1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
Subdivisions of Russia
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Russia is divided into several types and levels of subdivisions. Since March 18,2014, the Russian Federation consisted of eighty-five federal subjects that are constituent members of the Federation, however, two of these federal subjects—the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol—are internationally recognized as part of Ukraine. All federal subjects are of equal rights in the sense that they have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council. They do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy, there are 6 types of federal subjects—22 republics,9 krais,46 oblasts,3 federal cities,1 autonomous oblast, and 4 autonomous okrugs. According to the Treaty, the Republic of Crimea is accepted as a subject with the status of a republic while the City of Sevastopol has received federal city status. Neither the Republic of Crimea nor the city of Sevastopol are politically recognized as parts of Russia by most countries and this was interpreted by the governments of the federal subjects as a sign that the matters of the administrative-territorial divisions became solely the responsibility of the federal subjects. As a result, the modern structures of the federal subjects vary significantly from one federal subject to another. Autonomous okrugs, while being under the jurisdiction of federal subject, are still constitutionally recognized as federal subjects on their own right. Chukotka Autonomous Okrug is an exception in that it is not administratively subordinated to any federal subject of Russia. Okrugs are usually former autonomous okrugs that lost their federal subject status due to a merger with another federal subject. According to the law, the units of the division are as follows, Municipal district. In practice, municipal districts are formed within the boundaries of existing administrative districts. In practice, urban okrugs are usually formed within the boundaries of existing cities of federal subject significance, intra-urban territory of a federal city, a part of a federal citys territory. In Moscow, these are called municipal formations, in St. Petersburg—municipal okrugs, towns, in Sevastopol, they are known as municipal okrugs and a town. Territories not included as a part of municipal formations are known as inter-settlement territories and this municipal formation type would typically be established within the borders of existing city districts. In June 2014, Chelyabinsky Urban Okrug became the first urban okrug to implement intra-urban divisions, all of the federal subjects are grouped into nine federal districts, each administered by an envoy appointed by the President of Russia. For economic and statistical purposes the federal subjects are grouped into twelve economic regions, economic regions and their parts sharing common economic trends are in turn grouped into economic zones and macrozones. In order for the Armed Forces to provide an efficient management of units, their training, and other operational activities
3.
Russia
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Russia, also officially the Russian Federation, is a country in Eurasia. The European western part of the country is more populated and urbanised than the eastern. Russias capital Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world, other urban centers include Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod. Extending across the entirety of Northern Asia and much of Eastern Europe, Russia spans eleven time zones and incorporates a range of environments. It shares maritime borders with Japan by the Sea of Okhotsk, the East Slavs emerged as a recognizable group in Europe between the 3rd and 8th centuries AD. Founded and ruled by a Varangian warrior elite and their descendants, in 988 it adopted Orthodox Christianity from the Byzantine Empire, beginning the synthesis of Byzantine and Slavic cultures that defined Russian culture for the next millennium. Rus ultimately disintegrated into a number of states, most of the Rus lands were overrun by the Mongol invasion. The Soviet Union played a role in the Allied victory in World War II. The Soviet era saw some of the most significant technological achievements of the 20th century, including the worlds first human-made satellite and the launching of the first humans in space. By the end of 1990, the Soviet Union had the second largest economy, largest standing military in the world. It is governed as a federal semi-presidential republic, the Russian economy ranks as the twelfth largest by nominal GDP and sixth largest by purchasing power parity in 2015. Russias extensive mineral and energy resources are the largest such reserves in the world, making it one of the producers of oil. The country is one of the five recognized nuclear weapons states and possesses the largest stockpile of weapons of mass destruction, Russia is a great power as well as a regional power and has been characterised as a potential superpower. The name Russia is derived from Rus, a state populated mostly by the East Slavs. However, this name became more prominent in the later history, and the country typically was called by its inhabitants Русская Земля. In order to distinguish this state from other states derived from it, it is denoted as Kievan Rus by modern historiography, an old Latin version of the name Rus was Ruthenia, mostly applied to the western and southern regions of Rus that were adjacent to Catholic Europe. The current name of the country, Россия, comes from the Byzantine Greek designation of the Kievan Rus, the standard way to refer to citizens of Russia is Russians in English and rossiyane in Russian. There are two Russian words which are translated into English as Russians
4.
Federal subjects of Russia
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Since March 18,2014, the Russian Federation constitutionally consists of 85 federal subjects, although the two most recently added subjects are internationally recognized as part of Ukraine. Three Russian cities of importance have a status of both city and separate federal subject which comprises other cities and towns within federal city keeping old structure of postal address. In 1993, there were 89 federal subjects listed, by 2008, the number of federal subjects had been decreased to 83 because of several mergers. In 2014, Sevastopol and the Republic of Crimea became the 84th and 85th federal subjects of Russia, every federal subject has its own head, a parliament, and a constitutional court. Federal subjects have their own constitution and legislation, subjects have equal rights in relations with federal government bodies. The federal subjects have equal representation—two delegates each—in the Federation Council and they do, however, differ in the degree of autonomy they enjoy. Composition of post-Soviet Russia was formed during the history of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic within the USSR, the Federation Treaty was included in the text of the 1978 Constitution of the Russian SFSR. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the system became de jure closer to other modern federal states with a republican form of government in the world. There are several groupings of Russian regions, Federal subjects should not be confused with the eight Federal districts which are not subdivisions of Russia, are much larger and each encompass many federal subjects. Federal districts were created by Executive Order of the President of Russia specially for presidential envoys, an official government translation of the Constitution of Russia in Article 5 states,1. Another translation of the Constitution of Russia gives for article 65, each federal subject belongs to one of the following types, b. ^ According to Article 13 of the Charter of Leningrad Oblast, however, St. Petersburg is not officially named to be the administrative center of the oblast. ^ According to Article 24 of the Charter of Moscow Oblast, however, Moscow is not officially named to be the administrative center of the oblast. ^ Not recognized internationally as a part of Russia, the merging process was finished on March 1,2008. No new mergers have been planned since March 2008, Федерального конституционного закона №7-ФКЗ от30 декабря2008 г. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Российская газета, №237,25 декабря1993 г
5.
Vladimir Oblast
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Vladimir Oblast is a federal subject of Russia. Its administrative center is the city of Vladimir, which is located 190 kilometers east of Moscow, as of the 2010 Census, the oblasts population was 1,443,693. The UNESCO World Heritage List includes the 12th-century cathedrals of Vladimir, Suzdal, Bogolyubovo, Vladimir Oblast borders Moscow, Yaroslavl, Ivanovo, Ryazan, and Nizhny Novgorod Oblasts. The oblast is situated in the center of the East European Plain, the Klyazma and the Oka are the most important rivers. There are approximately three hundred lakes, the oblast is situated in a zone of mixed forests. The oblasts fauna currently includes more than fifty species of mammals, five species of reptiles, the semiaquatic Russian desman is listed in the Russian Red Book of endangered species. The region is inhabited by 216 species of birds, among which are the capercaillie, black grouse, grouse, partridge, woodcock, goose, duck, the lesser white-fronted goose is listed in the Red Book. Bodies of water in the region are rich in species of fresh-water fish. Additionally, the oblast has several hunting farms, the total expanse of the oblasts surface waters is 32.9 hectares. The region has hundreds of rivers with a length of more than 8.6 million kilometers—there are 560 rivers. The Klyazma River flows into the Oka River on the edge of the oblasts border with the Nizhny Novgorod Region. The Klyazma Rivers major tributaries in the Vladimir Region are the Sherna, the Kirzhach, the Peksha, the Koloksha, the Nerl, the Sudogda, the Uvod, the Lukh, tributaries of the Oka within Vladimir oblast are the Gus, Unzha, and Ushna rivers. The Dubna River, a tributary of the Volga River, originates near the town of Alexandrov, the Oka River is navigable throughout the region. The rivers in the region are characterized by their flat currents, broad valleys, water levels are characterized by their high spring tides, low water periods over summer-autumn with occasional flooding during heavy rains, and stable/low levels throughout the winter. There are about three hundred lakes covering an area of five thousand hectares, most of them are small and undrained and many are overgrown with a peat layer. The origin of the lakes varies, numerous oxbow lakes are scattered along the river valleys. The largest of them are Lake Urvanovskoe and Lake Visha, in the Meshchera Lowlands and in the northwest of the oblast are lakes of ancient alluvial valleys, Isikhry, Svyatoe and others. Lakes of karst origin, located in the reaches of the Klyazma
6.
Gorokhovetsky District
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Gorokhovetsky District is an administrative and municipal district, one of the sixteen in Vladimir Oblast, Russia. It is located in the east of the oblast, the area of the district is 1,487 square kilometers. Its administrative center is the town of Gorokhovets, the population of Gorokhovets accounts for 61. 1% of the districts total population. Закон №130-ОЗ от10 декабря2001 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Владимирской области и о порядке его изменения», в ред. Закона №22-ОЗ от18 марта2014 г, Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №232,13 декабря2001 г, Постановление №433 от13 июня2007 г. «О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области», в ред, Постановления №169 от5 марта2015 г. «О внесении изменения в Постановление Губернатора области от13.06.2007 №433 О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области», Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №114,20 июня2007 г, Закон №56-ОЗ от13 мая2005 г. «О наделении Гороховецкого района и вновь образованных муниципальных образований, входящих в его состав, соответствующим статусом муниципальных образований и установлении их границ», Закона №80-ОЗ от5 августа2009 г. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №158–165,18 мая2005 г
7.
Russian Census (2010)
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The Russian Census of 2010 is the first census of the Russian Federation population since 2002 and the second after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Preparations for the census began in 2007 and it took place between October 14 and October 25, the census was originally scheduled for October 2010, but was moved to 2013 allegedly for financial reasons, although it was also speculated that political motives were influential in the decision. However, in late 2009 Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin announced that the Government of Russia allocated 10.5 billion rubles in order to conduct the census as originally scheduled, Results showed the population to stand at 142.9 million. Since the previous 2002 census, population has decreased by 2.3 million, according to the 2010 census, urban population is 105.3 million, rural population is 37.5 million. The urbanisation rate is currently 73. 7%, the median age is 38 years. The ethnic composition is dominated by Russians, demographics of Russia Russian Census 2010 final results Results of 2010 All-Russia population census Official website of the 2010 Census
8.
Time in Russia
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There are eleven time zones in Russia, which currently observe times ranging from UTC+02,00 to UTC+12,00. Daylight saving time is not used in Russia, since 4 December 2016, the time zones are as follows, Daylight saving time in Russia was originally introduced on 30 June 1917 by a decree of the Russian Provisional Government. However, it was abandoned by a Decree of the Soviet government five months later, Daylight saving time was re-introduced in the USSR on 1 April 1981, by a decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR. The usage of daylight saving time continued after the Soviet collapse but ended in 2011, on 27 March 2011, clocks were advanced as usual, but they did not go back on 30 October 2011, effectively making Moscow Time UTC+4 permanently. In the Russian Empire, most of the observed solar time. During the late 19th century, Moscow Mean Time was introduced on 1 January 1880,2,30,17 corresponds to 37. 6166667°, the longitude of Moscow. Other parts of Russia kept solar time for several years. At this time, Russia had the Julian calendar with 12 or 13 days less date compared to Western Europe, so it is possible to say the Moscow actually had GMT-285,29,43, GMT-309,29,43 and GMT-309,28,41. Russia adopted the Gregorian calendar on Thursday,14 February 1918, after the Soviet Union was created, Moscow Time became UTC+2 and the various other time zones were introduced throughout Russia and the rest of the Soviet Union, for example Irkutsk Time GMT+7. Between 1917-1922 the time was ordered, with daylight savings time some of those years. On 21 June 1930, the Soviet Union advanced all clocks by one hour, Moscow Time was now GMT+3 and Irkutsk Time GMT+8. On 1 April 1981, daylight saving time was re-introduced, clocks were moved one hour forward on 1 April, on 1 April 1981,00,00,00, Oymyakonsky District changed its time zone from MSK+6 to MSK+8. The change occurred during DST effectively changing the offset from UTC+9 to UTC+12, on 1 April 1982,00,00,00, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug changed its time zone from MSK+10 to MSK+9, thus eliminating Anadyr Time. The change occurred during DST effectively changing the offset from UTC+14 to UTC+13, on 27 March 1988,02,00,00, Saratov and Volgograd oblasts changed its time zone from MSK+1 to MSK. The change occurred during DST effectively changing the offset from UTC+5 to UTC+4, on 23 May 1993,00,00,00, Novosibirsk Oblast changed its time zone from MSK+4 to MSK+3. The change occurred during DST effectively changing the offset from UTC+8 to UTC+7, on 28 May 1995,00,00,00, Altai Krai and Altai Republic changed its time zone from MSK+4 to MSK+3. On 30 March 1997,02,00,00, Sakhalin Oblast changed its time zone from MSK+8 to MSK+7, on 1 May 2002,03,00,00, Tomsk Oblast changed its time zone from MSK+4 to MSK+3. On 1 January 2004,00,00,00, New Siberian Islands, Tomponsky District, the following time zone changes occurred on 28 March 2010, which, in particular, led to abolition of two of the eleven time zones
9.
Wikimedia Commons
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Wikimedia Commons is an online repository of free-use images, sound, and other media files. It is a project of the Wikimedia Foundation, the repository contains over 38 million media files. In July 2013, the number of edits on Commons reached 100,000,000, the project was proposed by Erik Möller in March 2004 and launched on September 7,2004. The expression educational is to be according to its broad meaning of providing knowledge. Wikimedia Commons itself does not allow fair use or uploads under non-free licenses, for this reason, Wikimedia Commons always hosts freely licensed media and deletes copyright violations. The default language for Commons is English, but registered users can customize their interface to use any other user interface translations. Many content pages, in particular policy pages and portals, have also translated into various languages. Files on Wikimedia Commons are categorized using MediaWikis category system, in addition, they are often collected on individual topical gallery pages. While the project was proposed to also contain free text files. In 2012, BuzzFeed described Wikimedia Commons as littered with dicks, in 2010, Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger reported Wikimedia Commons to the FBI for hosting sexualized images of children known as lolicon. Wales responded to the backlash from the Commons community by voluntarily relinquishing some site privileges, over time, additional functionality has been developed to interface Wikimedia Commons with the other Wikimedia projects. Specialized uploading tools and scripts such as Commonist have been created to simplify the process of uploading large numbers of files. In order to free content photos uploaded to Flickr, users can participate in a defunct collaborative external review process. The site has three mechanisms for recognizing quality works, one is known as Featured pictures, where works are nominated and other community members vote to accept or reject the nomination. This process began in November 2004, another process known as Quality images began in June 2006, and has a simpler nomination process comparable to Featured pictures. Quality images only accepts works created by Wikimedia users, whereas Featured pictures additionally accepts nominations of works by third parties such as NASA, the three mentioned processes select a slight part from the total number of files. However, Commons collects files of all quality levels, from the most professional level across simple documental, files with specific defects can be tagged for improvement and warning or even proposed for deletion but there exists no process of systematic rating of all files. The site held its inaugural Picture of the Year competition, for 2006, all images that were made a Featured picture during 2006 were eligible, and voted on by eligible Wikimedia users during two rounds of voting
10.
Russian language
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Russian is an East Slavic language and an official language in Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and many minor or unrecognised territories. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of the four living members of the East Slavic languages, written examples of Old East Slavonic are attested from the 10th century and beyond. It is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia and the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages and it is also the largest native language in Europe, with 144 million native speakers in Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. Russian is the eighth most spoken language in the world by number of native speakers, the language is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Russian is also the second most widespread language on the Internet after English, Russian distinguishes between consonant phonemes with palatal secondary articulation and those without, the so-called soft and hard sounds. This distinction is found between pairs of almost all consonants and is one of the most distinguishing features of the language, another important aspect is the reduction of unstressed vowels. Russian is a Slavic language of the Indo-European family and it is a lineal descendant of the language used in Kievan Rus. From the point of view of the language, its closest relatives are Ukrainian, Belarusian, and Rusyn. An East Slavic Old Novgorod dialect, although vanished during the 15th or 16th century, is considered to have played a significant role in the formation of modern Russian. In the 19th century, the language was often called Great Russian to distinguish it from Belarusian, then called White Russian and Ukrainian, however, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language and it is also regarded by the United States Intelligence Community as a hard target language, due to both its difficulty to master for English speakers and its critical role in American world policy. The standard form of Russian is generally regarded as the modern Russian literary language, mikhail Lomonosov first compiled a normalizing grammar book in 1755, in 1783 the Russian Academys first explanatory Russian dictionary appeared. By the mid-20th century, such dialects were forced out with the introduction of the education system that was established by the Soviet government. Despite the formalization of Standard Russian, some nonstandard dialectal features are observed in colloquial speech. Thus, the Russian language is the 6th largest in the world by number of speakers, after English, Mandarin, Hindi/Urdu, Spanish, Russian is one of the six official languages of the United Nations. Education in Russian is still a choice for both Russian as a second language and native speakers in Russia as well as many of the former Soviet republics. Russian is still seen as an important language for children to learn in most of the former Soviet republics, samuel P. Huntington wrote in the Clash of Civilizations, During the heyday of the Soviet Union, Russian was the lingua franca from Prague to Hanoi
11.
Moscow
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Moscow is the capital and most populous city of Russia, with 13.2 million residents within the city limits and 17.8 million within the urban area. Moscow has the status of a Russian federal city, Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, and scientific center of Russia and Eastern Europe, as well as the largest city entirely on the European continent. Moscow is the northernmost and coldest megacity and metropolis on Earth and it is home to the Ostankino Tower, the tallest free standing structure in Europe, the Federation Tower, the tallest skyscraper in Europe, and the Moscow International Business Center. Moscow is situated on the Moskva River in the Central Federal District of European Russia, the city is well known for its architecture, particularly its historic buildings such as Saint Basils Cathedral with its brightly colored domes. Moscow is the seat of power of the Government of Russia, being the site of the Moscow Kremlin, the Moscow Kremlin and Red Square are also one of several World Heritage Sites in the city. Both chambers of the Russian parliament also sit in the city and it is recognized as one of the citys landmarks due to the rich architecture of its 200 stations. In old Russian the word also meant a church administrative district. The demonym for a Moscow resident is москвич for male or москвичка for female, the name of the city is thought to be derived from the name of the Moskva River. There have been proposed several theories of the origin of the name of the river and its cognates include Russian, музга, muzga pool, puddle, Lithuanian, mazgoti and Latvian, mazgāt to wash, Sanskrit, majjati to drown, Latin, mergō to dip, immerse. There exist as well similar place names in Poland like Mozgawa, the original Old Russian form of the name is reconstructed as *Москы, *Mosky, hence it was one of a few Slavic ū-stem nouns. From the latter forms came the modern Russian name Москва, Moskva, in a similar manner the Latin name Moscovia has been formed, later it became a colloquial name for Russia used in Western Europe in the 16th–17th centuries. From it as well came English Muscovy, various other theories, having little or no scientific ground, are now largely rejected by contemporary linguists. The surface similarity of the name Russia with Rosh, an obscure biblical tribe or country, the oldest evidence of humans on the territory of Moscow dates from the Neolithic. Within the modern bounds of the city other late evidence was discovered, on the territory of the Kremlin, Sparrow Hills, Setun River and Kuntsevskiy forest park, etc. The earliest East Slavic tribes recorded as having expanded to the upper Volga in the 9th to 10th centuries are the Vyatichi and Krivichi, the Moskva River was incorporated as part of Rostov-Suzdal into the Kievan Rus in the 11th century. By AD1100, a settlement had appeared on the mouth of the Neglinnaya River. The first known reference to Moscow dates from 1147 as a place of Yuri Dolgoruky. At the time it was a town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality
12.
Nizhny Novgorod
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Nizhny Novgorod, colloquially shortened to Nizhny, is a city in the administrative center of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast and Volga Federal District in Russia. From 1932 to 1990, it was known as Gorky, after the writer Maxim Gorky, the city is an important economic, transportation, scientific, educational and cultural center in Russia and the vast Volga-Vyatka economic region, and is the main center of river tourism in Russia. In the historical part of the city there are a number of universities, theaters, museums. Nizhny Novgorod is located about 400 km east of Moscow, where the Oka empties into the Volga, the city was founded in 1221 by Prince Yuri II of Vladimir. In 1612 Kuzma Minin and Prince Dmitry Pozharsky organized an army for the liberation of Moscow from the Poles, in 1817 Nizhny Novgorod became a great trade center of the Russian Empire. In 1896 at a fair, an All-Russia Exhibition was organized, during the Soviet period, the city turned into an important industrial center. In particular, the Gorky Automobile Plant was constructed in this period, then the city was given the nickname Russian Detroit. During the World War II Gorky became the biggest provider of equipment to the front. Due to this, the Luftwaffe constantly bombed the city from the air, the majority of the German bombs fell in the area of the Gorky Automobile Plant. Although almost all the sites of plant were completely destroyed. After the war, Gorky became a city and remained one until after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1990. At that time the city was renamed Nizhny Novgorod once again, in 1985 the metro was opened. In 2016 Vladimir Putin opened the new 70th Anniversary of Victory Plant which is part of the Almaz-Antey Air, the Kremlin – the main center of the city – contains the main government agencies of the city and the Volga Federal District. Originally the name was just Novgorod, but to distinguish it from the other, older and well-known Novgorod to the west and this land was named lower because it is situated downstream, especially from the point of view of other Russian cities such as Moscow, Vladimir and Murom. Later it was transformed into the name of the city that literally means Lower Newtown. Later a major stronghold for border protection, Nizhny Novgorod fortress took advantage of a moat formed by the two rivers. With the agreement of the Mongol Khan, Nizhny Novgorod was incorporated into the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality in 1264, after 86 years its importance further increased when the seat of the powerful Suzdal Principality was moved here from Gorodets in 1350. Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich sought to make his capital a rival worthy of Moscow, he built a stone citadel, the earliest extant manuscript of the Russian Primary Chronicle, the Laurentian Codex, was written for him by the local monk Laurentius in 1377
13.
Klyazma River
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The Klyazma River is a river in the Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, Ivanovo and Vladimir Oblasts in Russia, a left tributary of the Oka River. The length of the river is 686 kilometres, the area of its drainage basin is 42,500 square kilometres. The Klyazma River usually freezes up in November and stays under the ice until mid-April and its main tributaries are the Ucha, Vorya, Kirzhach, Peksha, Nerl, Uvod, Teza, Lukh, Sudogda and Suvoroshch. The Klyazma is navigable within 120 kilometres from its estuary and in the area of the Klyazminskoye Reservoir
14.
Russian Census (2002)
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Russian Census of 2002 was the first census of the Russian Federation since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, carried out on October 9 through October 16,2002. It was carried out by the Russian Federal Service of State Statistics, the census data were collected as of midnight October 9,2002. The census was intended to collect statistical information about the resident population of Russian Federation. All detailed census tables are for the resident population, a sample of the participants were also asked more detailed questions about their economic and housing situation. Also, the census also counted two more groups of people, Russian citizens currently living abroad for more one year in connection with the employment with the federal government. Persons permanently residing abroad, but temporarily present in Russia, Foreign citizens present in Russia as employees of foreign diplomatic missions or international organizations, and members of their household, were excluded from the census altogether. The Census recorded the resident population of 145,166,731 persons and that included urban population of 106,429,000 and rural population of 38,738,000. The non-resident populations included, Russian citizens living abroad in connection with the government service,107,288. Census participants were asked what country they were citizens of,142,442,000 respondents reported being Russian citizens, among them,44,000 also had citizenship of another country. Among Russias resident population,1,025,413 foreign citizens and 429,881 stateless persons were counted,1,269,023 persons did not report their citizenship. Among the questions asked were Are you competent in the Russian language, and What other languages are you competent in. As the census manual explained, competence meant either the ability to speak, read and write a language, the questions did not distinguish native and non-native speakers, nor did they try to measure the degree of language competence. For small children, presumably, the answer was based on the language spoken by the parents. 142.6 million of the responders claimed competence in Russian, other widely reported languages are listed in the table below. 1.42 million responders did not provide language information, for a more detailed list, see List of languages of Russia. Demographics of Russia Russian Empire Census Soviet Census Official census home page Population of Chechnya, was the Census correct
15.
Soviet Census (1989)
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The census found the total population to be 286,730,819 inhabitants. In 1989, the Soviet Union ranked as the third most populous in the world, above the United States, although it was well behind China and India. In 1989, about half of the Soviet Unions total population lived in the Russian SFSR, almost two-thirds of the population was urban, leaving the rural population with some 34. 3%. In this way, its gradual increase continued, as shown by the represented by 47. 9%,56. 3% and 62. 3% of 1959,1970 and 1979 respectively. The previous postwar censuses, conducted in 1959,1970 and 1979, had enumerated 208,826,650,241,720,134, and 262,436,227 inhabitants respectively. In 1990, the Soviet Union was more populated than both the United States and Canada together, having some 40 million more inhabitants than the U. S. alone. However, after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in late 1991, the next census was possibly planned for 1999. Research Guide to Russian and Soviet Censuses, Ithaca, Cornell University Press,1986, dewdney, Population change in the Soviet Union, 1979-1989, Geography, Vol.75, Pt.3, No. Subjects of Russia, on the www. statoids. com website
16.
Pea
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The pea is most commonly the small spherical seed or the seed-pod of the pod fruit Pisum sativum. Pea pods are botanically fruit, since they contain seeds and developed from the ovary of a flower, the name is also used to describe other edible seeds from the Fabaceae such as the pigeon pea, the cowpea, and the seeds from several species of Lathyrus. P. sativum is a plant, with a life cycle of one year. It is a crop grown in many parts of the world. The average pea weighs between 0.1 and 0.36 grams. The immature peas are used as a vegetable, fresh, frozen or canned and these are the basis of pease porridge and pea soup, staples of medieval cuisine, in Europe, consuming fresh immature green peas was an innovation of Early Modern cuisine. The wild pea is restricted to the Mediterranean basin and the Near East, the earliest archaeological finds of peas date from the late neolithic era of current Greece, Syria, Turkey and Jordan. In Egypt, early date from ca. 4800–4400 BC in the Nile delta area, and from ca, the pea was also present in Georgia in the 5th millennium BC. Farther east, the finds are younger, peas were present in Afghanistan ca.2000 BC, in Harappa, Pakistan, and in northwest India in 2250–1750 BC. In the second half of the 2nd millennium BC, this pulse crop appears in the Ganges Basin, a pea is a most commonly green, occasionally golden yellow, or infrequently purple pod-shaped vegetable, widely grown as a cool season vegetable crop. The seeds may be planted as soon as the temperature reaches 10 °C. They do not thrive in the heat of warmer temperate and lowland tropical climates. Many cultivars reach maturity about 60 days after planting, peas have both low-growing and vining cultivars. The vining cultivars grow thin tendrils from leaves that coil around any available support, a traditional approach to supporting climbing peas is to thrust branches pruned from trees or other woody plants upright into the soil, providing a lattice for the peas to climb. Branches used in fashion are sometimes called pea brush. Metal fences, twine, or netting supported by a frame are used for the same purpose, in dense plantings, peas give each other some measure of mutual support. In early times, peas were grown mostly for their dry seeds, from plants growing wild in the Mediterranean basin, constant selection since the Neolithic dawn of agriculture improved their yield
17.
Mongol invasion of Rus'
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As part of the Mongol invasion of Europe, the Mongol Empire invaded Kievan Rus in the 13th century, destroying numerous cities, including Ryazan, Kolomna, Moscow, Vladimir, and Kiev. The campaign was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River in May 1223, a full-scale invasion of Rus by Batu Khan followed, from 1237 to 1240. The invasion was ended by the Mongol succession process upon the death of Ögedei Khan, all Rus principalities were forced to submit to Mongol rule and became part of the Golden Horde empire, some of which lasted until 1480. As it was undergoing fragmentation, Kievan Rus faced the unexpected eruption of a foreign foe coming from the mysterious regions of the Far East. For our sins, writes the Rus chronicler of the time, no one knew their origin or whence they came, or what religion they practiced. That is known only to God, and perhaps to wise men learned in books, the princes of Rus first heard of the coming Mongol warriors from the nomadic Cumans. In response to call, Mstislav the Bold and Mstislav Romanovich the Old joined forces and set out eastward to meet the foe. In the Secret History of the Mongols, the reference to this early battle is, Then he sent Dorbei the Fierce off against the city of Merv. He sent Subetei the Brave off to war in the North where he defeated eleven kingdoms and tribes, crossing the Volga and Ural Rivers, finally going to war with Kiev. The vast Mongol hordes of around 35,000 mounted archers, commanded by Batu Khan and Subutai, crossed the Volga River and it took them a year to extinguish the resistance of the Volga Bulgarians, the Cumans-Kipchaks, and the Alani. In November 1237, Batu Khan sent his envoys to the court of Yuri II of Vladimir, a month later, the hordes besieged Ryazan. After six days of battle, the city was totally annihilated. Alarmed by the news, Yuri II sent his sons to detain the invaders, having burnt down Kolomna and Moscow, the horde laid siege to Vladimir on February 4,1238. Three days later, the capital of Vladimir-Suzdal was taken and burnt to the ground, the royal family perished in the fire, while the grand prince retreated northward. Crossing the Volga, he mustered a new army, which was annihilated by the Mongols in the Battle of the Sit River on March 4. Chinese siege engines were used by the Mongols under Tului to raze the walls of Russian cities, the most difficult to take was the small town of Kozelsk, whose boy-prince Vasily, son of Titus, and inhabitants resisted the Mongols for seven weeks, killing 4,000. As the story goes, at the news of the Mongol approach, the town of Kitezh with all its inhabitants was submerged into a lake. The only major cities to escape destruction were Novgorod and Pskov, the Mongols were advancing on Novgorod but unexpectedly turned back at the site mentioned as Ignach Cross, of which the exact location is not known
18.
Khanate of Kazan
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The Khanate of Kazan was a medieval Bulgarian-Tatar Turkic state that occupied the territory of former Volga Bulgaria between 1438 and 1552. Its khans were the descendants of Tugh Temür, the thirteenth son of Jochi. The khanate covered contemporary Tatarstan, Mari El, Chuvashia, Mordovia and it was one of the successor states of the Golden Horde, and it came to an end when it was conquered by the Tsardom of Russia. The territory of the khanate comprised the Muslim Bolgar-populated lands of the Bolğar, Cükätäw, Kazan, the Volga, Kama and Vyatka were the main rivers of the khanate, as well as the major trade ways. The majority of the population were Kazan Tatars and their self-identity was not restricted to Tatars, many identified themselves simply as Muslims or as the people of Kazan. The local feudal nobility consisted of ethnic Bolgars, but the court, according to the Ginghizide tradition, the local Turkic tribes were also called Tatars by the steppe nobility and, later, by the Russian elite. Part of the higher nobility hailed from the Golden Horde and it included members of four leading noble families, Arghin, Barin, Qipchaq, and Shirin. Peoples subject to the khan included the Chuvash, Mari, Mordva, Tatar-Mishar, Udmurt, the Permians and some of the Komi tribes were also incorporated into the Khanate. The Mishars had arrived during the period of the Golden Horde and gradually assimilated the resident Finnic Mordvins and their territory was governed by former steppe Tatars. Some Mishar duchies were never controlled from Kazan and instead gravitated towards the Qasim Khanate or Muscovite Russia, most of the khanate territory was covered by forests, and only the southern part adjoined the steppe. Later, Nogais were transplanted and replaced with Kalmyks, more recently, this area was settled by Tatars, Chuvash and Russians, who erected defensive walls to guard the southern border. Since the khanate was established, Tatar Cossack troops defended the khanate from the Nogais, Russian sources indicate that at least five languages were used in the Kazan khanate. The first and foremost was the Tatar language, including the Middle dialect of the Kazan Tatars and its written form was the favoured language of the state. The Chuvash language was a descendant of the Bolgar language, spoken by the pagan Chuvash people, the Bolgar language also strongly influenced the Middle dialect of Tatar language. The other three were probably the Mari language, the Mordvin languages and the Bashkir language, likewise developed from the Bolgar, the former territories of Volga Bulgaria may have regained a degree of independence within the disintegrating Golden Horde by the turn of the 15th century. The principality was self-governed and maintained a dynasty of Bolgar rulers and it has been suggested that the transfer of power from the local Bolgar dynasty to Muhammad was finalized by his son Maxmud in 1445. Throughout its history, the khanate was prone to civil turmoil, the khans were replaced 19 times in 115 years. There were a total of fifteen reigning khans, some ascending the throne multiple times, the Khan was often elected from the Gengizides by vernacular nobility and even by the citizens themselves
19.
Ivanovo Oblast
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Ivanovo Oblast is a federal subject of Russia. It had a population of 1,061,651 as of the 2010 Russian Census and its three largest cities are Ivanovo, Kineshma, and Shuya. The principal center of tourism is Plyos, the Volga River flows through the northern part of the oblast. Ivanovo Industrial Oblast was established on October 1,1929, on March 11,1936, a part of it became the modern Ivanovo Oblast while the remainder was split off to create Yaroslavl Oblast. Ivanovo Oblast shares borders with Kostroma Oblast, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Vladimir Oblast, climate of Ivanovo Oblast is continental, with long, cold winters, and short, warm summers. The coldest month is January with average temperature of −12 °C in the west, warmest month is July with average temperature of about +18 °C. Since 1991, CPSU has lost all the power, since then, the head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor, was appointed/elected alongside an elected regional parliament. The Charter of Ivanovo Oblast is the law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Ivanovo Oblast is the provinces standing legislative body, the Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group, according to a 2012 official survey 46. In addition, 28% of the population declares to be spiritual but not religious, 13% is atheist, list of Chairmen of the Ivanovo Oblast Duma Ивановская областная Дума. Закон №20-ОЗ от18 февраля2009 г, Закона №146-ОЗ от29 декабря2015 г. «О внесении поправок в Устав Ивановской области», Вступил в силу1 марта2009 г. Опубликован, Ивановская газета, №28,19 февраля2009 г, Административно-территориальное деление по состоянию на1 января2001 г
20.
Belfry (architecture)
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The belfry is a structure enclosing bells for ringing as part of a building, usually as part of a bell tower or steeple. It can also refer to the tower or building, particularly in continental Europe for such a tower attached to a city hall or other civic building. A belfry encloses the bell chamber, the room in which the bells are housed, the openings may be left uncovered but are commonly filled with louvers to prevent rain and snow from entering. There may be a room below the bell chamber to house the ringers. In larger towns, watchmen in these towers were also on the lookout for fires, todays Dutch belfort combines the term bell with the term stronghold. Bats in the belfry Belfries of Belgium and France
21.
Vladimir, Russia
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Vladimir is a city and the administrative center of Vladimir Oblast, Russia, located on the Klyazma River,200 kilometers to the east of Moscow. It is served by a railway and the M7 motorway, Vladimir was one of the medieval capitals of Russia, with significant buildings surviving from the 12th century. Two of its Russian Orthodox cathedrals, a monastery, and associated buildings have been designated as among the White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal, in the past, the city was also known as Vladimir-on-Klyazma and Vladimir-Zalessky, to distinguish it from another Vladimir in Volhynia. Traditionally, the date of Vladimir has been acknowledged as 1108. This view attributes the founding of the city, and its name, to Vladimir Monomakh and it is named there as Volodymyr. On the 17th centuries maps, it was identified as Wolodimer, being established long after the city of Volodymyr in Volhynia, initially it was named Vladimir-on-Klyazma. In 1958, the 850th anniversary of the city foundation was celebrated, in the 1990s, a new opinion developed that the city is older than this. The neighboring town of Suzdal, for instance, was mentioned in 1024 and its 12th-century inhabitants alluded to Vladimir as a young town and treated its rulers with arrogance. In the words of a chronicle, they said that the people of Vladimir were their kholops. In the seniority conflicts of the 12th and early 13th centuries, Vladimir was repeatedly described as a young town compared to Suzdal, nevertheless, the Charter of Vladimir, the basic law of the city passed in 2005, explicitly mentions 990 as the date of the citys foundation. The citys most historically significant events occurred after the turn of the 12th century, under Dolgorukys son, Andrey Bogolyubsky, the city became the center of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. It had a Golden Age, which lasted until the Mongol invasion of Rus in 1237, during this time, Vladimir enjoyed immense growth and prosperity. Andrey oversaw the building of the citys Golden Gates and the Dormition Cathedral, in 1164, Andrey attempted to establish a new metropolitanate in Vladimir, separate from that of Kiev. He was rebuffed by the Patriarch of Constantinople, scores of Russian, German, and Georgian masons worked on Vladimirs white stone cathedrals, monastery, towers, and palaces. Unlike any other buildings, their exterior was elaborately carved with high relief stone sculptures. Only three of these edifices stand today, the Dormition Cathedral, the Cathedral of Saint Demetrius, and they are included among the White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal, designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. During Andreys reign, a palace in Bogolyubovo was built, as well as the world-famous Church of the Intercession on the Nerl. Andrey was assassinated at his palace at Bogolyubovo in 1175, Vladimir was besieged by the Mongol-Tatars of the Golden Horde under Batu Khan
22.
Seventeen Moments of Spring
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Seventeen Moments of Spring is a 1973 Soviet twelve-part television series, directed by Tatyana Lioznova and based on the novel of the same title by Yulian Semyonov. The series portrays the exploits of Maxim Isaev, a Soviet spy operating in Nazi Germany under the name Max Otto von Stierlitz, depicted by Vyacheslav Tikhonov. Stierlitz is tasked with disrupting the negotiations between Karl Wolff and Allen Dulles taking place in Switzerland, aimed at forging a peace between Germany and the Western Allies. The series is considered the most successful Soviet espionage thriller ever made, Max Otto von Stierlitz, a respected SS-Standartenführer in the Ausland-SD, is in fact Soviet spy Maxim Isaev, who has infiltrated into the German establishment many years ago. In the meantime, Ernst Kaltenbrunner becomes suspicious of Stierlitz, Stierlitz is ordered by Moscow to ascertain whether the Americans and the Germans have a backdoor channel and, if so, to foil any possible agreement. His mission is complicated when the house of his sole assistants, Erwin is killed, and his pregnant wife is taken to a hospital, threatening to compromise Stierlitz. He recruits two new aides—Professor Pleischner, a member of the German Resistance, and Pastor Schlag. All the while, Stierlitz has to engage in a battle of wits with Müller and he must also maneuver between the opposing factions inside the Main Security Office, as different high-ranking officials vie for power. The Soviets, now possessing evidence, demand to end those contacts, himmler narrowly convinces Hitler it was all merely an attempt to sow distrust between the Allies. On 24 March 1945, Stierlitz, who managed to clear all suspicions against him, the Red Army is steadily approaching Berlin. The television production of Seventeen Moments of Spring was part of this trend, No Password Required became a success with readers. In 1967, it was adapted to screen and the film attracted more than 20 million viewers. Semyonov published a sequel, Major Whirlwind, during the same year, in 1968, he was invited to a meeting with Andropov, who told him he read No Password Required and enjoyed it. After the interview, Semyonov began directly cooperating with the KGB, the third novel featuring Isaev, Seventeen Moments of Spring, was inspired by a suggestion from the chairman himself, Semyonov wrote it down in less than two weeks. In the new book, Isaev was – for the first time – the chief protagonist and it was decided to turn it to a television series already in 1969, before it was even published. He was based primarily, although not exclusively and in a fashion, on a Gestapo officer turned Soviet agent. By that time, Semyonov had already negotiated a deal with the Lenfilm Studio to produce the series. Lioznova applied strong pressure on him, and eventually convinced the author to cancel the arrangement with the Leningrad-based company, Semyonov wrote Sergey Lapin, Chairman of the State Committee for Television and Radio, and requested him to allow the Gorky Studio to take over the project
23.
Stierlitz
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Other actors portrayed Stierlitz in several other films. Stierlitz has become a spy in Soviet and post-Soviet culture. In the universe of the Seventeen Moments of Spring, Stierlitz is the name for a Soviet super-spy Colonel Maxim Maximovich Isaуev. Stierlitz takes a key role in SS Reich Main Security Office in Berlin during World War II, working deep undercover, Stierlitz tries to collect intelligence about the Germans war plans and communicate it to Moscow. He receives instructions from Moscow on how to proceed, on one occasion traveling to Switzerland on a secret mission, despite being wracked with desire to return home to his wife he subordinates his feelings to his duty, thus embodying an idealised Soviet vision of patriotism. According to the novel Diamonds for the Dictatorship of the Proletariat and he spent his young age studying in a Swiss college. By the start of the Russian Civil War Isayev served in the Denikin Army as a representative but was captured by Red Army. The city is veiled in smoke from the fires, forgot to switch off the iron again, thought Stierlitz with slight irritation. Stierlitz continues to be a character in modern Russia. Despite the fact that references and Stierlitz jokes still penetrate contemporary speech and it is repeated annually on Russian television, usually around Victory Day. Stierlitz also continues to have a political significance, when his portrayer Vyacheslav Tikhonov died in December 2009, the Foreign Intelligence Service—one of the successor organisations of the former Soviet KGB—sent its condolences to his family. If anyone missed the connection between Putin, who served in Germany, and von Stierlitz, articles in the press reminded them of the resemblance and helped create the association. The connection went both ways, Putin was strongly influenced by the novels, commenting, What amazed me most of all was how one mans effort could achieve what whole armies could not, Stierlitz movies contributed a number of catchphrases, such as Character, nordic, robust
24.
Nazi Germany
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Nazi Germany is the common English name for the period in German history from 1933 to 1945, when Germany was governed by a dictatorship under the control of Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party. Under Hitlers rule, Germany was transformed into a fascist state in which the Nazi Party took totalitarian control over all aspects of life. The official name of the state was Deutsches Reich from 1933 to 1943, the period is also known under the names the Third Reich and the National Socialist Period. The Nazi regime came to an end after the Allied Powers defeated Germany in May 1945, Hitler was appointed Chancellor of Germany by the President of the Weimar Republic Paul von Hindenburg on 30 January 1933. The Nazi Party then began to eliminate all opposition and consolidate its power. Hindenburg died on 2 August 1934, and Hitler became dictator of Germany by merging the powers and offices of the Chancellery, a national referendum held 19 August 1934 confirmed Hitler as sole Führer of Germany. All power was centralised in Hitlers person, and his word became above all laws, the government was not a coordinated, co-operating body, but a collection of factions struggling for power and Hitlers favour. In the midst of the Great Depression, the Nazis restored economic stability and ended mass unemployment using heavy military spending, extensive public works were undertaken, including the construction of Autobahnen. The return to economic stability boosted the regimes popularity, racism, especially antisemitism, was a central feature of the regime. The Germanic peoples were considered by the Nazis to be the purest branch of the Aryan race, millions of Jews and other peoples deemed undesirable by the state were murdered in the Holocaust. Opposition to Hitlers rule was ruthlessly suppressed, members of the liberal, socialist, and communist opposition were killed, imprisoned, or exiled. The Christian churches were also oppressed, with many leaders imprisoned, education focused on racial biology, population policy, and fitness for military service. Career and educational opportunities for women were curtailed, recreation and tourism were organised via the Strength Through Joy program, and the 1936 Summer Olympics showcased the Third Reich on the international stage. Propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels made effective use of film, mass rallies, the government controlled artistic expression, promoting specific art forms and banning or discouraging others. Beginning in the late 1930s, Nazi Germany made increasingly aggressive territorial demands and it seized Austria and Czechoslovakia in 1938 and 1939. Hitler made a pact with Joseph Stalin and invaded Poland in September 1939. In alliance with Italy and smaller Axis powers, Germany conquered most of Europe by 1940, reichskommissariats took control of conquered areas, and a German administration was established in what was left of Poland. Jews and others deemed undesirable were imprisoned, murdered in Nazi concentration camps and extermination camps, following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, the tide gradually turned against the Nazis, who suffered major military defeats in 1943
25.
Vyacheslav Tikhonov
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Vyacheslav Vasilyevich Tikhonov was a Soviet and Russian actor whose best known role was as Soviet spy, Stierlitz in the television series Seventeen Moments of Spring. He was a recipient of state awards, including the titles of Peoples Artist of the USSR. He was born in Pavlovsky Posad near Moscow and his mother was a kindergarten teacher and his father an engineer in the local textile factory. Vyacheslav dreamed of acting but his parents envisioned a different career, after employment as a metal worker, he began acting career in 1945. By entering, not without difficulty, the Actors’ Faculty of VGIK, after graduating VGIK with honours in 1950, he began his acting career on stage of Theatre Studio of Film Actor, where he worked for six years. In 1948 he married Nonna Mordyukova, an actress at the time. The marriage was dissolved in 1963, later Tikhonov married a second time to Tamara Ivanovna Tikhonova and had one child with her, Anna Tikhonova in 1969. He died on 4 December 2009 in Moscow, Russia, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev expressed his condolences to Tikhonovs family. Tikhonov made his debut in 1948. For the next few years, he appeared in relatively low-profile films, one of his notable roles there was the bear in the Erast Garin production of Evgeny Shvartss fairy-tale An Ordinary Miracle. In Yevgeny Tashkovs Zhazhda, based on events, Tikhonov, in the first of his spy roles. In Dve Zhizni Tikhonov plays the less fortunate of two men who meet in France, 40-odd years after fighting on opposite sides of the 1917 Revolution. Rostotskys Dozhivyom do Ponedelnika, in which a history teacher plans to defend a student at a disciplinary meeting, in 1979 Rostotsky made a documentary about his friend, called Profession, film actor. Tikhonov also played Prince Andrei Bolkonski in the Oscar-winning adaptation of Leo Tolstoys War, but Tikhonov reportedly got the role only at the suggestion of the Minister of Culture when Innokenty Smoktunovsky opted for Kozintsevs Hamlet and Oleg Strizhenov was also unavailable. S. and Britain. The film enjoyed enormous popularity among Russian viewers of several generations, prior to that, however, it had faced the risk of remaining unknown, Mikhail Suslov had opposed the film to go on general release. He had claimed that the film was not showing the feat of the Soviet people in the war, fortunately, the decision to release the would-be classic film was supported by KGB Chairman Yuri Andropov. Although several of Semyonovs Stierlitz novels were adapted for the screen, Tikhonov did not return, the role won him the title Peoples Artist of the USSR, one of a number of awards. In 1976, rejoined Bondarchuk in an adaptation of Sholokhovs They Fought for Their Country and it suited Tikhonov by concentrating on character rather than histrionics and won him another state prize in the year that he finally joined the Communist Party
26.
Russian Federal State Statistics Service
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Russian Federal State Statistics Service is the governmental statistics agency in Russia. Goskomstat was the centralised agency dealing with statistics in the Soviet Union and this renaming amounted to a formal demotion of the status of the agency. In addition to overseeing the collection and evaluation of state statistics, Goskomstat was responsible for planning and carrying out the population and it carried out seven such censuses, in 1926,1937,1939,1959,1970,1980, and 1989. 39, on Ulitsa Myasnitskaya, Tsentrosoyuz building, home to Goskomstat, was designed by the Swiss-born architect, Federal State Statistics - Soviet period of activity Interstate Statistical Committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation
27.
Government of Russia
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The Government of the Russian Federation exercises executive power in the Russian Federation, also known as the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic. The members of the government are the Prime Minister, the deputy ministers. It has its basis in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. According to the 1991 amendment to the 1978 Russian Constitution, the President of Russia was the head of the executive branch, according to the current 1993 Constitution of Russia, the President is not a part of the Government of Russia, which exercises executive power. But, the President does appoint the Prime Minister, after the fall of the Soviet Union, the Russian Council of Ministers had become the main executive body. At some points it contained over 69 state committees, 16–17 ministers,5 federal services, after the 2004 reform, government duties were split between 17 ministries,5 federal services, and over 30 governmental agencies. The Russian Federation practices asymmetrical federalism and this means that not all regions are treated fairly and that some regions have been given more autonomy than others. There are 7 super regions with a governor that answers to the President. Those super regions include the South, Central, North-West, Far East, Siberia, Ural, Volga and they were established in May of 2000. The prime minister, currently Dmitry Medvedev, is appointed by the president and he or she succeeds to the presidency if the current president dies, is incapacitated, or resigns. Corruption is common and widespread in the government, according to 2016 results of Corruption Perception Index of Transparency International, Russia ranked 131th place out of 176 countries with score 29. Multiple anti-corruption campaigns have launched to try to curb corruption. One of the biggest stances taken against corruption is the formation of the Anti-Corruption Council in 2008, the large body was preceded by Government of the Soviet Union. Since the Russian Federation emerged in 1991 to 1992, the structure has undergone several major changes. In the initial years, an amount of government bodies, primarily the different ministries. On 28 November 1991, President of the RSFSR Boris Yeltsin signed presidential decree No.242 On reorganization of the government bodies of the RSFSR, Yeltsin officially declared the end of the Soviet Union and became the President of the Russian Federation. Yeltsin was a reformer and promised Western-styled democracy, in 1993 the new Russian Constitution was adopted. The new Constitution gained legitimacy through its legislature, independent judiciary, the position of the president and the prime minister
28.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
29.
Alexandrov, Vladimir Oblast
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Alexandrov is a town and the administrative center of Alexandrovsky District in Vladimir Oblast, Russia, located 120 kilometers northeast of Moscow. It was established in the century and was known as Alexandrovskaya Sloboda. It served as the capital of Russia for three months under Tsar Ivan the Terrible until he agreed to return his court and the relics of Moscow which he had taken with him, Ivan agreed to return after the church gave him permission to found the Oprichnina. It was granted town status in 1778, within the framework of administrative divisions, Alexandrov serves as the administrative center of Alexandrovsky District, to which it is directly subordinated. As a municipal division, the town of Alexandrov is incorporated within Alexandrovsky Municipal District as Alexandrov Urban Settlement, Česká Lípa, Czech Republic Compton, California, United States Администрация Владимирской области. Постановление №433 от13 июня2007 г, «О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области», в ред. Постановления №169 от5 марта2015 г, «О внесении изменения в Постановление Губернатора области от13.06.2007 №433 О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №114,20 июня2007 г. Закон №61-ОЗ от16 мая2005 г, «О наделении округа Александров и вновь образованных муниципальных образований, входящих в его состав, соответствующим статусом муниципальных образований и установлении их границ», в ред. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №№158–165,18 мая2005 г. Alexandrov travel guide from Wikivoyage Official website of Alexandrov Unofficial website of Alexandrov
30.
Gus-Khrustalny (town)
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Gus-Khrustalny is a town in Vladimir Oblast, Russia, located on the Gus River 63 kilometers south of Vladimir, the administrative center of the oblast. Population,60, 784 ,67, 121 ,76, the name of the town may be translated as crystal goose, for it is known as one of the oldest centers of glass industry in Russia and stands on the Gus River. There are reasons to believe that its name is not derived from goose directly, Gus-Khrustalny was founded in 1756 with the construction of a crystal plant, Gus Crystal. It was granted town status in 1931, Gus-Khrustalny is one of the towns of the Golden Ring. Within the framework of administrative divisions, Gus-Khrustalny serves as the center of Gus-Khrustalny District. As a municipal division, the Town of Gus-Khrustalny is incorporated as Gus-Khrustalny Urban Okrug, Закон №130-ОЗ от10 декабря2001 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Владимирской области и о порядке его изменения», в ред, Закона №22-ОЗ от18 марта2014 г. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №232,13 декабря2001 г. Постановление №433 от13 июня2007 г, «О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области», в ред. Постановления №169 от5 марта2015 г, «О внесении изменения в Постановление Губернатора области от13.06.2007 №433 О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №114,20 июня2007 г. Закон №145-ОЗ от10 сентября2004 г, «О наделении статусом городского округа муниципального образования город Гусь-Хрустальный Владимирской области и установлении его границы», в ред. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №271,29 сентября2004 г. Закон №69-ОЗ от25 мая2005 г, «О наделении Гусь-Хрустального района и муниципальных образований, входящих в его состав, соответствующим статусом муниципальных образований и установлении их границ», в ред. Закона №112-ОЗ от10 августа2009 г, Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №179–180,1 июля2005 г
31.
Kameshkovo, Vladimir Oblast
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Kameshkovo is a town and the administrative center of Kameshkovsky District in Vladimir Oblast, Russia, located 41 kilometers northeast of Vladimir, the administrative center of the oblast. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 13,103 and it was founded in the beginning of the 20th century as a settlement around a spinning-and-weaving factory. It was granted status on July 12,1951. Within the framework of administrative divisions, Kameshkovo serves as the center of Kameshkovsky District. As a municipal division, the town of Kameshkovo is incorporated within Kameshkovsky Municipal District as Kameshkovo Urban Settlement, there is a railway station in the town. Постановление №433 от13 июня2007 г, «О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области», в ред. Постановления №169 от5 марта2015 г, «О внесении изменения в Постановление Губернатора области от13.06.2007 №433 О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №114,20 июня2007 г. Закон №51-ОЗ от11 мая2005 г, «О наделении Камешковского района и вновь образованных муниципальных образований, входящих в его состав, соответствующим статусом муниципальных образований и установлении их границ», в ред. Закона №98-ОЗ от10 августа2015 г, Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №156–157,17 мая2005 г
32.
Karabanovo, Vladimir Oblast
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Karabanovo is a town in Alexandrovsky District of Vladimir Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Seraya River,110 kilometers west of Vladimir, the administrative center of the oblast. It was founded in 1846 as a settlement serving the dye works, town status was granted to it in 1938. Within the framework of administrative divisions, Karabanovo is directly subordinated to Alexandrovsky District, as a municipal division, the town of Karabanovo is incorporated within Alexandrovsky Municipal District as Karabanovo Urban Settlement. Постановление №433 от13 июня2007 г, «О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области», в ред. Постановления №169 от5 марта2015 г, «О внесении изменения в Постановление Губернатора области от13.06.2007 №433 О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №114,20 июня2007 г. Закон №61-ОЗ от16 мая2005 г, «О наделении округа Александров и вновь образованных муниципальных образований, входящих в его состав, соответствующим статусом муниципальных образований и установлении их границ», в ред. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №№158–165,18 мая2005 г
33.
Kirzhach
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The town is named after the Kirzhach River. The root of the name corresponds to a Moksha or Erzya word meaning left and it was established in the 14th century as a sloboda assigned to the Annunciation Monastery. The latter was established by Saint Sergius of Radonezh, who lived in the area between 1354 and 1358, for most of its history, the abbey remained heavily dependent upon the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, which lies 48 kilometers to the west. After the monastery was disbanded in 1764, the sloboda was granted rights in 1778. Thereafter, Kirzhach, as other towns in the vicinity. On October 12,2004, the settlement of Krasny Oktyabr was merged with the town, within the framework of administrative divisions, Kirzhach serves as the administrative center of Kirzhachsky District, to which it is directly subordinated. As a municipal division, the town of Kirzhach is incorporated within Kirzhachsky Municipal District as Kirzhach Urban Settlement, citys climate is moderately continental, a warm summer, a cold winter with a moderate spring and fall. Average temperature in January is −10.6 °C and +18.2 °C in July, mean annual precipitation is 584 millimeters. It averages 151 days per year with temperatures above 0 °C, a snow cover is present for four to five months, snow starts to fall usually at the end of November or in the beginning of December. Snow melts on sun covered places in the middle of April and it is commonly regarded as one of the last and loveliest specimens of this conservative strain. The monastery has a very interesting structure- it is an open gallery and this gallery connects the cathedral with the nearby Savior church, which has a square tower and a tent-like belfry. This church is a tomb of prominent Russian boyars-Miloslavskys, the 16th-century church was demolished during the Soviet time, but people began to rebuild and reconstruct it again in 1990s. Today the cathedral is a women monastery, since 1997, the monastery possesses the relics of the Russian Saint, Roman Kirzhachsky, the student of another great Russian Saint, Sergey Radonezhsky. Tourists can see two ancient St. Nikolays churches, one was built in 1764, another one in 1846. On the facade of the art palace can be found a memorial plaque that commemorates the meeting of Yuri Gagarin. 18 km from Kirzhach, Gagarin and flight instructor Vladimir Seryogin died in a crash on 27 March 1968. Tourists can also see the buildings of old shopping malls, built in the 1850s, Постановление №433 от13 июня2007 г. «О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области», в ред, Постановления №169 от5 марта2015 г
34.
Kolchugino, Vladimir Oblast
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Kolchugino was founded in 1871 as a settlement next to copper-annealing and wire-producing plants belonging to a Muscovite merchant A. G. Kolchugin. It was granted town status in 1931, within the framework of administrative divisions, Kolchugino serves as the administrative center of Kolchuginsky District, to which it is directly subordinated. As a municipal division, the town of Kolchugino, together with nine rural localities in Kolchuginsky District, is incorporated within Kolchuginsky Municipal District as Kolchugino Urban Settlement, the town is well known for its tableware plant, founded by Alexander Kolchugin. Most of Russian tea glass-holders were produced in Kolchugino, ZAO Kolchugtsvetmet, also located in Kolchugino and founded in 1871, is the largest manufacturer of non-ferrous mill products in the Commonwealth of Independent States. Постановление №433 от13 июня2007 г, «О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области», в ред. Постановления №169 от5 марта2015 г, «О внесении изменения в Постановление Губернатора области от13.06.2007 №433 О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №114,20 июня2007 г. Закон №64-ОЗ от16 мая2005 г, Закона №75-ОЗ от12 июля2013 г. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №158–165,18 мая2005 г
35.
Kosteryovo
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Kosteryovo is a town in Petushinsky District of Vladimir Oblast, Russia, located on the Lipnya River,52 kilometers west of Vladimir, the administrative center of the oblast. It was founded as a settlement serving the station of the same name. It was granted town status in 1981, within the framework of administrative divisions, Kosteryovo is directly subordinated to Petushinsky District. As a municipal division, the town of Kosteryovo is incorporated within Petushinsky Municipal District as Kosteryovo Urban Settlement, there is a cultural center, a museum, and a music school in the town. Постановление №433 от13 июня2007 г, «О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области», в ред. Постановления №169 от5 марта2015 г, «О внесении изменения в Постановление Губернатора области от13.06.2007 №433 О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №114,20 июня2007 г. Закон №159-ОЗ от13 октября2004 г, «О наделении Петушинского района и муниципальных образований, входящих в его состав, соответствующим статусом муниципальных образований и установлении их границ», в ред. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №289–290,20 октября2004 г
36.
Kovrov
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Kovrov is a city in Vladimir Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Klyazma River. Kovrovs population as of the 2010 Census was 145,214, down from 155,499 recorded in the 2002 Census, in terms of population, it is the second-largest city in Vladimir Oblast. In 1977, Kovrovs population had been estimated at 140,000, overshadowed by the neighboring Starodub-on-the-Klyazma since the 12th century, Kovrov was eventually granted town status in 1778. On July 13,1978, the citys 200th anniversary, Kovrov was decorated with the Order of the Red Banner of Labor, within the framework of administrative divisions, Kovrov serves as the administrative center of Kovrovsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the City of Kovrov—an administrative unit with the equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the City of Kovrov is incorporated as Kovrov Urban Okrug, Kovrov is a major center of Russias defense industry, specializing in mechanical engineering, metal processing, textile and light industry, and building industry. Kovrov is home to Degtyaryov plant, Kovrov Mechanical Factory, Kovrov Electromechanical Factory, located on the Moscow–Nizhny Novgorod rail line—one of Russias oldest railroads and one of the alternative routes of the Trans-Siberian Railway—Kovrov is also connected to Murom by the Murom Railway. Kovrov is twinned with, Brest, Belarus Liberec, Czech Republic Законодательное Собрание Владимирской области, Закон №130-ОЗ от10 декабря2001 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Владимирской области и о порядке его изменения», в ред, Закона №22-ОЗ от18 марта2014 г. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №232,13 декабря2001 г. Постановление №433 от13 июня2007 г, «О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области», в ред. Постановления №169 от5 марта2015 г, «О внесении изменения в Постановление Губернатора области от13.06.2007 №433 О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №114,20 июня2007 г. Закон №143-ОЗ от9 сентября2004 г, «О наделении статусом городского округа муниципального образования город Ковров Владимирской области и установлении его границы», в ред. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №271,29 сентября2004 г. Закон №52-ОЗ от11 мая2005 г, «О наделении Ковровского района и вновь образованных муниципальных образований, входящих в его состав, соответствующим статусом муниципальных образований и установлении их границ», в ред. Закона №88-ОЗ от5 августа2009 г, Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №156–157,17 мая2005 г, official website of Kovrov Unofficial website of Kovrov
37.
Kurlovo (town), Vladimir Oblast
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Kurlovo is a town in Gus-Khrustalny District of Vladimir Oblast, Russia, located 80 kilometers south of Vladimir, the administrative center of the oblast. It was founded in 1811 as a settlement near a factory and was originally called Kurlovsky. It was granted urban-type settlement status in 1927 and town status in 1998, within the framework of administrative divisions, Kurlovo is directly subordinated to Gus-Khrustalny District. As a municipal division, the town of Kurlovo is incorporated within Gus-Khrustalny Municipal District as Kurlovo Urban Settlement, Постановление №433 от13 июня2007 г. «О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области», в ред, Постановления №169 от5 марта2015 г. «О внесении изменения в Постановление Губернатора области от13.06.2007 №433 О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области», Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №114,20 июня2007 г, Закон №69-ОЗ от25 мая2005 г. «О наделении Гусь-Хрустального района и муниципальных образований, входящих в его состав, соответствующим статусом муниципальных образований и установлении их границ», Закона №112-ОЗ от10 августа2009 г. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №179–180,1 июля2005 г
38.
Lakinsk
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Lakinsk is a town in Sobinsky District of Vladimir Oblast, Russia, located on the left bank of the Klyazma River,32 kilometers southwest of Vladimir, the administrative center of the oblast. It grew out of the village of Undol, which was in the area as the modern town and has been documented since at least the end of the 15th century. In 1889, a factory was opened near the village. As the factory developed, the village also grew, in 1927, Undol was granted work settlement status and renamed Lakinsky after the local party leader. It was granted town status and renamed Lakinsk in 1969, within the framework of administrative divisions, Lakinsk is directly subordinated to Sobinsky District. As a municipal division, the town of Lakinsk is incorporated within Sobinsky Municipal District as Lakinsk Urban Settlement, Постановление №433 от13 июня2007 г. «О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области», в ред, Постановления №169 от5 марта2015 г. «О внесении изменения в Постановление Губернатора области от13.06.2007 №433 О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области», Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №114,20 июня2007 г, Закон №38-ОЗ от6 мая2005 г. «О наделении Собинского района и муниципальных образований, входящих в его состав, соответствующим статусом муниципальных образований и установлении их границ», Закона №25-ОЗ от27 апреля2011 г. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №171,25 мая2005 г
39.
Melenki, Vladimir Oblast
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Melenki was founded in the 17th century and was granted town status in 1778. Within the framework of administrative divisions, Melenki serves as the center of Melenkovsky District. As a municipal division, the town of Melenki is incorporated within Melenkovsky Municipal District as Melenki Urban Settlement, Постановление №433 от13 июня2007 г. «О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области», в ред, Постановления №169 от5 марта2015 г. «О внесении изменения в Постановление Губернатора области от13.06.2007 №433 О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области», Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №114,20 июня2007 г, Закон №57-ОЗ от13 мая2005 г. «О наделении Меленковского района и вновь образованных муниципальных образований, входящих в его состав, соответствующим статусом муниципальных образований и установлении их границ», Закона №82-ОЗ от5 августа2009 г. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №158–165,18 мая2005 г
40.
Murom
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Murom is a historical city in Vladimir Oblast, Russia, which sprawls along the left bank of the Oka River. In the 9th century CE, the city marked the easternmost settlement of the East Slavs in the land of the Finno-Ugric people called Muromians, the Primary Chronicle mentions it as early as 862. It is thus one of the oldest cities in Russia, circa 900 CE, it was an important trading post from Volga Bulgaria to the Baltic Sea. It was believed to be the town of the most celebrated East Slavic epic hero. The town has a statue which shows Ilya holding the hilt of his sword in the left hand and a cross in the right. On June 30,1961, Murom was the site of a spontaneous protest and riot against the police and Soviet authorities, within the framework of administrative divisions, Murom serves as the administrative center of Muromsky District, even though it is not a part of it. As an administrative division, it is incorporated separately as the City of Murom—an administrative unit with the equal to that of the districts. As a municipal division, the territory of the City of Murom together with nine rural localities in Muromsky District are incorporated as Murom Urban Okrug, Murom still retains many marks of antiquity. The Savior monastery, one of the most ancient in Russia, was first chronicled in 1096, when Oleg of Chernigov besieged it and killed Vladimir Monomakhs son Izyaslav, who is buried there. In 1552, the monastery was visited by Ivan the Terrible who commissioned a stone cathedral, the Trinity convent, where the relics of Sts. Peter and Fevronia are displayed, features a cathedral, Kazan church, a bell-tower, a wooden church of St. Sergius. It is rivaled by the Annunciation Monastery, founded in the reign of Ivan the Terrible to house the relics of local princes, two last-mentioned cathedrals, being probably the works of the same masters, have much in common with the Resurrection Church in the downtown. Quite different is the church of Sts. Cosmas and Damian, built in 1565 on the bank of the Oka to commemorate the Russian conquest of Kazan. Murom is twinned with, Most, Czech Republic Babruysk, Belarus Among notable natives are the father of photography, Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky. Закон №130-ОЗ от10 декабря2001 г, «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Владимирской области и о порядке его изменения», в ред. Закона №22-ОЗ от18 марта2014 г, Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №232,13 декабря2001 г, Постановление №433 от13 июня2007 г
41.
Petushki, Vladimir Oblast
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It was founded near Petushki railway station, which was opened in 1861. Town status was granted to it in 1965, within the framework of administrative divisions, Petushki serves as the administrative center of Petushinsky District, to which it is directly subordinated. As a municipal division, the town of Petushki is incorporated within Petushinsky Municipal District as Petushki Urban Settlement, moscow-Petushki, a prose poem that involves the town Администрация Владимирской области. Постановление №433 от13 июня2007 г, «О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области», в ред. Постановления №169 от5 марта2015 г, «О внесении изменения в Постановление Губернатора области от13.06.2007 №433 О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №114,20 июня2007 г. Закон №159-ОЗ от13 октября2004 г, «О наделении Петушинского района и муниципальных образований, входящих в его состав, соответствующим статусом муниципальных образований и установлении их границ», в ред. Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования, Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №289–290,20 октября2004 г
42.
Pokrov, Vladimir Oblast
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It was established in the 17th century as a monastery village and was granted town status in 1778. Within the framework of administrative divisions, Pokrov is directly subordinated to Petushinsky District, as a municipal division, the town of Pokrov is incorporated within Petushinsky Municipal District as Pokrov Urban Settlement. Pokrov has favorable economic and geographical position between the regional centers of the European part of Russia. The town is home to a Mondelez International chocolate factory, Постановление №433 от13 июня2007 г. «О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области», в ред, Постановления №169 от5 марта2015 г. «О внесении изменения в Постановление Губернатора области от13.06.2007 №433 О реестре административно-территориальных образований и единиц Владимирской области», Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №114,20 июня2007 г, Закон №159-ОЗ от13 октября2004 г. «О наделении Петушинского района и муниципальных образований, входящих в его состав, соответствующим статусом муниципальных образований и установлении их границ», Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован, Владимирские ведомости, №289–290,20 октября2004 г
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