Overhead is kept to a minimum and production focused on making innovative projects that target hard to reach audiences by using popular culture, revenues from these projects are given to traditional charities, often in collaboration with the artists who have contributed their music or art. What is significant is their fund raising does not compete with local AIDS service organizations and they tap basically new money, and thats very important. Furthermore, the contracts Red Hot signs with artists guarantees that at least 80% of the profits generated from the sales will be earmarked for AIDS efforts. John Carlin, Paul Heck, and Béco Dranoff are key persons associated with the organization. First founded as King Cole, Inc. by Leigh Blake and John Carlin, Red Hot was established in 1989 in response to the devastation wrought by AIDS on a generation of New York artists and intellectuals. In 1990 the dream was realized when Red Hot + Blue was released, featuring such stars as David Byrne, Annie Lennox, Tom Waits, U2 and Erasure. Carlin,43 at the time, couldn’t believe he pulled it off, That CD was inspired by naïveté, Red Hot + Blue ultimately sold over 1 million copies worldwide, and raised millions of dollars for AIDS charities such as AmFAR and ActUp. The release of Red Hot + Blue became the template for many charity projects that followed and its one-and-a-half-hour TV special, hosted by Richard Gere, Carrie Fisher and Kyle MacLachlan aired on World AIDS Day during prime time on ABC. The 1990s were a hotbed of activity for Red Hot, in 1992, Red Hot produced the second in the series, Red Hot + Dance features remixes and original tracks by major club artists, remixed by some of the most influential DJs and producers in the world. It also contains three tracks by George Michael, including the international smash hit Too Funky, and Supernatural with Madonna. For the Dance project, Red Hot held club nights around the world spotlighting top dance performers and these parties were filmed for an AIDS awareness television special and released on home video. In 1993, Red Hot released, No Alternative, produced by Paul Heck, which featured Nirvana and it features original tracks and covers from bands that went on to define the alternative rock scene of the 1990s. An MTV special and home video featured performances, music videos. Red Hot + Country was released in 1994 by Mercury Nashville, the album received two Grammy nominations. A live show was held at the Ryman Auditorium, the home to the Grand Ole Opry
Red Hot Organization
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Red Hot Organization
Red Hot Organization
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Red Hot + Blue
Red Hot Organization
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Red Hot + Bothered
Red Hot Organization
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Red Hot + Rio
24.
Biz Markie
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Marcel Theo Hall, better known by his stage name Biz Markie, is an American rapper, beatboxer, DJ, comedian, actor, singer, reality television personality, grartist, and commercial spokesperson. He is best known for his single Just a Friend, an American Top 10 hit in 1989, in 2008, Just a Friend made #100 on VH1s list of the 100 greatest hip hop songs of all time. Biz Markie currently lives in Howard County, Maryland, and has helped support County Executive Ken Ulman during his fundraisers, Markie has been called the Clown Prince of Hip Hop. Markies career began on Long Island, New York and he attended and graduated from Longwood High School in 1982. Before he got famous Biz Markie was interviewed in the 1986 cult documentary Big Fun In The Big Town. Markie released his album, Goin Off in 1988, which attracted a fair amount of attention, largely due to the lead single, Make the Music With Your Mouth. The album also featured the hit singles Nobody Beats The Biz, Vapors. On October 10,1989, Biz Markies second studio album, Records, produced by Biz, his cousin Cool V and Paul C. The single Just a Friend, in which he alternates between rap and singing, became Markies most successful single, reaching #9 on the Billboard charts. The song interpolates the 1968 song You Got What I Need by singer/songwriter Freddie Scott, whose basic chord, Just A Friend was ranked 81st on VH1s 100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders in 2000, and later as number 100 on VH1s 100 Greatest Songs of Hip Hop in 2008. The music video, directed by Lionel C, martin, chronicles the rappers woman problems. At the climax of the video, Biz Markies character stumbles upon a girl he was trying to date kissing another man she had referred to as just a friend. It also includes a scene of Biz singing the chorus dressed as Mozart in 18th-century clothing with a powdered wig in a candlelit room while playing the piano. This scene was inspired by the video for the 1986 hit Rock Me Amadeus. Markies third studio album I Need a Haircut was released on August 27,1991, on Cold Chillin/Warner Bros. Records and was produced by Biz Markie and his cousin Cool V. Sales of the album were low when Markie was served a lawsuit by Gilbert OSullivan. This development reflected the popularity of hip-hop and the financial stakes over which releases were set. Biz responded in 1993 with the mischievously titled All Samples Cleared, but his career had been hurt by the publicity emanating from the lawsuit, and the record suffered accordingly
Biz Markie
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Biz Markie
25.
Coolio
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Artis Leon Ivey Jr. known professionally as Coolio, is an American rapper, chef, actor, and record producer. Coolio achieved mainstream success in the mid to late 1990s with his albums It Takes a Thief, Gangstas Paradise, and My Soul. He is best known for his 1995 Grammy Award-winning hit single Gangstas Paradise and he was also known for rapping the theme song for the late 1990s Nickelodeon series Kenan & Kel. Coolio has since gone on to release independently, as well becoming a chef, creating a web series titled Cookin with Coolio. He recorded two singles in 1987, titled Watch Gonna Do and Youre Gonna Miss Me, Coolio made connections in the L. A. rap scene, and in 1991, ended up joining the group WC and the Maad Circle, led by rapper WC. He had a few verses on the debut album Aint a Damn Thang Changed. In 1994, Coolio signed to Tommy Boy Records and released his solo album It Takes a Thief. The lead single Fantastic Voyage received heavy rotation on MTV, Fantastic Voyage would become one of the biggest rap singles of the year, and the album contained a few other minor hits in County Line and I Remember. It Takes a Thief peaked at #8 on the Billboard 200, the album received praise for bringing a humorous and lighthearted perspective to often violent and profane themes of typical gangsta rap. In 1995, Coolio made a song featuring R&B singer LV for the movie Dangerous Minds and it would become one of the most successful rap songs of all time, reaching #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 for 3 weeks. The song also created a controversy when Coolio claimed that parody artist Weird Al Yankovic had not asked for permission to make his parody of Gangstas Paradise, at the 1996 Grammy Awards, the song won Coolio a Grammy for Best Rap Solo Performance. Originally Gangstas Paradise was not meant to be included on one of Coolios studio albums, but its success led to Coolio not only putting it on his next album, but also making it the title track. The title track sampled the chorus and music of the song Pastime Paradise by Stevie Wonder, the album Gangstas Paradise was released in 1995 and was certified 2X Platinum by the RIAA. The album contained two major hits in 1,2,3,4 and Too Hot with J. T. Taylor of Kool & the Gang doing the chorus. Despite no longer being a member of the group, Coolio made an appearance on the second WC. In 1996, Coolio had another top 40 hit with the song Its All the Way Live from the soundtrack to the movie Eddie. He was also featured on the song Hit em High from the soundtrack to the movie Space Jam with B-Real, Method Man, LL Cool J, and Busta Rhymes. In 2014, the band Falling in Reverse did a cover of Gangsters Paradise for Punk Goes 90s, with Coolio making a cameo in the music video
Coolio
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Coolio in November 2002, performing for
U.S. Army soldiers in
Bosnia.
26.
Fat Joe
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Joseph Antonio Cartagena, better known by his stage name Fat Joe, is an American rapper. He is also the CEO of Terror Squad Entertainment, and member of musical groups D. I. T. C. Fat Joes debut album was Represent, released in 1993, followed by Jealous Ones Envy in 1995. From 1998 to 2006, he was signed to Atlantic Records, releasing four albums under the label, Don Cartagena in 1998, Jealous Ones Still Envy in 2001, Loyalty in 2002, and All or Nothing in 2005. Around the release of All or Nothing, Fat Joe became involved in a publicized feud with another New York City-based rapper 50 Cent. His most popular song in which he performed was his Remy Ma duet Lean Back with Terror Squad, the song was a number-one hit in the summer of 2004. Starting in 2006, when his album Me, Myself, & I was released, Fat Joe was signed to Imperial Records, which distributes through Terror Squad Entertainment. His follow-up album was The Elephant in the Room, which was released in 2008, Jealous Ones Still Envy 2 and his tenth album The Darkside Vol.1 was released on July 27,2010. Fat Joe was born on August 19,1970 in the South Bronx area of New York City and he lived in public housing and began stealing at a young age to support his family. He also admits that he was a bully in his childhood and his brother introduced him to rap music. As a teenager, he was influenced by fellow Latino rapper Big Pun. Fat Joe explained the influence on him by saying Latinos before us who had the opportunity to do it just didnt know how to do it. They came in trying to do this music, waving flags. Were trying to kick in the doors for other Latinos and represent our people, under stage name Fat Joe da Gangsta and part of the rap group D. I. T. C. Cartagena was signed to Relativity Records in the early 1990s, recording material, in 1993, his debut album, Represent, was released, featuring production from The Beatnuts, Diamond D, Lord Finesse, and others. Its lead single, Flow Joe peaked at one on the Billboard Hot Rap Singles chart, other minor singles from the album included Watch the Sound. In 1995, Fat Joe released his studio album, Jealous Ones Envy. The album featured a guest appearance from KRS-One and production from Diamond D, the lead single was Success, which did not chart, but his second single, Envy peaked at #8 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart. The success of this album led Fat Joe to be featured on the remix of LL Cool Js single I Shot Ya along with Foxy Brown, Keith Murray, released in 1998, Don Cartagena was Joes third album and his first for Atlantic Records
Fat Joe
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Joe performing in April 2011
Fat Joe
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Fat Joe performing in Portugal in 2006
Fat Joe
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Fat Joe in July 2005
27.
The Source (magazine)
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The Source is a United States-based monthly full-color magazine covering hip-hop music, politics, and culture, founded in 1988. It is the worlds longest running rap periodical, being founded as a newsletter in 1988, the Source was originally started by David Mays, a Harvard University student in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Mays decided to hire his friends, Jonathan Shecter, James Bernard and Ed Young. At the time, Mays handled duties as the publisher for the magazine, the magazines offices were moved from Massachusetts to New York City in 1990, a move that was made with the intention to expand the magazine into a mainstream market publication. The magazines annual awards show, known as The Source Awards, the Lifetime Achievement Award is the highest award given to an emcee who has contributed his/her time to succeeding in the hip-hop music industry. The Source also releases an album of hip-hop hits. The magazine expanded overseas with a French-language version, alongside The Source Latino, the company invested in mobile phones and ringtones under The Source Mobile Channel moniker, in which subscribers are offered their favorite choice of hip-hop ringtones. The Source also invested in its own urban clothing apparel company, the Source announced in a press conference that the magazine was in possession of an old tape in which a young Eminem was rapping racial slurs against Black women. For his part, Eminem did not deny making the tapes and he apologized for making the tapes but also exhorted the public to consider the origin of the allegations. Nevertheless, Eminem sued The Source for defamation and copyright infringement, the federal courts ruled in The Sources favor, and allowed a limited distribution of the tapes music and lyrics under Fair Use law. Mays and Benzino both countered the withdrawal of the lawsuit, calling it a cowardly move and they both claimed they could finally expose the truth about Eminem and planned to eventually release the racist tapes in a future magazine. It devoted its February 2004 issue to the discovery of the tapes, later, Benzino and The Source would urge video and radio stations to ban Eminems video, Just Lose It, and issue an apology to Michael Jackson. The video depicts Jackson in a light and the publication wanted to boycott the rapper. In spite of their efforts, BET was the network to ban the video. BET claimed Benzino was not the reason for the banning, Eminem released the single Like Toy Soldiers from Encore, in which he states hell walk away from it all before it gets any further. Benzino responded with the track, Look Into My Eyes. In 2005, after Kimberly Osorio had been fired, Mays. That same year he resigned after he was ordered to lower the rating of Little Brothers The Minstrel Show from four-and-a-half to four
The Source (magazine)
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The Source
28.
Still Standing (Goodie Mob album)
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Still Standing is the second studio album from the Dirty South, Dungeon Family-affiliated hip hop quartet Goodie Mob. All of the members are still together for this album. This album was released in 1998 under LaFace Records as a follow up to the southern classic Soul Food, additional lyrical contributors include fellow Atlanta natives Big Boi and Dre of OutKast, Cool Breeze, Chiefton, Witchdoctor, and Backbone. Its an Enhanced CD with direct links to the Goodie Mob, executive produced by Antonio M. Reid, Kenneth B. Edmonds, and Organized Noize for Organized Noize Productions, Inc, just About Over is a full blown rock song. The album was certified Gold in later 1998 and has become Goodie Mobs best album next to Soul Food
Still Standing (Goodie Mob album)
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Still Standing
29.
DJ Muggs
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Lawrence Muggerud, better known by his stage name DJ Muggs, is an American DJ and producer. He produced tracks for Funkdoobiest, House of Pain, Dizzee Rascal, U2, Depeche Mode, Die Antwoord and more. He is a current member of hip hop group Cypress Hill, trip hop band Cross My Heart Hope To Die, Muggs was born in Queens, New York of Italian and Cuban descent, but was adopted into a Norwegian family. He moved to Los Angeles at age fourteen, and got his start DJing for hip hop group The 7A3 and he has one daughter, named Francisca. After linking up with B-Real and Sen Dog to form the group Cypress Hill, of the seven, four reached platinum status, and three gold. Meanwhile, he scored hits on the side with Ice Cubes Check Yo Self, during Cypress Hills early years, DJ Muggs met The Alchemist and his Dilated Peoples brethren on tour, deciding to take the young producer under his wing, providing a jump-start for his career. In 1997, Muggs released an album under the name Soul Assassins, the album, Soul Assassins I, reached #86 on the Billboard 200 and earned critical praise. Produced by Muggs, it featured Dr. Dre, B-Real, LA Tha Darkman, Mobb Deep, RZA, GZA, Goodie Mob, KRS-One and Wyclef Jean. In 2000 he returned to the Soul Assassins with Soul Assassins II and he also put out the record Dust, an atmosphere-heavy trip hop affair with Greg Dulli, Amy Trujillo and Everlast on vocals. After the 2004 album Til Death Do Us Part, which reached #23 on the Billboard 200, in 2005, DJ Muggs teamed up with Wu-Tang Clans GZA for the album Grandmasters, the first project released on his label Angeles Records. Instead, Muggs produced an album for Psycho Realm member Sick Jacken, Legend of the Mask and the Assassin two years later, in 2007. In 2008, Muggs announced that his album with California rapper Planet Asia would be the third Soul Assassins album, before the release of his solo album Smoke N Mirrors in 2009, B-Real reported that Cypress Hill has been working on an album for roughly a year. Currently in the phase, Muggs has produced half of the albums material so far, going to DJ Premier, Pete Rock. In 2009, Muggs entered the Gumball 3000 cross-country race, and on June 23,2009, Soul Assassins, Intermission was released, featuring RZA, Prodigy, Evidence, The Alchemist and Bun B. The first single for the album was Gangsta Shit, by Bun B, Muggs plans next on recording his 5th V. S. album with group member B-Real. & in 2013 he confirmed a VS album with Meyhem Lauren as well. On the Soul Assassins official website, it was revealed that Muggs will contribute Production to the album from rapper Apathy, Honkey Kong. The Track is Titled Fear Itself In 2011, Muggs plans on releasing a new album called Bass For Your Face which he describes as a West Coast Dubstep album. Although he says the album feature an extensive guest list
DJ Muggs
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DJ Muggs in 2000
