1.
Halfpenny (Australian)
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The Australian Halfpenny was a coin used in the Commonwealth of Australia prior to decimalisation. The coin was first minted in 1911 and minting ceased in 1964, excluding 1937, when the Australian currency was decimalised on 14 February 1966 the coin was equal to 5⁄12¢. Counting the known mintages of proofs, a total of 422,882,890 coins of the denomination were minted during its existence,2006 Standard Catalog of World Coins. Online Coin Club / Coins from Australia / Coin Type, Halfpenny Australian Half Pennies Australia halfpennies 1942 Long reverse denticles variety
2.
Scottish coinage
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From c.1124 until 1709 the coinage of Scotland was unique, and minted locally. A wide variety of coins, such as the plack, bodle, bawbee, dollar, for trading purposes of Northumbria and various other places had been used before that time, and since 1709 those of the Kingdom of Great Britain, and then of the UK. The earliest coins in Scotland were introduced by the Roman provinces of Britain that were obtained from trade with the westernmost outpost of the Roman Empire. Far from being isolated, the Celts of Caledonia, north of Hadrians Wall, developed trade to the benefit of the population. Roman coins appear over a range across the country, especially sites near the Antonine Wall. Hadrians Wall was also regarded as a means to regulate social traffic and trade north, Civil settlements arose along south of the wall with shops and taverns that facilitated trade between the Empire and free north. Other sites include coins from North Uist dating to the 4th century until recently was though to be beyond the sphere of trade routes. Other native sites include the Fairy Knowe broch Buchlyvie, and the broch, some sites include substantial silver treasure hoards most likely buried or abandoned in either Roman or native pots. Payments to chieftains are recorded in four areas, Edinburgh, Fife, Aberdeen and this may indicate such discoveries were deposited as votive offerings. Examples including coinage of Constantine II with over 20 such hoards found throughout Scotland, rare examples include a base silver coin of Ptolemy XIII of Egypt, 80–51 BC In AD410, trade ceased as the Roman Empire withdrew from the island of Albion. As the Roman Empire retreated from Britain, various kingdoms sprouted up to the south of Scotland, one of these, Northumbria, soon expanded into the north as far as the Kingdom of Strathclyde. Thus, it controlled the southern parts of what is now Scotland, and this coin was issued from 837–854. The first king of Scots to produce his own coinage was David I, in 1136 he captured Carlisle, including its English mint and nearby silver mines from Stephen, King of England. He struck silver pennies, which were similar to those Stephen struck for England, at Carlisle, Edinburgh, St. Andrews, Roxburgh and Berwick. For the next two centuries, the use of a profile, as opposed to the facing portrait, was about all that distinguished Scottish coins from their English counterparts. In particular, the types of Scottish coins followed the English Tealby, short cross. Moreover, Scottish coins followed English weight standards, allowing the two coinages to circulate alongside one another, David II of Scotland ended the parity between Scottish and English coins, resulting in an English proclamation banning the lower quality Scottish coins from their country in 1356. Robert III of Scotland continued to devalue Scottish coins, making them worth one-half of their English counterparts by 1392
3.
Half cent (United States coin)
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The half cent is the smallest denomination of United States coin ever minted. It was first minted in 1792 and last minted in 1857 and it was minted in five different appearances. First authorized by the Coinage Act of 1792 on April 2,1792, the half-cent piece was made of 100% copper and was valued at five milles, or one two-hundredth of a dollar. It was slightly smaller than a modern U. S. quarter with diameters 22 mm,23.5 mm and 23 mm. Coinage was discontinued by the Coinage Act of February 21,1857 and they were all produced at the Philadelphia Mint. At the time of their discontinuation, the cent had more buying power than a dime in 2000. Based on the Consumer Price Index, the 2016 value is 14¢, on the 1793 coin and a variety of the 1797 coin, it was lettered TWO HUNDRED FOR A DOLLAR and another 1797 variety had a gripped, or milled, edge. Braided Hair 1840 through 1849 were proof-only issues,1849 -39,8641850 -39,8121851 -147,6721852 - proof only. 1853 -129,6941854 -55,3581855 -56,5001856 -40,4301857 -35,180 Penny, histories, photos, mintages, mints, metal contents, edge designs, designers, and more. Half Cent Pictures This half cent was the first coin donated to the American Numismatic Society The Half Cent Die State Book 1793-1857 by Ronald P. Manley, American Half Cents - The Little Half Sisters by Roger S. Cohen, Jr.1982. Walter Breens Encyclopedia of United States Half Cents 1793-1857 by Walter Breen,1983
4.
New Zealand pound
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The pound was the currency of New Zealand from 1840 until 1967, when it was replaced by the New Zealand dollar. Like the British pound, it was subdivided into 20 shillings each of 12 pence, as a result of the great depression of the early 1930s, the New Zealand agricultural export market to the UK was badly affected. The Australian banks, which controlled the New Zealand exchanges with London, by 1933, the New Zealand pound had fallen to a value of only 16 shillings sterling. In 1948 however, it was again restored to its original sterling value. In 1967, New Zealand decimalised its currency, replacing the pound with the dollar at a rate of $2 = £1. In November of that year, the pound sterling devalued, for a more general view of history in the wider region, see History of pound sterling in Oceania. Initially, British and Australian coins circulated in New Zealand, in 1940, bronze ½d and 1d coins were introduced. All these denominations were the size and weight as their equivalents in the Australian. When the UK introduced the nickel-brass twelve sided threepenny bit, New Zealand continued to use the silver coin until decimalisation in 1967. They were demonetised on 31 October 2006, when the 5c coin, commemorative crowns were minted in 1935,1949, and 1953 for the Treaty of Waitangi, a royal visit, and the coronation of Queen Elizabeth II, respectively. Until 1934, private trading banks issued notes, the first bank notes were issued in New Zealand in 1840 by the New Zealand Banking Company at Russell followed a few months later by the Union Bank of Australia in Wellington. Public distrust of these soon led to their redemption with Union Bank notes. The discovery of gold in 1861 encouraged competing banks into New Zealand leading to a variety of note issue, by 1924, public demand for convenience in usage led to the six remaining issuing banks agreeing a Uniform standard size and colour for each denomination. When the Reserve Bank of New Zealand was established on 1 August 1934 by the Reserve Bank of New Zealand Act 1933 and this government agency introduced notes for 10s, £1, £5 and £50. In 1940, £10 notes were added, only two series of £1 notes were printed. The first featured the portrait of Matutaera Te Pukepuke Te Paue Te Karato Te-a-Pōtatau Tāwhiao, Coins and uncancelled notes issued by the six private trading banks operating in 1934 as well as the Reserve Bank of New Zealand are still redeemable at the RBNZ offices in Wellington. The RBNZ has an obligation to redeem private bank notes, under the 1933 Reserve Bank Act the privately held gold was confiscated and paid for in RBNZ banknotes. In all cases, the value to collectors is now far higher than its face value, due to its rarity
5.
Ha'penny Bridge
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The Hapenny Bridge, known later for a time as the Penny Hapenny Bridge, and officially the Liffey Bridge, is a pedestrian bridge built in May 1816 over the River Liffey in Dublin, Ireland. Made of cast iron, the bridge was cast at Coalbrookdale in Shropshire, originally called the Wellington Bridge, the name of the bridge changed to Liffey Bridge. The Liffey Bridge remains the official name to this day. Before the Hapenny Bridge was built there were seven ferries, operated by a William Walsh, the ferries were in a bad condition and Walsh was informed that he had to either fix them or build a bridge. Walsh chose the option and was granted the right to extract a hapenny toll from anyone crossing it for 100 years. Initially the toll charge was based not on the cost of construction, but to match the charges levied by the ferries it replaced. A further condition of construction was that, if the citizens of Dublin found the bridge and toll to be objectionable within its first year of operation, the toll was increased for a time to a penny-hapenny, but was eventually dropped in 1919. While the toll was in operation, there were turnstiles at either end of the bridge, the design and erection was supervised by John Windsor, one of the companys foremen and a pattern-maker. In 2001 the number of pedestrians using the bridge on a daily basis was 27,000 and, given these traffic levels, the bridge was closed for repair and renovations during 2001 and was reopened in December 2001, sporting its original white colour. The structure was rebuilt to retain many of its old components, although, controversially, the repair work was carried out by Harland and Wolff. In 2012, citing a maintenance and damage risk, Dublin City Council removed a number of locks from the Hapenny Bridge and nearby Millennium Bridge. In 2013 the council removed over 300 kg of locks from the bridge, Hapenny Bridge entry on Dublin City Councils Bridges of Dublin web site
6.
Shove ha'penny
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Shove hapenny, also known in ancestral form as shoffe-grote, slype groat, and slide-thrift, is a pub game in the shuffleboard family, played predominantly in the United Kingdom. Two players or teams compete against one another using coins or discs on a tabletop board, Shove hapenny is played on a small, rectangular, smooth board usually made of wood or stone. A number of lines or grooves run horizontally across this board. The spaces between the lines are called the beds, in the humorously opinionated book The Shove Hapenny Board Displayed, author Trelawney Dayrell-Reed asserts that the best boards are made of unvarnished walnut or mahogany. The five-coin turns are alternate, and the coins are cleared between turns so there is no nudging of opponents coins, sometimes teams compete, playing in sequence, but scoring is as for single players. Experienced players conclude that merely placing the coins between the lines is too easy so that to score they must be placed almost exactly in the center of the bed. An exact placement by a single shove, rather than by nudging into position by subsequent shots, is called a flopper and will command applause, in competition games a scoring placement is judged by a referee. In times past considerable sums could be wagered on games of shove hapenny and this is particularly common in the case of the Dorset long board, making it difficult even for a shove hapenny enthusiast to ascertain how many pubs still have this archaic board. The Dorset long board is a different game, employing a much larger board. This board can be viewed in a British Pathe newsreel Tippit, in the following month Lord Rocheford won £41, 12s. Off the King at the same pastime, a player shoves five coins or metal discs up the board in each turn. To prepare each coin to be pushed, the positions the coin at the front of the board with the rear of the coin just sticking over the edge of the board. Any part of the hand can then be used to strike the coin, if a coin does not actually reach the first line on the board, that coin does not count as having been played and can be shoved again. At the end of the turn each coin that is completely within a bed scores a point for that player in that bed. The points are scored with chalk marks in the squares at either end of the bed on the edge of the board, one player owning the right side, the other, the left. The aim is to get three chalk marks in each of the squares - three scores in each of the nine beds. However, once three scores have been made in a bed, any further scores in that bed will be given to the opponent instead, the one exception to this is the winning point which must be scored properly by the winning player, not given away. Players will attempt to cause a coin to knock one or more previously pushed hapennies in an effort to improve their position as well as trying to make a score with the hapenny being played
7.
Halfpenny (Irish pre-decimal coin)
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The halfpenny coin was the second smallest denomination of the pre-decimal Irish pound, worth 1⁄480 of a pound or 1⁄24 of a shilling. First issued in 1928 it ceased to be legal tender on 1 August 1969, the coin measured 1.005 inches in diameter and weighed 5.66990 grams. The bronze coin was made up of 95. 5% copper and this was identical to the British halfpenny as both countries pounds were pegged until 1979. The reverse design was by Percy Metcalfe, an English artist, the artist was given the choice of a boar, a sow or a ram, and the sow was chosen. The obverse featured the Irish harp, from 1928 to 1937 the date was split either side of the harp with the name Saorstát Éireann circling around. From 1938 to 1969 the inscription changed to Éire on the left of the harp, st Patrick halfpenny £sd Coinage Act,1926 Coinage Order,1928 Coinage Order,1969 Irish Coinage website - catalogue - halfpenny
8.
Ha'penny (novel)
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Hapenny is an alternate history novel written by Jo Walton and published by Tor Books in October,2007. It is the novel of the Small Change series. The book is a thriller set inside an alternate history in which the United Kingdom made peace with Adolf Hitler in 1941. Its 1949 and Britain has slid into fascist dictatorship, when a bomb explodes in a London suburb, Scotland Yard Inspector Peter Carmichael is assigned to the case. He finds a web of conspiracy and a plot to murder both Britains new Prime Minister and Adolf Hitler, during the latters Friendship visit to London. Carmichaels professional ethics became compromised during a case involving the aristocratic and political establishment. Life is also complicated for Viola Lark, who abandoned the upper class environment of her family, Viola is given the role of a lifetime and hard decisions to make, as she becomes caught up in family politics. The first Small Change novel, Farthing, was released in August 2006 by Tor Books, a third novel in the series, Half a Crown, came out in September 2008, also from Tor. The Los Angeles Times named Hapenny one of their ten Favorite Mystery Books of 2007, the novel has been nominated for a Lambda Literary Award for LGBT-themed fiction. Hapenny tied with Harry Turtledoves The Gladiator for the 2008 Prometheus Award. me
9.
Halfpenny Bridge
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Halfpenny Bridge is a bridge across the River Thames, at Lechlade, Gloucestershire, England. It marks the start of the navigable Thames, although if the waters are high, the bow-backed bridge was built to a design of James Hollingworth in 1792. It carries the A361 from the south into Lechlade and it was called the Halfpenny bridge because that was the toll charged for pedestrians to cross it, until the toll was done away with in 1839. The A361 is called Thames Street at this point, and the bridge was built when Thames Street was laid out, the structure is around 20 feet wide and the single arch is nearly 26 feet high to its apex. On the north bank of the river, a small square toll house is attached to the bridge on the downstream side and it consists of a basement and a room at road level, with a pyramidal asbestos slate roof. Both the bridge and the house are grade II listed. It is thought that a firm of builders called Ralph. A local micro-brewery based in Lechlade, The Halfpenny Brewery, is named after the bridge
10.
Halfpenny Rose Red
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The Halfpenny Rose Red, first issued on 1 October 1870, was the first halfpenny postage stamp issued in the United Kingdom. The halfpenny stamp was introduced following a reduction in the rate for newspapers. It was designed to be half the size of the corresponding one penny stamp and is notable for being the smallest UK postage stamp ever issued at 17.5 x 14 mm. The stamps were printed in sheets of 480 and they were line engraved and featured a bust of Queen Victoria in profile with ½d on either side. A plate number was engraved in the design, in the left and right side lace work. The plates were numbered from 1 to 20, but plates 2,7,16,17, the stamps were watermarked with the word halfpenny that extended across three stamps. The stamp was replaced in 1880 by the surface printed Halfpenny Green stamp, list of British postage stamps Postage stamps and postal history of Great Britain
11.
Paradise Theatre (album)
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Paradise Theatre is the tenth album by the rock band Styx, released in January 1981. A concept album, the album is an account of Chicagos Paradise Theatre from its opening to closing. Four singles from the album charted, the Best of Times, written by Dennis DeYoung, went to #3 on the Billboard Hot 100. Too Much Time on My Hands, written by Tommy Shaw, went to #9 on the Billboard Hot 100, nothing Ever Goes as Planned, written by DeYoung, went to #54 on the US Pop Chart. Rockin the Paradise — written by DeYoung, Shaw and James Young — went to #8 on the Top Rock Track Chart, Paradise Theatre became Styxs only US #1 album. It was the fourth consecutive triple-platinum album, and the last multi-platinum album by the band. Vinyl copies of the album have a design featuring the name of the band laser etched directly onto the vinyl on side 2, the vinyl record sleeve was a gate-fold and was painted by artist Chris Hopkins. On the back cover, label and spine, the title of the record is spelled Paradise Theater, while on the front cover, the title is spelled Paradise Theatre. Vinyl releases and initial CD pressings of the album had the segue between Half-Penny, Two-Penny and A. D.1958 indexed as the intro to A. D.1958. Subsequent pressings of the CD had the segue indexed as the fade to Half-Penny, Two-Penny instead
12.
Halfpenny (British pre-decimal coin)
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The British pre-decimal halfpenny coin, usually simply known as a halfpenny, was a unit of currency that equalled half of a penny or 1/480th of a pound sterling. Originally the halfpenny was minted in copper, but after 1860 it was minted in bronze and it ceased to be legal tender in 1969, in the run-up to decimalisation. The halfpenny featured two different designs on its reverse during its years in circulation, from 1672 until 1936 the image of Britannia appeared on the reverse, and from 1937 onwards the image of the Golden Hind appeared. Like all British coinage, it bore the portrait of the monarch on the obverse, halfpenny was colloquially written ha’penny, and 1½d was spoken as a penny ha’penny /əˈpɛniˈheɪpni/ or three hapence /θriːˈheɪpəns/. Before Decimal Day in 1971 there were 240 pence in one pound sterling, twelve pence made a shilling, and twenty shillings made a pound. Values of less than a shilling were simply written in pence, the original reverse of the bronze version of the coin, designed by Leonard Charles Wyon, is a seated Britannia, holding a trident, with the words HALF PENNY to either side. Issues before 1895 also feature a lighthouse to Britannias left and a ship to her right, various minor adjustments to the level of the sea depicted around Britannia, and the angle of her trident were also made over the years. Some issues feature toothed edges, while others feature beading, over the years, various different obverses were used. Edward VII, George V, George VI and Elizabeth II each had a single obverse for halfpennies produced during their respective reigns. Over the long reign of Queen Victoria two different obverses were used, but the reign of Edward VIII meant no halfpennies bearing his likeness were ever issued. During Victoria’s reign, the halfpenny was first issued with the so-called ‘bun head’, the inscription around the bust read VICTORIA D G BRITT REG F D. This was replaced in 1895 by the ‘old head’, or ‘veiled bust’, the inscription on these coins read VICTORIA DEI GRA BRITT REGINA FID DEF IND IMP. Coins issued during the reign of Edward VII feature his likeness, similarly, those issued during the reign of George V feature his likeness and bear the inscription GEORGIVS V DEI GRA BRITT OMN REX FID DEF IND IMP. The obverse shows a portrait of the king, the inscription on the obverse is EDWARDVS VIII D G BR OMN REX F D IND IMP. The pattern coin of Edward VIII and regular issue halfpennies of George VI, George VI issue coins feature the inscription GEORGIVS VI D G BR OMN REX F D IND IMP before 1949, and GEORGIVS VI D G BR OMN REX FIDEI DEF thereafter. Wikt, haporth, Northern British English, from British English half-penny’s worth, British Coins – information about British coins Collection of copper & bronze pennies of Great Britain
