1.
Holbrook, New South Wales
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Holbrook is a small town in Southern New South Wales, Australia. It is on the Hume Highway,384 kilometres by road North-East of Melbourne and 492 kilometres by road south-west of Sydney between Tarcutta and Albury. The town is in the Greater Hume Shire Council area which was established in May 2004 from the merger of Culcairn Shire with the majority of Holbrook Shire, at the 2011 census, Holbrook had a population of 1,263 people. The district around Holbrook is renowned for local produce including merino wool, wheat and other grains, lucerne, fat cattle, the area was originally inhabited by the Wiradjuri people. The explorers Hume and Hovell were the first-known Europeans in the area and they travelled through in 1824 looking for new grazing country in the south of the colony of New South Wales. The town was originally called Ten Mile Creek and the first buildings were erected in 1836, a German immigrant, John Christopher Pabst, became the publican of the Woolpack Hotel on 29 July 1840 and the area became known as the Germans. By 1858 the name had evolved into the name of Germanton. In 1876 the name Germanton was gazetted and the old name Ten Mile Creek consigned to history, Ten Mile Creek Post Office opened on 1 January 1857, and was renamed Germanton in 1875. Lt. Holbrook commanded the submarine HMS B11, the town was a stop on Old Sydney Road – the road between Sydney and Melbourne. The railway arrived in Germanton in 1902, the town was serviced by the Holbrook branch railway line until the line was closed in 1975. In 2013, a re-alignment of the Hume Highway around Holbrook was completed so it is now possible to by-pass the town, the Navy gifted the fin from the submarine to the town. This resulted in a fund-raiser by the town and district to purchase the whole submarine and this drive was successful in raising $100,000, almost all a gift from Lt Holbrooks widow, Gundula Holbrook. However, this amount was insufficient to purchase all of the Otway, through negotiations with the scrap yard in Sydney, the town succeeded in purchasing all of the outside casing of Otway above the waterline. This part of the Otway is now displayed in Germanton Park in the heart of Holbrook, the National Museum of Australian Pottery is housed in the old A. H. Mackie and Company building. It features over 1500 pieces made from the earliest colonial potteries up to the end of World War 1, the population of the town was 1,267 people at the 2001 census. The population of the former Holbrook Shire was 2343 people, the population had declined by 7. 4% from 1996 and by 10. 3% since 1991. In 2001 the population of Australia increased by 6% from the 1996 census and 12. 6% since the 1991 census, less than 1% of the population identified themselves as being of indigenous origin. The median age of people in Holbrook in the 2001 Census was 40 years, in the 1996 Census the median age of people was 37 years, while in the 1991 Census the median age of people was 34 years
Holbrook, New South Wales
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Holbrook town entry sign
Holbrook, New South Wales
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Fire Station
Holbrook, New South Wales
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Council Offices
Holbrook, New South Wales
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Main Street
2.
Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company
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Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company Limited, often referred to simply as Scotts, was a Scottish shipbuilding company based in Greenock on the River Clyde. In its time in Greenock, Scotts built over 1,250 ships, John Scott founded the company, beginning shipbuilding at Greenock in 1711. The Scott family took over the Greenock Foundry in 1790 and C G Scott started building at Cartsdyke Dockyard in 1850 as Scott & Company. John Scott and Robert Scott bought the adjacent yard of R Steele & Company in 1883 to create the Cartsburn Dockyard, by 1900 John Swire & Company were major shareholders and Henry Scott was a director of Swire Scotts. In 1900–1901 he specified and oversaw construction of Swires Taikoo Dockyard in Hong Kong, Swires was 25% owned by the Scott Family. In 1925 Scotts took over Ross & Marshalls Cartsdyke Mid Yard, in 1934 they exchanged their Cartsdyke East yard for Cartsdyke Mid yard with Greenock Dockyard Ltd. In June 1965 the Company took over Scotts & Sons Ltd and in December 1965 Scotts merged with the Greenock Dockyard Company and the Cartsburn and Cartsdyke Dockyards were fully integrated in 1966. In 1967 the Company merged with Lithgows to form Scott Lithgow Ltd, Cartsdyke Shipyard was closed in 1979 and Cartsburn in 1984. In 1983 the Scott Lithgow company and yards were sold to Trafalgar House, No further shipbuilding was undertaken and the 270-year-old Scott shipbuilding company finally ceased trading in 1993. Between 1988 and 1997 the Cartsburn and Cartsdyke shipyards were gradually demolished and redeveloped as offices, computer warehouses. Principal customers of Scotts were Alfred Holt & Co, The China Navigation Company / John Swire Ltd, Scotts Assistant Manager James Richardson devised an early Snorkel for submarines, for which they were granted British Patent No.106330 of 1917. It was not taken up by the Admiralty for use by the Royal Navy, there is extant the builders certificate of SS Thetis. Captain William Kennedy of Greenock took Thetis for her trials on the Clyde, pictures of some Scotts-built vessels were painted by the Greenock marine artist William Clark. A painting of the launch in 1818 from Scotts yard of the wood ship Christian was painted by the Anglo-US marine artist Robert Salmon. Before the Cartsdyke yard closed in the late 1970s it was used to part of a BBC Television Play for Today called Just a Boys Game. In 2011, Greenocks McLean Museum and Art Gallery celebrated the tercentenary of Scotts foundation, RMS Ajax RMS Andania Johnston, Ian, Buxton, Ian. The Battleship Builders - Constructing and Arming British Capital Ships, Clyde built ships data base - lists all ships built on the Clyde WikiSwire website
Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company
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Scotts Shipbuilding advertisement in
Brassey's Naval Annual
Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company
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HMS Shengkiang, built by Scotts in 1931 as the coastal steamship SS Shenking for
the China Navigation Company
3.
Oberon class submarine
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The Oberon class was a ship class of 27 British-designed submarines operated by five different nations. They were designed as a direct follow-on from the Porpoise-class, physical dimensions were the same, but stronger materials were used in hull construction, the submarines were built between 1957 and 1978 by four shipyards, Cammel Laird, Chatham Dockyard, Scotts Shipbuilding and Engineering Company and Vickers-Armstrongs. Submarines of the class were in service until 2000, as of 2015, eight of the submarines are preserved intact as museum vessels, another three are partially preserved, and one is in private ownership and awaiting conversion for display. The rest have been sold for scrap, including one former museum vessel, the 295. 2-foot -long Oberon class was based heavily on the preceding Porpoise class of submarines, which were in service from 1956 to 1988. Changes from the Porpoise design were primarily to improve the strength and stealth of the submarine, instead of UXW steel, the hull was built from QT28 steel, which was easier to fabricate and stronger, allowing the submarine to dive deeper. Glass-reinforced plastic was used in construction of the casing, electronics, sonar, and radar systems were also upgraded to the latest standard. The submarines were equipped with a type 1002 surface search and navigation radar, a type 187 active-passive attack sonar, construction of the British submarines was shared amongst four dockyards, the three mentioned above and Cammell Laird. The Oberons were originally armed with eight 21-inch torpedo tubes, six tubes in the bow, Naval mines could be carried instead of torpedoes, the torpedo payload would be replaced with up to 50 Mark 5 Stonefish or Mark 6 Sea Urchin mines. The forward torpedo tubes are constructed in two sections bolted together across the bulkhead at the end of the torpedo compartment. The 116-in long inner section is constructed of 0. 5-in rolled steel fitted with welded flanges, the outer section is constructed of a similar tube 175 in long but with a reinforced 1.125 inch thick section behind the main bulkhead. The outer end of the tube is sealed with a domed bow cap, bow shutters close across the bow caps so as to preserve the streamlined shape of the bow when the cap is closed. The bow caps and shutters are mechanically linked to a hydraulically operated drive rod from within the torpedo compartment, the bow cap opens first behind the shutter, which then folds back against it forming a smooth exit tube. The tube internal diameter is 22.5 in, wider than the torpedo, torpedoes could be fired either electrically or with compressed air. The aft torpedo tubes passed through the ballast tank at the rear of the submarine, a 31-in section projected into the boat through the bulkhead, forming overall a relatively short tube of 12 ft, but of 25 in diameter. The class used diesel-electric propulsion, with batteries to provide power when the engines cannot be used. Each vessel has two Admiralty-pattern V-16 diesel engines, each driving one 1280-kW 880-V generator and these can provide power directly to the two 3000-BHP electric motors, one directly connected to each propellor, or for charging batteries. One snorkel brings in new air to the boat, while the other takes exhaust fumes from the engines, the ventilation system is designed so the fresh air spreads through the boat. The generators are cooled by a fan on the shaft which circulates air through a filter
Oberon class submarine
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HMS Otus
Oberon class submarine
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The fin and equipment masts of
HMAS Onslow
Oberon class submarine
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Barr and Stroud Attack Periscope Type CH74 – RAN Oberon class submarine
Oberon class submarine
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Torpedo fire control consoles aboard HMCS Onondaga
4.
Submarine
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A submarine is a watercraft capable of independent operation underwater. It differs from a submersible, which has more limited underwater capability, the term most commonly refers to a large, crewed vessel. It is also used historically or colloquially to refer to remotely operated vehicles and robots, as well as medium-sized or smaller vessels, such as the midget submarine. The noun submarine evolved as a form of submarine boat, by naval tradition, submarines are usually referred to as boats rather than as ships. Although experimental submarines had been built before, submarine design took off during the 19th century, Submarines were first widely used during World War I, and now figure in many navies large and small. Civilian uses for submarines include marine science, salvage, exploration and facility inspection, Submarines can also be modified to perform more specialized functions such as search-and-rescue missions or undersea cable repair. Submarines are also used in tourism, and for undersea archaeology, most large submarines consist of a cylindrical body with hemispherical ends and a vertical structure, usually located amidships, which houses communications and sensing devices as well as periscopes. In modern submarines, this structure is the sail in American usage, a conning tower was a feature of earlier designs, a separate pressure hull above the main body of the boat that allowed the use of shorter periscopes. There is a propeller at the rear, and various hydrodynamic control fins, smaller, deep-diving and specialty submarines may deviate significantly from this traditional layout. Submarines use diving planes and also change the amount of water, Submarines have one of the widest ranges of types and capabilities of any vessel. Submarines can work at greater depths than are survivable or practical for human divers, modern deep-diving submarines derive from the bathyscaphe, which in turn evolved from the diving bell. In 1578, the English mathematician William Bourne recorded in his book Inventions or Devises one of the first plans for an underwater navigation vehicle and its unclear whether he ever carried out his idea. The first submersible of whose construction there exists reliable information was designed and built in 1620 by Cornelis Drebbel and it was propelled by means of oars. By the mid-18th century, over a dozen patents for submarines/submersible boats had been granted in England, in 1747, Nathaniel Symons patented and built the first known working example of the use of a ballast tank for submersion. His design used leather bags that could fill with water to submerge the craft, a mechanism was used to twist the water out of the bags and cause the boat to resurface. In 1749, the Gentlemens Magazine reported that a design had initially been proposed by Giovanni Borelli in 1680. By this point of development, further improvement in design stagnated for over a century, until new industrial technologies for propulsion. The first military submarine was the Turtle, a hand-powered acorn-shaped device designed by the American David Bushnell to accommodate a single person and it was the first verified submarine capable of independent underwater operation and movement, and the first to use screws for propulsion
Submarine
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A
Russian Navy Typhoon-class submarine underway. Also known as "Project 941".
Submarine
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Drebbel, the first navigable submarine
Submarine
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The French submarine Plongeur
Submarine
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The
Nordenfelt -designed,
Ottoman submarine
Abdül Hamid
5.
BQG-4
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Passive Underwater Fire Control Feasibility System was a passive sonar system for submarines. It was designated AN/BQG-4 and was equipped on United States Navy conventional submarines converted to GUPPY III or otherwise modernized in the 1960s. It was also equipped on the nuclear-powered USS Tullibee, a version known as Micropuffs was fitted on Oberon-class submarines for the Royal Australian Navy, and as Type 2041 on the Upholder-class for the British Royal Navy. This class still serves in the Royal Canadian Navy, where Micropuffs is known as BQG-501, the system was notable for three tall, fin-like domes topside, except on Micropuffs installations. The system was retained on several submarines transferred to foreign navies and it was associated with long-range passive detection of targets for the Mark 45 nuclear torpedo and other torpedoes as well. Most submarines backfitted with it were also lengthened 12-16 feet to accommodate additional electronics and it was also planned for Thresher and Sturgeon-class nuclear submarines, but was not fitted on them except Micropuffs experimentally on Barb and Haddock. With the exception of the four Canadian Victoria-class submarines, all PUFFS-equipped submarines have been disposed of or preserved as museum ships, greater Underwater Propulsion Power Program Alden, John D. Commander. The Fleet Submarine in the U. S. Navy, A Design, Sub vs Sub, Cdr R Compton Hall, Orion Books,1989
BQG-4
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USS Harder (SS-568) with the three distinctive shark-fin PUFFS domes
BQG-4
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Fin and central section of
HMAS Onslow. The three orange covers on the casing are protective sheathes over the submarine's Micropuffs sonar
6.
Mark 48 torpedo
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The Mark 48 and its improved Advanced Capability variant are American heavyweight submarine-launched torpedoes. They were designed to sink deep-diving nuclear-powered submarines and high-performance surface ships, the Mk-48 torpedo was designed at the end of the 1960s to keep up with the advances in Soviet submarine technology. Operational since 1972, it replaced the Mk-37 and Mk-14 torpedoes as the weapon of U. S. Navy submarines. With the entry service of the new Soviet Alfa class submarine in 1972, the decision was made to accelerate the ADCAP program. Tests were run to ensure that the weapon could keep up with the developments, the new version of the weapon, also known as Mk-48 Mod 4, was extensively tested and production started in 1985, with entry into service in 1988. From then on, various upgrades have been added to the torpedo, as of 2012 Mk-48 Mod 6 was in service, a Mod 7 version was test fired in 2008 in the Rim of Pacific Naval exercises. The inventory of the U. S. Navy is 1,046 Mk-48 torpedoes, the Mk-48 torpedo is designed to be launched from submarine torpedo tubes. The weapon is carried by all U. S. Navy submarines, including Ohio-class ballistic missile submarines and Seawolf-, Los Angeles- and it is also used on Canadian, Australian, and Dutch submarines. The Royal Navy elected not to buy the Mark 48, preferring to use the Spearfish instead, Mk-48 and Mk-48 ADCAP torpedoes can be guided from a submarine by wires attached to the torpedo. They can also use their own active or passive sensors to execute programmed target search, acquisition, the torpedo is designed to detonate under the keel of a surface ship, breaking the keel and destroying its structural integrity. In the event of a miss, it can back for another attempt. The swashplate piston engine is fueled by Otto fuel II, a monopropellant that decomposes into hot gas when ignited, the thrust is generated by a propulsor assembly. The torpedos seeker has an electronically steered pinger that helps avoid having to maneuver as it closes with the target. Unconfirmed reports indicate that the sensors can monitor surrounding electrical. This may refer to the coils on the warhead, used to sense the metallic mass of the ships hull. The torpedo has been the subject of continued improvement over its service lifetime, in the 1990s, a Mod 6 variant of the ADCAP provided much improved noise isolation for the engine, which makes this torpedo more difficult to detect for a potential target. The Mk48 Mod 7 Common Broadband Advanced Sonar System torpedo is optimized for both the deep and littoral waters and has advanced counter-countermeasure capabilities, the MK48 ADCAP Mod 7 torpedo is the result of a Joint Development Program with the Royal Australian Navy and reached Initial Operational Capability in 2006. On July 25,2008 a MK48 Mod 7 CBASS torpedo fired by an Australian Collins-class submarine, HMAS Waller, successfully sank a test target during the Rim of the Pacific 2008 exercises
Mark 48 torpedo
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Technicians perform maintenance on a Mark 48 torpedo in 1982.
7.
Boeing Harpoon
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The Harpoon is an all-weather, over-the-horizon, anti-ship missile system, developed and manufactured by McDonnell Douglas. In 2004, Boeing delivered the 7, 000th Harpoon unit since the introduction in 1977. The missile system has also further developed into a land-strike weapon. The regular Harpoon uses active homing, and a low-level. The missiles launch platforms include, Fixed-wing aircraft Surface ships Submarines, Coastal defense batteries, in 1965 the United States Navy began studies for a missile in the 45 kilometres range class for use against surfaced submarines. The name Harpoon was assigned to the project, Harpoon was primarily developed for use on US Navy warships such as the Ticonderoga-class cruiser as their principal anti-ship weapon system. The Harpoon was purchased by many American allies, including Pakistan, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, Taiwan, the United Arab Emirates and most NATO countries. The Royal Australian Air Force is capable of firing AGM-84 series missiles from its F/A-18F Super Hornets, F/A-18A/B Hornets, and AP-3C Orion aircraft, the Royal Australian Navy deploys the Harpoon on major surface combatants and in the Collins-class submarines. The Spanish Air Force and the Chilean Navy are also AGM-84D customers, and they deploy the missiles on ships, and F/A-18s, F-16s. The British Royal Navy deploys the Harpoon on several types of surface ship, the Royal Canadian Navy carries Harpoon missiles on its Halifax-class frigates. The Republic of Singapore Air Force also operates five modified Fokker 50 Maritime Patrol Aircraft which are fitted with the sensors needed to fire the Harpoon missile, the Pakistani Navy carries the Harpoon missile on its frigates and P-3C Orions. The Turkish Navy carries Harpoons on surface warships and Type 209 submarines, the Turkish Air Force will be armed with the SLAM-ER. S. Navy Knox-class frigates and the four former USN Kidd-class destroyers which have sold to Taiwan. The two Zwaardvis/Hai Lung submarines and 12 P-3C Orion aircraft can use the missile. The Block 1 missiles were designated AGM/RGM/UGM-84A in US service and UGM-84B in the UK, Block 1B standard missiles were designated AGM/RGM/UGM-84C, Block 1C missiles were designated AGM/RGM/UGM-84D. This version featured a fuel tank and re-attack capability, but was not produced in large numbers because its intended mission was considered to be unlikely following the events of 1991–92. Block 1D missiles were designated RGM/AGM-84F, Block 1G missiles AGM/RGM/UGM-84G, the original SLAM-ER missiles were designated AGM-84H and later ones the AGM-84K. Block 1J was a proposal for an upgrade, AGM/RGM/UGM-84J Harpoon
Boeing Harpoon
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A Harpoon missile on static display at the
USS Bowfin museum at
Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.
Boeing Harpoon
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The Canadian frigate HMCS Regina fires a Harpoon anti-ship missile during a Rim of the Pacific (RIMPAC) sinking exercise
Boeing Harpoon
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Block I coastal missile defense system truck, in service in the
Danish Navy 1988–2003.
Boeing Harpoon
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A Harpoon missile is launched from the
Ticonderoga-class cruiser USS Shiloh during a live-fire exercise in 2014.
8.
Royal Australian Navy
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The Royal Australian Navy is the naval branch of the Australian Defence Force. Following the Federation of Australia in 1901, the ships and resources of the colonial navies were integrated into a national force. Originally intended for defence, the navy was granted the title of Royal Australian Navy in 1911. Britains Royal Navy continued to support the RAN and provided additional blue-water defence capability in the Pacific up to the years of World War II. Then, rapid expansion saw the acquisition of large surface vessels. In the decade following the war, the RAN acquired a number of aircraft carriers. Today, the RAN consists of 47 commissioned vessels,3 non-commissioned vessels, the current Chief of Navy is Vice Admiral Tim Barrett. The Commonwealth Naval Forces were established on 1 March 1901, two months after the federation of Australia, when the forces of the separate Australian colonies were amalgamated. As a result, the force structure was set at one battlecruiser. On 10 July 1911, King George V granted the service the title of Royal Australian Navy. The first of the RANs new vessels, the destroyer Yarra, was completed in September 1910, in this time the focus of Australias naval policy shifted from defence against invasion to trade protection, and several fleet units were sunk as targets or scrapped. By 1923, the size of the navy had fallen to eight vessels, following the outbreak of the Pacific War and the virtual destruction of British naval forces in south-east Asia, the RAN operated more independently, or as part of United States Navy formations. As the navy took on a greater role, it was expanded significantly and at its height the RAN was the fourth-largest navy in the world. A total of 34 vessels were lost during the war, including three cruisers and four destroyers, after the Second World War, the size of the RAN was again reduced, but it gained new capabilities with the acquisition of two aircraft carriers, Sydney and Melbourne. The RAN saw action in many Cold War–era conflicts in the Asia-Pacific region and operated alongside the Royal Navy and United States Navy off Korea, Malaysia, and Vietnam. Since the end of the Cold War, the RAN has been part of Coalition forces in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, operating in support of Operation Slipper and it was also deployed in support of Australian peacekeeping operations in East Timor and the Solomon Islands. The strategic command structure of the RAN was overhauled during the New Generation Navy changes, the RAN is commanded through Naval Headquarters in Canberra. The professional head is the Chief of Navy, who holds the rank of Vice Admiral, NHQ is responsible for implementing policy decisions handed down from the Department of Defence and for overseeing tactical and operational issues that are the purview of the subordinate commands
Royal Australian Navy
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Collins class
Royal Australian Navy
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Naval Ensign (1967–present)
Royal Australian Navy
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Canberra class
Royal Australian Navy
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Anzac class
9.
Fin (submarine)
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In naval parlance, the sail or fin of a submarine is the tower-like structure found on the dorsal surface of submarines. Submarine sails once housed the conning tower, the periscope, radar and communications masts, when above the waters surface, the sail serves as an observation platform. It also provides an entrance and exit point on the submarine that has enough freeboard to prevent the submarine being swamped, underwater the sail acts as a vertical stabilizer. In some submarines, the sail also supports diving planes which are control surfaces used for underwater stability and steering
Fin (submarine)
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Sail of the French nuclear submarine
Casabianca; note the
diving planes,
camouflaged masts, periscope, electronic warfare masts, door and windows.
10.
British Porpoise class submarine
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The Porpoise class was an eight-boat class of diesel-electric submarines operated by the Royal Navy. This class was originally designated patrol submarines, then attack and they were the first conventional British submarines to be built after the end of World War II. Their design was, in ways, influenced by the German World War II-era Type XXI U-boats. The Porpoise-class submarines were larger but shorter than their T-class predecessors and this, and improved design and construction techniques allowed much deeper diving. It was found in tests that the long engine room was liable to collapse, so there were extra large frames in this section. Designed with a top speed of 18 knots, the boats were capable of 17 knots, however, quieter running was felt to be a positive trade-off for the reduced speed. The Porpoise class were exceptionally quiet underwater, more so than their NATO counterparts and this was in part due to careful attention to detail in the mounting of machinery, and advances made in propeller design to prevent cavitation. Initially, the silenced propellers actually set up a distinctive resonant singing, however, grooves were cut into the propellers and injected with a damping filler which cured the problem, Rorqual was later able to surface undetected off the Statue of Liberty. The silent running abilities made their sonar equipment particularly effective, each submarines armament consisted of eight 21 in torpedo tubes, six in the bow, and two in the stern. Initially, up to 30 Mark 8 or Mark 23 torpedoes were carried, the class were also the first since the World War I-era R class to not carry a deck gun. The Porpoises were far more capable than previous classes in operating for prolonged periods, thanks to much improved air recirculation. The class also performed excellently in clandestine operations, such as surveillance, the first Porpoise-class boats were launched in 1958 during the ever-increasing threat of the Soviet Unions submarine fleet. The Porpoise-class boats were all decommissioned by the 1980s, list of submarines of the Royal Navy Battleships-Cruisers. co. uks page of photographs of Porpoise Class submarines Submariners Association – Post-war Submarines
British Porpoise class submarine
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HMS Rorqual
11.
Fleet Air Arm (RAN)
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The Fleet Air Arm, known formally as the Australian Navy Aviation Group, is the division of the Royal Australian Navy responsible for the operation of aircraft. The FAA was founded in 1947 following the purchase of two carriers from the Royal Navy. FAA personnel fought in the Korean War and the Vietnam War, initially operating only fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters were first acquired by the FAA in 1952, forming Australias first helicopter squadron. Helicopter usage increased over time, particularly after 1982, when the carrier HMAS Melbourne was decommissioned, as of 2011, the FAA consists of three active squadrons, operating four helicopter types. The RAAF assumed responsibility for aviation, which consisted primarily of amphibious aircraft flown by No.101 Flight RAAF from the RANs cruisers. As Terrible was the closer of the two ships to completion, construction was finished without major modification, the ship was commissioned into the RAN as HMAS Sydney on 16 December 1948. Sydneys maiden voyage saw the delivery of the first two operated by the Fleet Air Arm,805 Squadron with Hawker Sea Furies, and 816 Squadron with Fairey Fireflies. The two squadrons operated as the 20th Carrier Air Group, Sydney returned to England in 1950 to collect the 21st CAG,808 and 817 Squadrons, with Sea Furies and Fireflies, respectively. During the Korean War, Sydney was deployed to Korean waters in late 1951, with a wartime CAG of 805,808, and 817 Squadrons embarked. The Fleet Air Arm operated in a strike, ground support, and escort role during the deployment, nine of these were shot down by North Korean flak artillery, with aircraft damaged by flak on at least ninety other occasions. The other four were lost in accidents, or crashed because of foul weather. Meanwhile, Majestic was undergoing major upgrades during construction to operate jet aircraft, including the installation of a flight deck, steam catapult. To allow the RAN to operate as a force while Majestic was completed. Vengeance arrived in Australia with three Bristol Sycamore helicopters for the Fleet Air Arm, Vengeance was returned to the United Kingdom in 1955, with the crew transferred to Majestic, which was commissioned into the RAN as HMAS Melbourne on 28 October 1955. This decision was rescinded in 1963, with Grumman S-2E Tracker anti-submarine aircraft, Melbourne remained in service until mid-1982, when she was placed in reserve. The RAN Skyhawks were sold to the Royal New Zealand Air Force, during the 1980s, the Eurocopter Ecureuil and Sikorsky S-70 Seahawk were acquired to operate from the Adelaide class frigates. During 1992, FAA Sea Kings were embarked aboard HMAS Tobruk for Operation Solace, during the 1990s, the FAA ordered several refurbished Kaman SH-2G Super Seasprite helicopters to operate from the Anzac class frigates in the anti-submarine and anti-surface roles. The delays and problems with the led to the cancellation of the project in March 2008
Fleet Air Arm (RAN)
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A
Hawker Sea Fury on the flight deck of the carrier
HMAS Sydney, during the ship's 1949 flight trials
Fleet Air Arm (RAN)
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Fleet Air Arm
Fleet Air Arm (RAN)
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RAN Gannet aboard
USS Philippine Sea
Fleet Air Arm (RAN)
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An A-4 Skyhawk on the catapult aboard Melbourne
12.
Royal Australian Navy Submarine Service
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The Royal Australian Navy Submarine Service is the collective name of the submarine element of the Royal Australian Navy. The service currently forms the Navys Submarine Force Element Group and consists of six Collins class submarines, the Royal Australian Navy Submarine Service has been established four times, with the initial three attempts being foiled by combat losses and Australias economic problems. The modern Submarine Service was established in 1964, and has formed an important element of the Australian militarys capacity since that date, while the Submarine Service has not seen combat since World War I, Australian submarines have conducted extensive surveillance operations throughout South East Asia. The current Director General Submarine Capability is Commodore G. J, the Royal Australian Navys submarine service has been established four times since 1914. After the formation of the navy upon Federation, a period of uncertainty had followed as the size of the force to be established was determined, eventually, this was set at 13 vessels, including three submarines. Initially, it had intended to purchase three small submarines, but this order was later changed, and instead Australias first submarines were the larger British E class submarines AE1. These submarines were built in Britain and arrived in Australia in 1914, following the outbreak of World War I, both boats took part in the occupation of Rabaul in German New Guinea in September 1914. During this operation, AE1 disappeared on 14 September off Cape Gazelle and it is probable that she was wrecked on a reef during a practice dive, but she is yet to be found. AE2 remained in the South Pacific until December 1914, when she was ordered to the Mediterranean to support the British-led operations off the Galipoli peninsula in Turkey, AE2 was the first British submarine to penetrate the Dardanelles, achieving this task on 25 April 1915. AE2 operated in the Sea of Marmora for five days and made four attacks on Turkish ships before being damaged by a Turkish gunboat. These attacks are the only occasions an Australian submarine has fired in anger, the Australian submarine service was reformed in 1919, when the British government transferred six J Class submarines to Australia, HMA Submarines J1, J2, J3, J4, J5, and J7. These submarines arrived in Australia with their tender HMAS Platypus in April 1919 and were based at Osborne House, the boats were in poor mechanical condition, however, and spent most of their service in refit. Due to Australias worsening economic situation, all of the boats were decommissioned in 1922, the Australian submarine service was established a third time in 1927, when the British O Class submarines HMAS Oxley and HMAS Otway were commissioned. These submarines sailed from Portsmouth for Sydney on 8 February 1928, due to Australias poor economic situation, the O Class boats proved to be unaffordable and were placed in reserve in 1930, before transferring back to the Royal Navy in 1931. The Australian ports of Fremantle and Brisbane were important bases for Allied submarines during World War II, a total of 122 United States Navy,31 Royal Navy, and 11 Royal Netherlands Navy submarines conducted patrols from Australian bases between 1942 and 1945. Fremantle was the second largest Allied submarine base in the Pacific Theatre after Pearl Harbor, following World War II the Royal Navys 4th Submarine Flotilla was based in Sydney from 1949 until 1969. The impending withdrawal of the British submarine flotilla sparked the fourth attempt to establish an Australian submarine service, eight British Oberon class submarines were ordered in 1964, to be built in Scotland in two batches of four boats. Only six boats were delivered, the seventh and eighth were cancelled in 1971 to fund the acquisition of ten A-4 Skyhawk aircraft for the Fleet Air Arm, the final Royal Navy submarine to be based in Australia, HMS Trump, was withdrawn in 1969
Royal Australian Navy Submarine Service
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HMAS AE2
Royal Australian Navy Submarine Service
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Ship's badge of the RAN Submarine Service
Royal Australian Navy Submarine Service
–
HMAS Platypus with all six J Class submarines
Royal Australian Navy Submarine Service
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HMAS Oxley and Otway
13.
Beam (nautical)
–
The beam of a ship is its width at the widest point as measured at the ships nominal waterline. The beam is a bearing projected at right-angles from the fore and aft line, Beam may also be used to define the maximum width of a ships hull, or maximum width plus superstructure overhangs. Typical length-to-beam ratios for small sailboats are from 2,1 to 5,1, large ships have widely varying beam ratios, some as large as 20,1. Rowing shells designed for racing may have length to beam ratios as high as 30,1. The beam of many vessels can be calculated using the following formula. Some examples, For a standard 27 ft yacht, the root of 27 is 3,3 squared is 9 plus 1 =10. The beam of many 27 ft monohulls is 10 ft, for a Volvo Open 70 yacht,70.5 to the power of 2/3 =17 plus 1 =18. The beam is often around 18 ft, for a 741 ft long ship, the cube root is 9, and 9 squared is 81, plus 1. The beam will usually be around 82 ft, e. g. Seawaymax, as catamarans have more than one hull, there is a different beam calculation for this kind of vessel. BOC stands for Beam On Centerline and this term in typically used in conjunction with LOA. The ratio of LOA/BOC is used to estimate the stability of multihull vessels, the lower the ratio the greater the boats stability. The BOC for vessels is measured as follows, For a catamaran, carlin – similar to a beam, except running in a fore and aft direction. Keever, John M. American Merchant Seamans Manual, turpin, Edward A. McEwen, William A
Beam (nautical)
–
Graphical representation of the dimensions used to describe a ship. Dimension " b " is the beam.
14.
Draught (hull)
–
Draft determines the minimum depth of water a ship or boat can safely navigate. The draft can also be used to determine the weight of the cargo on board by calculating the displacement of water. A table made by the shows the water displacement for each draft. The density of the water and the content of the bunkers has to be taken into account. The closely related term trim is defined as the difference between the forward and aft drafts, the draft aft is measured in the perpendicular of the stern. The draft forward is measured in the perpendicular of the bow, the scale may use traditional English units or metric units. If the English system is used, the bottom of each marking is the draft in feet, in metric marking schemes, the bottom of each draft mark is the draft in decimeters and each mark is one decimeter high. Larger ships try to maintain a water draft when they are light, in order to make a better sea crossing. In order to achieve this they use sailing ballasts to stabilize the ship, the water draft of a large ship has little direct link with its stability because stability depends solely on the respective positions of the metacenter of the hull and the center of gravity. It is also however, that a light ship has quite high stability which can lead to implying too much rolling of the ship. A fully laden ship can have either a strong or weak stability, the draft of ships can be increased when the ship is in motion in shallow water, a phenomenon known as squat. Draft is a significant factor limiting navigable waterways, especially for large vessels, of course this includes many shallow coastal waters and reefs, but also some major shipping lanes. Panamax class ships—the largest ships able to transit the Panama Canal—do have a limit but are usually limited by beam, or sometimes length overall. However, in the much wider Suez Canal, the factor for Suezmax ships is draft. Some supertankers are able to transit the Suez Canal when unladen or partially laden, canals are not the only draft-limited shipping lanes. A Malaccamax ship has the deepest draft able to transit the very busy, there are only a few ships of this size. A small draft allows pleasure boats to navigate through shallower water and this makes it possible for these boats to access smaller ports, to travel along rivers and even to beach the boat. A large draft ensures a level of stability in strong wind
Draught (hull)
–
Draft marks on a ship's bow
Draught (hull)
–
English system used on the stern of the
Cutty Sark
15.
Displacement (nautical)
–
The displacement or displacement tonnage of a ship is the ships weight. The name reflects the fact that it is measured indirectly, by first calculating the volume of water displaced by the ship, by Archimedes principle, this is also the weight of the ship. Displacement should not be confused with other measurements of volume or capacity typically used for vessels such as net tonnage, gross tonnage. The process of determining a vessels displacement begins with measuring its draft This is accomplished by means of its draft marks, a merchant vessel has three matching sets, one mark each on the port and starboard sides forward, midships, and astern. These marks allow a ships displacement to be determined to an accuracy of 0. 5%, the draft observed at each set of marks is averaged to find a mean draft. The ships hydrostatic tables show the corresponding volume displaced, to calculate the weight of the displaced water, it is necessary to know its density. Seawater is more dense than water, so a ship will ride higher in salt water than in fresh. The density of water varies with temperature. Devices akin to slide rules have been available since the 1950s to aid in these calculations and it is done today with computers. Displacement is usually measured in units of tonnes or long tons and these bring the ship down to its load draft, colloquially known as the waterline. Full load displacement and loaded displacement have almost identical definitions, full load is defined as the displacement of a vessel when floating at its greatest allowable draft as established by classification societies. Warships have arbitrary full load condition established, deep load condition means full ammunition and stores, with most available fuel capacity used. Light displacement is defined as the weight of the ship excluding cargo, fuel, water, ballast, stores, passengers, crew, normal displacement is the ships displacement with all outfit, and two-thirds supply of stores, ammunition, etc. on board. Standard displacement, also known as Washington displacement, is a term defined by the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. Naval architecture Hull Hydrodynamics Tonnage Dear, I. C. B, oxford Companion to Ships and the Sea. George, William E. Stability & Trim for the Ships Officer, turpin, Edward A. McEwen, William A. Trim and Stability Information for Drydocking Calculations, conference on the Limitation of Armament,1922. Papers Relating to the Foreign Relations of the United States,1922, proceedings of the United States Naval Institute
Displacement (nautical)
–
The more heavily loaded a ship is, the lower it sits in the water. "Designated displacement" is a measurement the weight of water a ship displaces of when fully loaded and submerged to her load lines. [
citation needed]
Displacement (nautical)
–
Shipboard stability programs can be used to calculate a vessel's displacement
Displacement (nautical)
–
Two destroyers of the same class berthed alongside each other. The right is more heavily loaded and displaces more water.
Displacement (nautical)
–
Greek philosopher
Archimedes having his famous bath, the birth of the theory of
displacement
16.
Horsepower
–
Horsepower is a unit of measurement of power. There are many different standards and types of horsepower, two common definitions being used today are the mechanical horsepower, which is approximately 746 watts, and the metric horsepower, which is approximately 735.5 watts. The term was adopted in the late 18th century by Scottish engineer James Watt to compare the output of engines with the power of draft horses. It was later expanded to include the power of other types of piston engines, as well as turbines, electric motors. The definition of the unit varied among geographical regions, most countries now use the SI unit watt for measurement of power. With the implementation of the EU Directive 80/181/EEC on January 1,2010, units called horsepower have differing definitions, The mechanical horsepower, also known as imperial horsepower equals approximately 745.7 watts. It was defined originally as exactly 550 foot-pounds per second [745.7 N. m/s), the metric horsepower equals approximately 735.5 watts. It was defined originally as 75 kgf-m per second is approximately equivalent to 735.5 watts, the Pferdestärke PS is a name for a group of similar power measurements used in Germany around the end of the 19th century, all of about one metric horsepower in size. The boiler horsepower equals 9809.5 watts and it was used for rating steam boilers and is equivalent to 34.5 pounds of water evaporated per hour at 212 degrees Fahrenheit. One horsepower for rating electric motors is equal to 746 watts, one horsepower for rating Continental European electric motors is equal to 735 watts. Continental European electric motors used to have dual ratings, one British Royal Automobile Club horsepower can equal a range of values based on estimates of several engine dimensions. It is one of the tax horsepower systems adopted around Europe, the development of the steam engine provided a reason to compare the output of horses with that of the engines that could replace them. He had previously agreed to take royalties of one third of the savings in coal from the older Newcomen steam engines and this royalty scheme did not work with customers who did not have existing steam engines but used horses instead. Watt determined that a horse could turn a mill wheel 144 times in an hour, the wheel was 12 feet in radius, therefore, the horse travelled 2.4 × 2π ×12 feet in one minute. Watt judged that the horse could pull with a force of 180 pounds-force. So, P = W t = F d t =180 l b f ×2.4 ×2 π ×12 f t 1 m i n =32,572 f t ⋅ l b f m i n. Watt defined and calculated the horsepower as 32,572 ft·lbf/min, Watt determined that a pony could lift an average 220 lbf 100 ft per minute over a four-hour working shift. Watt then judged a horse was 50% more powerful than a pony, engineering in History recounts that John Smeaton initially estimated that a horse could produce 22,916 foot-pounds per minute
Horsepower
–
A team of six horses mowing hay in
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
17.
British 21 inch torpedo
–
There have been several British 21-inch diameter torpedoes used by the Royal Navy since their first development just before the First World War. The 21-inch was the largest size of torpedo in use in the RN. They were used by ships and submarines rather than aircraft which used smaller 18 inch torpedoes. The first British 21 inch torpedo came in two lengths Short at 17 ft 10.5 in, and Long at 23 ft 1.25 in, the explosive charge was 200 lb of gun cotton increased later to 225 lb. The Mark II, chiefly used by destroyers, entered service in 1914, apart from some older British ships, it was used with the old US Town-class destroyers provided to the UK during the early part of the Second World War. The running speed was reduced from 45 knots for better reliability, the Mark II*, an improved Mark II was used by battleships and battlecruisers. A wet heater design, it could run for 4.1 km at 45 knots From 1912, used by destroyers, in the Second World War they were carried on HMS Hood. The Mark V was used by the A and B-class destroyers and, with modification, the Mark VII was issued for use on the British heavy cruisers, i. e. cruisers with 8-inch guns. Designed in the mid-1920s the County-class cruisers were built at the time in the post Washington Naval Treaty period. The power came from the use of enriched air, though torpedo stocks were converted to run on normal air at the start of the Second World War. It was used from 1927 on submarines of the O class onwards, the principal World War II version was the improved Mark VIII**,3,732 being fired by September 1944. The torpedo was still in service with the Royal Navy as late as 1983, the Mark VIII** was used in two particularly notable incidents, - On 9 February 1945 the Royal Navy submarine HMS Venturer sank the German submarine U-864 with four Mark VIII** torpedoes. This is the only intentional sinking of one submarine by another while both were submerged. On 2 May 1982 the Royal Navy submarine HMS Conqueror sank the Argentine cruiser ARA General Belgrano with three Mark VIII** torpedoes during the Falklands War and this is the only sinking of a surface ship by a nuclear-powered submarine in wartime. First appeared in 1930 and was improved by 1939. Used on Leander and later cruisers, A and later destroyer classes, also replaced the old Mark VII in some 8 cruisers during the war. From 1939, used by submarines, motor boats and destroyers. Electric battery powered torpedo with a 322 kg TNT warhead, entering service during the Second World War it was used by destroyers
British 21 inch torpedo
–
Mark VIIIs loading to
Polish Navy submarine
ORP Sokół
18.
Greenock, Scotland
–
Greenock is a town and administrative centre in the Inverclyde council area in Scotland and a former burgh within the historic county of Renfrewshire, located in the west central Lowlands of Scotland. It forms part of an urban area with Gourock to the west. The 2011 census showed that Greenock had a population of 44,248 and it lies on the south bank of the Clyde at the Tail of the Bank where the River Clyde expands into the Firth of Clyde. The name of the town has had various spellings over time and it was printed in early Acts of Parliament as Grinok, Greenhok, Grinock, Greenhoke, Greinnock, and later as Greinok. Old Presbyterial records used Grenok, a common spelling until it was changed to Greenock around 1700 and it has also been suggested that Grian cnoc or sunny hill could refer to the hill on which the castle and mansion house stood, but this has not found much support. The towns modern indoor shopping centre is called The Oak Mall, the name is also recalled in a local song. Significantly, no green oak appears on the coat of arms which features the three chalices of the Shaw Stewarts, a sailing ship in full sail and two herring above the motto God Speed Greenock. Hugh de Grenock was created a Scottish Baron in 1296, around 1540 the adjoining barony of Finnart was passed to the Schaw family, extending their holdings westward to the boundary of Gourock, and in 1542 Sir John Schaw founded Wester Greenock castle. The coast of Greenock formed a bay with three smaller indentations, the Bay of Quick was known as a safe anchorage as far back as 1164. To its east, a sandy bay ran eastwards from the Old Kirk, the fishing village of Greenock developed along this bay, and around 1635 Sir John Schaw had a jetty built into the bay which became known as Sir Johns Bay. In that year he obtained a Charter raising Greenock to a Burgh of Barony with rights to a weekly market, further east, Saint Laurence Bay curved round past the Crawfurd Barony of Easter Greenock to Garvel Point. When a pier was built making the bay an important harbour, in 1642 it was made into the Burgh of Barony of Crawfurdsdyke, and part of the ill-fated Darien Scheme set out from this pier in 1697. This town was later renamed Cartsdyke, the fishing trade grew prosperous, with barrels of salted herring exported widely, and shipping trade developed. As seagoing ships could not go further up the River Clyde, a separate Barony of Cartsburn was created, the first baron being Thomas Craufurd. The work was completed in 1710, with quays extended out into Sir Johns Bay to enclose the harbour, in 1711 the shipbuilding industry was founded when Scotts leased ground between the harbour and the West Burn to build fishing boats. A whaling business operated for about 40 years, in 1714 Greenock became a custom house port as a branch of Port Glasgow, and for a period this operated from rooms leased in Greenock. Receipts rose rapidly from the 1770s, and in 1778 the custom house moved to new premises at the West Quay of the harbour. By 1791 a new pier was constructed at the East Quay, in 1812 Europes first steamboat service was introduced by PS Comet with frequent sailings between Glasgow, Greenock and Helensburgh, and as trade built up the pier became known as Steamboat Quay
Greenock, Scotland
–
View northwest over Greenock and the River Clyde, with the
Caribbean Princess at Greenock Ocean Terminal
Greenock, Scotland
–
The harbour, c. 1838
Greenock, Scotland
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The Cut – visitor centre
Greenock, Scotland
–
The Cut –
aqueduct
19.
Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark
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Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark, CI, GCVO, GBE was the daughter of Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark and Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia. In 1934, she married Prince George, Duke of Kent, from then on she also became known as the Duchess of Kent. Princess Marinas marriage was the most recent occasion on which a foreign-born princess married into the British Royal Family, Princess Marina was born in Athens, Greece, on 13 December 1906. Her father was Prince Nicholas of Greece and Denmark, the son of George I of Greece. Her mother was Grand Duchess Elena Vladimirovna of Russia, a granddaughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia and she was the youngest of the couples children. One of her uncles was Prince Andrew of Greece and Denmark. The family was poor and forced into exile when she was 11. They later moved to Paris, while the Princess stayed throughout Europe with her extended family, in 1932 Princess Marina and Prince George, Duke of Kent, a second cousin through Christian IX of Denmark, met in London. Their betrothal was announced in August 1934, on 29 November 1934, they married at Westminster Abbey, London. The wedding was followed by a Greek ceremony in the chapel at Buckingham Palace. The brides gown was in white and silver brocade, designed by Edward Molyneux. The Royal School of Needlework made a quilt as a gift for Princess Marina. Following the marriage she became the Duchess of Kent, the couple had three children, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent he married Katharine Lucy Mary Worsley on 8 June 1961. Sir Angus James Robert Bruce Ogilvy, son of David Lyulph Gore Wolseley Ogilvy, 7th Earl of Airlie and Lady Alexandra Marie Bridget Coke, Prince Michael of Kent he married Marie Christine von Reibnitz on 30 June 1978. The Duke of Kent was killed on 25 August 1942, in an crash at Eagles Rock, near Dunbeath, Caithness, Scotland. The Duchess, according to royal biographer Hugo Vickers, was the only war widow in Britain whose estate was forced to pay death duties, during World War II, Marina was trained as a nurse for three months under the pseudonym Sister Kay and joined the civil nurse reserve. After her husbands death, the Duchess of Kent continued to be an member of the British Royal Family. She was the president of the Wimbledon All England Lawn Tennis and she was President of the Royal National Lifeboat Institution from 1943 until her death and was awarded the RNLIs Gold Medal in 1967 to mark this contribution
Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark
–
The Duchess in 1936
Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark
–
Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark, right, with her sisters
Princess Olga of Greece and Denmark, left, and
Princess Elizabeth of Greece and Denmark, center.
Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark
–
Princess Marina on her wedding day
Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark
–
The foundation stone of St Mark's, Bromley, laid by the Duchess
20.
HMAS Canberra (D33)
–
HMAS Canberra, named after the Australian capital city of Canberra, was a Royal Australian Navy heavy cruiser of the Kent sub-class of County-class cruisers. At the start of World War II, Canberra was initially used for patrols, in July 1940, she was reassigned as a convoy escort between Western Australia, Sri Lanka, and South Africa. During this deployment, which ended in mid-1941, Canberra was involved in the hunt for several German auxiliary cruisers, Canberra later joined Task Force 44, and was involved in the Guadalcanal Campaign and the Tulagi landings. On 9 August 1942, Canberra was struck by the opening Japanese shots of the Battle of Savo Island, unable to propel herself, the cruiser was evacuated and sunk in Ironbottom Sound by two American destroyers. The United States Navy Baltimore-class cruiser USS Canberra was named in honour of the Australian ship, Canberra was one of seven Kent-class cruisers—a subclass of the County-class cruiser—designed by Eustace Tennyson-DEyncourt. The ship was 590 feet long between perpendiculars and 630 feet 1 inch overall, with a beam of 68.25 feet, and she displaced 9,850 tons at light load, and 10,000 tons at standard load. The Kent class were built to meet the restrictions of the Washington Naval Treaty, with a reduction in armament and protection. Canberra was powered by eight Yarrow boilers which fed steam to four Brown-Curtis geared turbines, before World War II, the ships company was normally 690, this increased to 710 when acting as a flagship. During wartime service, the company expanded to 751. Canberras main armament consisted of eight 8-inch Mark VIII guns in four twin turrets, secondary armament consisted of four 4-inch quick-firing high-angle guns and four 2-pounder pom-pom guns. During a refit in 1942, two multiple pom-poms and five 20 mm Oerlikons were added to enhance the anti-aircraft armament, four 3-pounder quick-firing Hotchkiss guns were used as saluting guns. Two sets of quadruple 21-inch torpedo tubes were fitted, depth charges were carried, these were deployed by rails. The cruiser was designed to carry an amphibious aircraft, initially a Supermarine Seagull III aircraft. However, the catapult was not installed until April 1936. Before this, the Seagull amphibian was lowered into the water by the recovery crane. Armour aboard Canberra was limited to a deck over the machinery spaces and magazines. Armour plate was fitted to the turrets and the conning tower. In 1924, the Australian government ordered two Kent-class cruisers to replace the light cruisers Sydney and Melbourne
HMAS Canberra (D33)
–
Canberra at Kings Wharf, Wellington, New Zealand, ca. 1930s
HMAS Canberra (D33)
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Canberra 's forward 8-inch gun turrets (designated "A" and "B")
HMAS Canberra (D33)
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Canberra entering Sydney Harbour on 6 August 1936. The cruiser is carrying
Admiral Sir Murray Anderson, who was to be invested as
Governor of New South Wales.
HMAS Canberra (D33)
–
Canberra under way off
Tulagi during the landings on 7–8 August 1942. Three transports are among the ships visible in the distance, with Tulagi and the
Nggela Islands beyond.
21.
Ghana
–
Ghana, officially the Republic of Ghana, is a unitary presidential constitutional democracy, located along the Gulf of Guinea and Atlantic Ocean, in the subregion of West Africa. Spanning a land mass of 238,535 km², Ghana is bordered by the Ivory Coast in the west, Burkina Faso in the north, Togo in the east, Ghana means Warrior King in the Soninke language. The territory of present-day Ghana has been inhabited for a millennium, numerous kingdoms and empires emerged over the centuries, of which the most powerful was the Kingdom of Ashanti. Beginning in the 15th century, numerous European powers contested the area for trading rights, following over a century of native resistance, Ghanas current borders were established by the 1900s as the British Gold Coast. On 6 March 1957, it became the first sub-Saharan African nation to become independent of European colonisation, a multicultural nation, Ghana has a population of approximately 27 million, spanning a variety of ethnic, linguistic and religious groups. Five percent of the population practices traditional faiths,71. 2% adhere to Christianity and 17. 6% are Muslim and its diverse geography and ecology ranges from coastal savannahs to tropical jungles. Ghana is a country led by a president who is both head of state and head of the government. Ghanas economy is one of the strongest and most diversified in Africa, following a century of relative stability. Ghanas growing economic prosperity and democratic political system have made it a power in West Africa. It is a member of the Non-Aligned Movement, the African Union, the Economic Community of West African States, Group of 24, Ghana was already recognized as one of the great kingdoms in Bilad el-Sudan by the ninth century. Ghana was inhabited in the Middle Ages and the Age of Discovery by a number of ancient predominantly Akan kingdoms in the Southern and this included the Ashanti Empire, the Akwamu, the Bonoman, the Denkyira, and the Mankessim Kingdom. Until the 11th century, the majority of modern Ghanas territorial area was unoccupied and uninhabited by humans. Although the area of present-day Ghana in West Africa has experienced many population movements, by the early 11th century, the Akans were firmly established in the Akan state called Bonoman, for which the Brong-Ahafo Region is named. From the 13th century, Akans emerged from what is believed to have been the Bonoman area, to create several Akan states of Ghana and these states included Bonoman, Ashanti, Denkyira, Mankessim Kingdom, and Akwamu Eastern region. By the 19th century, the territory of the part of Ghana was included in the Kingdom of Ashanti. The Kingdom of Ashanti government operated first as a loose network, prior to Akan contact with Europeans, the Akan Ashanti people created an advanced economy based on principally gold and gold bar commodities then traded with the states of Africa. The earliest known kingdoms to emerge in modern Ghana were the Mole-Dagbani states, the Mole-Dagombas came on horseback from present-day Burkina Faso under a single leader, Naa Gbewaa. The death of Naa Gbewaa caused civil war among his children, some of whom broke off and founded separate states including Dagbon, Mamprugu, Mossi, Nanumba, Akan trade with European states began after contact with Portuguese in the 15th century
Ghana
–
1925 map of pre–existing Ghana
Ghana
Ghana
–
16th – 17th century
Akan Terracotta,
Metropolitan Museum of Art
Ghana
–
A 1850 map showing the
Akan Kingdom of Ashanti within the
Guinea region and surrounding regions in West Africa.
22.
Cape of Good Hope
–
The Cape of Good Hope is a rocky headland on the Atlantic coast of the Cape Peninsula, South Africa. In fact, the southernmost point of Africa is Cape Agulhas, when following the western side of the African coastline from the equator, however, the Cape of Good Hope marks the point where a ship begins to travel more eastward than southward. Thus, the first modern rounding of the cape in 1488 by Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias was a milestone in the attempts by the Portuguese to establish trade relations with the Far East. Dias called the cape Cabo das Tormentas, which was the name of the Cape of Good Hope. As one of the capes of the South Atlantic Ocean. It is a waypoint on the Cape Route and the route followed by clipper ships to the Far East and Australia. The term Cape of Good Hope is also used in three ways, It is a section of the Table Mountain National Park, within which the cape of the same name, as well as Cape Point. Prior to its incorporation into the park, this section constituted the Cape Point Nature Reserve. It was the name of the early Cape Colony established by the Dutch in 1652, just before the Union of South Africa was formed, the term referred to the entire region that in 1910 was to become the Cape of Good Hope Province. When Eudoxus was returning from his voyage to India the wind forced him south of the Gulf of Aden. Somewhere along the coast of East Africa, he found the remains of the ship, due to its appearance and the story told by the natives, Eudoxus concluded that the ship was from Gades and had sailed anti-clockwise around Africa, passing the Cape and entering the Indian Ocean. This inspired him to repeat the voyage and attempt a circumnavigation of the continent, organising the expedition on his own account he set sail from Gades and began to work down the African coast. The difficulties were too great, however, and he was obliged to return to Europe, after this failure he again set out to circumnavigate Africa. Although some, such as Pliny, claimed that Eudoxus did achieve his goal, in the 1450 Fra Mauro map, the Indian Ocean is depicted as connected to the Atlantic. It sailed for 40 days in a south-westerly direction without ever finding anything other than wind and water. According to these people themselves, the ship went some 2,000 miles ahead until - once favourable conditions came to an end - it turned round and sailed back to Cape Diab in 70 days. The ships called junks that navigate these seas carry four masts or more, some of which can be raised or lowered, and have 40 to 60 cabins for the merchants and only one tiller. They can navigate without a compass, because they have an astrologer, thus one can believe and confirm what is said by both these and those, and that they had therefore sailed 4,000 miles
Cape of Good Hope
–
The Cape of Good Hope; looking towards the west, from the coastal cliffs above Cape Point, overlooking Dias beach
Cape of Good Hope
–
Map showing the
Cape Peninsula, illustrating the position of the Cape of Good Hope. The main mountains and their peaks, including
Table Mountain, and its relation to the City of
Cape Town are shown.
Cape of Good Hope
–
Reproduction of the Cross of
Vasco da Gama at the Cape of Good Hope.
Cape of Good Hope
–
Sign at the Cape of Good Hope
23.
HMS Trump
–
HMS Trump was a British submarine of the third group of the T class. She was built by Vickers Armstrong, Barrow, and launched on 25 March 1944, so far she has been the only ship of the Royal Navy to bear the name Trump. She spent the majority of her attached to the 4th Submarine division based in Australia. She was kept in following the war and was refitted for greater underwater performance. She was sold off and broken up for scrap in August 1971, HMS Trump was one of the group three of T class submarines. She was part of the batch of the third group to be ordered. She was one of a number of boats which had a hull which increased diving depth to 350 feet. Because of expected use in tropical climates, boats of three were equipped with freon blowers in order to deal with the increased temperatures. Trump was commissioned in July 1944, after trials and a work-up in the North Sea in mid-October she was sent to Perth in Western Australia. On arrival, she joined the 4th Submarine division, supported by the depot ship HMS Adamant, from Perth, Trump carried out four patrols before the end of the war. During her Far East service, Trump sank the Japanese guardboat No.15 Shosei Maru on 13 May, a Japanese sailing vessel on 24 May, and two coasters, one on 29 May and the other on 1 June. She sank a tanker on 5 June and together with her sister HMS Tiptoe, also with Tiptoe, Trump carried out an attack on a convoy on 3 August. Although the it was escorted by a Japanese patrol boat, they successfully sank Tencho Maru, Trump survived the war and continued in service with the Royal Navy. Trump was one of several all-welded T-Class submarines rebuilt for greater underwater performance and this Slippery T or Super T conversion involved the removal of the deck gun and the replacement of the conning tower with a streamlined fin. The diesel engines were modified and supercharged with output increased by 300 BHP, the gun armaments and external torpedo tubes were removed, and the bow reshaped. Trump was one of two submarines, the other being HMS Tabard, which had the bridge incorporated into the added fin section, in 1960, Trump, along with Taciturn and Tabard, rejoined the 4th Submarine Flotilla at Sydney, Australia. There, they operated with units of the Far East Fleet, the Royal Australian Navy, in June 1964, she participated in the NEWS EX anti-submarine exercise in the Hauraki Gulf off the coast of New Zealand. Trump underwent refits at Cockatoo Dockyard, between January 1962 and April 1963, and again between August 1965 and October 1966
HMS Trump
–
HMS Trump
HMS Trump
–
Badge:
24.
SEATO
–
The formal institution of SEATO was established on 19 February 1955 at a meeting of treaty partners in Bangkok, Thailand The organizations headquarters were also in Bangkok. SEATO was dissolved on 30 June 1977 after many members lost interest and these treaties and agreements were intended to create alliances that would contain communist powers. This policy was considered to have largely developed by American diplomat. The organization, headquartered in Bangkok, was created in 1955 at the first meeting of the Council of Ministers set up by the treaty, also present were committees for economics, security, and information. Unlike the NATO alliance, SEATO had no joint commands with standing forces. S. military intervention in the region during the Vietnam War, despite its name, SEATO mostly included countries located outside of the region but with an interest either in the region or the organization itself. They were Australia, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the Philippines, Thailand, the United Kingdom, the Philippines and Thailand were the only Southeast Asian countries that actually participated in the organization. Both shared close ties with the United States, particularly the Philippines, Thailand became a member upon the discovery of the newly founded Thai Autonomous Region in Yunnan - apparently feeling threatened by potential Chinese communist subversion on its land. Other regional countries like Burma and Indonesia were far more minded with domestic internal stability rather than concern of communist threat, malaya also chose to not participate formally, though it was kept updated with key developments due to its close relationship with the United Kingdom. S. Cambodia, however rejected the protection in 1956, the majority of SEATO members were not located in Southeast Asia. To Australia and New Zealand, SEATO was seen as a more satisfying organization than ANZUS – a collective defense organization with the U. S. Great Britain and France joined partly due to having long maintained colonies in the region, Pakistan, however, was simply interested in joining over the appeal of potential support for its long struggle against India. Last but not least, the U. S. upon perceiving Southeast Asia to be a frontier for Cold War geopolitics saw the establishment of SEATO as essential to its Cold War containment policy. All in all, the membership reflected a mid-1950s combination of anti-communist Western nations, the United Kingdom, France and the United States, the latter of which joined after the U. S. Senate ratified the treaty by an 82–1 vote, represented the strongest Western powers. Canada also considered joining, but decided against it in order to concentrate on its NATO responsibilities, secretaries-General of SEATO, After its creation, SEATO quickly became insignificant militarily, as most of its member nations contributed very little to the alliance. While SEATO military forces held joint military training, they were never employed because of internal disagreements, SEATO was unable to intervene in conflicts in Laos because France and Britain rejected use of military action. As a result, the U. S. provided unilateral support for Laos after 1962, though sought by the U. S. involvement of SEATO in the Vietnam War was denied because of lack of British and French cooperation. Both the United States and Australia cited the alliance as justification for involvement in Vietnam, American membership in SEATO provided the United States with a rationale for a large-scale U. S. military intervention in Southeast Asia. Other countries, such as Great Britain and key nations in Asia, in 1962, as part of its commitment to SEATO, the Royal Australian Air Force deployed CAC Sabres of its No.79 Squadron to Ubon Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand
SEATO
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The leaders of some of the SEATO nations in front of the
Congress Building in
Manila, hosted by Philippine President
Ferdinand Marcos on 24 October 1966
SEATO
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SEATO's flag
SEATO
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Australian No. 79 Squadron Sabres at Ubon Royal Thai Air Force Base in Thailand, deployed as part of Australia's commitment to SEATO
SEATO
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A
U.S. Postage Stamp for SEATO
25.
Middleton Reef
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Middleton Reef 29°27′28″S 159°7′7″E is a coral reef in the Tasman Sea. It is separated by a deep oceanic pass some 45 km wide from nearby Chan Reef and it is around 220 km from Lord Howe Island and 555 km from the coast of New South Wales. In 1997 the Environment, Sport and Territories Legislation Amendment Bill 1996 included the reef in Australias Coral Sea Islands Territory and it is among the southernmost platform reefs in the world. Despite its relatively high latitude, there is a variety of flora and fauna on the reef and in the surrounding waters, due to converging tropical. It is about 8.9 km long by 6.3 km wide, at low tide most of the reef flat is exposed, at high tide only one cay is visible, The Sound,100 m by 70 m and one metre above sea level. The reefs form the Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs Marine National Park Reserve managed by the Government of Australia under the Natural Heritage Trust, surveys by the Australian Institute of Marine Science have highlighted healthy numbers of black cod Epinephelus daemelii, a threatened species in NSW waters. The survey in 2003 highlighted 111 species of coral and identified 181 species of fish, the number of recorded fish species is 311 across several surveys. High numbers of Galapagos sharks Carcharhinus galapagensis were observed at Elizabeth Reef, Sea cucumber, Holothuria whitmaei, were also found in high numbers at Elizabeth Reef. While the 2003 survey found only small numbers of crown-of-thorns starfish, along with Elizabeth Reef, the reef has been the site of numerous shipwrecks. Britannia is listed for both Elizabeth and Middleton Reefs, the yacht Sospan Fach was wrecked on Middleton Reef in 1974 and its crew of five were rescued after being stranded for six weeks. Elizabeth Reef Lord Howe Seamount Chain The Uncertainties of Middleton and Elizabeth Reefs
Middleton Reef
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Middleton Reef image from NASA Millennium Coral Reef Mapping Project
26.
Paid off
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Ship commissioning is the act or ceremony of placing a ship in active service, and may be regarded as a particular application of the general concepts and practices of project commissioning. The term is most commonly applied to the placing of a warship in active duty with its countrys military forces, the ceremonies involved are often rooted in centuries old naval tradition. Ship naming and launching endow a ship hull with her identity, the engineering plant, weapon and electronic systems, galley, and multitudinous other equipment required to transform the new hull into an operating and habitable warship are installed and tested. The prospective commanding officer, ships officers, the petty officers, prior to commissioning, the new ship undergoes sea trials to identify any deficiencies needing correction. USS Monitor, of American Civil War fame, was commissioned less than three weeks after launch, regardless of the type of ship in question, a vessels journey towards commissioning in its nations navy begins with process known as sea trials. Sea trials begin when the ship in question is floated out of its dry dock, after a ship has successfully cleared its sea trial period, it will officially be accepted into service with its nations navy. At this point, the ship in question will undergo a process of degaussing and/or deperming, once a ships sea trials are successfully completed plans for the actual commissioning ceremony will take shape. If the ships ceremony is an affair the Captain may make a speech to the audience. Religious ceremonies, such as blessing the ship or the singing of hymns or songs. Once a ship has been commissioned its final step toward becoming a unit of the navy it now serves is to report to its home port. To decommission a ship is to terminate its career in service in the forces of a nation. Decommissioning of the vessel may also occur due to treaty agreements or for safety reasons, vessels preserved in this manner typically do not relinquish their names to other, more modern ships that may be in the design, planning, or construction phase of the parent nations navy. Prior to its decommissioning, the ship in question will begin the process of decommissioning by going through a preliminary step called inactivation or deactivation. The removed material from a ship usually ends up either rotating to another ship in the class with similar weapons and/or capabilities, or in storage pending a decision on equipments fate. During this time a crew may be thinned out via transfers. When a ship finishes its inactivation, it is then formally decommissioned, often, but not always, ships that are decommissioned end up spending the next few years in a reserve fleet before their ultimate fate is decided. Commissioning in the early United States Navy under sail was attended by no ceremony, thus, the ship was placed in commission. Commissionings were not public affairs, and unlike christening-and-launching ceremonies, were not recorded by newspapers, the first specific reference to commissioning located in naval records is a letter of November 6,1863, from Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles to all navy yards and stations
Paid off
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In 1999 the French carrier Charles De Gaulle began her sea trial phase, which identified the need for the flight deck to be extended for the safe operation of the E2C Hawkeye.
Paid off
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Hundreds attend the commissioning ceremony for the nuclear-powered
aircraft carrier USS Ronald Reagan.
Nancy Reagan, wife of the ship's namesake, gave the ship's crew its traditional first order as an active unit of the Navy: "Man the ship and bring her to life."
Paid off
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USS Liberty (AGTR-5) was attacked by the
Israeli Defense Forces in 1967, which left her damaged beyond economical repair.
Paid off
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Crew members and guest salute as the colors are paraded at the decommissioning ceremony of the salvage and rescue ship
Grasp.
27.
Victoria Cross
–
The Victoria Cross is the highest award of the United Kingdom honours system. It is awarded for gallantry in the face of the enemy to members of the British armed forces and it was previously awarded to Commonwealth countries, most of which have established their own honours systems and no longer recommend British honours. It may be awarded to a person of any rank in any service. Since the first awards were presented by Queen Victoria in 1857 and these investitures are usually held at Buckingham Palace. The VC was introduced on 29 January 1856 by Queen Victoria to honour acts of valour during the Crimean War, since then, the medal has been awarded 1,358 times to 1,355 individual recipients. Only 15 medals,11 to members of the British Army, the traditional explanation of the source of the metal from which the medals are struck is that it derives from Russian cannon captured at the Siege of Sevastopol. Some research has suggested a variety of origins for the material, research has established that the metal for most of the medals made since December 1914 came from two Chinese cannons that were captured from the Russians in 1855. Owing to its rarity, the VC is highly prized and the medal has fetched over £400,000 at auction, a number of public and private collections are devoted to the Victoria Cross. The private collection of Lord Ashcroft, amassed since 1986, contains over one-tenth of all VCs awarded, following a 2008 donation to the Imperial War Museum, the Ashcroft collection went on public display alongside the museums Victoria and George Cross collection in November 2010. These are unique awards of honours system, recommended, assessed, gazetted and presented by each country. In 1854, after 39 years of peace, Britain found itself fighting a war against Russia. The Crimean War was one of the first wars with modern reporting, before the Crimean War, there was no official standardised system for recognition of gallantry within the British armed forces. This structure was limited, in practice awards of the Order of the Bath were confined to officers of field rank. Brevet promotions or Mentions in Despatches were largely confined to those who were under the notice of the commanders in the field. Other European countries had awards that did not discriminate against class or rank, France awarded the Légion dhonneur and The Netherlands gave the Order of William. There was a feeling among the public and in the Royal Court that a new award was needed to recognise incidents of gallantry that were unconnected with a mans lengthy or meritorious service. Queen Victoria issued a Warrant under the Royal sign-manual on 29 January 1856 that officially constituted the VC, the order was backdated to 1854 to recognise acts of valour during the Crimean War. Queen Victoria had instructed the War Office to strike a new medal that would not recognise birth or class, the medal was meant to be a simple decoration that would be highly prized and eagerly sought after by those in the military services
Victoria Cross
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The front and back of
Edward Holland 's VC.
Victoria Cross
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Obverse of the cross. Ribbon: 1½" (38 mm), crimson (blue ribbon for naval awards 1856–1918).
Victoria Cross
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The obverse of
William Johnstone's VC showing the dark blue ribbon for pre-1918 awards to naval personnel.
Victoria Cross
–
Victoria Cross as it appears on
Commonwealth War Graves Commission headstones.
28.
Norman Douglas Holbrook
–
Commander Norman Douglas Holbrook VC was a British naval recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest award of the British honours system. Holbrook was the first submariner to be awarded the VC and it was the first naval VC gazetted in the First World War, Holbrook was born 9 July 1888 in Southsea, Hampshire. He was educated privately and at Portsmouth Grammar School, in 1903, he enrolled in the officer training establishment Britannia Royal Naval College and was appointed midshipman on 9 January 1905. He joined the submarine depot ship HMS Bonaventure on 4 April 1911, served in submarines HMS F3, HMS V4 and he was in command of the submarine HMS B11, an old and obsolete craft built in 1905. In spite of being attacked by gunfire and torpedo boats, Holbrook succeeded in bringing the B11 back to the Mediterranean, Holbrook later achieved the rank of Commander. Holbrook died on 3 July 1976 at Midhurst, Sussex and he was buried at St James Old Churchyard, Stedham, West Sussex. He is probably the only VC recipient to have a town and he subsequently visited the town on three occasions. His widow, Mrs. Gundula Holbrook, donated his medal to the Council of the Shire of Holbrook in 1982, in 1995 she made a substantial donation towards the establishment of a submariners memorial in the town, and in 1997 visited the town to unveil it. A bronze statue of Holbrook stands in Germanton Park, Holbrook, holbrooks medal was donated to the Council of the Shire of Holbrook, New South Wales in 1982. It subsequently passed to Greater Hume Shire Council upon the amalgamation of several Riverina shires in May 2004, holbrook’s medal group, including his Victoria Cross, went on display at the Australian War Memorial on 11 December 2009. His medals are on loan from the Greater Hume Shire Council, a replica may be seen at the Submarine Museum, Holbrook. Holbrook Road in Portsmouth is named after him, Holbrook, New South Wales Monuments to Courage The Register of the Victoria Cross VCs of the First World War -1914 VCs of the First World War - The Naval VCs Naval Correspondent. Commander N. D. Holbrook, VC A celebrated naval exploit, Holbrook and Submarines - The Connection - online version of booklet published by The Submarine Museum on Holbrook and his act of gallantry. Includes list of members and copious other information
Norman Douglas Holbrook
–
Norman Douglas Holbrook
Norman Douglas Holbrook
–
A scale model of the B11 in Holbrook
29.
Ship breaking
–
It may also be known as ship dismantling, ship cracking, or ship recycling. Modern ships have a lifespan of 25 to 30 years before corrosion, metal fatigue, ship breaking allows the materials from the ship, especially steel, to be recycled and made into new products. This lowers the demand for mined iron ore and reduces energy use in the steelmaking process, equipment on board the vessel can also be reused. While ship breaking is sustainable, there are concerns about the use of poorer countries without stringent environmental legislation and it is also considered one of the worlds most dangerous industries and very labour-intensive. In 2012, roughly 1,250 ocean ships were broken down, in 2013, the world total of demolished ships amounted to 29,052,000 tonnes, 92% of which were demolished in Asia. The largest sources of ships are states of China, Greece and Germany respectively, the ship breaking yards of India, Bangladesh, China and Pakistan employ 100,000 workers as well as providing a large amount of indirect jobs. In India, the steel covers 10% of the countrys needs. As an alternative to breaking, ships may be sunk to create artificial reefs after being cleared of hazardous materials. Storage is a viable option, whether on land or afloat, though all ships will be eventually scrapped, sunk. Wooden-hulled ships were set on fire or conveniently sunk. In Tudor times, ships were dismantled and the timber re-used. This procedure was no longer applicable with the advent of metal-hulled boats, the navy vessel HMS Temeraire had her masts, stores and guns removed and her crew paid off. She was sold by Dutch auction on 16 August 1838 to John Beatson, Beatson was then faced with the task of transporting the ship 55 miles from Sheerness to Rotherhithe, the largest ship to have attempted this voyage. To accomplish this he hired two steam tugs from the Thames Steam Towing Company and employed a Rotherhithe pilot named William Scott and twenty five men to sail her up the Thames, at a cost of £58. The shipbreakers undertook a thorough dismantling, removing all the copper sheathing, rudder pintles and gudgeons, copper bolts, nails, the timber was mostly sold to house builders and shipyard owners, though some was retained for working into specialist commemorative furniture. The ships final voyage was immortalised by William Turners painting The Fighting ‘Temeraire’, in 1880, Denny Brothers of Dumbarton used scrap maritime steel in their shipbuilding. Many other nations began to purchase British ships for scrap by the late 19th century, including Germany, Italy, the Italian industry started in 1892, and the Japanese after an 1896 law had been passed to subsidise native shipbuilding. After being damaged or involved in a disaster, liner operators did not want the name of the ship to tarnish the brand of their passenger services
Ship breaking
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Workers drag steel plate ashore from beached ships in
Chittagong, Bangladesh
Ship breaking
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Dismantling of
Redoutable in Toulon, 1912
Ship breaking
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An aerial view of Chittagong, Bangladesh
Ship breaking
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Gas cutting in Chittagong, Bangladesh
30.
Hume Highway
–
Upgrading of the route from Sydneys outskirts to Melbournes outskirts to dual carriageway was completed on 7 August 2013. It is part of the Auslink National Network and is a link for road freight to transport goods to. The main alternative route between Sydney and Melbourne is the Princes Highway/Princes Freeway/Princes Motorway route which follows the coast for most of its length. In New South Wales during 2013, the National Highway shield, National Highway 31, was replaced with an alphanumeric route number. This re-numbering for the first time in over 20 years created one continuously signed route along the Hume Highway, during 2013, the route between Berrima and Prestons was also renamed the Hume Motorway. The coast of New South Wales from the Queensland border to the Victorian border is separated from the inland by an escarpment, there are few easy routes up this escarpment. To climb from the coast to the tablelands the Hume Highway uses the Bargo Ramp, in the first twenty years of European settlement at Sydney, exploration southwest of Sydney was slow. This area was wooded at the time, especially the Bargo brush. In 1798 explorers reached the Moss Vale and Marulan districts, in 1804, Charles Throsby penetrated through the Bargo brush to the country on the tablelands near Moss Vale and Sutton Forest. On another expedition in 1818, he reached Lake Bathurst and the Goulburn Plains, many of the early explorers would most likely have used aboriginal guides, but they do not appear to have given them credit. The present route of the Hume Highway is much the same as used by the pioneers. This country consists generally of a sloping plateau which is deeply dissected by the Nepean River. The route of the Highway, by using four high-level bridges to cross these gorges, avoids the Razorback Range, and has minimal earthworks. The climb from the side of the Nepean River at Menangle up to Mittagong is fairly sustained. The Great South Road was rebuilt and completely re-routed between Yanderra and Goulburn by Surveyor-General Thomas Mitchell in 1833. The Main Roads Management Act of June 1858 declared the Great Southern Road, from near Sydney through Goulburn and Gundagai to Albury, however, its southern reaches were described as only a scarcely formed bullock track as late as 1858. The road was improved in the mid-1860s with some sections near Gundagai metalled, mitchells route, except for the bypasses at Mittagong, Berrima and Marulan is still largely followed by the current highway. Mitchell intended to straighten the route north of Yanderra, but was not granted funding, in 1914 the NSW section of the highway was declared a main road
Hume Highway
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Towrang bridge of 1839
Hume Highway
–
Hume Highway Hume Freeway / Hume Motorway
New South Wales –
Victoria
Hume Highway
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A passable section of "Sydney Road" in the shire of
Benalla, 1914.
Hume Highway
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The Hume Highway as it passed through
Holbrook, the final town on the highway to be bypassed
Australia
Media related to HMAS Otway (S 59) at Wikimedia Commons
