1.
Google
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Google is an American multinational technology company specializing in Internet-related services and products. These include online advertising technologies, search, cloud computing, software, Google was founded in 1996 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph. D. students at Stanford University, in California. Together, they own about 14 percent of its shares, and they incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4,1998. An initial public offering took place on August 19,2004, in August 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc. Google, Alphabets leading subsidiary, will continue to be the company for Alphabets Internet interests. Upon completion of the restructure, Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google, replacing Larry Page, rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions, and partnerships beyond Googles core search engine. The company leads the development of the Android mobile operating system, the Google Chrome web browser, and Chrome OS, the new hardware chief, Rick Osterloh, stated, a lot of the innovation that we want to do now ends up requiring controlling the end-to-end user experience. Google has also experimented with becoming an Internet carrier, alexa, a company that monitors commercial web traffic, lists Google. com as the most visited website in the world. Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites, including YouTube, Googles mission statement, from the outset, was to organize the worlds information and make it universally accessible and useful, and its unofficial slogan was Dont be evil. In October 2015, the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase Do the right thing, Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in Stanford, California. They called this new technology PageRank, it determined a websites relevance by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages, Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine BackRub, because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site. Originally, Google ran under Stanford Universitys website, with the domains google. stanford. edu, the domain name for Google was registered on September 15,1997, and the company was incorporated on September 4,1998. It was based in the garage of a friend in Menlo Park, craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee. The first funding for Google was an August 1998 contribution of $100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given before Google was incorporated. At least three other investors invested in 1998, Amazon. com founder Jeff Bezos, Stanford University computer science professor David Cheriton. Author Ken Auletta claims that each invested $250,000, early in 1999, Brin and Page decided they wanted to sell Google to Excite. They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million, vinod Khosla, one of Excites venture capitalists, talked the duo down to $750,000, but Bell still rejected it. Googles initial public offering took place five years later, on August 19,2004, at that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024
2.
Web search engine
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A web search engine is a software system that is designed to search for information on the World Wide Web. The search results are presented in a line of results often referred to as search engine results pages. The information may be a mix of web pages, images, some search engines also mine data available in databases or open directories. Unlike web directories, which are maintained only by human editors, Internet search engines themselves predate the debut of the Web in December 1990. The Who is user search dates back to 1982 and the Knowbot Information Service multi-network user search was first implemented in 1989, the first well documented search engine that searched content files, namely FTP files was Archie, which debuted on 10 September 1990. Prior to September 1993 the World Wide Web was entirely indexed by hand, there was a list of webservers edited by Tim Berners-Lee and hosted on the CERN webserver. One historical snapshot of the list in 1992 remains, but as more and more web servers went online the central list could no longer keep up, on the NCSA site, new servers were announced under the title Whats New. The first tool used for searching content on the Internet was Archie, the name stands for archive without the v. It was created by Alan Emtage, Bill Heelan and J. Peter Deutsch, the rise of Gopher led to two new search programs, Veronica and Jughead. Like Archie, they searched the file names and titles stored in Gopher index systems, Veronica provided a keyword search of most Gopher menu titles in the entire Gopher listings. Jughead was a tool for obtaining information from specific Gopher servers. While the name of the search engine Archie Search Engine was not a reference to the Archie comic book series, Veronica and Jughead are characters in the series, thus referencing their predecessor. In the summer of 1993, no search engine existed for the web, oscar Nierstrasz at the University of Geneva wrote a series of Perl scripts that periodically mirrored these pages and rewrote them into a standard format. This formed the basis for W3Catalog, the webs first primitive search engine, in June 1993, Matthew Gray, then at MIT, produced what was probably the first web robot, the Perl-based World Wide Web Wanderer, and used it to generate an index called Wandex. The purpose of the Wanderer was to measure the size of the World Wide Web, the webs second search engine Aliweb appeared in November 1993. Aliweb did not use a web robot, but instead depended on being notified by website administrators of the existence at each site of a file in a particular format. NCSAs Mosaic™ - Mosaic wasnt the first Web browser, but it was the first to make a major splash. In November 1993, Mosaic v 1, jumpStation used a web robot to find web pages and to build its index, and used a web form as the interface to its query program
3.
Software release life cycle
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Usage of the alpha/beta test terminology originated at IBM. As long ago as the 1950s, IBM used similar terminology for their hardware development, a test was the verification of a new product before public announcement. B test was the verification before releasing the product to be manufactured, C test was the final test before general availability of the product. Martin Belsky, a manager on some of IBMs earlier software projects claimed to have invented the terminology, IBM dropped the alpha/beta terminology during the 1960s, but by then it had received fairly wide notice. The usage of beta test to refer to testing done by customers was not done in IBM, rather, IBM used the term field test. Pre-alpha refers to all activities performed during the project before formal testing. These activities can include requirements analysis, software design, software development, in typical open source development, there are several types of pre-alpha versions. Milestone versions include specific sets of functions and are released as soon as the functionality is complete, the alpha phase of the release life cycle is the first phase to begin software testing. In this phase, developers generally test the software using white-box techniques, additional validation is then performed using black-box or gray-box techniques, by another testing team. Moving to black-box testing inside the organization is known as alpha release, alpha software can be unstable and could cause crashes or data loss. Alpha software may not contain all of the features that are planned for the final version, in general, external availability of alpha software is uncommon in proprietary software, while open source software often has publicly available alpha versions. The alpha phase usually ends with a freeze, indicating that no more features will be added to the software. At this time, the software is said to be feature complete, Beta, named after the second letter of the Greek alphabet, is the software development phase following alpha. Software in the stage is also known as betaware. Beta phase generally begins when the software is complete but likely to contain a number of known or unknown bugs. Software in the phase will generally have many more bugs in it than completed software, as well as speed/performance issues. The focus of beta testing is reducing impacts to users, often incorporating usability testing, the process of delivering a beta version to the users is called beta release and this is typically the first time that the software is available outside of the organization that developed it. Beta version software is useful for demonstrations and previews within an organization
4.
Peer review
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Peer review is the evaluation of work by one or more people of similar competence to the producers of the work. It constitutes a form of self-regulation by qualified members of a profession within the relevant field, peer review methods are employed to maintain standards of quality, improve performance, and provide credibility. In academia, scholarly peer review is used to determine an academic papers suitability for publication. Peer review can be categorized by the type of activity and by the field or profession in which the activity occurs, professional peer review focuses on the performance of professionals, with a view to improving quality, upholding standards, or providing certification. In academia, peer review is common in decisions related to faculty advancement, a prototype professional peer-review process was recommended in the Ethics of the Physician written by Ishāq ibn ʻAlī al-Ruhāwī. He stated that a physician had to make duplicate notes of a patients condition on every visit. Professional peer review is common in the field of health care, further, since peer review activity is commonly segmented by clinical discipline, there is also physician peer review, nursing peer review, dentistry peer review, etc. Many other professional fields have some level of peer review process, accounting, law, engineering, aviation, and even forest fire management. Peer review is used in education to achieve certain learning objectives and this may take a variety of forms, including closely mimicking the scholarly peer review processes used in science and medicine. The peer review helps the publisher decide whether the work should be accepted, considered acceptable with revisions, peer review requires a community of experts in a given field, who are qualified and able to perform reasonably impartial review. Peer review is generally considered necessary to academic quality and is used in most major scientific journals, the European Union has been using peer review in the Open Method of Co-ordination of policies in the fields of active labour market policy since 1999. In 2004, a program of peer reviews started in social inclusion and these usually meet over two days and include visits to local sites where the policy can be seen in operation. The meeting is preceded by the compilation of a report on which participating peer countries submit comments. The results are published on the web, the State of California is the only U. S. state to mandate scientific peer review. This requirement is incorporated into the California Health and Safety Code Section 57004, thus, the terminology has poor standardization and specificity, particularly as a database search term
5.
Academic journal
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An academic or scholarly journal is a periodical publication in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as permanent and transparent forums for the presentation, scrutiny and they are usually peer-reviewed or refereed. Content typically takes the form of articles presenting original research, review articles, the term academic journal applies to scholarly publications in all fields, this article discusses the aspects common to all academic field journals. Upon receipt of an article, editors at the journal determine whether to reject the submission outright or begin the process of peer review. In the latter case, the submission becomes subject to review by scholars of the editors choosing who typically remain anonymous. Though these reports are confidential, some journals and publishers also practice public peer review. The editors either choose to reject the article, ask for a revision and resubmission, even accepted articles are often subjected to further editing by journal editorial staff before they appear in print. The peer review can take several weeks to several months. Review articles, also called reviews of progress, are checks on the published in journals. Some journals are devoted entirely to review articles, some contain a few in each issue, such reviews often cover the research from the preceding year, some for longer or shorter terms, some are devoted to specific topics, some to general surveys. Some journals are enumerative, listing all significant articles in a subject, others are selective. Yet others are evaluative, judging the state of progress in the subject field, some journals are published in series, each covering a complete subject field year, or covering specific fields through several years. Unlike original research articles, review articles tend to be solicited submissions and they are typically relied upon by students beginning a study in a given field, or for current awareness of those already in the field. Reviews of scholarly books are checks upon the books published by scholars, unlike articles. Journals typically have a book review editor determining which new books to review. If an outside scholar accepts the book review editors request for a book review, publishers send books to book review editors in the hope that their books will be reviewed. The length and depth of research book reviews varies much from journal to journal, as does the extent of textbook, an academic journals prestige is established over time, and can reflect many factors, some but not all of which are expressible quantitatively. In each academic discipline there are dominant journals that receive the largest number of submissions, yet, not only the largest journals are of excellent quality
6.
Thesis
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A thesis or dissertation is a document submitted in support of candidature for an academic degree or professional qualification presenting the authors research and findings. In some contexts, the thesis or a cognate is used for part of a bachelors or masters course, while dissertation is normally applied to a doctorate, while in other contexts. The term graduate thesis is used to refer to both masters theses and doctoral dissertations. The required complexity or quality of research of a thesis or dissertation can vary by country, university, or program, the word dissertation can at times be used to describe a treatise without relation to obtaining an academic degree. The term thesis is used to refer to the general claim of an essay or similar work. The term thesis comes from the Greek θέσις, meaning something put forth, Dissertation comes from the Latin dissertātiō, meaning path. A thesis may be arranged as a thesis by publication or a monograph, with or without appended papers, an ordinary monograph has a title page, an abstract, a table of contents, comprising the various chapters, and a bibliography or a references section. They differ in their structure in accordance with the different areas of study. In a thesis by publication, the chapters constitute an introductory, Dissertations normally report on a research project or study, or an extended analysis of a topic. The structure of the thesis or dissertation explains the purpose, the research literature which impinges on the topic of the study, the methods used. Degree-awarding institutions often define their own style that candidates have to follow when preparing a thesis document. Other applicable international standards include ISO2145 on section numbers, ISO690 on bibliographic references, some older house styles specify that front matter uses a separate page-number sequence from the main text, using Roman numerals. They therefore avoid the traditional separate number sequence for front matter, however, strict standards are not always required. Most Italian universities, for example, have only general requirements on the size and the page formatting. A thesis or dissertation committee is a committee that supervises a students dissertation, the committee members are doctors in their field and have the task of reading the dissertation, making suggestions for changes and improvements, and sitting in on the defense. Sometimes, at least one member of the committee must be a professor in a department that is different from that of the student, all the dissertation referees must already have achieved at least the academic degree that the candidate is trying to reach. At English-speaking Canadian universities, writings presented in fulfillment of undergraduate coursework requirements are normally called papers, a longer paper or essay presented for completion of a 4-year bachelors degree is sometimes called a major paper. High-quality research papers presented as the study of a postgraduate consecutive bachelor with Honours or Baccalaureatus Cum Honore degree are called thesis
7.
Patent
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A patent is a set of exclusive rights granted by a sovereign state to an inventor or assignee for a limited period of time in exchange for detailed public disclosure of an invention. An invention is a solution to a technological problem and is a product or a process. Patents are a form of intellectual property, the procedure for granting patents, requirements placed on the patentee, and the extent of the exclusive rights vary widely between countries according to national laws and international agreements. Typically, however, a patent application must include one or more claims that define the invention. A patent may include many claims, each of which defines a specific property right and these claims must meet relevant patentability requirements, such as novelty, usefulness, and non-obviousness. Nevertheless, there are variations on what is patentable subject matter from country to country, the word patent originates from the Latin patere, which means to lay open. More directly, it is a version of the term letters patent. Similar grants included land patents, which were land grants by early state governments in the USA, and printing patents, a precursor of modern copyright. In modern usage, the term patent usually refers to the granted to anyone who invents any new, useful. The additional qualification utility patent is used to distinguish the primary meaning from these other types of patents. Particular species of patents for inventions include biological patents, business method patents, chemical patents, the period of protection was 10 years. These were mostly in the field of glass making, as Venetians emigrated, they sought similar patent protection in their new homes. This led to the diffusion of patent systems to other countries, by the 16th century, the English Crown would habitually abuse the granting of letters patent for monopolies. After public outcry, King James I of England was forced to revoke all existing monopolies, the Statute became the foundation for later developments in patent law in England and elsewhere. Important developments in patent law emerged during the 18th century through a process of judicial interpretation of the law. During the reign of Queen Anne, patent applications were required to supply a complete specification of the principles of operation of the invention for public access. Influenced by the philosophy of John Locke, the granting of patents began to be viewed as a form of property right. The English legal system became the foundation for patent law in countries with a common law heritage, including the United States, New Zealand, in the Thirteen Colonies, inventors could obtain patents through petition to a given colonys legislature
8.
PLOS One
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PLOS ONE is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal published by the Public Library of Science since 2006. The journal covers primary research from any discipline within science and medicine, operating under a pay-to-publish model, PLOS ONE publishes approximately 50% of submitted manuscripts. All submissions go through a review by a member of the board of academic editors. According to the journal, papers are not to be excluded on the basis of lack of perceived importance or adherence to a scientific field, although the number of submissions decreased from 2013 to 2014, PLOS ONE remained the world’s largest journal by number of papers published. Numbers decreased further to 22,000 published papers in 2016, later, PLOS ONE was launched in December 2006 as a beta version named PLoS ONE. It launched with Commenting and Note making functionality, and added the ability to rate articles in July 2007, in September 2007 the ability to leave trackbacks on articles was added. In August 2008 it moved from a publication schedule to a daily one. In October 2008 PLoS ONE came out of beta, also in September 2009, as part of its Article-Level Metrics program, PLoS ONE made the full online usage data—e. g. HTML page views, PDF, XML downloads—for every published article publicly available, in mid-2012, as part of a rebranding of PLoS as PLOS, the journal changed its name to PLOS ONE. The number of published by PLOS ONE grew rapidly from inception to 2013 and has since declined somewhat. By 2010, it was estimated to have become the largest journal in the world, at PLOS ONE, the median review time has grown from 37 days to 125 days over the first ten years of operation, according to Himmelsteins analysis, done for Nature. The median between acceptance and posting a paper on the site has decreased from 35 to 15 days over the same period, both numbers for 2016 roughly correspond to the industry-wide averages for biology-related journals. The founding managing editor was Chris Surridge and he was succeeded by Peter Binfield in March 2008, who was publisher until May 2012. Damian Pattinson then held the editorial position until December 2015. Joerg Heber was confirmed as editor-in-chief from November 2016, according to Nature, the journals aim is to challenge academias obsession with journal status and impact factors. Being an online-only publication allows PLOS ONE to publish more papers than a print journal, in an effort to facilitate publication of research on topics outside, or between, traditional science categories, it does not restrict itself to a specific scientific area. Papers published in PLOS ONE can be of any length, contain full color throughout, reuse of articles is subject to a Creative Commons Attribution License, version 2.5. In the first four years following launch, it use of over 40,000 external peer reviewers
9.
Mark and recapture
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Mark and recapture is a method commonly used in ecology to estimate an animal populations size. A portion of the population is captured, marked, and released, later, another portion is captured and the number of marked individuals within the sample is counted. The method is most useful when it is not practical to count all the individuals in the population, another major application for these methods is in epidemiology, where they are used to estimate the completeness of ascertainment of disease registers. Typical applications include estimating the number of people needing particular services, typically a researcher visits a study area and uses traps to capture a group of individuals alive. Each of these individuals is marked with an identifier. A mark recapture method was first used for study in 1896 by C. G. Johannes Petersen to estimate plaice, Pleuronectes platessa, populations, sufficient time is allowed to pass for the marked individuals to redistribute themselves among the unmarked population. Next, the returns and captures another sample of individuals. Some individuals in this second sample will have been marked during the visit and are now known as recaptures. Other animals captured during the visit, will not have been captured during the first visit to the study area. These unmarked animals are given a tag or band during the second visit. Population size can be estimated from as few as two visits to the study area, commonly, more than two visits are made, particularly if estimates of survival or movement are desired. Regardless of the number of visits, the researcher simply records the date of each capture of each individual. The capture histories generated are analyzed mathematically to estimate population size, survival, in the epidemiological setting, different sources of patients take the place of the repeated field visits in ecology. She captures 10 turtles on her first visit to the lake, a week later she returns to the lake and captures 15 turtles. Five of these 15 turtles have paint on their backs, indicating that they are recaptured animals, the problem is to estimate N. The Lincoln–Petersen method can be used to estimate population size if only two visits are made to the study area and this method assumes that the study population is closed. In other words, the two visits to the area are close enough in time so that no individuals die, are born
10.
Elsevier
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Elsevier is one of the worlds major providers of scientific, technical, and medical information, and a technology company originally established in 1880. It is now a part of the RELX Group, known until 2015 as Reed Elsevier, Elsevier publishes approximately 400,000 articles annually in 2,500 journals. Its archives contain over 13 million documents and 30,000 e-books, total yearly downloads amount to 900 million. Elseviers high profit margins and its practices have subjected it to criticism by researchers. Elsevier was founded in 1880 and took the name from the Dutch publishing house Elzevir which has no connection with the present company, the Elzevir family operated as booksellers and publishers in the Netherlands, the founder, Lodewijk Elzevir, lived in Leiden and established the business in 1580. The expansion of Elsevier in the field after 1945 was funded with the profits of the newsweekly Elsevier. The weekly was an instant success and earned lots of money, in 1947, Elsevier began publishing its first English-language journal, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta. In 2013, Elsevier acquired Mendeley, a UK company making software for managing and sharing research papers, Mendeley, previously an open platform for sharing of research, was greatly criticized for the acquisition, which users saw as acceding to the paywall approach to research literature. Mendeleys previously open sharing system now allows exchange of paywalled resources only within private groups, the New Yorker described Elseviers reasons for buying Mendeley as two-fold, to acquire its user data, and to destroy or coöpt an open-science icon that threatens its business model. In December 2013, Elsevier announced a collaboration with University College, London, Elseviers investment is substantial and thought to be more than £10 million. In the primary research market during 2015, researchers submitted over 1. 3m research papers to Elsevier-based publications. Over 17,000 editors managed the peer review and selection of these papers, in 2013, the five editorial groups Elsevier, Springer, Wiley-Blackwell, Taylor & Francis and SAGE Publications published more than half of all academic papers in the peer-reviewed literature. At that time, Elsevier accounted for 16% of the market in science, technology. Elsevier breaks down its revenue sources by format and by geographic region, approximately 41% of revenue by geography in 2014 derived from North America, 27% from Europe and the remaining 32% from the rest of the world. Approximately 76% of revenue by format came from Electronic, 23% came from Print, Elsevier employs more than 7,200 people in over 70 offices across 24 countries. The company publishes 2,500 journals and 30,000 e-books and it is headed by Chief Executive Officer Ron Mobed. In 2015, Elsevier accounted for 35% of the revenues of RELX group, in operating profits, it represented 42%. Adjusted operating profits rose by 2% from 2014 to 2015, following the integration of its Science & Technology and Health Sciences divisions in 2012, Elsevier has operated under a traditional business structure with a single CEO
11.
Scopus
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Scopus is a bibliographic database containing abstracts and citations for academic journal articles. It covers nearly 22,000 titles from over 5,000 publishers, of which 20,000 are peer-reviewed journals in the scientific, technical, medical and it is owned by Elsevier and is available online by subscription. Searches in Scopus also incorporate searches of patent databases, the board consists of scientists and subject librarians. Evaluating ease of use and coverage of Scopus and the Web of Science, the ability to search both forward and backward from a particular citation would be very helpful to the researcher. However, Scopus and WOS complement each other as neither resource is all inclusive and it has alerting features that allows registered users to track changes to a profile and a facility to calculate authors h-index. Scopus IDs for individual authors can be integrated with the nonproprietary digital identifier ORCID, source Normalized Impact per Paper Web of Science Official website
12.
Web of Science
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It gives access to multiple databases that reference cross-disciplinary research, which allows for in-depth exploration of specialized sub-fields within an academic or scientific discipline. In addition, literature which shows the greatest impact in a field, or more than one discipline. For example, an influence can be determined by linking to all the papers that have cited it. In this way, current trends, patterns, and emerging fields of research can be assessed, a citation index is built around these linkages. It lists publications that have been cited and identifies the sources of the citations, anyone conducting a literature search can find from one to dozens of additional papers on a subject just by knowing one that has been cited. And every paper that is found provides a list of new citations with which to continue the search, the simplicity of citation indexing is one of its main strengths. Web of Science is described as a research tool which enables the user to acquire, analyze. This is accomplished because of the creation of a vocabulary, called ontology, for varied search terms. Moreover, search terms generate related information across categories, acceptable content for Web of Science is determined by an evaluation and selection process based on the following criteria, impact, influence, timeliness, peer review, and geographic representation. Web of Science employs various search and analysis capabilities, first, citation indexing is employed, which is enhanced by the capability to search for results across disciplines. The influence, impact, history, and methodology of an idea can be followed from its first instance, notice and this technology points to a deficiency with the keyword-only method of searching. Second, subtle trends and patterns relevant to the literature or research of interest, broad trends indicate significant topics of the day, as well as the history relevant to both the work at hand, and particular areas of study. Third, trends can be graphically represented, expanding the coverage of Web of Science, in November 2009 Thomson Reuters introduced Century of Social Sciences. This service contains files which trace social science research back to the beginning of the 20th century, as of 3 September 2014, the multidisciplinary coverage of the Web of Science encompasses over 50,000 scholarly books,12,000 journals and 160,000 conference proceedings. The selection is made on the basis of impact evaluations and comprise open-access journals, the coverage includes, the sciences, social sciences, arts, and humanities, and goes across disciplines. However, Web of Science does not index all journals, furthermore, as of September 3,2014 the total file count of the Web of Science was 90 million records, which included over a billion cited references. This citation service on average indexes around 65 million items per year, titles of foreign-language publications are translated into English and so cannot be found by searches in the original language. Coverage is from the year 1900 to the present day, Social Sciences Citation Index covers more than 3,000 journals in social science disciplines
13.
Standing on the shoulders of giants
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The metaphor of dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants expresses the meaning of discovering truth by building on previous discoveries. This concept has been traced to the 12th century, attributed to Bernard of Chartres and its most familiar expression in English is by Isaac Newton in 1676, If I have seen further, it is by standing on the shoulders of giants. The attribution to Bernard of Chartres is due to John of Salisbury, in 1159, John wrote in his Metalogicon, Bernard of Chartres used to compare us to dwarfs perched on the shoulders of giants. He pointed out that we see more and farther than our predecessors, not because we have keener vision or greater height, is not a great claim, neither, however, is it an example of abasement before the shrine of antiquity. It is a shrewd and just remark, and the important. That this was possible was above all due to the schools with their lack of a well-rooted tradition. The visual image appears in the glass of the south transept of Chartres Cathedral. The tall windows under the Rose Window show the four major prophets of the Hebrew Bible as gigantic figures, the evangelists, though smaller, see more than the huge prophets. I was never arrogant claiming My Wisdom served me well, instead I applied to myself the parable of the philosophers. For I heard the following from the philosophers, The wisest of the philosophers asked, at the same time we criticize their comments, often rejecting them and claiming that the truth rests with us. The wise philosopher responded, Who sees further a dwarf or a giant, surely a giant for his eyes are situated at a higher level than those of the dwarf. But if the dwarf is placed on the shoulders of the giant who sees further, so too we are dwarfs astride the shoulders of giants. We master their wisdom and move beyond it, due to their wisdom we grow wise and are able to say all that we say, but not because we are greater than they. Diego de Estella took up the quote in the 16th century, Robert Burton, in The Anatomy of Melancholy, quotes Stella thus, I say with Didacus Stella, a dwarf standing on the shoulders of a giant may see farther than a giant himself. No reference or allusion to the quote is found there, later in the 17th century, George Herbert, in his Jacula Prudentum, wrote A dwarf on a giants shoulders sees farther of the two. Isaac Newton remarked in a letter to his rival Robert Hooke dated February 5,1676 that, What Des-Cartes did was a good step and you have added much several ways, & especially in taking the colours of thin plates into philosophical consideration. If I have seen further it is by standing on the sholders of Giants and this has recently been interpreted by a few writers as a sarcastic remark directed at Hookes appearance. Although Hooke was not of particularly short stature, he was of slight build and had been afflicted from his youth with a severe kyphosis, however, at this time Hooke and Newton were on good terms and had exchanged many letters in tones of mutual regard
14.
EndNote
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EndNote is a commercial reference management software package, used to manage bibliographies and references when writing essays and articles. It is produced by Clarivate Analytics, EndNote groups citations into libraries with the file extension *. enl and a corresponding *. data folder. There are several ways to add a reference to a library, manually, or by exporting, importing, copying from another EndNote library and this enables the user to select multiple citations and saves the user from having to manually enter the citation information and the abstracts. Some databases requires the user to select citations, select a specific format, the user can then import the citations into the EndNote software. It is also possible to search library catalogs and free databases, such as PubMed, if the user fills out the necessary fields, EndNote can automatically format the citation into any of over 2,000 different styles the user chooses. EndNote can be installed so that its features, like Cite While You WriteTM, appear in the Tools menu of Microsoft Word, EndNote can export citation libraries as HTML, plain text, Rich Text Format, or XML. From version X.7.2, one library can be shared with up to 14 other EndNote users, the data is synchronized via the EndNote cloud service, with everybody having full write access to the library. EndNote can also organize PDFs on the hard drive through links to files or by inserting copies of PDFs. It is also possible to save a single image, document, Excel spreadsheet, starting from EndNote X version 1.0.1, formatting support for OpenDocument files using the Format Paper command is supported. In September 2008, Thomson Reuters, the owners of EndNote, sued the Commonwealth of Virginia for US$10 million, george Mason Universitys Center for History and New Media had developed Zotero, a free/open source extension to Mozilla Firefox. Thomson Reuters claims that this is violation of the license agreement. They also added a restrictive license to their styles download web site. The journal Nature editorialized that the virtues of interoperability and easy data-sharing among researchers are worth restating, imagine if Microsoft Word or Excel files could be opened and saved only in these proprietary formats, for example. It would be impossible for OpenOffice and other software to read. The case was dismissed on June 4,2009, EndNote Web, a web-based implementation of EndNote, offers integration with the ISI Web of Knowledge. The following example shows two records ready for import as a text file, such files normally use the file extension. enw. %0 Book %A Geoffrey Chaucer %D1957 %T The Works of Geoffrey Chaucer %E F. %I Houghton %C Boston %N 2nd %0 Journal Article %A Herbert H, the right table is a list of standard reference types for the %0 field. Compare this scheme with the much older refer scheme which uses a similar syntax, entire records as separated by a single blank line
15.
BibTeX
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BibTeX is reference management software for formatting lists of references. The BibTeX tool is used together with the LaTeX document preparation system. Within the typesetting system, its name is styled as B I B T E X, the name is a portmanteau of the word bibliography and the name of the TeX typesetting software. In the words of the author, Here’s how BibTeX works. LaTeX will use the. bbl file, perhaps edited by the user, BibTeX was created by Oren Patashnik and Leslie Lamport in 1985. Version 0. 98f was released in March 1985, with version 0. 99c, a stationary state was reached for 22 years. In March 2010, version 0. 99d was released, during the period following BibTeXs implementation in 1985, several reimplementations have been published, BibTeXu A reimplementation of bibtex that supports the UTF-8 character set. Taco Hoekwater of the LuaTeX team has criticized it, bibtex8 A reimplementation of bibtex that supports 8-bit character sets. CL-BibTeX A completely compatible reimplementation of bibtex in Common Lisp, capable of using bibtex. bst files directly or converting them into human-readable Lisp. lbst files, cL-BibTeX supports Unicode in Unicode Lisp implementations, using any character set that Lisp knows about. MLBibTeX A reimplementation of BibTeX focusing on multilingual features, by Jean-Michel Hufflen and it redesigns the way in which LaTeX interacts with BibTeX at a fairly fundamental level. With biblatex, BibTeX is only used to sort the bibliography, instead of being implemented in BibTeXs style files, the formatting of the bibliography is entirely controlled by TeX macros. It uses the bibliography processing program Biber and offers full Unicode, bibulous A drop-in BibTeX replacement based on style templates, including full Unicode support, written in Python. BibTeX uses a style-independent text-based file format for lists of items, such as articles, books. BibTeX bibliography file names usually end in. bib, a BibTeX database file is formed by a list of entries, with each entry corresponding to a bibliographical item. Entry types correspond to various types of sources such as article, book. The way LaTeX deals with this is by specifying \cite commands, if the command \cite appears inside a LaTeX document, the bibtex program will include this book in the list of references for the document and generate appropriate LaTeX formatting code. When viewing the formatted LaTeX document, the result might look like this, Abramowitz, Milton and Irene A. Stegun, Handbook of mathematical functions with formulas, graphs, and mathematical tables. Depending on the file, BibTeX may rearrange authors last names, change the case of titles, omit fields present in the. bib file, format text in italics, add punctuation
16.
Google Books
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Books are provided either by publishers and authors, through the Google Books Partner Program, or by Googles library partners, through the Library Project. Additionally, Google has partnered with a number of publishers to digitize their archives. The Publisher Program was first known as Google Print when it was introduced at the Frankfurt Book Fair in October 2004, the Google Books Library Project, which scans works in the collections of library partners and adds them to the digital inventory, was announced in December 2004. But it has also criticized for potential copyright violations. As of October 2015, the number of scanned book titles was over 25 million, Google estimated in 2010 that there were about 130 million distinct titles in the world, and stated that it intended to scan all of them. Results from Google Books show up in both the universal Google Search as well as in the dedicated Google Books search website, if Google believes the book is still under copyright, a user sees snippets of text around the queried search terms. All instances of the terms in the book text appear with a yellow highlight. The four access levels used on Google Books are, Full view, Books in the domain are available for full view. In-print books acquired through the Partner Program are also available for full view if the publisher has given permission, usually, the publisher can set the percentage of the book available for preview. Users are restricted from copying, downloading or printing book previews, a watermark reading Copyrighted material appears at the bottom of pages. All books acquired through the Partner Program are available for preview and this could be because Google cannot identify the owner or the owner declined permission. If a search term appears many times in a book, Google displays no more than three snippets, thus preventing the user from viewing too much of the book. Also, Google does not display any snippets for certain reference books, such as dictionaries, Google maintains that no permission is required under copyright law to display the snippet view. No preview, Google also displays search results for books that have not been digitized, in effect, this is similar to an online library card catalog. Google also stated that it would not scan any in-copyright books between August and 1 November 2005, to provide the owners with the opportunity to decide which books to exclude from the Project. It can let Google scan the book under the Library Project and it can opt out of the Library Project, in which case Google will not scan the book. If the book has already been scanned, Google will reset its access level as No preview and this information is collated through automated methods, and sometimes data from third-party sources is used. This information provides an insight into the book, particularly useful when only a view is available
17.
H-index
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The h-index is an author-level metric that attempts to measure both the productivity and citation impact of the publications of a scientist or scholar. The index is based on the set of the scientists most cited papers, the index can also be applied to the productivity and impact of a scholarly journal as well as a group of scientists, such as a department or university or country. The index was suggested in 2005 by Jorge E. Hirsch, the definition of the index is that a scholar with an index of h has published h papers each of which has been cited in other papers at least h times. Thus, the h-index reflects both the number of publications and the number of citations per publication, the index is designed to improve upon simpler measures such as the total number of citations or publications. The index works properly only for comparing scientists working in the same field, formally, if f is the function that corresponds to the number of citations for each publication, we compute the h index as follows. First we order the values of f from the largest to the lowest value, then, we look for the last position in which f is greater than or equal to the position. In contrast, if the same publications have 25,8,5,3, then, the most common index of number of citations of an author can be seen as a Choquet integral of the same function f. The Hirsch index is equivalent to the Eddington number, a metric used for evaluating cyclists. The h-index serves as an alternative to more traditional journal impact factor metrics in the evaluation of the impact of the work of a particular researcher, because only the most highly cited articles contribute to the h-index, its determination is a simpler process. Hirsch has demonstrated that h has high value for whether a scientist has won honors like National Academy membership or the Nobel Prize. The h-index grows as citations accumulate and thus it depends on the age of a researcher. The h-index can be determined using citation databases or using automatic tools. Subscription-based databases such as Scopus and the Web of Knowledge provide automated calculators, harzings Publish or Perish program calculates the h-index based on Google Scholar entries. From July 2011 Google have provided an automatically-calculated h-index and i10-index within their own Google Scholar profile, in addition, specific databases, such as the INSPIRE-HEP database can automatically calculate the h-index for researchers working in high energy physics. Each database is likely to produce a different h for the same scholar, a detailed study showed that the Web of Knowledge has strong coverage of journal publications, but poor coverage of high impact conferences. The exclusion of conference papers is a particular problem for scholars in computer science. Google Scholar has been criticized for producing phantom citations, including gray literature in its citation counts, Hirsch suggested that, for physicists, a value for h of about 12 might be typical for advancement to tenure at major research universities. The London School of Economics found that professors in the social sciences had average h-indices ranging from 2.8
18.
I10-index
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The h-index is an author-level metric that attempts to measure both the productivity and citation impact of the publications of a scientist or scholar. The index is based on the set of the scientists most cited papers, the index can also be applied to the productivity and impact of a scholarly journal as well as a group of scientists, such as a department or university or country. The index was suggested in 2005 by Jorge E. Hirsch, the definition of the index is that a scholar with an index of h has published h papers each of which has been cited in other papers at least h times. Thus, the h-index reflects both the number of publications and the number of citations per publication, the index is designed to improve upon simpler measures such as the total number of citations or publications. The index works properly only for comparing scientists working in the same field, formally, if f is the function that corresponds to the number of citations for each publication, we compute the h index as follows. First we order the values of f from the largest to the lowest value, then, we look for the last position in which f is greater than or equal to the position. In contrast, if the same publications have 25,8,5,3, then, the most common index of number of citations of an author can be seen as a Choquet integral of the same function f. The Hirsch index is equivalent to the Eddington number, a metric used for evaluating cyclists. The h-index serves as an alternative to more traditional journal impact factor metrics in the evaluation of the impact of the work of a particular researcher, because only the most highly cited articles contribute to the h-index, its determination is a simpler process. Hirsch has demonstrated that h has high value for whether a scientist has won honors like National Academy membership or the Nobel Prize. The h-index grows as citations accumulate and thus it depends on the age of a researcher. The h-index can be determined using citation databases or using automatic tools. Subscription-based databases such as Scopus and the Web of Knowledge provide automated calculators, harzings Publish or Perish program calculates the h-index based on Google Scholar entries. From July 2011 Google have provided an automatically-calculated h-index and i10-index within their own Google Scholar profile, in addition, specific databases, such as the INSPIRE-HEP database can automatically calculate the h-index for researchers working in high energy physics. Each database is likely to produce a different h for the same scholar, a detailed study showed that the Web of Knowledge has strong coverage of journal publications, but poor coverage of high impact conferences. The exclusion of conference papers is a particular problem for scholars in computer science. Google Scholar has been criticized for producing phantom citations, including gray literature in its citation counts, Hirsch suggested that, for physicists, a value for h of about 12 might be typical for advancement to tenure at major research universities. The London School of Economics found that professors in the social sciences had average h-indices ranging from 2.8
19.
ScienceDirect
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ScienceDirect is a website which provides subscription-based access to a large database of scientific and medical research. It hosts over 12 million pieces of content from 3,500 academic journals and 34,000 e-books, the journals are grouped into four main sections, Physical Sciences and Engineering, Life Sciences, Health Sciences, and Social Sciences and Humanities. Article abstracts are available, but access to their full texts generally require a subscription or pay-per-view purchase. It is operated by the Anglo-Dutch publisher Elsevier and it was launched in March 1997. List of academic databases and search engines Scopus Thomas G. De Petro, ScienceDirect Through SciVerse, A New Way To Approach Elsevier. Carol Tenopir, Peiling Wang, Yan Zhang, Beverly Simmons, academic users interactions with ScienceDirect in search tasks, Affective and cognitive behaviors. Hao-Ren Ke, Rolf Kwakkelaar, Yu-Min Tai, Li-Chun Chen, exploring behavior of E-journal users in science and technology, Transaction log analysis of Elseviers ScienceDirect OnSite in Taiwan. David Nicholas, Ian Rowlands, Paul Huntington, Hamid R. Jamali, diversity in the e-journal use and information-seeking behaviour of UK researchers
20.
American Chemical Society
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The American Chemical Society is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry. Founded in 1876 at New York University, the ACS currently has more than 158,000 members at all levels and in all fields of chemistry, chemical engineering. It is the worlds largest scientific society by membership, the ACS is a 501 non-profit organization and holds a congressional charter under Title 36 of the United States Code. Its headquarters are located in Washington, D. C. and it has a concentration of staff in Columbus. The ACS is a source of scientific information through its peer-reviewed scientific journals, national conferences. Its publications division produces 51 scholarly journals including the prestigious Journal of the American Chemical Society, the ACS holds national meetings twice a year covering the complete field of chemistry and also holds smaller conferences concentrating on specific chemical fields or geographic regions. The primary source of income of the ACS is the Chemical Abstracts Service, the organization also publishes textbooks, administers several national chemistry awards, provides grants for scientific research, and supports various educational and outreach activities. In 1874, a group of American chemists gathered at the Joseph Priestley House to mark the 100th anniversary of Priestleys discovery of oxygen. Two years later, on 6 April 1876, during a meeting of chemists at the University of the City of New York the American Chemical Society was founded, the society received its charter of incorporation from the State of New York in 1877. Charles F. Draper was a photochemist and pioneering photographer who had produced one of the first photographic portraits in 1840, chandler would later serve as president in 1881 and 1889. The Journal of the American Chemical Society was founded in 1879 to publish original chemical research and it was the first journal published by ACS and is still the societys flagship peer-reviewed publication. Chemical & Engineering News is a trade magazine that has been published by ACS since 1923. The society adopted a new constitution aimed at nationalizing the organization in 1890, in 1905, the American Chemical Society moved from New York City to Washington, D. C. ACS was reincorporated under a charter in 1937. It was granted by the U. S. Congress and signed by president Franklin D. Roosevelt, ACSs headquarters moved to its current location in downtown Washington in 1941. Divisional activities include organizing technical sessions at ACS meetings, publishing books and resources, administering awards and lectureships, as of 2016, there are 32 technical divisions of ACS. This is the largest division of the Society and it marked its 100th Anniversary in 2008. The first Chair of the Division was Edward Curtis Franklin, the Organic Division played a part in establishing Organic Syntheses, Inc. and Organic Reactions, Inc. and it maintains close ties to both organizations
21.
ArXiv
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In many fields of mathematics and physics, almost all scientific papers are self-archived on the arXiv repository. Begun on August 14,1991, arXiv. org passed the half-million article milestone on October 3,2008, by 2014 the submission rate had grown to more than 8,000 per month. The arXiv was made possible by the low-bandwidth TeX file format, around 1990, Joanne Cohn began emailing physics preprints to colleagues as TeX files, but the number of papers being sent soon filled mailboxes to capacity. Additional modes of access were added, FTP in 1991, Gopher in 1992. The term e-print was quickly adopted to describe the articles and its original domain name was xxx. lanl. gov. Due to LANLs lack of interest in the rapidly expanding technology, in 1999 Ginsparg changed institutions to Cornell University and it is now hosted principally by Cornell, with 8 mirrors around the world. Its existence was one of the factors that led to the current movement in scientific publishing known as open access. Mathematicians and scientists regularly upload their papers to arXiv. org for worldwide access, Ginsparg was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship in 2002 for his establishment of arXiv. The annual budget for arXiv is approximately $826,000 for 2013 to 2017, funded jointly by Cornell University Library, annual donations were envisaged to vary in size between $2,300 to $4,000, based on each institution’s usage. As of 14 January 2014,174 institutions have pledged support for the period 2013–2017 on this basis, in September 2011, Cornell University Library took overall administrative and financial responsibility for arXivs operation and development. Ginsparg was quoted in the Chronicle of Higher Education as saying it was supposed to be a three-hour tour, however, Ginsparg remains on the arXiv Scientific Advisory Board and on the arXiv Physics Advisory Committee. The lists of moderators for many sections of the arXiv are publicly available, additionally, an endorsement system was introduced in 2004 as part of an effort to ensure content that is relevant and of interest to current research in the specified disciplines. Under the system, for categories that use it, an author must be endorsed by an established arXiv author before being allowed to submit papers to those categories. Endorsers are not asked to review the paper for errors, new authors from recognized academic institutions generally receive automatic endorsement, which in practice means that they do not need to deal with the endorsement system at all. However, the endorsement system has attracted criticism for allegedly restricting scientific inquiry, perelman appears content to forgo the traditional peer-reviewed journal process, stating, If anybody is interested in my way of solving the problem, its all there – let them go and read about it. The arXiv generally re-classifies these works, e. g. in General mathematics, papers can be submitted in any of several formats, including LaTeX, and PDF printed from a word processor other than TeX or LaTeX. The submission is rejected by the software if generating the final PDF file fails, if any image file is too large. ArXiv now allows one to store and modify an incomplete submission, the time stamp on the article is set when the submission is finalized
22.
Spamming
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Electronic spamming is the use of electronic messaging systems to send an unsolicited message, especially advertising, as well as sending messages repeatedly on the same site. It is named after Spam, a meat, by way of a Monty Python sketch about a menu that includes Spam in every dish. The food is stereotypically disliked/unwanted, so the word came to be transferred by analogy, because the barrier to entry is so low, spammers are numerous, and the volume of unsolicited mail has become very high. In the year 2011, the figure for spam messages is around seven trillion. The costs, such as lost productivity and fraud, are borne by the public and by Internet service providers, Spamming has been the subject of legislation in many jurisdictions. A person who creates electronic spam is called a spammer, the term spam is derived from the 1970 Spam sketch of the BBC television comedy series Monty Pythons Flying Circus. The sketch is set in a cafe where nearly every item on the menu includes Spam canned luncheon meat, as the waiter recites the Spam-filled menu, a chorus of Viking patrons drowns out all conversations with a song repeating Spam, Spam, Spam, Spam… Spammity Spam. In the 1980s the term was adopted to describe certain abusive users who frequented BBSs and MUDs, in early chat rooms services like PeopleLink and the early days of Online America, they actually flooded the screen with quotes from the Monty Python Spam sketch. Sending an irritating, large, meaningless block of text in this way was called spamming and this was used as a tactic by insiders of a group that wanted to drive newcomers out of the room so the usual conversation could continue. It was also used to prevent members of groups from chatting—for instance, Star Wars fans often invaded Star Trek chat rooms. This act, previously called flooding or trashing, later known as spamming. The term was applied to a large amount of text broadcast by many users. It later came to be used on Usenet to mean excessive multiple posting—the repeated posting of the same message, the unwanted message would appear in many, if not all newsgroups, just as Spam appeared in nearly all the menu items in the Monty Python sketch. This use had also become established—to spam Usenet was flooding newsgroups with junk messages, the word was also attributed to the flood of Make Money Fast messages that clogged many newsgroups during the 1990s. There was also an effort to differentiate between types of newsgroup spam, Messages that were crossposted to too many newsgroups at once – as opposed to those that were posted too frequently – were called velveeta. In the late 19th Century Western Union allowed telegraphic messages on its network to be sent to multiple destinations, the first recorded instance of a mass unsolicited commercial telegram is from May 1864, when some British politicians received an unsolicited telegram advertising a dentistry shop. The earliest documented spam was a message advertising the availability of a new model of Digital Equipment Corporation computers sent by Gary Thuerk to 393 recipients on ARPANET in 1978. Rather than send a message to each person, which was the standard practice at the time, he had an assistant, Carl Gartley
23.
University of California, Berkeley
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The University of California, Berkeley, is a public research university located in Berkeley, California. In 1960s, UC Berkeley was particularly noted for the Free Speech Movement as well as the Anti-Vietnam War Movement led by its students. S, Department of Energy, and is home to many world-renowned research institutes and organizations including Mathematical Sciences Research Institute and Space Sciences Laboratory. Faculty member J. R. Oppenheimer, the father of the atomic bomb, Lawrence Livermore Lab also discovered or co-discovered six chemical elements. The Academic Ranking of World Universities also ranks the University of California, Berkeley, third in the world overall, in 1866, the private College of California purchased the land comprising the current Berkeley campus. Ten faculty members and almost 40 students made up the new University of California when it opened in Oakland in 1869, billings was a trustee of the College of California and suggested that the college be named in honor of the Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley. In 1870, Henry Durant, the founder of the College of California, with the completion of North and South Halls in 1873, the university relocated to its Berkeley location with 167 male and 22 female students and held its first classes. In 1905, the University Farm was established near Sacramento, ultimately becoming the University of California, by the 1920s, the number of campus buildings had grown substantially, and included twenty structures designed by architect John Galen Howard. Robert Gordon Sproul served as president from 1930 to 1958, by 1942, the American Council on Education ranked UC Berkeley second only to Harvard University in the number of distinguished departments. During World War II, following Glenn Seaborgs then-secret discovery of plutonium, UC Berkeley physics professor J. Robert Oppenheimer was named scientific head of the Manhattan Project in 1942. Along with the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley is now a partner in managing two other labs, Los Alamos National Laboratory and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, originally, military training was compulsory for male undergraduates, and Berkeley housed an armory for that purpose. In 1917, Berkeleys ROTC program was established, and its School of Military Aeronautics trained future pilots, including Jimmy Doolittle, both Robert McNamara and Frederick C. Weyand graduated from UC Berkeleys ROTC program, earning B. A. degrees in 1937 and 1938, in 1926, future fleet admiral Chester W. Nimitz established the first Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps unit at Berkeley. The Board of Regents ended compulsory military training at Berkeley in 1962, during the McCarthy era in 1949, the Board of Regents adopted an anti-communist loyalty oath. A number of faculty members objected and were dismissed, ten years passed before they were reinstated with back pay, in 1952, the University of California became an entity separate from the Berkeley campus. Each campus was given autonomy and its own Chancellor. Then-president Sproul assumed presidency of the entire University of California system, Berkeley gained a reputation for student activism in the 1960s with the Free Speech Movement of 1964 and opposition to the Vietnam War. In the highly publicized Peoples Park protest in 1969, students and the school conflicted over use of a plot of land, then governor of California Ronald Reagan called the Berkeley campus a haven for communist sympathizers, protesters, and sex deviants. Modern students at Berkeley are less active, with a greater percentage of moderates and conservatives
24.
Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg
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The Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg was founded in 1993 and is one of the youngest universities in Germany. The university in Magdeburg has about 14,000 students in nine faculties, there are 11,700 papers published in international journals from this institute. It is named after the physicist Otto von Guericke, famous for his experiments with the Magdeburg hemispheres, the former Technical University Magdeburg, a teacher training college and a medical school were absorbed into the university when it was created. The university now composes nine faculties, raila Odinga, a former Prime Minister of Kenya, is an alumnus of the Technical University. Professor Dr. Nguyen Thien Nhan, Vietnams current Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Education & Training, is also an alumnus of the Technical University. Dr. Rumiana Jeleva, former Minister of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria, Magdeburg is the capital of Saxony-Anhalt state in Germany. It is a moderately sized city located halfway between Hannover and Berlin, the city is crossed by the river Elbe on which bank the OVG university has its main structures. One advantage in staying and studying in Magdeburg is the simple and favourable living cost, public transportation in Magdeburg is very advanced and free of use for the students of the university. A popular bar mile for the students is the Hasselbachplatz and it contributes the cultural synergy between the countries. Students actively participate and celebrate cultural festivals frequently, a large number of foreign students organize the day for each country. MIPS is the network for international PhD students at OvGU and this association helps to create and enhance the contact between international PhD students in order to provide social and academic integration of young scientists. MIPS maintains support and advice in areas, e. g. to learn about Magdeburg. Studentenwerk Magdeburg is a student association which provides mensa and dormitories to the students, there are more than 10 dormitories near or on the universitys campus. Journal of Automata, Languages and Combinatorics, an academic journal in the field of theoretical computer science published by the university. Technische Mechanik, an academic journal in the field of analytical, experimental and numerical mechanics is also published by the university. Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg Medical Faculty of the University Magdeburg
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