1.
Judaism
–
Judaism encompasses the religion, philosophy, culture and way of life of the Jewish people. Judaism is an ancient monotheistic Abrahamic religion, with the Torah as its text, and supplemental oral tradition represented by later texts such as the Midrash. Judaism is considered by religious Jews to be the expression of the relationship that God established with the Children of Israel. With between 14.5 and 17.4 million adherents worldwide, Judaism is the tenth-largest religion in the world, Judaism includes a wide corpus of texts, practices, theological positions, and forms of organization. Modern branches of Judaism such as Humanistic Judaism may be nontheistic, today, the largest Jewish religious movements are Orthodox Judaism, Conservative Judaism and Reform Judaism. Major sources of difference between groups are their approaches to Jewish law, the authority of the Rabbinic tradition. Orthodox Judaism maintains that the Torah and Jewish law are divine in origin, eternal and unalterable, Conservative and Reform Judaism are more liberal, with Conservative Judaism generally promoting a more traditional interpretation of Judaisms requirements than Reform Judaism. A typical Reform position is that Jewish law should be viewed as a set of guidelines rather than as a set of restrictions and obligations whose observance is required of all Jews. Historically, special courts enforced Jewish law, today, these still exist. Authority on theological and legal matters is not vested in any one person or organization, the history of Judaism spans more than 3,000 years. Judaism has its roots as a religion in the Middle East during the Bronze Age. Judaism is considered one of the oldest monotheistic religions, the Hebrews and Israelites were already referred to as Jews in later books of the Tanakh such as the Book of Esther, with the term Jews replacing the title Children of Israel. Judaisms texts, traditions and values strongly influenced later Abrahamic religions, including Christianity, Islam, many aspects of Judaism have also directly or indirectly influenced secular Western ethics and civil law. Jews are a group and include those born Jewish and converts to Judaism. In 2015, the world Jewish population was estimated at about 14.3 million, Judaism thus begins with ethical monotheism, the belief that God is one and is concerned with the actions of humankind. According to the Tanakh, God promised Abraham to make of his offspring a great nation, many generations later, he commanded the nation of Israel to love and worship only one God, that is, the Jewish nation is to reciprocate Gods concern for the world. He also commanded the Jewish people to one another, that is. These commandments are but two of a corpus of commandments and laws that constitute this covenant, which is the substance of Judaism
2.
Synagogue
–
A synagogue, also spelled synagog, is a Jewish house of prayer. Synagogues have a hall for prayer, and may also have smaller rooms for study and sometimes a social hall. Some have a room for Torah study, called the beith midrash beis medrash —בית מדרש. Synagogues are consecrated spaces used for the purpose of prayer, Tanakh reading, study and assembly, halakha holds that communal Jewish worship can be carried out wherever ten Jews assemble. Worship can also be carried out alone or with fewer than ten people assembled together, however, halakha considers certain prayers as communal prayers and therefore they may be recited only by a minyan. The synagogue does not replace the long-since destroyed Temple in Jerusalem, israelis use the Hebrew term beyt knesset. Jews of Ashkenazi descent have traditionally used the Yiddish term shul in everyday speech, Sephardi Jews and Romaniote Jews generally use the term kal. Spanish Jews call the synagogue a sinagoga and Portuguese Jews call it an esnoga, persian Jews and some Karaite Jews also use the non-Hebrew term kenesa, which is derived from Aramaic, and some Arab Jews use kenis. Reform and some Conservative Jews use the word temple, the Greek word synagogue is used in English, to cover the preceding possibilities. The all-day Yom Kippur service, in fact, was an event in which the congregation both observed the movements of the kohen gadol as he offered the days sacrifices and prayed for his success. During the Babylonian captivity the Men of the Great Assembly formalized and standardized the language of the Jewish prayers, prior to that people prayed as they saw fit, with each individual praying in his or her own way, and there were no standard prayers that were recited. Rabbi Yohanan ben Zakkai, one of the leaders at the end of the Second Temple era and this contributed to the continuity of the Jewish people by maintaining a unique identity and a portable way of worship despite the destruction of the Temple, according to many historians. A synagogue dating from between 75 and 50 BCE has been uncovered at a Hasmonean-era winter palace near Jericho, more than a dozen Second Temple era synagogues have been identified by archaeologists. Any Jew or group of Jews can build a synagogue, there is no set blueprint for synagogues and the architectural shapes and interior designs of synagogues vary greatly. In fact, the influence from local religious buildings can often be seen in synagogue arches, domes. Historically, synagogues were built in the architectural style of their time. Thus, the synagogue in Kaifeng, China looked very like Chinese temples of that region and era, with its outer wall, the styles of the earliest synagogues resembled the temples of other sects of the eastern Roman Empire. The surviving synagogues of medieval Spain are embellished with mudéjar plasterwork, the surviving medieval synagogues in Budapest and Prague are typical Gothic structures
3.
Far-right politics
–
Far-right politics are right-wing politics further on the right of the left-right spectrum than the standard political right. Far-right politics often involve a focus on tradition, real or imagined, as opposed to policies, right-wing populism, a political ideology often combines laissez-faire, nationalism, ethnocentrism and anti-elitism is often described as far-right. Right-wing populism often involves appeals to common man and opposition to immigration, far-right politics include but are not limited to aspects of authoritarianism, anti-communism, and nativism. Claims that superior people should proportionally have greater rights than people are sometimes associated with the far right. The far right has historically favoured an elitist society based on its belief in the legitimacy of the rule of a supposed superior minority over the inferior masses. However, right-wing populist ideologies which are described by commentators as far-right often use appeals to the common man as opposed to the appeals of the elites. Far-right politics sometimes involves anti-immigration and anti-integration stances towards groups that are deemed inferior, hence, far right politics is associated with Othering. According to Christina Liang, this field is especially peculiar about its terminology. Each label carries with it a specific understanding of family of political parties as well as a particular set of assumptions regarding their origins. In an extensive survey of the literature, academic Cas Mudde found 26 definitions of right-wing extremism that contained 57 different ideological features, there is also debate about how appropriate the labels fascist or neo-Fascist are. Mudde lists nativism, authoritarianism, and populism as core elements of populist radical right political parties, in the United States, the term hard right and Alt-right have been used to describe groups such as the Tea Party movement and the Patriot movement. The term has also used to describe ideologies such as Paleoconservatism, Dominion Theology. The German political scientist Klaus von Beyme describes three phases in the development of far-right parties in Western Europe after World War II. From 1945 to the mid-1950s, far-right parties were marginalised, and their ideologies were discredited due to the recent existence and defeat of Nazism. Thus in the immediately following World War II, the main objective of far-right parties was survival. From the mid-1950s to the 1970s, the so-called populist protest phase emerged with sporadic electoral success, the most common demand-side theories are the social breakdown thesis, the relative deprivation thesis, the modernisation losers thesis and the ethnic competition thesis. The rise of political parties has also been viewed as a rejection of post-materialist values on the part of some voters. This theory which is known as the reverse post-material thesis blames both left-wing and progressive parties for embracing a post-material agenda that alienates traditional working class voters, another study argues that individuals who join far-right parties determine whether those parties develop into major political players or whether they remain marginalized
4.
Daily Express
–
The Daily Express is a daily national middle market tabloid newspaper in the United Kingdom. It is the title of Express Newspapers, a subsidiary of Northern & Shell. It was first published as a broadsheet in 1900 by Sir Arthur Pearson and its sister paper The Sunday Express was launched in 1918. As of December 2016, it had a daily circulation of 391,626. The paper was acquired by Richard Desmond in 2000, hugh Whittow has served as the papers editor since February of 2011. The papers editorial stances are often seen as aligned to the UK Independence Party, in addition to its sister paper, Express Newspapers also publishes the red top newspapers the Daily Star and Daily Star Sunday. The Daily Express was founded in 1900 by Sir Arthur Pearson, Pearson, who had lost his sight to glaucoma in 1913, sold the title to the future Lord Beaverbrook in 1916. It was one of the first papers to place instead of advertisements on its front page along with carrying gossip, sports. It was also the first newspaper in Britain to have a crossword puzzle, the Express began printing copies in Manchester in 1927 and in 1931, the publication moved to 120 Fleet Street, a specially commissioned art deco building. Under Beaverbrook, the newspaper achieved a high circulation, setting records for newspaper sales several times throughout the 1930s. Its success was due to its aggressive marketing campaign and a vigorous circulation war with other populist newspapers. Beaverbrook also discovered and encouraged an editor named Arthur Christiansen who, at an early age, showed talent for writing. Christiansen became editor in October 1933, under his editorial direction sales climbed from two million in 1936 to four million in 1949. The paper also featured Alfred Bestalls Rupert Bear cartoon and satirical cartoons by Carl Giles which it began publishing in the 1940s, on 24 March 1933, a front page headline titled Judea Declares War on Germany was published by the Daily Express. During the late thirties, the paper was an advocate of the appeasement policies of the Chamberlain government. The ruralist author Henry Williamson wrote for the paper on many occasions for half a century and he also wrote for the Sunday Express at the beginning of his career. In 1938, the moved to the Daily Express Building. It opened a building in Glasgow in 1936 in Albion Street
5.
Archipelago of Gothenburg
–
The archipelago of Gothenburg comprises northern and southern archipelagoes. The southern archipelago is part of Gothenburg municipality located in the province of Västergötland while the archipelago is Öckerö municipality. Trafikverket has ferries from Lilla Varholmen to the northern archipelago, some of the islands are interconnected by bridges. Southern archipelago ferries go from Saltholmen, plus a ferry from Fiskebäck. It has 5,000 permanent and another 6,000 summer residents, the archipelago is completely car free. Transportations is carried out by means of cycles, delivery mopeds, electric cars, in the Norse sagas, it was called Elfarsker, as the river Göta älv had its estuary there. The islands appear to have been famous as a location for holmgangar during the Viking Age and it is a small island with narrow footpaths. Not even mopeds are allowed here, the name of the island implies trading. Styrsö, during the 1830s the Öberg family established a guesthouse there and this was the start of a bathing resort, which expanded rapidly with the start of steamboats in 1867. Donsö is an important fishing and ship-owning community, the harbour is the center of the island. It is surrounded by 20th century fishing facilities, vargö has been a nature reserve since 1986. The varied sea landspace offers a diversity of flora and it is a good place to see razorbills, woodland birds, gulls and eiders. Rivö fjord, the estuary of the Göta älv Southern Gothenburg Archipelago The Gothenburg Archipelago Göteborg & Co
6.
Lilla Bommen
–
Lilla Bommen is a part of Gothenburg harbor used for visiting boats and also the name given to the land surrounding the harbor. The eponymous building along with The Göteborg Opera house and the barque Viking are all located at Lilla Bommen, the harbor was located between two bastions, the Gustavus Primus at the present-day opera house, and the S, tus Ericus west of the Lilla Bommen high-rise. Completed in 1860, with a quay 525 m and 3.5 m deep, Lilla Bommen soon became the port in Gothenburg for canal boats. It was the point for cargo and passenger ships going up the Göta älv, through the Göta Canal, then across lakes Vänern and Vättern to Stockholm. Demolition of the old house at Lilla Bommen started on 7 October 1862. In 1899, a house was built at Lilla Bommen at the end of the line for the Västergötland–Göteborgs Järnvägar. An option considered at the time was to fill in the entire dock, Lilla Bommen is a part of the Gothenburg harbor on the shore of the Göta älv. Said to have been constructed in the 1640s, as of 2015 it is used as a marina, owned and operated by the Gothenburg Municipality through the Liseberg company, Lilla Bommen is also the name of the land surrounding the harbor. On the west side of the dock is The Göteborg Opera house, completed in 1994 while on the east is a complex that includes a high-rise with the same name as the area. The building is known as The Lipstick or The Skanska Skyscraper. The barque Viking is moored between the dock and the high-rise, the former Lilla Bommen Bridge crossed the Östra Hamnkanalen at its outlet in the Lilla Bommen harbor. It connected the Kanaltorget with the S, t Eriks Torg and it was a wide and heavily trafficked bridge with railway tracks. It became part of the landfill when the canal was filled in, east of the harbor is Lilla Bommen Square, which was named in 1883. The square was created in 1878 when part of the Vallgraven, another part of Lilla Bommen outside the Vallgraven was the Stadstjänareholmen. This area was leased by master carpenter Hultman, who gave his name to Hultmans Holme a district in modern Gothenburg. In July 2001, when digging was done at S, t Eriksgatan in Lilla Bommen, in connection to the construction of the Götatunneln, a boat wreck from the mid 1700s was found. The boat was buried under more than 3 m of heavy landfill, what was left of the boat was a 10 m ×3 m section of the hull, consisting of the keel, the sternpost and parts of the hull sides. The boat was made from oak and pine, and was estimated to have been approximately 12 m long
7.
History of Gothenburg
–
The history of Gothenburg begins with the foundation of the heavily fortified town in 1621, during the Thirty Years War, when Sweden was once-again in armed conflict with Denmark–Norway. The region on the west coast of Sweden has been inhabited for thousands of years. During the Stone Age, there was incidentally a settlement right on present day Gothenburg, as a reminiscence, there are eleven rock carvings in the Gothenburg area. The predecessor of present-day Gothenburg was Lödöse,40 kilometers upstream from the present day city on the Göta River, but the new settlement also had its problems, and the town dwellers had to seek protection at the old Älvsborg Fortress. King Gustav Vasa tried to build a new city near the old Älvsborg Fortress, but was not successful. When Sweden rose to be a major European power in the 17th century, his son King Charles IX founded a town on the bank of the Göta älv and near the outlet to the sea. This was the first time that the town was named Gothenburg and this short-lived town was almost wholly inhabited by Dutch merchants and immigrants, and Dutch was the official language. The Swedish king attracted the Dutch to Sweden with the promise of free trade and they enjoyed privileges such as 20 years of tax exemption and lowered customs rates. In return, Sweden and the west coast could benefit of the skills, the town was granted the right to strike its own gold and silver coins, as well as to have its representatives in the parliament. However, the island of Hisingen was in a fragile position – they could not withstand the Danes, soon after the outbreak of the Kalmar War, on 12 June 1611, the town was burned down. In 1621, the Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus II, the son of Charles IX, the settlement used the fortification skills of the Dutch immigrants. Gothenburg was able to grow and prosper within the city walls, right from this point, the Scots enclave in the city were granted 2 seats on the town council. The city was influenced by the Dutch. Their city planners were contracted to build the city as they had the skills needed to build in the areas around the city. The town was planned after Dutch cities to have canals, such as Amsterdam, during the Dutch period the town followed Dutch town laws and there were propositions to make Dutch the official language in the town. The Gothenburg coat of arms was based on the lion of the coat of arms of Sweden, symbolically holding a shield with the national emblem, in the 18th century, fishing was the most important industry. However, in 1731 the Swedish East India Company was founded, the harbour developed into Swedens main harbour for trade towards the west and with the Swedish emigration to North America increasing, Gothenburg became Swedens main point of departure. The impact of Gothenburg as a port of embarkation for Swedish emigrants is reflected by Gothenburg, Nebraska
8.
Swedish East India Company
–
The Swedish East India Company was founded in Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1731 for the purpose of conducting trade with the Far East. Sweden was the last of the more prominent seafaring European nations to engage in the East India Trade, the royal privileges for the Swedish East India Company were granted almost a century after the other European trading companies were established. With the advent of the East India trade in the 1600s, Chinese, drinking tea and having Chinese objects became the height of fashion in the Swedish socialite and the middle class. Chinese culture, philosophy, art, agriculture and architecture were studied and copied. The most prominent example of this is the Chinese Pavilion at Drottningholm, China was considered a model community, a template for how a country should be governed. The first attempt of organizing a Swedish East India trading company was made by a Flemish merchant, during the 1600s, the Dutch merchants dominated the newly founded Gothenburg on the west coast of Sweden. On 14 June 1626, Usselincx received royal privileges for a company for twelve years. The privileges included clauses about the ethics of trading with foreign, the first priority was to establish friendly, long-term relations that would be mutually beneficiary for both parties. The venture was supported by a number of prominent Swedes, including the King himself, political difficulties and Swedens participation in the Thirty Years War where King Gustav II was killed, put an end to the plans. The resources were used for a smaller company, trading within Europe. The aim was to bypass the Spanish and Portuguese blockades, the plan did not gain any support as the ice barriers proved even more difficult. Borg stated that if there was a war between Sweden and Denmark, he could deliver the Danish fort in Tharangambadi, India, to the Swedes, residual resources were used to send two ships, the Solen and the Trumslagaren, to Lisbon for salt. A later attempt to establish the Swedish trade on the East Indies, was made by pirates sailing out from Madagascar, after having attacked other trading ships, they had become wealthy and were looking for a place to settle down and invest their money in legitimate enterprise. The pirates numbered about 1,500 and commanded a considerable and they started by offering the Swedish King Charles XII half a million pounds sterling and 25 armed ships for his protection, but the matter was not resolved. In 1718, representatives for the pirates met again with the King at his camp during the campaign against Norway. The new offer was for 60 ships, armed and stocked with goods, if the pirates were allowed to settle down in Gothenburg, when the King was shot and died on 30 November 1718, the venture folded. Sweden was impoverished after the Great Northern War, and trade was seen as an option for rebuilding the country, opinions about whether trade with the East Indies would be profitable enough diverged. The greatest concern was that Sweden would not have resources to defend the companys ships
