1.
Google Doodle
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A Google Doodle is a special, temporary alteration of the logo on Googles homepage that is intended to celebrate holidays, events, achievements and people. The first Google Doodle was in honor of the Burning Man Festival of 1998, subsequent Google Doodles were designed by an outside contractor, until Page and Brin asked public relations officer Dennis Hwang to design a logo for Bastille Day in 2000. From that point onward, Doodles have been organized and published by a team of employees termed Doodlers, initially, Doodles were neither animated nor hyperlinked. They were simply images linked to the theme, Doodles increased in both frequency and complexity by the beginning of the 2010s, and in January 2010 the first animated Doodle was posted honoring Isaac Newton. The first interactive Doodle appeared shortly thereafter celebrating Pac-Man, and hyperlinks also began to be added to Doodles, by 2014, Google had published over 2,000 regional and international Doodles throughout its homepages, often featuring guest artists, musicians and personalities. The featuring of Lowells logo design coincided with the launch of another Google product, Google doodles are also used to depict major events at Google, such as the companys own anniversary. The celebration of events is another common topic of Google Doodles including a Lego brick design in celebration of the interlocking Lego blocks 50th anniversary. Some Google Doodles are limited to Googles country-specific home pages while others appear globally, in May 2010, on the 30th anniversary of the arcade game Pac-Man, Google unveiled worldwide their first interactive logo, created in association with Namco. Anyone who visited Google could play Pac-Man on the logo, which featured the letters of the word Google on the Pac-Man maze, the logo also mimicked the sounds the original arcade game made. The Im Feeling Lucky button was replaced with an Insert Coin button, pressing this once enabled you to play the Pac-Man logo. Pressing it once more added a second player, Ms. Pac-Man, enabling two players to play at once, controlled using the W, A, S, D keys, pressing it for a third time performed an Im Feeling Lucky search. It was then removed on May 23,2010, initially replacing Pac-Man with the normal logo, later on that day, Google released a permanent Google Pac-Man site, due to the popular user demand for the playable logo. Similarly, Freddie Mercurys 65th birthday was celebrated on September 5,2011, on April 15,2011, Google sported the first video doodle, commemorating Charlie Chaplins 122nd birthday. This doodle was a black and white YouTube video that, when clicked upon, all parts in this short film were played by the Google doodle team, and special behind-the-scenes footage was to be found on the Google blog. Google displayed an electric guitar doodle starting June 9,2011. The doodle still maintained some resemblance to the Google logo, in the U. S, the doodle also allowed the user to record a 30-second clip, after which a URL is created and can be sent to others. The doodle remained on the site a day due to popularity in the US. It now has its own page linked to the Google Doodles archives, on June 23,2012, in commemoration of Alan Turings 100th birthday, Googles logo became an interactive Turing Machine
2.
Software developer
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A software developer is a person concerned with facets of the software development process, including the research, design, programming, and testing of computer software. Other job titles which are used with similar meanings are programmer, software analyst. According to developer Eric Sink, the differences between system design, software development, and programming are more apparent, even more so that developers become systems architects, those who design the multi-leveled architecture or component interactions of a large software system. In a large company, there may be employees whose sole responsibility consists of one of the phases above. In smaller development environments, a few people or even an individual might handle the complete process. The word software was coined as a prank as early as 1953, before this time, computers were programmed either by customers, or the few commercial computer vendors of the time, such as UNIVAC and IBM. The first company founded to provide products and services was Computer Usage Company in 1955. The software industry expanded in the early 1960s, almost immediately after computers were first sold in mass-produced quantities, universities, government, and business customers created a demand for software. Many of these programs were written in-house by full-time staff programmers, some were distributed freely between users of a particular machine for no charge. Others were done on a basis, and other firms such as Computer Sciences Corporation started to grow. The computer/hardware makers started bundling operating systems, systems software and programming environments with their machines, new software was built for microcomputers, so other manufacturers including IBM, followed DECs example quickly, resulting in the IBM AS/400 amongst others. The industry expanded greatly with the rise of the computer in the mid-1970s. In the following years, it created a growing market for games, applications. DOS, Microsofts first operating system product, was the dominant operating system at the time, by 2014 the role of cloud developer had been defined, in this context, one definition of a developer in general was published, Developers make software for the world to use. The job of a developer is to crank out code -- fresh code for new products, code fixes for maintenance, code for business logic, bus factor Software Developer description from the US Department of Labor
3.
Google
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Google is an American multinational technology company specializing in Internet-related services and products. These include online advertising technologies, search, cloud computing, software, Google was founded in 1996 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph. D. students at Stanford University, in California. Together, they own about 14 percent of its shares, and they incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4,1998. An initial public offering took place on August 19,2004, in August 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc. Google, Alphabets leading subsidiary, will continue to be the company for Alphabets Internet interests. Upon completion of the restructure, Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google, replacing Larry Page, rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions, and partnerships beyond Googles core search engine. The company leads the development of the Android mobile operating system, the Google Chrome web browser, and Chrome OS, the new hardware chief, Rick Osterloh, stated, a lot of the innovation that we want to do now ends up requiring controlling the end-to-end user experience. Google has also experimented with becoming an Internet carrier, alexa, a company that monitors commercial web traffic, lists Google. com as the most visited website in the world. Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites, including YouTube, Googles mission statement, from the outset, was to organize the worlds information and make it universally accessible and useful, and its unofficial slogan was Dont be evil. In October 2015, the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase Do the right thing, Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in Stanford, California. They called this new technology PageRank, it determined a websites relevance by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages, Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine BackRub, because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site. Originally, Google ran under Stanford Universitys website, with the domains google. stanford. edu, the domain name for Google was registered on September 15,1997, and the company was incorporated on September 4,1998. It was based in the garage of a friend in Menlo Park, craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee. The first funding for Google was an August 1998 contribution of $100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given before Google was incorporated. At least three other investors invested in 1998, Amazon. com founder Jeff Bezos, Stanford University computer science professor David Cheriton. Author Ken Auletta claims that each invested $250,000, early in 1999, Brin and Page decided they wanted to sell Google to Excite. They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million, vinod Khosla, one of Excites venture capitalists, talked the duo down to $750,000, but Bell still rejected it. Googles initial public offering took place five years later, on August 19,2004, at that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024
4.
Computing platform
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Computing platform means in general sense, where any piece of software is executed. It may be the hardware or the system, even a web browser or other application. The term computing platform can refer to different abstraction levels, including a hardware architecture, an operating system. In total it can be said to be the stage on which programs can run. For example, an OS may be a platform that abstracts the underlying differences in hardware, platforms may also include, Hardware alone, in the case of small embedded systems. Embedded systems can access hardware directly, without an OS, this is referred to as running on bare metal, a browser in the case of web-based software. The browser itself runs on a platform, but this is not relevant to software running within the browser. An application, such as a spreadsheet or word processor, which hosts software written in a scripting language. This can be extended to writing fully-fledged applications with the Microsoft Office suite as a platform, software frameworks that provide ready-made functionality. Cloud computing and Platform as a Service, the social networking sites Twitter and facebook are also considered development platforms. A virtual machine such as the Java virtual machine, applications are compiled into a format similar to machine code, known as bytecode, which is then executed by the VM. A virtualized version of a system, including virtualized hardware, OS, software. These allow, for instance, a typical Windows program to run on what is physically a Mac, some architectures have multiple layers, with each layer acting as a platform to the one above it. In general, a component only has to be adapted to the layer immediately beneath it, however, the JVM, the layer beneath the application, does have to be built separately for each OS
5.
Web application
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In computing, a web application or web app is a client–server software application in which the client runs in a web browser. Common web applications include webmail, online sales, online auctions, wikis, instant messaging services. The general distinction between a dynamic web page of any kind and a web application is unclear, Web sites most likely to be referred to as web applications are those which have similar functionality to a desktop software application, or to a mobile app. HTML5 introduced explicit language support for making applications that are loaded as web pages, single-page applications are more application-like because they reject the more typical web paradigm of moving between distinct pages with different URLs. Single-page frameworks like Sencha Touch and AngularJS might be used to speed development of such a web app for a mobile platform, recently, frameworks like React Native, Flutter and Xamarin allow the development of native apps for all platforms using languages other than each standard native language. Hybrid apps embed a mobile web site inside a native app, possibly using a hybrid framework like Apache Cordova and this allows development using web technologies while also retaining certain advantages of native apps. In earlier computing models like client–server, the load for the application was shared between code on the server and code installed on each client locally. In other words, an application had its own pre-compiled client program which served as its interface and had to be separately installed on each users personal computer. In contrast, web applications use web documents written in a format such as HTML and JavaScript. Client web software updates may happen each time the web page is visited, during the session, the web browser interprets and displays the pages, and acts as the universal client for any web application. However, every significant change to the web page required a trip back to the server to refresh the entire page. In 1995 Netscape introduced a client-side scripting language called JavaScript allowing programmers to add some elements to the user interface that ran on the client side. In 1996, Macromedia introduced Flash, a vector animation player that could be added to browsers as a plug-in to embed animations on the web pages and it allowed the use of a scripting language to program interactions on the client side with no need to communicate with the server. In 1999, the web application concept was introduced in the Java language in the Servlet Specification version 2.2, in 2005, the term Ajax was coined, and applications like Gmail started to make their client sides more and more interactive. A web page script is able to contact the server for storing/retrieving data without downloading a web page. In 2011, HTML5 was finalized, which provides graphic and multimedia capabilities without the need of client side plug-ins, HTML5 also enriched the semantic content of documents. The APIs and document object model are no longer afterthoughts, but are fundamental parts of the HTML5 specification, webGL API paved the way for advanced 3D graphics based on HTML5 canvas and JavaScript language. These have significant importance in creating truly platform and browser independent rich web applications, many services have worked to combine all of these into a more familiar interface that adopts the appearance of an operating system
6.
Google Chrome App
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Google Chrome Apps are web applications that run on the Google Chrome web browser. Chrome apps can be obtained from the Chrome Web Store where apps, extensions, there are two types of apps, hosted and packaged, which have different locations of their executable and are targeted at different use cases. On August 19,2016, Google announced that it would begin phasing out Chrome Apps for Windows, Mac and Linux by the end of 2016, the company said that such apps will however continue to be supported and maintained on Chrome OS for the foreseeable future. Chrome apps can be hosted or packaged, hosted apps have their background web pages on a remote server and the app acts like a bookmark or shortcut. Packaged apps were launched on September 5,2013 and they have features very similar to a native desktop app, namely offline capable, can interact with hardware devices, and can access local storage. Packaged apps are not confined to the regular Chrome interface and can display without a window menu. Hosted apps are the type of Chrome apps. They contain a single manifest file that contains the URL and additional information about the app, hosted apps are usually offline and are subject to regular web page security restrictions. Google Chrome Extensions Firefox add-ons Web application Official website What Are Chrome Apps
7.
Flowchart
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A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm, workflow or process, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting them with arrows. This diagrammatic representation illustrates a solution model to a given problem, Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields. Flowcharts are used in designing and documenting simple processes or programs, like other types of diagrams, they help visualize what is going on and thereby help understand a process, and perhaps also find flaws, bottlenecks, and other less-obvious features within it. There are many different types of flowcharts, and each type has its own repertoire of boxes and notational conventions. The two most common types of boxes in a flowchart are, a step, usually called activity. A flowchart is described as cross-functional when the page is divided into different swimlanes describing the control of different organizational units, a symbol appearing in a particular lane is within the control of that organizational unit. Flowcharts depict certain aspects of processes and they are complemented by other types of diagram. Similarly, in UML, a standard concept-modeling notation used in development, the activity diagram. Nassi-Shneiderman diagrams and Drakon-charts are a notation for process flow. The terms flowchart and flow chart are used interchangeably, the underlying graph structure of a flowchart is a flow graph, which abstracts away node types, their contents and other ancillary information. The Gilbreths tools quickly found their way into industrial engineering curricula, a 1944 graduate of Mogensens class, Art Spinanger, took the tools back to Procter and Gamble where he developed their Deliberate Methods Change Program. In 1947, ASME adopted a symbol set derived from Gilbreths original work as the ASME Standard, Operation, douglas Hartree in 1949 explained that Herman Goldstine and John von Neumann had developed a flowchart to plan computer programs. His contemporary account is endorsed by IBM engineers and by Goldstines personal recollections, Flowcharts became a popular means for describing computer algorithms. The popularity of flowcharts decreased in the 1970s when interactive computer terminals, algorithms can be expressed much more concisely as source code in such languages. Often pseudo-code is used, which uses the common idioms of such languages without strictly adhering to the details of a particular one, nowadays flowcharts are still used for describing computer algorithms. Modern techniques such as UML activity diagrams and Drakon-charts can be considered to be extensions of the flowchart, however, there are several of these classifications. For example, Andrew Veronis named three basic types of flowcharts, the system flowchart, the general flowchart, and the detailed flowchart and that same year Marilyn Bohl stated in practice, two kinds of flowcharts are used in solution planning, system flowcharts and program flowcharts. In addition, many techniques exist that are similar to flowcharts but carry a different name
8.
Organizational chart
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An organizational chart is a diagram that shows the structure of an organization and the relationships and relative ranks of its parts and positions/jobs. The term is used for similar diagrams, for example ones showing the different elements of a field of knowledge or a group of languages. The organization chart is a diagram showing graphically the relation of one official to another, or others and it is also used to show the relation of one department to another, or others, or of one function of an organization to another, or others. This chart is valuable in that it one to visualize a complete organization. A companys organizational chart typically illustrates relations between people within an organization, such relations might include managers to sub-workers, directors to managing directors, chief executive officer to various departments, and so forth. When an organization chart grows too large it can be split into smaller charts for separate departments within the organization, the titles of officials and sometimes their names are enclosed in boxes or circles. Lines are generally drawn from one box or circle to another to show the relation of one official or department to the others, the Scottish-American engineer Daniel McCallum is credited for creating the first organizational charts of American business around 1854. This chart was drawn by George Holt Henshaw, the term organization chart came into use in the early twentieth century. In 1914 Brinton declared organization charts are not nearly so widely used as they should be, in those years industrial engineers promoted the use of organization charts. The term organigram originates in the 1960s and they only show formal relationships and tell nothing of the pattern of human relationships which develop. They also often do not show horizontal relationships and they often do not include customers. The example on the shows a simple hierarchical organizational chart. An example of a relationship in this chart would be between the general and the two colonels - the colonels are directly responsible to the general. An example of a relationship in this chart would be between Captain A, and Captain B who both work on level and both report to the Colonel B. Various shapes such as rectangles, squares, triangles, circles can be used to different roles. Color can be used both for shape borders and connection lines to indicate differences in authority and responsibility, and possibly formal, advisory, a department or position yet to be created or currently vacant might be shown as a shape with a dotted outline. Importance of the position may be shown both with a change in size of the shape in addition to its placement on the chart. Figurative system of human knowledge Organizational structure
9.
Website wireframe
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A website wireframe, also known as a page schematic or screen blueprint, is a visual guide that represents the skeletal framework of a website. Wireframes are created for the purpose of arranging elements to best accomplish a particular purpose, the purpose is usually being informed by a business objective and a creative idea. The wireframe depicts the layout or arrangement of the website’s content, including interface elements and navigational systems. The wireframe usually lacks typographic style, color, or graphics, since the focus lies in functionality, behavior. In other words, it focuses on what a screen does, wireframes can be pencil drawings or sketches on a whiteboard, or they can be produced by means of a broad array of free or commercial software applications. Wireframes help establish functionality and the relationships between different screen templates of a website, an iterative process, creating wireframes is an effective way to make rapid prototypes of pages, while measuring the practicality of a design concept. Wireframing typically begins between “high-level structural work—like flowcharts or site maps—and screen designs. ”Within the process of building a website, aside from websites, wireframes are utilized for the prototyping of mobile sites, computer applications, or other screen-based products that involve human-computer interaction. Wireframes may be utilized by different disciplines, developers use wireframes to get a more tangible grasp of the site’s functionality, while designers use them to push the user interface process. User experience designers and information architects use wireframes to show navigation paths between pages, business Analysts use wireframes to visually support the business rules and interaction requirements for a screen. Business stakeholders review wireframes to ensure that requirements and objectives are met through the design, professionals who create wireframes include business analysts, information architects, interaction designers, user experience designers, graphic designers, programmers, and product managers. Working with wireframes may be a collaborative effort since it bridges the information architecture to the visual design, due to overlaps in these professional roles, conflicts may occur, making wireframing a controversial part of the design process. Since wireframes signify a “bare bones” aesthetic, it is difficult for designers to assess how closely the wireframe needs to depict actual screen layouts. To avoid conflicts it is recommended that business analysts who understand the requirements, create a basic wire frame. Another difficulty with wireframes is that they don’t effectively display interactive details because they are static representations, modern UI design incorporates various devices such as expanding panels, hover effects, and carousels that pose a challenge for 2-D diagrams. Wireframes may have multiple levels of detail and can be broken up into two categories in terms of fidelity, or how closely they resemble the end product, low-fidelity Resembling a rough sketch or a quick mock-up, low-fidelity wireframes have less detail and are quick to produce. These wireframes help a project team collaborate more effectively since they are abstract, using rectangles. Dummy content, Latin filler text, sample or symbolic content are used to represent data when real content is not available, for simple or low-fidelity drawings, paper prototyping is a common technique. Since these sketches are just representations, annotations—adjacent notes to explain behavior—are useful, for more complex projects, rendering wireframes using computer software is popular
10.
Mind map
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A mind map is a diagram used to visually organize information. A mind map is hierarchical and shows relationships among pieces of the whole. It is often created around a concept, drawn as an image in the center of a blank page, to which associated representations of ideas such as images, words. Major ideas are connected directly to the concept, and other ideas branch out from those. Mind maps can be drawn by hand, either as rough notes during a lecture, meeting or planning session, for example, Mind maps are considered to be a type of spider diagram. A similar concept in the 1970s was idea sun bursting, some of the earliest examples of such graphical records were developed by Porphyry of Tyros, a noted thinker of the 3rd century, as he graphically visualized the concept categories of Aristotle. Philosopher Ramon Llull also used such techniques, the semantic network was developed in the late 1950s as a theory to understand human learning and developed further by Allan M. Collins and M. Ross Quillian during the early 1960s. Mind maps are similar in structure to concept maps, developed by learning experts in the 1970s. Buzans specific approach, and the introduction of the mind map arose during a 1974 BBC TV series he hosted, called Use Your Head. In this show, and companion series, Buzan promoted his conception of radial tree, diagramming key words in a colorful, radiant. Buzan says the idea was inspired by Alfred Korzybskis general semantics as popularized in science fiction novels, such as those of Robert A. Heinlein and A. E. van Vogt. He argues that while traditional outlines force readers to scan left to right and top to bottom, Buzan suggests the following guidelines for creating mind maps, Start in the center with an image of the topic, using at least 3 colors. Use images, symbols, codes, and dimensions throughout your mind map, select key words and print using upper or lower case letters. Each word/image is best alone and sitting on its own line, the lines should be connected, starting from the central image. The lines become thinner as they radiate out from the center, make the lines the same length as the word/image they support. Use multiple colors throughout the map, for visual stimulation. Develop your own style of mind mapping. Use emphasis and show associations in your mind map, keep the mind map clear by using radial hierarchy or outlines to embrace your branches
11.
Concept map
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A concept map or conceptual diagram is a diagram that depicts suggested relationships between concepts. It is a tool that instructional designers, engineers, technical writers. A concept map typically represents ideas and information as boxes or circles, the relationship between concepts can be articulated in linking phrases such as causes, requires, or contributes to. The technique for visualizing these relationships among different concepts is called concept mapping, Concept maps have been used to define the ontology of computer systems, for example with the object-role modeling or Unified Modeling Language formalism. In a concept map, each word or phrase connects to another, Concept maps are a way to develop logical thinking and study skills by revealing connections and helping students see how individual ideas form a larger whole. An example of the use of maps is provided in the context of learning about types of fuel. Concept maps were developed to enhance learning in the sciences. A well-made concept map grows within a context frame defined by an explicit focus question, some research evidence suggests that the brain stores knowledge as productions that act on declarative memory content, which is also referred to as chunks or propositions. Topic maps, Concept maps are similar to topic maps in that both allow to concepts or topics via graphs. Mind maps, Both concept maps and topic maps can be contrasted with mind mapping, another contrast between concept mapping and mind mapping is the speed and spontaneity when a mind map is created. A mind map reflects what you think about a single topic, a concept map can be a map, a system view, of a real system or set of concepts. Concept maps are more free form, as multiple hubs and clusters can be created, unlike mind maps, which fix on a single two centered approach. The technique of mapping was developed by Joseph D. Novak. Concept maps have their origin in the movement called constructivism. In particular, constructivists hold that learners construct knowledge. Novak taught students as young as six years old to make concept maps to represent their response to questions such as What is water. In his book Learning How to Learn, Novak states that a meaningful learning involves the assimilation of new concepts, various attempts have been made to conceptualize the process of creating concept maps. Ray McAleese, in a series of articles, has suggested that mapping is a process of off-loading, in this 1998 paper, McAleese draws on the work of Sowa and a paper by Sweller & Chandler
12.
Diagram
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A diagram is a symbolic representation of information according to some visualization technique. Diagrams have been used since ancient times, but became prevalent during the Enlightenment. Sometimes, the uses a three-dimensional visualization which is then projected onto a two-dimensional surface. The word graph is used as a synonym for diagram. Specific kind of display, This is the genre that shows qualitative data with shapes that are connected by lines, arrows. In science the term is used in both ways, on the other hand, Lowe defined diagrams as specifically abstract graphic portrayals of the subject matter they represent. Or in Halls words diagrams are simplified figures, caricatures in a way and these simplified figures are often based on a set of rules. The basic shape according to White can be characterized in terms of elegance, clarity, ease, pattern, simplicity, elegance is basically determined by whether or not the diagram is the simplest and most fitting solution to a problem. g. Many of these types of diagrams are generated using diagramming software such as Visio. Chart Diagrammatic reasoning Diagrammatology List of graphical methods Mathematical diagram Plot commons, michael Anderson, Peter Cheng, Volker Haarslev. Theory and Application of Diagrams, First International Conference, Diagrams 2000, edinburgh, Scotland, UK, September 1–3,2000. Garcia, M The Diagrams of Architecture
13.
Chrome Web Store
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The Chrome Web Store is Googles online store for web applications for Google Chrome or Google Apps. It was announced at the Google I/O conference on May 19,2010 by Vic Gundotra, the software allows users to install and run web applications for the Google Chrome browser. The Chrome Web Store user experience and design was created by Fi, applications, browser themes and extensions in the store are written in HTML, CSS, JavaScript and Google Apps Script and, from Chrome 14, can use Google Native Client. The store hosts free and paid applications, an example of applications available in the store includes the game Plants vs. Zombies. The Store has been described as being like Google Play, a visual and UI overhaul of the store was announced on October 25,2011. In such an environment, does the application store model make any sense, the two extensions singled out by these reports, Tweet This Page and Add to Feedly, were pulled from Chrome Web Store by Google on January 19,2014. Five percent of computer browser visits to Google owned websites are altered by computer programs that inject their own ads into pages, researchers have identified 50,870 Google Chrome extensions and 34,407 programs that injected ads. Thirty-eight percent of extensions and 17 percent of programs were catalogued as malware, one month after the store opened, TechCrunch reported that the best-selling app earned just $165 a week. As of June 2012, users had installed 750 million apps from the Chrome Web Store
14.
Google Drive
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Google Drive is a file storage and synchronization service developed by Google. Launched on April 24,2012, Google Drive allows users to store files in the cloud, synchronize files across devices, in addition to a website, Google Drive offers apps with offline capabilities for Windows and macOS computers, and Android and iOS smartphones and tablets. Google Drive encompasses Google Docs, Sheets and Slides, a suite that permits collaborative editing of documents, spreadsheets, presentations, drawings, forms. Files created and edited through the office suite are saved in Google Drive, Google Drive offers users 15 gigabytes of free storage, with 100 gigabytes,1 terabyte,10 terabytes,20 terabytes, and 30 terabytes offered through optional paid plans. Files uploaded can be up to 5 terabytes in size, users can change privacy settings for individual files and folders, including enabling sharing with other users or making content public. On the website, users can search for an image by describing its visuals, the website and Android app offer a Backups section to see what Android devices have data backed up to the service. A Quick Access feature can intelligently predict the files users need, Google Drive is a key component of G Suite, Googles monthly subscription offering for businesses and organizations. As part of select G Suite plans, Drive offers unlimited storage, advanced audit reporting, enhanced administration controls. Following the launch of the service, Google Drive was heavily criticized by members of the media for its privacy. As of October 2014, Google Drive has 240 million active users, Google Drive was introduced on April 24,2012 with apps available for Windows, macOS, and Android, as well as a website interface, with an iOS app under development. The iOS app was released in June 2012, Google Drive is available for PCs running Windows Vista or later, and Macs running OS X Lion or later. Google indicated in April 2012 that work on Linux software was underway, in April 2012, Googles then-Senior Vice President Sundar Pichai said that Google Drive would be tightly integrated with Chrome OS version 20. In October 2016, Google announced that versions 1.27 and earlier of the Drive computer software will be discontinued, going forward after that date, Google will drop support for versions of the software older than 1 year. Later in October 2016, Google announced that starting January 1,2017, the software will continue to work on those platforms, but will not be actively tested and maintained. Google Drive is available for Android smartphones and tablets running Android 4.1 Jelly Bean or later, According to the policy, the app will continue to work for devices running older Android versions, but any app updates are provided on a best-efforts basis. The policy also states a notice will be given for any planned end of service, App versions being shut down include Android versions earlier than 2.4.311 and iOS versions earlier than 4.16. Google Drive has a website that allows users to see their files from any Internet-connected computer, the website received a visual overhaul in 2014 that gave it a completely new look and improved performance. A new update in August 2016 changed several visual elements of the website, the logo was updated, search box design was refreshed, and the primary color was changed from red to blue
15.
Google Docs, Sheets, and Slides
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The three apps are available as web applications, and as mobile apps for Android and iOS. The apps are compatible with Microsoft Office file formats, the suite also consists of Google Forms, Google Drawings and Google Fusion Tables. The suite allows users to create and edit files online while collaborating with other users in real-time, edits are tracked by user with a revision history presenting changes. An editors position is highlighted with a color and cursor. A permissions system regulates what users can do, while Google Docs has been criticized for lacking the functionality of Microsoft Office, it has received praise for its simplicity, ease of collaboration and frequent product updates. Google Docs originated from two products, Writely and Google Spreadsheets. Writely was a word processor created by the software company Upstartle. It began as an experiment by programmers Sam Schillace, Steve Newman and Claudia Carpenter, trying out the then-new Ajax technology and the content editable function in browsers. Google Spreadsheets, first launched as a limited test on Google Labs on June 6,2006, originated from the product XL2Web by 2Web Technologies, on March 9,2006, Google announced that it had acquired Upstartle. Writely closed registration to its service until the move to Google servers was complete, in August 2006, Writely sent account invitations to everyone who had requested to be placed on a waiting list, and then became publicly available on August 23. Writely continued to maintain its own system until September 21,2006. It was initially available to only a limited number of users, on a first-come. The limited test was replaced with a beta version available to all Google Account holders. In September 2007, Google released a program for Google Docs. In July 2009, Google dropped the beta testing status from Google Docs, in January 2010, Google Docs started allowing users to upload any file type up to 250 MB, with 1 GB of free space and paid storage available for $0.25 per GB per year. This cloud storage feature was eventually reworked when Google Drive was introduced in 2012, Google Drive now serves as the cloud storage service from Google, while Docs, Sheets and Slides serve as the office suite inside Google Drive. In March 2010, Google acquired DocVerse, an online document collaboration company, DocVerse allowed multiple user online collaboration on Microsoft Office-compatible document formats such as Word, Excel, and PowerPoint. Improvements based on DocVerse were announced and deployed in April 2010, in June 2012, Google acquired Quickoffice, a leader in office productivity solutions, with particular emphasis on Quickoffices seamless interoperability with popular file formats
16.
JPEG
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JPEG is a commonly used method of lossy compression for digital images, particularly for those images produced by digital photography. The degree of compression can be adjusted, allowing a selectable tradeoff between size and image quality. JPEG typically achieves 10,1 compression with little loss in image quality. JPEG compression is used in a number of file formats. These format variations are not distinguished, and are simply called JPEG. The term JPEG is an initialism/acronym for the Joint Photographic Experts Group, the MIME media type for JPEG is image/jpeg, except in older Internet Explorer versions, which provides a MIME type of image/pjpeg when uploading JPEG images. JPEG files usually have an extension of. jpg or. jpeg. JPEG/JFIF supports a maximum size of 65, 535×65,535 pixels. JPEG stands for Joint Photographic Experts Group, the name of the committee created the JPEG standard. The Joint stood for ISO TC97 WG8 and CCITT SGVIII, in 1987 ISO TC97 became ISO/IEC JTC1 and in 1992 CCITT became ITU-T. Currently on the JTC1 side JPEG is one of two sub-groups of ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1, Subcommittee 29, Working Group 1 – titled as Coding of still pictures, on the ITU-T side ITU-T SG16 is the respective body. The original JPEG group was organized in 1986, issuing the first JPEG standard in 1992, which was approved in September 1992 as ITU-T Recommendation T.81 and in 1994 as ISO/IEC 10918-1. The JPEG standard specifies the codec, which defines how an image is compressed into a stream of bytes and decompressed back into an image, the Exif and JFIF standards define the commonly used file formats for interchange of JPEG-compressed images. JPEG standards are formally named as Information technology – Digital compression, ISO/IEC10918 consists of the following parts, Ecma International TR/98 specifies the JPEG File Interchange Format, the first edition was published in June 2009. The JPEG compression algorithm is at its best on photographs and paintings of scenes with smooth variations of tone. For web usage, where the amount of used for an image is important. JPEG/Exif is also the most common format saved by digital cameras, on the other hand, JPEG may not be as well suited for line drawings and other textual or iconic graphics, where the sharp contrasts between adjacent pixels can cause noticeable artifacts. Such images may be saved in a lossless graphics format such as TIFF, GIF, PNG
17.
Scalable Vector Graphics
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Scalable Vector Graphics is an XML-based vector image format for two-dimensional graphics with support for interactivity and animation. The SVG specification is a standard developed by the World Wide Web Consortium since 1999. SVG images and their behaviors are defined in XML text files and this means that they can be searched, indexed, scripted, and compressed. As XML files, SVG images can be created and edited with any text editor, All major modern web browsers—including Mozilla Firefox, Internet Explorer, Google Chrome, Opera, Safari, and Microsoft Edge—have SVG rendering support. SVG has been in development within the World Wide Web Consortium since 1999, the early SVG Working Group decided not to develop any of the commercial submissions, but to create a new markup language that was informed by but not really based on any of them. SVG allows three types of objects, vector graphic shapes such as paths and outlines consisting of straight lines and curves, bitmap images. Graphical objects can be grouped, styled, transformed and composited into previously rendered objects, the feature set includes nested transformations, clipping paths, alpha masks, filter effects and template objects. SVG drawings can be interactive and can include animation, defined in the SVG XML elements or via scripting that accesses the SVG Document Object Model, SVG uses CSS for styling and JavaScript for scripting. Text, including internationalization and localization, appearing in plain text within the SVG DOM enhances the accessibility of SVG graphics, the SVG specification was updated to version 1.1 in 2011. There are two Mobile SVG Profiles, SVG Tiny and SVG Basic, meant for mobile devices with reduced computational, Scalable Vector Graphics 2 became a W3C Candidate Recommendation on 15 September 2016. SVG2 incorporates several new features in addition to those of SVG1.1, though the SVG Specification primarily focuses on vector graphics markup language, its design includes the basic capabilities of a page description language like Adobes PDF. It contains provisions for rich graphics, and is compatible with CSS for styling purposes, SVG has the information needed to place each glyph and image in a chosen location on a printed page. A print-specialized subset of SVG is currently a W3C Working Draft, SVG drawings can be dynamic and interactive. Time-based modifications to the elements can be described in SMIL, or can be programmed in a scripting language, the W3C explicitly recommends SMIL as the standard for animation in SVG. A rich set of event handlers such as onmouseover and onclick can be assigned to any SVG graphical object, SVG images, being XML, contain many repeated fragments of text, so they are well suited for lossless data compression algorithms. When an SVG image has been compressed with the industry standard gzip algorithm, it is referred to as an SVGZ image, conforming SVG1.1 viewers will display compressed images. An SVGZ file is typically 20 to 50 percent of the original size, W3C provides SVGZ files to test for conformance. SVG1.0 became a W3C Recommendation on 4 September 2001, SVG1.1 became a W3C Recommendation on 14 January 2003
18.
Portable Network Graphics
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Portable Network Graphics is a raster graphics file format that supports lossless data compression. PNG was created as an improved, non-patented replacement for Graphics Interchange Format, PNG supports palette-based images, grayscale images, and full-color non-palette-based RGB/RGBA images. PNG was designed for transferring images on the Internet, not for professional-quality print graphics, a PNG file contains a single image in an extensible structure of chunks, encoding the basic pixels and other information such as textual comments and integrity checks. PNG files nearly always use file extension PNG or png and are assigned MIME media type image/png, PNG was approved for this use by the Internet Engineering Steering Group on 14 October 1996, and was published as an ISO/IEC standard in 2004. In this thread, Oliver Fromme, author of the popular DOS JPEG viewer QPEG, proposed the PING name, meaning PING is not GIF, although GIF allows for animation, it was decided that PNG should be a single-image format. In 2001, the developers of PNG published the Multiple-image Network Graphics format, MNG achieved moderate application support, but not enough among mainstream web browsers and no usage among web site designers or publishers. In 2008, certain Mozilla developers published the Animated Portable Network Graphics format with similar goals,1 October 1996, Version 1.0 of the PNG specification was released, and later appeared as RFC2083. It became a W3C Recommendation on 1 October 1996,31 December 1998, Version 1.1, with some small changes and the addition of three new chunks, was released. 11 August 1999, Version 1.2, adding one extra chunk, was released,10 November 2003, PNG became an International Standard. This version of PNG differs only slightly from version 1.2, the original PNG specification was authored by an ad-hoc group of computer graphics experts and enthusiasts. Discussions and decisions about the format were done exclusively via email, a chunk consists of four parts, length, chunk type/name, chunk data and CRC. The CRC is a network-byte-order CRC-32 computed over the type and chunk data. Chunk types are given a case sensitive ASCII type/name, compare FourCC. The case of the different letters in the name is a bit field that provides the decoder with some information on the nature of chunks it does not recognize, the case of the first letter indicates whether the chunk is critical or not. If the first letter is uppercase, the chunk is critical, if not, critical chunks contain information that is necessary to read the file. If a decoder encounters a critical chunk it does not recognize, the case of the second letter indicates whether the chunk is public or private. Uppercase is public and lowercase is private and this ensures that public and private chunk names can never conflict with each other. The third letter must be uppercase to conform to the PNG specification and it is reserved for future expansion
19.
Portable Document Format
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The Portable Document Format is a file format used to present documents in a manner independent of application software, hardware, and operating systems. Each PDF file encapsulates a complete description of a fixed-layout flat document, including the text, fonts, graphics, PDF was developed in the early 1990s as a way to share computer documents, including text formatting and inline images. It was among a number of competing formats such as DjVu, Envoy, Common Ground Digital Paper, Farallon Replica, in those early years before the rise of the World Wide Web and HTML documents, PDF was popular mainly in desktop publishing workflows. Adobe Systems made the PDF specification available free of charge in 1993 and these proprietary technologies are not standardized and their specification is published only on Adobe’s website. Many of them are not supported by popular third-party implementations of PDF. So when organizations publish PDFs which use proprietary technologies, they present accessibility issues for some users. In 2014, ISO TC171 voted to deprecate XFA for ISO 32000-2, on January 9,2017, the final draft for ISO 32000-2 was published, thus reaching the approval stage. The PDF combines three technologies, A subset of the PostScript page description programming language, for generating the layout, a font-embedding/replacement system to allow fonts to travel with the documents. A structured storage system to bundle these elements and any associated content into a single file, PostScript is a page description language run in an interpreter to generate an image, a process requiring many resources. It can handle graphics and standard features of programming such as if. PDF is largely based on PostScript but simplified to remove flow control features like these, often, the PostScript-like PDF code is generated from a source PostScript file. The graphics commands that are output by the PostScript code are collected and tokenized, any files, graphics, or fonts to which the document refers also are collected. Then, everything is compressed to a single file, therefore, the entire PostScript world remains intact. PDF supports graphic transparency, PostScript does not, PostScript is an interpreted programming language with an implicit global state, so instructions accompanying the description of one page can affect the appearance of any following page. Therefore, all preceding pages in a PostScript document must be processed to determine the appearance of a given page. A PDF file is a 7-bit ASCII file, except for elements that may have binary content. A PDF file starts with a header containing the magic number, the format is a subset of a COS format. A COS tree file consists primarily of objects, of which there are eight types, Boolean values, representing true or false Numbers Strings, enclosed within parentheses, objects may be either direct or indirect
20.
Alphabet Inc.
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Alphabet Inc. is an American multinational conglomerate founded on October 2,2015, by the two founders of Google, Larry Page and Sergey Brin, with Page serving as CEO and Brin as President. It is the parent company of Google and several companies previously owned by them. The company is based in Mountain View, California, at Googleplex, the reorganization of Google into Alphabet was completed on October 2,2015. Alphabets portfolio encompasses several industries, including technology, life sciences, investment capital, some of its subsidiaries include Google, Calico, GV, CapitalG, Verily, Waymo, X, and Google Fiber. Some of the subsidiaries of Alphabet have altered their names since leaving Google—Google Ventures becoming GV, Google Life Sciences becoming Verily, following the restructuring Page became CEO of Alphabet while Sundar Pichai took his position as CEO of Google. Shares of Googles stock have been converted into Alphabet stock, which trade under Googles former ticker symbols of GOOG, on August 10,2015, Google Inc. announced plans to create a new public holding company, Alphabet Inc. Google CEO Larry Page made this announcement in a blog post on Googles official blog, Alphabet would be created to restructure Google by moving subsidiaries from Google to Alphabet, narrowing Googles scope. The company would consist of Google as well as other businesses including X, CapitalG, Sundar Pichai, Product Chief, became the new CEO of Google, replacing Larry Page. In his announcement, Page described the holding company as follows. The largest of which, of course, is Google and this newer Google is a bit slimmed down, with the companies that are pretty far afield of our main internet products contained in Alphabet instead. Fundamentally, we believe this allows us more management scale, as we can run things independently that aren’t very related and we also like that it means alpha‑bet, which we strive for. Page says the motivation behind the reorganization is to make Google cleaner and he also said he wanted to improve the transparency and oversight of what we’re doing, and to allow greater control of unrelated companies. On February 1,2016, Alphabet Inc. surpassed Apple to become the worlds most valuable publicly traded company until February 3,2016, experts cited Apples lack of innovation as well as increasing Chinese competition as reasons for the poor performance. Alphabet has chosen the domain abc. xyz with the. xyz top-level domain and it does not own the domain alphabet. com, which is owned by a fleet management division of BMW. BMW has said that it is necessary to examine the legal implications of the proposals. It also does not own abc. com, which is the domain of the Disney-owned American Broadcasting Company. The website features an Easter egg in the paragraph where Larry Page writes, Sergey, Alphabet will also include our X lab, which incubates new efforts like Wing, our drone delivery effort. We are also stoked about growing our investment arms, Ventures and Capital, the period after drone delivery effort is a hyperlink to hooli. xyz, a reference to the television series Silicon Valley
21.
History of Google
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This article explores the history of Google, the most widely used web-based search engine. Google began in 1996 as a project by Larry Page. In search of a theme, Page had been considering—among other things—exploring the mathematical properties of the World Wide Web. In his research project, nicknamed BackRub, Page was soon joined by Brin, who was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship. Brin was already a friend, whom Page had first met in the summer of 1995. Both Brin and Page were working on the Stanford Digital Library Project, Pages web crawler began exploring the web in March 1996, with Pages own Stanford home page serving as the only starting point. To convert the data that it gathered for a given web page into a measure of importance, Brin. Some Rough Statistics Total indexable HTML urls,75.2306 Million Total content downloaded,207.022 gigabytes, BackRub is written in Java and Python and runs on several Sun Ultras and Intel Pentiums running Linux. The primary database is kept on a Sun Ultra II with 28GB of disk, scott Hassan and Alan Steremberg have provided a great deal of very talented implementation help. Sergey Brin has also very involved and deserves many thanks. -Larry Page Originally the search engine used Stanfords website with the domain google. stanford. edu, the domain google. com was registered on September 15,1997. They formally incorporated their company, Google, on September 4,1998 in their friend Susan Wojcickis garage in Menlo Park, the companys first patent was filed on August 31,1999. They changed their minds early on and allowed simple text ads, by the end of 1998, Google had an index of about 60 million pages. The home page was still marked BETA, but an article in Salon. com already argued that Googles search results were better than those of competitors like Hotbot or Excite. In March 1999, the moved into offices at 165 University Avenue in Palo Alto. After quickly outgrowing two other sites, the company leased a complex of buildings in Mountain View at 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway from Silicon Graphics in 2003, the company has remained at this location ever since, and the complex has since become known as the Googleplex. In 2006, Google bought the property from SGI for US$319 million, the Google search engine attracted a loyal following among the growing number of Internet users, who liked its simple design. In 2000, Google began selling advertisements associated with search keywords, the ads were text-based to maintain an uncluttered page design and to maximize page loading speed
22.
Criticism of Google
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Alphabet Inc. is an American multinational public corporation invested in Internet search, cloud computing, and advertising technologies. Google hosts and develops a number of Internet-based services and products, much of the criticism pertains to issues that have not yet been addressed by cyber law. Google has been accused by a number of countries of avoiding paying tens of billions of dollars of tax through a scheme of inter-company licensing agreements. For example, Google has used highly contrived and artificial distinctions to avoid paying billions of pounds in tax owed by its UK operations. On 16 May 2013, Margaret Hodge MP, the chair of the United Kingdom Public Accounts Committee accused Googles of being calculated, in 2015, the UK Government introduced a new law intended to penalise Google and other large multinational corporationss artificial tax avoidance. Google Chairman Eric Schmidt has claimed that this scheme of Google is capitalism, Schmidt was also criticised for his inaccurate use of the term capitalism to describe billions of dollars being transferred into tax havens where no economic activity was actually taking place. On 23 January 2016, Google agreed to make a payment of £130m to the UK tax authorities in respect of previous years. Google cut its taxes by $3.1 billion in the period of 2007 to 2009 using a technique that moves most of its profits through Ireland. Afterwards, the company started to send £8 billion in profits a year to Bermuda and his colleagues do not share the same view. The European Commission, the European Unions executive arm, opened an inquiry into Google in 2010 over concerns that the company was abusing its dominant position in search. In the case of the now-defunct Google-Yahoo. deal of 2008—a pact for Google to sell advertising on Yahoo, Search pages—the U. S. Department of Justice found that the deal would be materially reducing important competitive rivalry between the two companies and would violate the Sherman Antitrust Act. Beyond the existence of alternatives, Googles large market share was another aspect of the debate and you recognize youre in that area. Schmidt replied, I would agree, sir, that were in that area, im not a lawyer, but my understanding of monopoly findings is this is a judicial process. During the hearing Mike Lee, Republican of Utah, accused Google of cooking its search results to favor its own services, Mr. Schmidt replied, Senator, I can assure we haven’t cooked anything. In October 2012, it was reported that the U. S. Federal Trade Commission staff were preparing a recommendation that the government sue Google on antitrust grounds. A likely outcome of the antitrust investigations is a settlement where Google would agree not to discriminate in favor of its products over smaller competitors. In August 2016, Google was fined US$6.75 million by the Russian Federal Antimonopoly Service under similar allegations by Yandex, in 2006/2007, a group of Austrian researchers observed a tendency to misuse the Google engine as a reality interface. Ordinary users as well as tend to rely on the first pages of Google search
23.
Privacy concerns regarding Google
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Googles March 1,2012 privacy change enables the company to share data across a wide variety of services. This includes embedded services in millions of third-party websites using Adsense, the policy was widely criticized as creating an environment that discourages Internet innovation by making Internet users more fearful online. In December 2009, after concerns were raised, Googles CEO Eric Schmidt declared, If you have something that you dont want anyone to know. Law, Google can be forced to hand over all information to the U. S. government. In its 2007 Consultation Report, Privacy International ranked Google as Hostile to Privacy, its lowest rating on their report and we need a name service for people. He also said that If I look at enough of your messaging and your location, show us 14 photos of yourself and we can identify who you are. You think you dont have 14 photos of yourself on the internet, in the summer of 2016, Google quietly dropped its ban on personally-identifiable info in its DoubleClick ad service. Googles privacy policy was changed to state it may combine web-browsing records obtained through DoubleClick with what the company learns from the use of other Google services. It also means that Google could now, if it wished to, build a portrait of a user by name, based on everything they write in email, every website they visit. Google contacted ProPublica to correct the fact that it doesnt currently use Gmail keywords to target web ads, on March 10,2009, Google reported that a bug in Google Docs had allowed unintended access to some private documents. It was believed that 0. 05% of all documents stored via the service were affected by the bug, Google stated the bug has now been fixed. Google places one or more cookies on each computer, which it uses to track a persons web browsing on a large number of unrelated websites. If you are logged-in to a Google service, Google also uses the cookies to record which Google Account is accessing each website, originally the cookie did not expire until 2038, although it could be manually deleted by the user or refused by setting a browser preference. As of 2007, Googles cookie expired in two years, but renewed itself whenever a Google service is used. As of 2011, Google said that it anonymizes the IP address data that it collects, after nine months, as of 2016, Googles privacy policy does not promise anything about whether or when its records about your web browsing or searching are deleted from its records. The non-profit group Public Information Research launched Google Watch, a website advertised as a look at Googles monopoly, algorithms, and privacy issues. The site raised questions relating to Googles storage of cookies, which in 2007 had a span of more than 32 years. Google faced criticism with its release of Google Buzz, Googles version of social networking, Google shares this information with law enforcement and other government agencies upon receiving a request
24.
Censorship by Google
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In February 2003, Google stopped showing the advertisements of Oceana, a non-profit organization protesting a major cruise ship operations sewage treatment practices. Google cited its editorial policy at the time, stating Google does not accept advertising if the ad or site advocates against other individuals, groups, Google removed the Web search ads after an investigation by NARAL found evidence that the ads violate Googles policy against deceptive advertising. According to NARAL, people using Google to search for abortion clinics got ads advertising crisis pregnancy centers that were in fact anti-abortion. Google said in a statement that it had followed normal procedures in applying its ad policy standards related to ad relevance, clarity. Googles official blog of April revealed that the imagery was still available in KML format on Google Earth or Google Maps, in March 2008, Google removed Street View and 360 degree images of military bases per The Pentagons request. To protect the privacy and anonymity of individuals, Google selectively blurred photographs containing car license plates and peoples faces in Google Street View. Users may request further blurring of images that feature the user, their family, users can also request the removal of images that feature inappropriate content. In some countries it modifies images of specific buildings, in the United States, Google Street View adjusts or omits certain images deemed of interest to national security by the federal government. In the United Kingdom, it was reported that Google had delisted Inquisition 21st century, Google later released a press statement suggesting Inquisition 21 had attempted to manipulate search results. Google has complied with laws by not including sites containing such material in its search results. However, Google does list the number of excluded results at the bottom of the search result page, as of December 12,2012, in the U. S. Australia and some other countries Google removed the option to turn off the SafeSearch image filter entirely, prior to the change three SafeSearch settings—on, moderate, and off—were available to users. Following the change, two Filter explicit results settings—on and off—were newly established, the former and new on settings are similar, and exclude explicit images from search results. The change brings image search results into line with Googles existing settings for web, some users have stated that the lack of a completely unfiltered option amounts to censorship by Google. In January 2010, Google was reported to have stopped providing automatic suggestions for any search beginning with the term Islam is, according to Wired. com, a Google spokesperson stated, this is a bug and we’re working to fix it as quickly as we can. Suggestions for Islam is were available later that month, the word Bilderberg and the family name Buchanan were also reportedly censored in the auto-complete results, but were available by February 2010 as well. Nonetheless, Google continues to filter certain words from autocomplete suggestions, the publication 2600, The Hacker Quarterly has compiled a list of words that are restricted by Google Instant. These are terms that the companys Instant Search feature will not search, most terms are often vulgar and derogatory in nature, but some apparently irrelevant searches including Myleak are removed
25.
AdMob
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AdMob is a mobile advertising company founded by Omar Hamoui. The name AdMob is a portmanteau for advertising on mobile and it was incorporated on April 10,2006 while Hamoui was in business school at Wharton. The company is based in Mountain View, California, in November 2009 it was acquired by Google for $750 million. The acquisition was completed on May 27,2010, apple Inc. had also expressed interest in purchasing the company the same year, but they were out-bid by Google. Prior to being acquired by Google, AdMob acquired the company AdWhirl, formerly Adrollo, AdMob offers advertising solutions for many mobile platforms, including Android, iOS, webOS, Flash Lite, Windows Phone and all standard mobile web browsers. AdMob is one of the worlds largest mobile advertising platforms and claims to more than 40 billion mobile banner and text ads per month across mobile Web sites. In 2009, AdMob was listed among The Top Ten mobiThinkers 2009, in 2010, AdMob received a Mobile Premier Award. In May 2010, AdMob was recognized as one of the Hottest Silicon Valley Companies by Lead411, the large acquisition price paid for AdMob, in fast appreciating Google stock, comparatively soon after incorporation, resulted in a generous distribution of the sales proceeds to its early hires. Many have since become prolific investors in technology startups, and are known in London as the AdMob Mafia, a reference to the well known Paypal Mafia
26.
AdSense
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These advertisements are administered, sorted, and maintained by Google. They can generate revenue on either a per-click or per-impression basis, Google beta-tested a cost-per-action service, but discontinued it in October 2008 in favor of a DoubleClick offering. In Q12014, Google earned US $3.4 billion, or 22% of total revenue, AdSense is a participant in the AdChoices program, so AdSense ads typically include the triangle-shaped AdChoices icon. This program also operates on HTTP cookies, over 14 million websites are using AdSense. Google uses its technology to serve advertisements based on content, the users geographical location. Those wanting to advertise with Googles targeted advertisement system may enroll through Google AdWords, many websites use AdSense to make revenue from their web content, and it is the most popular advertising network. To display contextually relevant advertisements on a website, webmasters place a brief Javascript code on the websites pages, websites that are content-rich have been very successful with this advertising program, as noted in a number of publisher case studies on the AdSense website. Google has removed the policy of limiting AdSense ads to three ads per page, now, Adsense publishers can place unlimited amount of AdSense ads on a page. Some webmasters put significant effort into maximizing their own AdSense income and they do this in three ways, They use a wide range of traffic-generating techniques, including but not limited to online advertising. They build valuable content on their websites that attracts AdSense advertisements and they use text content on their websites that encourages visitors to click on advertisements. Note that Google prohibits webmasters from using phrases like Click on my AdSense ads to increase click rates, the phrases accepted are Sponsored Links and Advertisements. The source of all AdSense income is the AdWords program, which in turn has a pricing model based on a Vickrey second price auction. AdSense commands an advertiser to submit a sealed bid, additionally, for any given click received, advertisers only pay one bid increment above the second-highest bid. Google currently shares 68% of revenue generated by AdSense with content network partners, on June 18,2015, Google announced rebranding of AdSense with a new logo. Google launched its AdSense program, originally named content targeting advertising in March 2003, the AdSense name was originally used by Applied Semantics, a competitive offering to AdSense. The name was adopted by Google after Google acquired Applied Semantics in April 2003, for example, someone browsing a blog dedicated to flowers was less likely to be interested in ordering flowers than someone searching for terms related to flowers. As a result, in 2004 Google allowed its advertisers to opt out of the AdSense network, paul Buchheit, the founder of Gmail, had the idea to run ads within Googles e-mail service. But he and others say it was Susan Wojcicki, with the backing of Sergey Brin, by early 2005 AdSense accounted for an estimated 15 percent of Googles total revenues
27.
AdWords
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Google AdWords is an online advertising service, developed by Google, where advertisers pay to display brief advertising copy to web users. Google AdWords system is based partly on cookies and partly on keywords determined by advertisers, Google uses these characteristics to place advertising copy on pages where it is relevant. Advertisers pay when users divert their browsing to click on the advertising copy, partner websites receive a portion of the generated income. AdWords has evolved into Googles main source of revenue, contributing to Googles total advertising revenues of USD $43.7 billion in 2012, AdWords offers services such as pay-per-click advertising and cost-per-acquisition advertising. The AdWords program includes local, national, and international distribution, Googles text advertisements are short, consisting of one headline with a maximum of 30 characters, two text lines of 35 characters each, and a display URL of 40 characters. These mimic what the search result looks like on Google. Image ads can be one of the different standardized sizes as designated by the Interactive Advertising Bureau. In May 2016, Google announced its reformatting of ads to help consumers and advertisers succeed in a mobile-first world, the new format, called Expanded Text Ads, allows for 23% more text. This new format is available on both the Google Search Network and the Google Display network and it features two headlines with 30 characters each, replacing the standard of a single headline with 30 characters. The display URL has been replaced with two 15 character paths, not including the root domain. Sales and support for Googles AdWords division in the United States are based in Mountain View, California, with secondary offices in Hyderabad, Dublin, Singapore, Ann Arbor. The third-largest US facility is the headquarters, located in Mountain View, Google AdWords engineering is based at the headquarters, with major secondary offices in Los Angeles and New York. Google has an official public help and support community maintained and frequented by highly experienced AdWords users. As of 2011, AdWords represented 96% of Googles revenue, in addition to controlling ad placements through targeting audiences based on location and language usage, ad placements can be refined with Internet Protocol address exclusion. This feature enables advertisers to exclude specified IP address ranges if they do not want their ads to appear there, advertisers can exclude up to 500 IP addresses per campaign. Google AdWords Express is a feature aimed at businesses as it reduces the difficulty of managing ad campaigns by automatically managing keywords. AdWords Express was previously known as Google Boost, AdWords Express also supports small businesses that do not have a website, allowing them to direct customers to their place page. Google Partners, originally known as Google AdWords Certification Program or Google AdWords Certification, is a Google AdWords partner certification program and it replaced Google Advertising Professionals in April 2010, with updates ranging from amended criteria for entries and changes to the exam requirements
28.
Google Analytics
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Google Analytics is a freemium web analytics service offered by Google that tracks and reports website traffic. Google launched the service in November 2005 after acquiring Urchin, Google Analytics is now the most widely used web analytics service on the Internet. Integrated with AdWords, users can now review online campaigns by tracking landing page quality, goals might include sales, lead generation, viewing a specific page, or downloading a particular file. Google Analytics approach is to show high-level, dashboard-type data for the casual user, Google Analytics analysis can identify poorly performing pages with techniques such as funnel visualization, where visitors came from, how long they stayed and their geographical position. It also provides advanced features, including custom visitor segmentation. Google Analytics e-commerce reporting can track sales activity and performance, the e-commerce reports shows a sites transactions, revenue, and many other commerce-related metrics. On September 29,2011, Google Analytics launched Real Time analytics, a user can have 100 site profiles. Each profile generally corresponds to one website and it is limited to sites which have a traffic of fewer than 5 million pageviews per month unless the site is linked to an AdWords campaign. Google Analytics includes Google Website Optimizer, rebranded as Google Analytics Content Experiments, Google Analytics Cohort analysis feature helps understand the behavior of component groups of users apart from your user population. It is very beneficial to marketers and analysts for successful implementation of Marketing Strategy Google acquired Urchin Software Corp. in April 2005. Googles service was developed from Urchin on Demand, the system also brings ideas from Adaptive Path, whose product, Measure Map, was acquired and used in the redesign of Google Analytics in 2006. Google continued to sell the standalone, installable Urchin WebAnalytics Software through a network of value-added resellers until discontinuation on March 28,2012, the Google-branded version was rolled out in November 2005 to anyone who wished to sign up. However, due to high demand for the service, new sign-ups were suspended only a week later. As capacity was added to the system, Google began using a lottery-type invitation-code model, the previous version delayed page loading and so, for performance reasons, it was generally placed just before the </body> body close HTML tag. The new code can be placed between the <head>. </head>HTML head tags because, once triggered, it runs in parallel with page loading. In April 2011 Google announced the availability of a new version of Google Analytics featuring multiple dashboards, more custom options. This version was updated with some other features such as real-time analytics. In October 2012 the latest version of Google Analytics was announced, called Universal Analytics
29.
DoubleClick
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DoubleClick is a subsidiary of Google which develops and provides Internet ad serving services. Its clients include agencies, marketers and publishers who serve customers like Microsoft, General Motors, Coca-Cola, Motorola, LOréal, Palm, visa USA, Nike, Carlsberg among others. DoubleClicks headquarters is in New York City, United States, DoubleClick was founded in 1996 by Kevin OConnor and Dwight Merriman. It was formerly listed as DCLK on the NASDAQ, and was purchased by private equity firms Hellman & Friedman, in March 2008, Google acquired DoubleClick for US$3.1 billion. DoubleClick was founded as one of the earliest known Application Service Provider for internet ad-serving—primarily banner ads, after an IPO on the NASDAQ under the DCLK ticker symbol in early 1998, the company was associated with an internet traffic report including Yahoo. Its DoubleClick DART ASP/SaaS ad-serving technology allowed clear targeting and reporting of ad-serving per media property for websites within its network, in 1999, at a cost of US $1.7 billion, DoubleClick merged with the data-collection agency Abacus Direct, which works with offline catalog companies. This raised fears that the company would link anonymous Web-surfing profiles with personally identifiable information collected by Abacus. This merger made waves and was criticized by privacy organizations and it was discovered that sensitive financial information users entered on a popular website that offered financial software was being sent to DoubleClick, which delivered the advertisements. The FTC concluded its investigation in early 2001, the deal was closed in July 2005. Hellman & Friedman announced in December 2006 the sale of Abacus to Epsilon Data Management, Google announced on April 13,2007 that it had come to a definitive agreement to acquire DoubleClick for US $3.1 billion in cash. US lawmakers have investigated possible privacy and antitrust implications of the proposed acquisition, at hearings, representatives from Microsoft warned of a potential monopolistic effect. European Union regulators followed suit on March 11,2008, Google completed the acquisition later that day. On April 2,2008, Google announced it would cut 300 jobs at DoubleClick due to organizational redundancies, selected employees would be matched within the Google organization as per position and experience. DoubleClick has also criticized for misleading users by offering an opt-out option that is effectively useless. According to a San Francisco IT consulting group, although the opt-out option affects cookies, DoubleClick and MSN were shown serving malware via drive-by download exploits by a group of attackers for some time in December 2010. The companys main line is formally known as DART, which is designed for advertisers and publishers. DART automates the administration effort in the ad buying cycle for advertisers and it is intended to increase the purchasing efficiency of advertisers and to minimize unsold inventory for publishers. DART Enterprise is the version of NetGravity AdServer, which DoubleClick acquired with its purchase of NetGravity in 1999
30.
DoubleClick for Publishers
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DoubleClick for Publishers, formerly called Google Dart, is an advertisement software as a service application run by Google. It can be used as an ad server but it provides a variety of features for managing the sales process of online ads using a publishers dedicated sales team. Should a publisher not sell out all their available ad inventory, the webmaster inserts the Google Publisher Tag JavaScript code into a webpage. Each time this page is visited, the JavaScript code creates an IFrame, DFP decides which campaign wins, DFP differentiates between two types of ads, Priority CPM For priority based campaigns the following priorities can be set, Standard The most common priority for ad campaigns. Premium The reason to use premium ad campaigns would be to accelerate the speed of delivering a campaign, the premium ad will run roughly 10 times for every standard ad in rotation. Exclusive If any ad is marked as exclusive it will not display any other types of ads and it is possible to have more than one exclusive ad running at one time in which case they would rotate evenly with the other exclusive ads. Exclusive ads can only be sold on a Cost Per Day basis, default is for one week but you can set any time frame. For CPM campaigns, Remnant Any ads not sold by a sales team. If enabled in Google Ad Manager the publisher would be paid for running AdSense ads, house Ads run by the publisher to promote their own services such as to promote subscriptions to one of their magazines. Google acquired DoubleClick in March 2008 and later in February 2010 Google launched DoubleClick for Publishers, DoubleClick for Publishers has since replaced Ad Manager. DFP Small Business By Google First mention of GAM in a Google Blog
31.
Google Wallet
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Google Wallet is a peer-to-peer payments service developed by Google that allows people to send and receive money from a mobile device or desktop computer at no cost to either sender or receiver. When set up, a Google Wallet account must be linked to a debit card or bank account in the United States. Google Wallet can be used through the Google Wallet app and Gmail, the app is available for Android devices running Android 4.0 and above, and for iOS devices running iOS7.0 and above. Google Wallet also had NFC payment capabilities, until the creation of Android Pay, the card could also be used to withdraw cash at ATMs with no Google-associated fee, and could be used like a debit card for virtually any purpose, including such things as renting a car. It was discontinued on June 30,2016, Google Wallet is structured to allow its patrons to send money to each other. To send money, a Google Wallet user enters the email address or phone number of the recipient, the recipient must then link that phone number or email address to a bank account in order to access those funds. If the recipient also has a Google Wallet account, the funds will post to that account directly, users can link up to two U. S. bank accounts when the Wallet account is created. Received money goes to the Google Wallet Balance and stays there until the user decides to out to a linked account. The Google Wallet app is available for free from either Google Play or the App Store, after downloading the app, the user creates a four-digit personal identification number for managing everything within their Google Wallet account. The PIN verifies access to the Wallet app on the mobile device. Before it was discontinued on June 30,2016, the Google Wallet Card was recognized by the Cirrus network operated by MasterCard, Google demonstrated the original version of the service at a press conference on May 26,2011. The first app was released in the US only on September 19,2011, on May 15,2013, Google announced the integration of Google Wallet and Gmail, allowing users to send money through Gmail attachments. While Google Wallet is available only in the United States, the Gmail integration is available in the U. S. The original version of Google Wallet allowed users to make purchases with their mobile devices using near-field communication technology. As of September 2015, however, Google dropped NFC from Google Wallet, offering the only through Android Pay. As a result, any cards, loyalty programs. For Android users, those outstanding offers and gift cards were transferred to Android Pay. For iOS users, instructions were provided to export the offers for alternative use, there were no reported security problems with the NFC technology
32.
Google Apps Script
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Google Apps Script is a scripting language for light-weight application development in the Google Apps platform. It is based on JavaScript 1.6 with some portions of 1.7 and 1.8 and provides subset of ECMAScript 5 API, however instead of running on the client, it gets executed in the Google Cloud. According to Google, Google Apps Script provides easy ways to automate tasks across Google products, Apps Script is also the tool that powers the add-ons for Google Docs, Sheets & Forms. Based on JavaScript, easy to learn, Cloud based debugger for debugging App Scripts in the web browser. It can be used to create tools for an organizations internal consumption. It can be used to perform simple system administration tasks, processing limitations, as a cloud-based service, Google Apps Script limits the time that a users script may run, as well as limiting access to Google services. Currently Google Apps Store does not allow connection to internal corporate databases, similarly, lack of other connectivity, such as LDAP connectivity, limits the level to which GAS can be used in the enterprise. Due to the nature of Google Apps script, functions related to date. Using Date/Time objects and functions without very precise declaration and thorough testing may result in inaccurate results, the following code demonstrate use of Google Apps Script UI Services and DocList Services to display contents of a Google Drive folder in Tree format. Notice the use of JavaScript and the use of Google Web Toolkit widgets, embedding HTML in GAS with a GWT Widget, In March 2014, Google introduced add-ons for Docs and Sheets. The add-on stores let users add extra features to Google editors, such as mail-merging, workflows, all add-ons are either 100% built with Google Apps Script or simply use Apps Script to display a UI in the Google editors while relying on an external backend to perform some tasks. For example, MailChimp, a tool, has an add-on for Google Docs that communicates with MailChimp platform to send emails. Before add-ons, it was possible to publish scripts for Google Sheets in the Script Gallery, when users installed scripts through this gallery, a copy of the Apps Script code was installed on the users Sheet. With add-ons, the code is not visible to the end user. This new approach make it easier to support existing code and helped convince several companies, as part of the add-ons release, Google also introduced a UI Style Guide and CSS package to help developers built add-ons that integrate smoothly into the editors. Each add-on is also reviewed by Google before its publication and developers can benefit from advises from Googlers to provide a user experience. It is not possible to embed ads in add-ons but it is possible to monetize them, Google App Engine Official website developers. google. com/apps-script/case-studies
33.
Google Calendar
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Google Calendar is a time-management and scheduling calendar service developed by Google. It became available as a beta release on April 13,2006. It is available on the web and as apps for the Android. Google Calendar allows users to create and edit events, Reminders can be enabled for events, with options available for type and time. Event locations can also be added, and other users can be invited to events, Google Calendars mobile apps have received polarized reviews. 2015 reviews of the Android and iOS apps both praised and criticized the design, while some critics praised the design for being cleaner, bold and making use of colorful graphics, other reviewers asserted that the graphics took up too much space. The Smart Suggestions feature was liked and disliked, with varying levels of success in the app actually managing to suggest relevant information upon event creation. The integration between Google Calendar and Gmail was praised, however, with writing that all of the relevant details are there. The iOS app has been criticized for its lack of iPad support, an update in March 2017 added iPad support, and a blog post by Google announced that a Notification Center widget is coming in a future update. Google Calendar allows users to create and edit events, Events have a set start time and stop time, with an option for an All-day event. Users can enable a Recurring functionality with optional parameters for frequency, users can add a color to an event for recognition or to distinguish the event from others. Users can optionally set notifications, with options for type and time, locations can be added for easy understanding of an events place. Events are viewable in different types of setups, including day, week, month, privacy settings allow the user to define the levels of public visibility of the entire calendar or individual events. Although the calendar defaults to showing users event times in their local time, the user interface of Google Calendar was originally designed by Kevin Fox. Google Calendar allows the user to import events from a different calendar application, in December 2010, Google added the ability for users to select a time zone for an event, a notable feature that was previously missing, the features absence was criticized in the media. In August 2015, Google added an Events from Gmail feature, the feature, enabled by default, will also update events with new information based on new email messages received, such as flight delays. In December 2015, Google added a Reminders feature, enabling users to add to-do activities as Reminders, Google also states that Reminders can automatically add additional, helpful information to Reminders based on known details, such as numbers or addresses. Reminders serves as a feature, meaning Reminders also show up in Inbox by Gmail, Google Now
34.
Google Contacts
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Google Contacts is Googles contact management tool that is available in its free email service Gmail, as a standalone service, and as a part of Googles business-oriented suite of web apps Google Apps. Optional sorting of contacts into groups and arrangement by first or last name, Contacts can be provided in a large number of categories with information. Changes to contacts are automatically saved, ability to restore the entire database from a time within the last 30 days. Google Contacts can be synchronized with mobile devices and operating systems or with PC applications via third party software, in addition, any system that can sync via Microsofts ActiveSync can sync with Google Contacts. There is also support for devices that support the Microsoft® Exchange ActiveSync® protocol and/or the SyncML standard. There is built-in support for Google Contacts in Googles open-source mobile operating system Google Android, Google Contacts can be synchronized also by CardDAV. Google Contacts can be utilized by the user specifically, using any of three CSV file methods listed below, 1) Google CSV format. The user may choose to use the file as a hard backup, or edit this file in a text editor, database. This data may then be imported back into the Interoperation Services with the same dynamics being applied and this issue was fixed on October 10,2012 on devices with Jelly Bean to a higher limit of 720x720 pixels. As of 22 January 2017, G Suite users still couldnt use high-resolution contact photos, list of personal information managers Google Sync Gmail Outlook People Contacts Official Google Contacts website
35.
Gmail
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Gmail is a free, advertising-supported email service developed by Google. Users can access Gmail on the web and through the apps for Android and iOS. Gmail started as a beta release on April 1,2004. It exited beta status on July 7,2009, Gmail at launch had an initial storage capacity offer of 1 gigabyte per user, a significantly higher number than the 2 megabytes of storage its competitors such as Hotmail offered at that time. Today, the service comes with 15 gigabytes of free storage, users can receive emails up to 50 megabytes in size, including attachments, while they can send emails up to 25 megabytes. In order to send files, users can insert files from Google Drive into the message. Gmail has an interface and a conversation view similar to an Internet forum. Gmail is noted by web developers for its use of Ajax. Googles mail servers automatically scan emails for multiple purposes, including to add context-sensitive advertisements next to emails, Google has been the subject of lawsuits concerning the issues, both from Gmail users and from non-Gmail users. Google also claims that Gmail refrains from displaying ads next to potentially sensitive messages, such as those that mention race, religion, sexual orientation, health, or financial statements. As of February 2016, Gmail has one billion active users worldwide, according to a 2014 estimate, 60% of mid-sized US companies, and 92% of startups, were using Gmail. On April 1,2004, Gmail was launched with 1 gigabyte of storage space, on April 1,2005, the first anniversary of Gmail, the limit was doubled to 2 gigabytes of storage. Georges Harik, the product management director for Gmail, stated that Google would keep giving people more space forever, on April 24,2012, Google announced the increase of free storage in Gmail from 7.5 to 10 gigabytes as part of the launch of Google Drive. On May 13,2013, Google announced the merge of storage across Gmail, Google Drive. Users can buy additional storage, shared among Gmail, Google Drive and Google Photos, as of 2017, storage of up to 15 gigabytes is free, and paid plans are available for up to 30 terabytes for personal use. There are also limits to individual Gmail messages. One message, including all attachments, cannot be larger than 25 megabytes and this was changed in March 2017, to allow receiving of email up to 50 megabytes, with the limit for sending email staying at 25 megabytes. In order to send files, users can insert files from Google Drive into the message
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History of Gmail
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The public history of Gmail dates back to 2004. Gmail, a free, advertising-supported webmail service with support for Email clients, is a product from Google and it has also been made available as part of G Suite. The Official Gmail Blog tracks the history of Gmail from July 2007. Buchheit began his work on Gmail in August 2001, the project was known by the code name Caribou, a reference to a Dilbert comic strip about Project Caribou. At the time when Gmail was being developed, existing email services such as Yahoo, Mail and Hotmail featured extremely slow interfaces that were written in plain HTML, with almost every action by the user requiring the server to reload the entire webpage. Buchheit attempted to work around the limitations of HTML by using the highly interactive JavaScript code, buchheit recalls that the high volume of internal email at Google created a very big need for search. After considering alternatives such as 100 MB, the company settled upon 1 GB of space. Gmails first product manager, Brian Rakowski, learned about the project on his very first day at Google in 2002, in August 2003, another new Google recruit, Kevin Fox was assigned the task of designing Gmails interface. When the service was launched in April 2004, about a dozen people were working on the project. Initially the software was available only internally as a system for Google employees. According to Google, the software had been used internally for a number of years before it was released to the public in 2004, for much of its development, Gmail had been a skunkworks project, kept secret even from most people within Google. “It wasn’t even guaranteed to launch–we said that it has to reach a bar before it’s something we want to get out there, by early 2004, however, almost everybody at Google was using Gmail to access the company’s internal email system. Gmail was announced to the public by Google on 1 April 2004, however, they explained that their real joke had been a press release saying that they would take offshoring to the extreme by putting employees in a Google Copernicus Center on the Moon. Jonathan Rosenberg, Googles vice-president of products, was quoted by BBC News as saying, even when the service was announced to the public, Google did not have the required infrastructure in place to provide millions of users a reliable service with a gigabyte of space apiece. In the end, Gmail ended up running on three hundred old Pentium III computers nobody else at Google wanted, once it became clear that Gmail was real, and not an April Fools joke, invitations became a hot property. Although the limited rollout was born out of necessity, it created an aura of exclusivity which contributed to its publicity windfall. It was hailed as one of the best marketing decisions in tech history, but it was a little bit unintentional” says Georges Harik, one round of invitations was sent out on 1 May and another three invitations were given to all active members on 1 June. When Gmail increased the supply of invitations, the buying and selling market for Gmail invites collapsed, during the early months of the initial beta phase, Gmails well-publicized feature set and the exclusive nature of the accounts caused the aftermarket price of Gmail invitations to skyrocket
37.
Gmail interface
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The Gmail interface makes Gmail unique amongst webmail systems for several reasons. Most evident to users are its search-oriented features and means of managing e-mail in a view that is similar to an Internet forum. Gmail makes use of Ajax, employing browser features such as JavaScript, keyboard access keys, Gmail allows users to conduct advanced searches using either the Advanced Search interface or through search operators in the search box. There are also a number of advanced search operators. By default, Gmail combines search terms with an invisible “AND”, Gmail allows the use of Boolean operators such as “OR” for finding messages that match at least one of the more search terms. Gmail allows users to create rules for the organization of incoming mail. Filters are created using the Advanced Search interface using the criteria as those used for searching. Labels are much like tags on a blog post, labels can also do the work of folders if and email is moved to a label – this is the equivalent of applying a label to it as well as archiving it. By default, labels appear on the message list and can be customized with a color, users can also create sub-labels beneath a label to create a hierarchy or nested labels. Labels can be used as a search criterion and all emails having a label can be viewed together through the side menu. Gmail has often received praise for replacing the limitations of hierarchical folders with the flexibility of labels, Gmail allows users to archive emails. Archiving removes a conversation from the inbox and can be accessed via the All Mail section, in Gmail, the All Mail section displays all of a users emails, excluding the ones in Spam and Bin. Technically, when a message is archived, the Inbox label is removed from it, archiving presents a better alternative to deleting as it helps to tidy up the inbox without deleting messages permanently. Archiving, however, is limited to threads and individual messages cannot be archived. Moreover, archiving is available only for the inbox, and messages in other such as Sent Mail cannot be archived. However, according to About. com, this limitation can be overcome by accessing Gmail through IMAP, archiving is unique to Gmail and is not offered by any other major webmail service or email client. Marking of emails as important is more or less automatic, users can ‘train’ Gmail in recognizing important messages by manually marking messages as important. Gmail takes into account a number of signals to determine whether a message is important or not, also, messages that are sent to a user directly and not through a mailing list, and messages containing certain keywords are marked as important
38.
Google+
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Google+ is an interest-based social network that is owned and operated by Google. The service, Googles fourth foray into social networking, experienced growth in its initial years, although usage statistics have varied. Three Google executives have overseen the service, which has undergone substantial changes leading to a redesign in November 2015, Google+ is the companys fourth foray into social networking, following Google Buzz, Google Friend Connect, and Orkut. According to a 2016 book by a former Facebook employee, some leaders at Facebook saw Googles foray into social networking as a threat to the company. Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg instituted a company-wide lockdown, signaling that employees were supposed to dedicate time to bringing Facebooks features into line with Google+, according to Ars Technica, Google+ signups were often just an incidental byproduct of signing up for other Google services. Consequently, the number of active users on Google+ grew significantly. In 2011 Google+ reached 10 million users just two weeks after the launch, in a month, it reached 25 million. In October 2011, the service reached 40 million users, according to Larry Page, based on ComScore, the biggest market was the United States followed by India. By the end of the year Google+ had 90 million users, in October 2013, approximately 540 million monthly active users made use of the social layer by interacting with Google+s enhanced properties, like Gmail, +1 button, and YouTube comments. Some 300 million monthly active users participated in the network by interacting with the Google+ social networking stream. But user engagement on Google+ was low compared with its competitors, ComScore estimated that users averaged just 3.3 minutes on the site in January 2012, versus 7.5 hours for Facebook. In March 2013, average time spent on the site remained low, roughly 7 minutes, according to Nielsen, not including traffic via apps. In February 2014, The New York Times likened Google+ to a ghost town, citing Google stats of 540 million monthly active users, but noting that almost half dont visit the site. The company replied that the significance of Google+ was less as a Facebook competitor than as a means of gathering and connecting user information from Googles various services. In April 2014, Vic Gundotra, the executive in charge of Google+, by March 2015, Google executive Bradley Horowitz, who had co-founded Google Plus with Gundotra, had replaced Besbris, becoming vice president of streams, photos, and sharing. In an interview with Steven Levy published on May 28,2015, by that time, two core Google+ functions, communications and photos, had become standalone services. Google Photos, Googles photo and video library, was announced at the May 2015 Google I/O conference, Google Hangouts, Googles communications platform, was announced two years earlier, also at Google I/O. Google subsequently refocused Google+ on shared interests, removing features not supporting a social experience
39.
Google Groups
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Google Groups is a service from Google that provides discussion groups for people sharing common interests. The Groups service also provides a gateway to Usenet newsgroups via a user interface. Google Groups became operational in February 2001, following Googles acquisition of Dejas Usenet archive, Google Groups offers at least two kinds of discussion group, in both cases users can participate in threaded conversations, either through a web interface or by e-mail. The first kind are forums specific to Google Groups which are inaccessible by NNTP, the second kind are Usenet groups, for which Google Groups acts as gateway and unofficial archive. Through the Google Groups user interface, users can read and post to Usenet groups, in addition to accessing Google and Usenet groups, registered users can also set up mailing list archives for e-mail lists that are hosted elsewhere. Prior to the acquisition of its archive by Google the Deja News Research Service was an archive of messages posted to Usenet discussion groups, started in March 1995 by Steve Madere in Austin, Texas. Its powerful search engine capabilities won the acclaim, generated controversy. While archives of Usenet discussions had been kept for as long as the medium existed, the search facilities transformed Usenet from a loosely organized and ephemeral communication tool into a valued information repository. It already supported the use of an X-No-Archive message header, which if present would cause an article to be omitted from the archive and this did not prevent others from quoting the material in a later message and causing it to be stored. Copyright holders were allowed to have material removed from the archive. According to Humphrey Marr of Deja News, copyright actions most frequently came from the Church of Scientology, the capability to nuke postings was kept open for many years but later removed without explanation under Googles tenure. Google also mistakenly resurrected previously nuked messages at one point, angering many users, nukes that were in effect at the time when Google removed the possibility, are still honored, however. Since May 2014, European users can request to have search results for their name from Google Groups, including their Usenet archive, Google Groups is one of the ten most delinked sites. If Google does not grant a delinking, Europeans can appeal to their local Data Protection Agencies, the service was eventually expanded beyond search. My Deja News offered the ability to read Usenet in the chronological, per-group manner. Deja Communities were private Internet forums offered primarily to businesses, in 1999 the site sharply changed direction and made its primary feature a shopping comparison service. During this transition, which involved relocation of the servers, many messages in the Usenet archive became unavailable. By late 2000 the company, in distress, sold the shopping service to eBay
40.
Google Hangouts
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Google Hangouts is a communication platform developed by Google which includes instant messaging, video chat, SMS and VOIP features. It replaces three messaging products that Google had implemented concurrently within its services, including Google Talk, Google+ Messenger, and Hangouts, a video chat system present within Google+. Google has also stated that Hangouts is designed to be the future of its product, Google Voice. Prior to the launch of Hangouts, Google had maintained several similar and these have included the enterprise-oriented Google Talk, Google+ Messenger, and the Hangouts feature of Google+, which provided chat, voice, videoconferencing features. However, its increasingly fragmented and non-unified suite of messaging offerings was also facing growing competition from such as Facebook Messenger, iMessage. A decision was made to scrap the existing Google Talk system, following reports that the new service would be known as Babel, the service officially launched as Hangouts during the Google I/O conference on May 15,2013. On February 16,2015, Google announced it would be discontinuing Google Talk, in January 2016 Google updated the app to tell people not to use it for SMS, recommending to instead use Googles Messenger SMS app. In May 2016, at Google I/O2016, Google announced two new apps, Google Allo, an AI-based messaging app and Google Duo, a video calling app, Google has since confirmed that the new apps will not replace Hangouts - Hangouts will remain a separate product. Googles Pixel and Pixel XL smartphones will ship with Google Duo, on January 6,2017, Google announced that the Google Hangouts API will shut down on April 25,2017. On March 9,2017, Google announced that it would be evolving Hangouts into two products, Hangouts Meet and Hangouts Chat, Hangouts Meet would focus on video conferences and Hangouts Chat would be focused on instant messaging with additional features such as bot assistant and threaded messaging. Hangouts allows conversations between two or more users, the service can be accessed online through the Gmail or Google+ websites, or through mobile apps available for Android and iOS. Chat histories are saved online, allowing them to be synced between devices, a watermark of a users avatar is used as a marker to indicate how far they have read into the conversation. Photos can be shared during conversations, which are uploaded into a private Google+ album. Users can also now use color emoji symbols in their messages, as with the previous Google+ Hangouts, users can also perform a group video chat with up to 10 users at a time. In 2016 Google upgraded Hangouts to 25 concurrent users in HD video for Work/Education, the new Google Hangouts app on iOS integrates a Google Voice number to some extent, but on Android the SMS support in Hangouts doesnt fully integrate with Google Voice for calls or texts. Integration was first expected by 2014, but was deprecated in January 2016, the reason for the delay appears tied to Google switching away from the XMPP protocol it used, as mentioned above. For Google Chrome, users do not need to install a plugin, however, for Internet Explorer 11, the user must install the Google Talk Plugin to be able to use the video features. In Android 4.4, Hangouts is integrated with text messages sending and receiving functions, for other Android phones, users can choose to open the SMS function when they download the new version of Hangouts via Google Play
