1.
Camberley
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Camberley /ˈkæmbərliː/ is a town in Surrey, England,31 miles southwest of Central London, between the M3 and M4 motorways. It is the town in the borough of Surrey Heath. Camberleys suburbs include Crawley Hill, Yorktown, Diamond Ridge, Heatherside, before the 19th century, the area now occupied by Camberley was referred to as Bagshot or Frimley Heath. An Iron Age fort known as Caesars Camp was situated to the north of this area alongside the Roman Road The Devils Highway. The Intenarium Curiosum, published in 1724, describes a collection of Roman pottery around the area, in the Middle Ages, the area was part of Windsor Forest. In the 17th century, the area along the road through Bagshot Heath was known as a haunt of highwaymen, such as William Davies - also known as the Golden Farmer –. The land remained undeveloped and uncultivated due to a sandy topsoil making it unsuitable for farming. Horrid and frightful to look on, not only good for little, a brick tower was built on top of The Knoll in the 1770s, by John Norris of Blackwater. It may have used for communications but there is no firm evidence. The remains are now known as The Obelisk, the town as it now stands has its roots in the building of The Royal Military College, which later became the Royal Military Academy, Sandhurst, in 1812. A settlement known as New Town grew in the area around the college which in 1831 was renamed Yorktown, after Prince Frederick, Duke of York, at this time, the population was 702. In 1848, the first parish church of St. Michael, Yorktown was built by Henry Woodyer, in an area part of Frimley. Later, the Staff College was established to the east of the Academy, the surrounding area became known as Cambridge Town, but was renamed Camberley in January 1877 to avoid confusion by the General Post Office with Cambridge in Cambridgeshire. The renaming of Camberley was mentioned in the 1963 film adaptation of William Goldings Lord of the Flies, hugh Edwards, the child actor who played Piggy, attended Camberley Primary School which was demolished to make way for the town centre redevelopment. During the 19th century, Camberley grew in size, by the end of the century the population had reached 8,400. Since then, the town has absorbed the settlement of Yorktown. The Southern Scott Scramble, the first known motorcycle scrambling event, the event, won by A. B. Sparks, attracted a crowd in the thousands and is considered to be the first instance of what later developed in the sport of motocross. During the Second World War, the Old Dean common was used as a camp of the Free French Forces
2.
Surrey
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Surrey is a county in the south east of England. It shares borders with Kent to the east, East Sussex to the south-east, West Sussex to the south, Hampshire to the west and south-west, Surrey County Council sits extraterritorially at Kingston upon Thames, administered as part of Greater London since 1965. With a resident population of 1.1 million, Surrey is the most densely populated and third most populated county in the South East region, after Kent, the London boroughs of Lambeth, Southwark, Wandsworth, and parts of Lewisham and Bromley were in Surrey until 1889. The boroughs of Croydon, Kingston upon Thames, Merton, Sutton and Richmond upon Thames south of the River Thames were part of Surrey until 1965, when they too were absorbed into Greater London. In the same year, the county was extended north of the Thames by the addition of Spelthorne, due to this expansion, modern Surrey also borders on the London boroughs of Hounslow and Hillingdon. It has the highest GDP per capita of any English county, Surrey is divided in two by the chalk ridge of the North Downs, running east-west. To the north of the Downs the land is mostly flat, the geology of this area is dominated by London Clay in the east, Bagshot Sands in the west and alluvial deposits along the rivers. Much of Surrey is in the Metropolitan Green Belt and it contains a good deal of mature woodland. Among its many notable beauty spots are Box Hill, Leith Hill, Frensham Ponds, Newlands Corner and Puttenham & Crooksbury Commons. Surrey is the most wooded county in England, with 22. 4% coverage compared to an average of 11. 8%. Box Hill has the oldest untouched area of woodland in the UK. Surrey also contains Englands principal concentration of lowland heath, on soils in the west of the county. Agriculture not being intensive, there are many commons and access lands, together with a network of footpaths and bridleways including the North Downs Way. Accordingly, Surrey provides much in the way of leisure activities. The highest elevation in Surrey is Leith Hill near Dorking and it is either 293,294 or 295 metres above sea level and is the second highest point in southeastern England after Walbury Hill 297 metres in West Berkshire. Surrey has a population of approximately 1.1 million people and its largest town is Guildford, with a population of 66,773, Woking comes a close second with 62,796. They are followed by Ewell with 39,994 people and Camberley with 30,155, towns of between 25,000 and 30,000 inhabitants are Ashford, Epsom, Farnham, Staines and Redhill. Guildford is the county town, although the county administration was moved to Newington in 1791
3.
Sheffield
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Sheffield is a city and metropolitan borough in South Yorkshire, England. Historically part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, its derives from the River Sheaf. With some of its southern suburbs annexed from Derbyshire, the city has grown from its industrial roots to encompass a wider economic base. The population of the City of Sheffield is 569,700, Sheffield is the third largest English district by population. The metropolitan population of Sheffield is 1,569,000, in the 19th century, Sheffield gained an international reputation for steel production. Known as the Steel City, many innovations were developed locally, including crucible and stainless steel, Sheffield received its municipal charter in 1843, becoming the City of Sheffield in 1893. International competition in iron and steel caused a decline in these industries in the 1970s and 1980s, the 21st century has seen extensive redevelopment in Sheffield along with other British cities. Sheffields gross value added has increased by 60% since 1997, standing at £9.2 billion in 2007, the economy has experienced steady growth averaging around 5% annually, greater than that of the broader region of Yorkshire and the Humber. The city is in the foothills of the Pennines, and the valleys of the River Don and its four tributaries, the Loxley, the Porter Brook, the Rivelin. 61% of Sheffields entire area is space, and a third of the city lies within the Peak District national park. The area now occupied by the City of Sheffield is believed to have inhabited since at least the late Upper Palaeolithic period. The earliest evidence of occupation in the Sheffield area was found at Creswell Crags to the east of the city. In the Iron Age the area became the southernmost territory of the Pennine tribe called the Brigantes and it is this tribe who are thought to have constructed several hill forts in and around Sheffield. Gradually, Anglian settlers pushed west from the kingdom of Deira, a Celtic presence within the Sheffield area is evidenced by two settlements called Wales and Waleswood close to Sheffield. The settlements that grew and merged to form Sheffield, however, date from the half of the first millennium. In Anglo-Saxon times, the Sheffield area straddled the border between the kingdoms of Mercia and Northumbria, after the Norman conquest, Sheffield Castle was built to protect the local settlements, and a small town developed that is the nucleus of the modern city. By 1296, a market had been established at what is now known as Castle Square, from 1570 to 1584, Mary, Queen of Scots, was imprisoned in Sheffield Castle and Sheffield Manor. During the 1740s, a form of the steel process was discovered that allowed the manufacture of a better quality of steel than had previously been possible
4.
Yorkshire
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Yorkshire, formally known as the County of York, is a historic county of Northern England and the largest in the United Kingdom. Due to its size in comparison to other English counties, functions have been undertaken over time by its subdivisions. Throughout these changes, Yorkshire has continued to be recognised as a geographical territory, Yorkshire has sometimes been nicknamed Gods Own County or Gods Own Country. Yorkshire Day, held on 1 August, is a celebration of the culture of Yorkshire. Yorkshire is now divided between different official regions, most of the county falls within Yorkshire and the Humber. The extreme northern part of the county falls within North East England, Small areas in the west of the historic county now form part of North West England, following boundary changes in 1974. Yorkshire or the County of York was so named as it is the shire of the city of York local /ˈjɔːk/ or Yorks Shire, York comes from the Viking name for the city, Jórvík. Shire is from Old English, scir meaning care or official charge, the shire suffix is locally pronounced /-ʃə/ shuh, or occasionally /-ʃiə/, a homophone of sheer. Early inhabitants of Yorkshire were Celts, who formed two tribes, the Brigantes and the Parisi. The Brigantes controlled territory which later became all of the North Riding of Yorkshire, the tribe controlled most of Northern England and more territory than any other Celtic tribe in England. That they had the Yorkshire area as their heartland is evident in that Isurium Brigantum was the town of their civitas under Roman rule. Six of the nine Brigantian poleis described by Claudius Ptolemaeus in the Geographia fall within the historic county, the Parisi, who controlled the area that would become the East Riding of Yorkshire, might have been related to the Parisii of Lutetia Parisiorum, Gaul. Their capital was at Petuaria, close to the Humber estuary, initially, this situation suited both the Romans and the Brigantes, who were known as the most militant tribe in Britain. Queen Cartimandua left her husband Venutius for his bearer, Vellocatus. Cartimandua, due to her relationship with the Romans, was able to keep control of the kingdom. At the second attempt, Venutius seized the kingdom, but the Romans, under general Petillius Cerialis, the fortified city of Eboracum was named as capital of Britannia Inferior and joint-capital of all Roman Britain. During the two years before the death of Emperor Septimius Severus, the Roman Empire was run from Eboracum by him, another emperor, Constantius Chlorus, died in Yorkshire during a visit in 306 AD. This saw his son Constantine the Great proclaimed emperor in the city, in the early 5th century, the Roman rule ceased with the withdrawal of the last active Roman troops
5.
Batting average
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Batting average is a statistic in cricket, baseball, and softball that measures the performance of batsmen in cricket and batters in baseball. The development of the statistic was influenced by the cricket statistic. In cricket, a batting average is the total number of runs they have scored divided by the number of times they have been out. The number is also simple to interpret intuitively, if all the batsmans innings were completed, this is the average number of runs they score per innings. If they did not complete all their innings, this number is an estimate of the average number of runs they score per innings. Batting average has been used to gauge cricket players relative skills since the 18th century, most players have career batting averages in the range of 20 to 40. This is also the range for wicket-keepers, though some fall short. All-rounders who are more prominent bowlers than batsmen typically average something between 20 and 30,15 and under is typical for specialist bowlers. Under this qualification, the highest Test batting average belongs to Australias Sir Donald Bradman, given that a career batting average over 50 is exceptional, and that only four other players have averages over 60, this is an outstanding statistic. The fact that Bradmans average is so far above that of any other cricketer has led several statisticians to argue that, statistically at least, he was the greatest sportsman in any sport. As at 21 October 2016, Adam Voges of Australia has recorded an average of 72.75 from 27 innings played and it should also be remembered, especially in relation to the ODI histogram above, that there were no ODI competitions when Bradman played. If their scores have a geometric distribution then total number of runs scored divided by the number of times out is the maximum likelihood estimate of their true unknown average, Batting averages can be strongly affected by the number of not outs. A different, and more developed, statistic which is also used to gauge the effectiveness of batsmen is the strike rate. It measures a different concept however – how quickly the batsman scores – so it does not supplant the role of batting average and it is used particularly in limited overs matches, where the speed at which a batsman scores is more important than it is in first-class cricket. Table shows players with at least 20 innings completed, in baseball, the batting average is defined by the number of hits divided by at bats. It is usually reported to three places and read without the decimal, A player with a batting average of.300 is batting three-hundred. A point is understood, in only, to be.001. If necessary to break ties, batting averages could be taken beyond the.001 measurement, henry Chadwick, an English statistician raised on cricket, was an influential figure in the early history of baseball
6.
Delivery (cricket)
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A delivery or ball in cricket is a single action of bowling a cricket ball toward the batsman. During play of the game, a member of the team is designated as the bowler. Six legal balls in a row constitutes an over, after which a different member of the side takes over the role of bowler for the next over. The bowler delivers the ball from his or her end of the pitch toward the batsman standing at the wicket at the other end of the pitch. Bowlers can be either left-handed or right-handed and this approach to their delivery, in addition to their decision of bowling around the wicket or over the wicket, is knowledge of which the umpire and the batsman are to be made aware. Deliveries can be made by fast bowlers or by spin bowlers, fast bowlers tend to make the ball either move off the pitch or move through the air, while spinners make the ball turn either toward a right-handed batsman or away from him. The ball can bounce at different distances from the batsman, this is called the length of the delivery and it can range from a bouncer to a yorker. There are many different types of delivery that a bowler can bowl, throughout an over, the bowler will choose a sequence of deliveries designed to attack the batsmans concentration and technique, in an effort to get him out. The bowler also varies the amount of loop and pace imparted to various deliveries to try to cause the batsman to misjudge, as the crease has a width, the bowler can change the angle from which he delivers to the batsman in an attempt to induce a misjudgement. Usually, the bowler decides what type of delivery to bowl next, sometimes, the team captain will offer advice or even issue a direct order regarding what deliveries to bowl, based on his observations of the batsman and the strategic state of the game. Another player who offers advice to the bowler is the wicket-keeper, since he has a unique view of the batsman. Another piece of information important for the bowlers to consider prior to their deliveries is the state of pitch, the pitch is a natural ground and its state is subjected to variation over the course of the cricket, some of which are multi-day events such as test matches. Side by side, Richardson alludes to the research undertaken by Dr. Sean Müller in Australia which was funded by Cricket Australias Centre of Excellence. The results of the research demonstrated the importance of anticipation of the delivery for batsmen in cricket and this foresight that batsmen use while on the crease is referred to as advance information by Richardson. Moreover, Müllers research outlined that the presence of this information was not as evident among the lesser skilled batsmen in comparison to the experienced ones. On 1 February 1981, when Australia was playing New Zealand in a One Day International cricket match, after the game, the then Prime Minister of New Zealand, Rob Muldoon, described it as the most disgusting incident I can recall in the history of cricket. The 2000 Code of the Laws of Cricket declares that a delivery is illegal unless otherwise agreed before the match. A recently retired cricketer who was embroiled in controversy and under scrutiny from critics over his method of executing deliveries was the Sri Lankan spinner Muttiah Muralitharan
7.
Wicket
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In the sport of cricket, the wicket is one of the two sets of three stumps and two bails at either end of the pitch. The wicket is guarded by a batsman who, with his bat, the origin of the word is from wicket gate, a small gate. Historically, cricket wickets had only two stumps and one bail and looked like a gate, the third stump was introduced in 1775. Through metonymic usage, the dismissal of a batsman is the taking of a wicket, and the cricket pitch is sometimes called the wicket. The size and shape of the wicket has changed several times during the last 300 years and its dimensions and placing is now determined by Law 8 in the Laws of Cricket, thus, Law 8, the wicket consists of three wooden stumps that are 28 inches tall. The stumps are placed along the crease with equal distances between each stump. They are positioned so they are 9 inches wide, two wooden bails are placed in shallow grooves on top of the stumps. The bails must not project more than 0.5 inches above the stumps, there are also specified lengths for the barrel and spigots of the bail. There are different specifications for the wickets and bails for junior cricket, the umpires may dispense with the bails if conditions are unfit. Further details on the specifications of the wickets are contained in Appendix A to the laws, losing a wicket refers to a batsman getting out. If dismissed by a bowler, the bowler is said to have taken his wicket, the number of wickets taken is the primary measure of a bowlers ability. For a batsman to be dismissed by being bowled, run out, stumped or hit wicket, what this means is defined by Law 28 of the Laws of cricket. Crickets wicket is put down if a bail is removed from the top of the stumps, or a stump is struck out of the grounds by the ball, the strikers bat, the strikers person. The wicket is put down if a fielder pulls a stump out of the ground in the same manner. If one bail is off, removing the remaining bail or striking or pulling any of the three out of the ground is sufficient to put the wicket down. A fielder may remake the wicket, if necessary, in order to put it down to have an opportunity of running out a batsman. The sequence of time over which two particular batsmen bat together, a partnership, is referred to as a specifically numbered wicket when discriminating it from other partnerships in the innings. The first partnership is from the start of the innings until one of the first two batsmen gets out, the second wicket partnership is from when the third batsman gets in until a second batsman gets out
8.
Bowling average
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The bowling average is one of a number of statistics used to compare bowlers in the sport of cricket. It is the ratio of runs conceded per wickets taken, meaning that the lower the average is. The bowling average is used alongside the economy rate and the strike rate to judge the overall performance of a bowler. Where a bowler has taken only a number of wickets, their average can be artificially low. Due to this, qualification caveats are generally applied to determine career records for bowling averages, after applying these criteria, George Lohmann holds the record for the lowest average in Test cricket, having claimed 112 wickets at an average of 10.75. A cricketers bowling average is calculated by dividing the numbers of runs they have conceded by the number of wickets they have taken. The number of runs conceded by a bowler is determined as the number of runs that the opposing side have scored while the bowler was bowling, excluding any byes, leg byes. The bowler receives credit for any wickets taken during their bowling that are bowled, caught, hit wicket. The effect of this is that the average can not distinguish between a bowler who has taken no wickets and conceded one run, and a bowler who has taken no wickets. If the bowler takes a wicket with the ball bowled. Due to this, when establishing records for bowling averages, qualification criteria are generally set, for Test cricket, the Wisden Cricketers Almanack sets this as 75 wickets, while ESPNcricinfo requires 2,000 deliveries. Similar restrictions are set for one-day cricket, a number of factors other than purely the ability level of the bowler have an effect on a players bowling average. Most significant among these are the different eras in which cricket has been played, other factors which provided an advantage to bowlers in that era was the lack of significant safety equipment, batting gloves and helmets were not worn, and batsmen had to be warier. Other variations are caused by frequent matches against stronger or weaker opposition, changes in the laws of cricket, for me, as a bowler, it was great. Due to the restrictions placed on the records by different statisticians. In Test cricket, George Lohmann is listed as having the average by each of the Wisden Cricketers Almanack, ESPNcricinfo. Though all three use different restrictions, Lohmanns average of 10.75 is considered the best, in One Day Internationals, the varying criteria set by ESPNcricinfo and CricketArchive result in different players being listed as holding the record. ESPNcricinfo has the restriction, requiring 1,000 deliveries, by this measure, Joel Garner is the record-holder
9.
Stumped
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Stumped is a method of dismissal in cricket. It is one of the ten ways in which a batsman can be out, being out of his ground is defined as not having any part of the batsmans body or his bat touching the ground behind the crease – i. e. One of the team must appeal for the wicket by asking the umpire. The appeal is normally directed to the umpire, who would be in the best position to adjudicate on the appeal. Stumping is the fifth most common form of dismissal after caught, bowled, leg before wicket and run out and it is governed by Law 39 of the Laws of cricket. It is usually seen with a medium or slow bowler, as with fast bowlers a wicket-keeper takes the ball too far back from the wicket to attempt a stumping. e, places the bat or part of his body on the ground back behind the popping crease. If the bails are removed before the wicket-keeper has the ball, the bowler is credited for the batsmans wicket, and the wicket-keeper is credited for the dismissal. A batsman may be out stumped off a wide delivery but cannot be stumped off a no ball as bowler gets the wicket while stumping, notes, The popping crease is defined as the back edge of the crease marking (i. e. the edge closer to the wicket. Therefore, a batsman whose bat or foot is on the crease marking and this is quite common if the batsmans back foot is raised so that only his toe is on the ground. The wicket must be put down in accordance with Law 28 of the Laws of cricket. Note that since the ball itself can legally put down the wicket, the wicket-keeper must allow the ball to pass the stumps before taking it, unless it has touched either bat or batsman first. If the wicket-keeper fails to do this, the delivery is a no ball, and the batsman cannot be stumped
10.
Order of the British Empire
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There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters
11.
Distinguished Service Order
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Instituted on 6 September 1886 by Queen Victoria in a Royal Warrant published in the The London Gazette on 9 November, the first DSOs awarded were dated 25 November 1886. It is typically awarded to officers ranked major or higher, during the First World War,8,981 DSOs were awarded, each award being announced in The London Gazette. The order was established for rewarding individual instances of meritorious or distinguished service in war, after 1 January 1917, commanders in the field were instructed to recommend this award only for those serving under fire. Prior to 1943, the order could be only to someone mentioned in despatches. The order is given to officers in command, above the rank of captain. A number of junior officers were awarded the DSO. In 1942, the award of the DSO was extended to officers of the Merchant Navy who had performed acts of gallantry while under enemy attack. Since 1993, its award has been restricted solely to distinguished service and it has, however, despite some very fierce campaigns in Iraq and Afghanistan, remained an officers-only award and it has yet to be awarded to a non-commissioned rank. Recipients of the order are known as Companions of the Distinguished Service Order. They are entitled to use the post-nominal letters DSO, one or more gold medal bars ornamented by the Crown may be issued to DSO holders performing further acts of such leadership which would have merited award of the DSO. The bars are worn as clasps on the ribbon of the original award. The medal signifying its award is a cross, enamelled white. In the centre, within a wreath of laurel, enamelled green, is the crown in gold upon a red enamelled background. On the reverse is the royal cypher in gold upon a red enamelled ground, within a wreath of laurel, a ring at the top of the medal attaches to a ring at the bottom of a gold suspension bar, ornamented with laurel. At the top of the ribbon is a gold bar ornamented with laurel. The red ribbon is 1.125 in wide with blue edges. The medals are issued unnamed but some recipients have had their names engraved on the reverse of the suspension bar, the bar for an additional award is plain gold with an Imperial Crown in the centre. The back of the bar is engraved with the year of the award, a rosette is worn on the ribbon in undress uniform to signify the award of a bar
12.
Military Cross
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The Military Cross is the third-level military decoration awarded to officers and other ranks of the British Armed Forces, and used to be awarded to officers of other Commonwealth countries. The MC is granted in recognition of an act or acts of gallantry during active operations against the enemy on land to all members. In 1979, the Queen approved a proposal that a number of awards, including the Military Cross, the award was created on 28 December 1914 for commissioned officers of the substantive rank of Captain or below and for Warrant Officers. In August 1916, Bars were awarded to the MC in recognition of the performance of acts of gallantry meriting the award. In 1931 the award was extended to Majors and also to members of the Royal Air Force for actions on the ground, the MC now serves as the third-level award for gallantry on land for all ranks of the British Armed Forces. 46 mm max height,44 mm max width, ornamental silver cross with straight arms terminating in broad finials, suspended from plain suspension bar. Obverse decorated with crowns, with the Royal Cypher in centre. Reverse is plain, but from 1938 the name of the recipient, the ribbon width is 32 mm and consists of three equal vertical moire stripes of white, purple, and white. During World War I, Acting Captain Francis Wallington of the Royal Field Artillery was the first person to be awarded the MC, during World War II Captain Sam Manekshaw, Indian Army, was leading a counter-offensive operation against the invading Japanese Army in Burma. During the course of the offensive, he was hit by a burst of machine-gun fire, Major General D. T. Cowan spotted Manekshaw holding on to life and was aware of his valour in face of stiff resistance from the Japanese. Fearing the worst, Major General Cowan quickly pinned his own Military Cross ribbon on to Manekshaw saying, the first posthumous Military Cross was that awarded to Captain Herbert Westmacott, Grenadier Guards for gallantry in Northern Ireland during the period 1 February 1980 to 30 April 1980. The first woman to be awarded the Military Cross was Private Michelle Norris of the Royal Army Medical Corps, Norris was awarded her medal personally by Queen Elizabeth II on 21 March 2007 as the result of her actions in Iraq on 11 June 2006. Able Seaman Kate Nesbitt, second woman, first in the Royal Navy, sergeant Michael Lockett MC was the first holder of the MC to be killed in action since World War II. Database of Australian Awardees at the Australian Government Honours website Search recommendations for the Military Cross on The UK National Archives website, the Kings Own Royal Regiment Museum, Military Cross
13.
Cricket
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Cricket is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of eleven players on a cricket field, at the centre of which is a rectangular 22-yard-long pitch with a wicket at each end. One team bats, attempting to score as many runs as possible, each phase of play is called an innings. After either ten batsmen have been dismissed or a number of overs have been completed, the innings ends. The winning team is the one that scores the most runs, including any extras gained, at the start of each game, two batsmen and eleven fielders enter the field of play. The striker takes guard on a crease drawn on the four feet in front of the wicket. His role is to prevent the ball hitting the stumps by use of his bat. The other batsman, known as the non-striker, waits at the end of the pitch near the bowler. A dismissed batsman must leave the field, and a teammate replaces him, the bowlers objectives are to prevent the scoring of runs and to dismiss the batsman. An over is a set of six deliveries bowled by the same bowler, the next over is bowled from the other end of the pitch by a different bowler. If a fielder retrieves the ball enough to put down the wicket with a batsman not having reached the crease at that end of the pitch. Adjudication is performed on the field by two umpires, the laws of cricket are maintained by the International Cricket Council and the Marylebone Cricket Club. Traditionally cricketers play in all-white kit, but in limited overs cricket they wear club or team colours. In addition to the kit, some players wear protective gear to prevent injury caused by the ball. Although crickets origins are uncertain, it is first recorded in south-east England in the 16th century and it spread globally with the expansion of the British Empire, leading to the first international matches in the mid-19th century. ICC, the governing body, has over 100 members. The sport is followed primarily in Australasia, Britain, the Indian subcontinent, southern Africa, womens cricket, which is organised and played separately, has also achieved international standard. A number of words have been suggested as sources for the term cricket, in the earliest definite reference to the sport in 1598 it is called creckett. One possible source for the name is the Old English cricc or cryce meaning a crutch or staff, in Samuel Johnsons Dictionary, he derived cricket from cryce, Saxon, a stick
14.
Wisden Cricketers' Almanack
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Wisden Cricketers Almanack is a cricket reference book published annually in the United Kingdom. It is considered the worlds most famous reference book. The description bible of cricket was first used in the 1930s by Alec Waugh in a review for the London Mercury, in October 2013, an all-time Test World XI was announced to mark the 150th anniversary of Wisden Cricketers Almanack. In 1998, an Australian edition of Wisden Cricketers Almanack was launched, in 2012, an Indian edition of Wisden Cricketers Almanack was launched. Wisden was founded in 1864 by the English cricketer John Wisden as a competitor to Fred Lillywhites The Guide to Cricketers and its annual publication has continued uninterrupted to the present day, making it the longest running sports annual in history. The sixth edition was the first published under its current title, charles Pardon, with George Kelly King, founded the Cricket Reporting Agency in 1880. Wisden was acquired and published by Robert Maxwells publishing conglomerate, Macdonald, Cricket fan Sir John Paul Getty, Jr. bought the company, John Wisden & Co, in 1993 and in December 2008 it was sold to A&C Black, which is owned by Bloomsbury. The company presented the Wisden Trophy, for Test matches between England and West Indies, in 1963 to celebrate its 100th edition, in 2013, a history of Wisden was published, The Little Wonder, The Remarkable History of Wisden, by Robert Winder. The Little Wonder was John Wisdens nickname, Wisden is a small-paged but a very thick book with a distinctive bright yellow cover that it has carried since the 75th edition in 1938. Prior to that, covers varied between yellow, buff and salmon pink and that edition was also the first to display the famous woodcut of two cricketers, by Eric Ravilious, on its cover. It is published each April, just before the start of the English domestic cricket season, since 2003 the woodcut has been replaced as the main feature of the front cover by a photograph of a current cricketer, but still appears albeit in a much reduced size. It is produced in both hardcover and softcover versions, since 2006, a larger format edition has been published on an experimental basis. This is said to be in response to requests from readers who find the print size of the standard edition hard to read and it is around twice the traditional size and was published in a limited edition of 5,000. It is not a print book as such, as the print will still be of a size found in many standard books. From 2011 an Epub version, The Shorter Wisden, has been available in online bookstores, excluded are the statistics and other cricket reports contained within the Almanack proper. The format has changed markedly over the years, the first edition had only 112 pages yet found space to cover the dates of battles in the English Civil War, the winners of The Oaks and the rules of quoiting. The traditional Wisden Cricketers of the Year awards, which date back to 1889, traditionally the main source for key statistics about the game, although it has never attempted to be comprehensive. Nowadays the records section is intended to be complementary to the more detailed data available online at Wisdens associated website ESPNcricinfo
15.
Repton School
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Repton School is a co-educational independent school for day and boarding pupils in Repton, Derbyshire, England. The school has around 660 pupils aged between 13 and 18, of whom 451 are boarders, Repton School taught only boys for its first 400 years, Repton started accepting girls in the sixth form early in the 1970s, and within 20 years became completely coeducational. Relations with the Thackers deteriorated such that, by 1650s, the school, in 1642, the school commenced an action against the Thacker family and in 1652 the family also brought an action against the school which was settled out of court. The atmosphere around the dispute was aggressive and on occasions the Thackers diverted drains into the buildings by constructing dams. In 1670 a wall was built to keep the parties apart, pupil numbers seem to have oscillated between 80 and 200 in the first hundred years, but as the school was free until 1768 it is unclear how teaching was afforded. The headmaster was free to keep, and did keep, cattle in a room within the school in this period. A pupils letter home in 1728 relates to his father that the headmaster, George Fletcher, the school declined in the 1700s and the 1800s. Pupil numbers were below 50 by 1833, and a former pupil recalled after leaving, even more than the paucity of its numbers, was the almost total absence of all those facilities. Football was played upon the gravel, between the Arch, and the broken pillars. No gymnasium, no court, no racquet court. No French, no German, no Music. No chapel, no masters house beyond the Arch, no bridge across the Trent, why did even 50 boys resort to Sir John Ports old School. Although by 1830s some of the reforms of Dr. Thomas Arnold were being implemented at the school, decline was finally arrested by headmaster Steuart Pears, who worked hard to raise the schools status and reputation. In 1884, a chapel was added to the schools buildings, harold Abrahams CBE, the Olympic champion in the Paris Olympics of 1924 in the 100m sprint, depicted in the 1981 film Chariots of Fire, joined Repton School in 1914. Recalling his time at the school, Abrahams said he encountered anti-semitism often feeling bullied, in 1907 a gymnasium was added, this building is now listed at grade II. 1,912 former pupils of the served in the First World War. A war memorial was added to the site in 1921. When he died the school wrote that he was perhaps the best poet Repton has had, in the Second World War,188 former members of the school lost their lives serving their country. The school itself struggled before and during the War, the school owed £50,000 and, in 1941, one boarding house was closed in 1938 and a second was closed in 1942. The total number of pupils was 353 on the outbreak of war, the Cross was reopened in 1945 and Latham House in 1947
16.
Trinity College, Oxford
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Trinity College is one of the constituent colleges of the University of Oxford in England. The college was founded in 1555 by Sir Thomas Pope, on land occupied by Durham College. Despite its large size, the college is small in terms of student numbers at approximately 400. As of July 2013, Trinity had an endowment of £104.2 million. Trinity has produced three British prime ministers, placing it joint-second with Balliol College in terms of students who have held the office. The site where Trinity College now stands was occupied by Durham College. This college had been founded after land was bought in 1291, Durham College was built around a single quadrangle, now known as the Durham Quadrangle. The site was surrendered to the crown in March 1545, being granted to private owners in 1553 and they were then acquired by civil servant Thomas Pope on 20 February 1555, who used them to found Trinity College 16 days later. Durham College was originally dedicated to the Virgin Mary, St Cuthbert, and the Trinity, Pope was a Catholic who had no surviving children, and he hoped that by founding a college he would be remembered in the prayers of its students. His remains are still encased beside the chapel altar, the original foundation provided for a president,12 fellows, and 12 scholars, and for up to 20 undergraduates. The fellows were required to take Holy Orders and to remain unmarried, the College remained a largely all-male institution until 1979, when it admitted its first women undergraduates. It is now fully co-educational and co-residential, Trinity was one of the locations used for filming of the original miniseries Brideshead Revisited, its grounds were also, in part, the basis for Fleet College in Charles Finchs The Last Enchantments. Sir Ivor Roberts, formerly HM Ambassador to Italy, succeeded The Hon. Michael Beloff QC as President on 26 September 2006. Peter Brown, Tutor in Classics, assumed the position of Pro-President during the interregnum, for many years, there has been a traditional and fierce rivalry shown between the students of Trinity and those of its immediate neighbour to the west, Balliol College. It has manifested itself on the field and the river, in the form of songs sung over the dividing walls. In college folklore, the rivalry back to the late 17th century. The traditional words run, Gordouli Face like a ham, Bobby Johnson says so And he should know, although these words are now rarely heard, the singing of songs over the wall is still known as a Gordouli. The traditional Gordouli is said to have been sung by Balliol, the rivalry was given an extra edge in the early 20th century by the contrast between the radical tendencies of many Balliol students and Trinitys traditional conservatism and social exclusivity
17.
British Army
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The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom. As of 2017 the British Army comprises just over 80,000 trained Regular, or full-time, personnel and just over 26,500 trained Reserve, or part-time personnel. Therefore, the UK Parliament approves the continued existence of the Army by passing an Armed Forces Act at least once every five years, day to day the Army comes under administration of the Ministry of Defence and is commanded by the Chief of the General Staff. Repeatedly emerging victorious from these decisive wars allowed Britain to influence world events with its policies and establish itself as one of the leading military. In 1660 the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were restored under Charles II, Charles favoured the foundation of a new army under royal control and began work towards its establishment by August 1660. The Royal Scots Army and the Irish Army were financed by the Parliament of Scotland, the order of seniority of the most senior line regiments in the British Army is based on the order of seniority in the English army. At that time there was only one English regiment of dragoons, after William and Marys accession to the throne, England involved itself in the War of the Grand Alliance, primarily to prevent a French invasion restoring Marys father, James II. Spain, in the two centuries, had been the dominant global power, and the chief threat to Englands early transatlantic ambitions. The territorial ambitions of the French, however, led to the War of the Spanish Succession and the Napoleonic Wars. From the time of the end of the Seven Years War in 1763, Great Britain was the naval power. As had its predecessor, the English Army, the British Army fought the Kingdoms of Spain, France, and the Netherlands for supremacy in North America and the West Indies. With native and provincial assistance, the Army conquered New France in the North American theatre of the Seven Years War, the British Army suffered defeat in the American War of Independence, losing the Thirteen Colonies but holding on to Canada. The British Army was heavily involved in the Napoleonic Wars and served in campaigns across Europe. The war between the British and the First French Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte stretched around the world and at its peak, in 1813, the regular army contained over 250,000 men. A Coalition of Anglo-Dutch and Prussian Armies under the Duke of Wellington, the English had been involved, both politically and militarily, in Ireland since being given the Lordship of Ireland by the Pope in 1171. The campaign of the English republican Protector, Oliver Cromwell, involved uncompromising treatment of the Irish towns that had supported the Royalists during the English Civil War, the English Army stayed in Ireland primarily to suppress numerous Irish revolts and campaigns for independence. Having learnt from their experience in America, the British government sought a political solution, the British Army found itself fighting Irish rebels, both Protestant and Catholic, primarily in Ulster and Leinster in the 1798 rebellion. The Haldane Reforms of 1907 formally created the Territorial Force as the Armys volunteer reserve component by merging and reorganising the Volunteer Force, Militia, Great Britains dominance of the world had been challenged by numerous other powers, in the 20th century, most notably Germany
18.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
19.
King's Royal Rifle Corps
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Later, ranked as the 60th Regiment of Foot, the regiment served for more than 200 years throughout the British Empire. The KRRC became the 2nd Battalion Royal Green Jackets, on the disbandment of 1/RGJ in 1992, the RGJs KRRC battalion was redesignated as 1/RGJ, eventually becoming 2/RIFLES in 2007. The Kings Royal Rifle Corps was raised in the American colonies in 1756 as the 62nd Regiment to defend the thirteen colonies against attack by the French and their Native American allies. After Braddocks defeat in 1755, royal approval for a new regiment, as well as funds, were granted by parliament just before Christmas 1755 – hence the regiments traditional birthday of Christmas Day. However, parliamentary delays meant that it was 4 March 1756 before an act of parliament created four battalions of 1,000 men each to include foreigners for service in the Americas. ”The Earl of Loudoun. About fifty officers’ commissions were given to Germans and Swiss, according to a modern history of the regiment, the idea for creating this unique force was proposed by Jacques Prevost, a Swiss soldier and adventurer who was a friend of the Duke of Cumberland. Prevost recognised the need for soldiers who understood forest warfare, unlike the regulars who were brought to America in 1755 by General Edward Braddock, the regiment was intended to combine the characteristics of a colonial corps with those of a foreign legion. Swiss and German forest fighting experts, American colonists and British volunteers from other British regiments were recruited and these men were Protestants, an important consideration for fighting against the predominantly Catholic French. The officers were recruited from Europe – not from the American colonies – and consisted of English, Scots, Irish, Dutch, Swiss. It was the first time officers were commissioned as British Army officers. In total, the regiment consisted of 101 officers,240 non-commissioned officers and 4,160 enlisted men, the battalions were raised on Governors Island, New York. The regiment was renumbered the 60th Regiment in February 1757 when the 50th and these were conventional battles on the European model, but fighting during Pontiacs War in 1763 was of a very different character. The frontier war threatened the British control of North America, the new regiment at first lost several outlying garrisons, but finally proved its mastery of forest warfare under Bouquets leadership at the victory of Bushy Run in August 1763. Two additional battalions of the regiment were raised in North America in 1775 for service in the American Revolutionary War and these battalions were deployed to Georgia and were involved in skirmishes at Sudbury in January 1779, at Savannah in October 1779 and at Augusta in September 1780. They went on to part in the Battle of Guilford Court House in March 1781. During the Napoleonic Wars, the regiment saw action in the Peninsular War, the mixing of rifle troops and muskets proved so effective that eventually line battalion light companies were replaced with rifle companies. The line battalions found themselves in different theatres, including the West Indies. The rifle battalion was joined by a second, and these found themselves in the Peninsula with Wellingtons army, serving along with the 95th Rifles
20.
Mentioned in dispatches
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In a number of countries, a servicemembers name must be mentioned in dispatches as a condition for receiving certain decorations. In the British Armed Forces, the despatch is published in the London Gazette, for 1914–1918 and up to 10 August 1920, the decoration consisted of a spray of oak leaves in bronze. This decoration was established in 1919, but it had retroactive effect. From 1920 to 1993, the decoration consisted of a bronze oak leaf. In a change introduced in 2014 to the British Armed Forces, prior to this change, even if the soldier was mentioned in dispatches more than once, only a single such decoration was worn. In Britain, since 1993, the decoration is a silver oak leaf. In each case the decoration is pinned or sewn diagonally on to the campaign medal ribbon. If no campaign medal is awarded, the oak leaf is worn on the left breast of the dress uniform, prior to 1979, a mention in dispatches was one of the three awards that could be made posthumously, the others being the Victoria Cross and George Cross. The 1979 reform removed the all or nothing lottery, soldiers can be mentioned multiple times. The British First World War Victoria Cross recipient John Vereker, later Field Marshal Viscount Gort, was mentioned in dispatches nine times, the Australian general Gordon Bennett was mentioned in dispatches a total of eight times during the First World War, as was Field Marshal Sir John Dill. Similarly, the equivalents of the MiD for acts of bravery by civilians, the reformed and comprehensive system is now as follows, The Commendation for Gallantry is now the fourth level decoration for gallantry. The Commendation for Brave Conduct recognises acts of bravery carried by soldiers not directly fighting the enemy, a mention in dispatches – in French, Citation à lordre du jour – gives recognition from a senior commander for acts of brave or meritorious service, normally in the field. The Mention in dispatches is among the list of awards presented by the Governor General of Canada, personnel can be mentioned in dispatches posthumously and multiple awards are also possible. A recipient of a mention in a dispatch is entitled to wear an emblem and they are also issued with an official certificate from the Ministry of Defence. The emblem, which was regarded as a decoration, was worn on the ribbon of the Victory Medal, only one emblem was worn, irrespective of the number of times a recipient had been mentioned. The Afrikaans rendition of mentioned in dispatches is Eervolle Vermelding in Berigte, the mention in dispatches was one of only four awards which could be made posthumously. The others were the Victoria Cross, the George Cross, the oak leaf emblem was worn on the ribbon of the War Medal 1939–1945. The Kings Commendation was denoted by a bronze King Protea flower emblem worn on the ribbon of the Africa Service Medal and it could be awarded posthumously and was the equivalent of a mention in dispatches for services rendered away from the battlefield
21.
Winchester College
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Winchester College is an independent boarding school for boys in the British public school tradition, situated in Winchester, Hampshire. It has existed in its present location for over 600 years and it is the oldest of the original seven English public schools defined by the Clarendon Commission and regulated by the Public Schools Act 1868. It is sometimes referred to by pupils, former pupils and others as Win, Coll, the upper-class lifestyle magazine Tatler named the school as its Public School of the Year in 2010. Winchester College was founded in 1382 by William of Wykeham, Bishop of Winchester and it was founded in conjunction with New College, Oxford, for which it was designed to act as a feeder, the buildings of both colleges were designed by master mason William Wynford. In addition to the 70 scholars and 16 Quiristers, the provided for ten noble Commoners. These Commoners were paying guests of the Headmaster or Second Master in his apartments in College. In the 1860s New Commoners was closed and converted to classrooms, at the same time two more houses were acquired and added to the Houses category, a tenth was acquired in 1905 and allotted to Commoners. There are therefore now ten houses in addition to College, which continues to occupy the original 14th-century buildings, from the late 1970s there has been a continual process of extension to and upgrading of College Chambers. The Scholars live in the buildings, known as College. College is not usually referred to as a house, hence the terms housemaster of College and College house are not generally used, the housemaster of College is now known as the Master in College, though these duties formerly belonged to the Second Master. Within the school, College refers only to the body of scholars, Winchester College, every pupil at Winchester, apart from the Scholars, lives in a boarding house, chosen or allocated when applying to Winchester. It is here that he studies, eats and sleeps, each house is presided over by a housemaster and a number of house tutors. Houses compete in competitions, mostly in sporting competitions. Each house has a name, usually based on the family name of the first housemaster. Each house also has a name, which is more frequently used in speech. Each house also has a letter assigned to it, in the order of their founding, to act as an abbreviation, especially on laundry tags. A member of a house is described by the name of the house with -ite suffixed, as a Furleyite, a Toyeite. The houses have been ordered by their year of founding, College does not have an informal name, although the abbreviation Coll is sometimes used, especially on written work
22.
Surrey County Cricket Club
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Surrey County Cricket Club is one of eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the county of Surrey. The clubs limited overs team is called Surrey, Surrey teams formed from 1709 by earlier organisations always had senior status and so the county club is rated accordingly from inception, i. e. Home of the club since its foundation in 1845 has been the Oval, the club also has an out ground at Woodbridge Road, Guildford, where some home games are played each season. Surrey CCC has had three periods of great success in its history. In 1955, Surrey won 23 of its 28 county matches, to date, Surrey has won the official County Championship 18 times outright, more than any other county with the exception of Yorkshire. The clubs traditional badge is the Prince of Waless feathers, in 1915, Lord Rosebery obtained permission to use this symbol from the Prince of Wales, hereditary owner of the land on which the Oval stands. It is widely believed that cricket was invented by children living on the Weald in Saxon or Norman times, although not the games birthplace, Surrey does claim the honour of being the location of its first definite mention in print. Evidence from a January 1597 court case confirms that creckett was played by schoolboys on a plot of land in Guildford around 1550. In 1611, King James I gave to his eldest son, Henry, Prince of Wales, the manors of Kennington and Vauxhall, to this day, the Prince of Waless feathers feature on the cricket clubs badge. Cricket became well established in Surrey during the 17th century and the earliest village matches took place before the English Civil War and it is believed that the earliest county teams were formed in the aftermath of the Restoration in 1660. The earliest known match in Surrey was Croydon v London at Croydon on 1 July 1707. In 1709, the earliest known inter-county match took place between Kent and Surrey at Dartford Brent with £50 at stake, Surrey would continue to play cricket against other representative teams from that time onwards. Probably its greatest players during the era were the famous bowler Lumpy Stevens and the wicket-keeper/batsman William Yalden. A further meeting at the Tavern on 18 October 1845 formally constituted the club, appointed officers, a lease on Kennington Oval, a former market garden, was obtained by a Mr Houghton from the Duchy of Cornwall. Mr Houghton was of the old Montpelier Cricket Club,70 members of which formed the nucleus of the new Surrey County club, the Honourable Fred Ponsonby, later the Earl of Bessborough was the first vice-president. Surreys inaugural first-class match was against the MCC at the Oval at the end of May,1846, the clubs first inter-county match, against Kent, was held at the Oval the following month and Surrey emerged victorious by ten wickets. However, the club did not do well that year, despite the extra public attractions at the Oval of a Walking Match, by the start of the 1847 season the club was £70 in debt and there was a motion to close
23.
Oxford University Cricket Club
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Home fixtures are played at the University Parks. The inaugural University Match between OUCC and Cambridge University Cricket Club was played in 1827 and is now the clubs sole first-class fixture each season. Apart from this game, played in late June or early July, OUCC operates as part of the Oxford University Centre of Cricketing Excellence. The UCCE was rebranded as Oxford MCC University prior to the 2010 season, the University Match is the only one in which a true OUCC team takes part, i. e. composed entirely of current Oxford students. The earliest reference to cricket at Oxford is in 1673, OUCC made its known debut in the 1827 University Match. The Oxford University Centre of Cricketing Excellence team played 26 first-class matches from 2001 to 2009, as Oxford Marylebone Cricket Club University, the team has played sixteen first-class matches from 2010 to 2016
24.
Blue (university sport)
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A blue is an award earned by athletes at a university and some schools for competition at the highest level. The awarding of blues began at Oxford and Cambridge universities in England and it is awarded at British, Australian and New Zealand universities. There is no record of any university colours being worn during the game, at the first Boat Race in 1829, the Oxford crew was dominated by students of Christ Church, whose college colours were dark blue. They wore white shirts with blue stripes, while Cambridge wore white with a pink or scarlet sash. At the second race, in 1836, a blue ribbon was attached to the front of the Cambridge boat. A Full Blue is the highest honour that may be bestowed on a Cambridge athlete, in the 1860s the three senior sports — rowing, cricket and athletics — were awarding Blues, and the presidents of each formed an informal Blues Committee to oversee such awards. By 1880 a number of clubs involved in Varsity matches had successfully requested the right to award Half Blues. The criteria for awarding blues are different for men and women, Awards are made at the discretion of the mens and womens Blues Committees. The Mens Blues Committee is formed from one representative of each of the Full Blue sports, each committee meets to discuss issues relating to Cambridge sport. In some sports with Full Blue status, the varsity match second team is awarded Second Team Colours, the awarding of a Full Blue often requires a person to fulfill a number of requirements in the same academic year, particularly in sports with Discretionary Full Blue status. The individuals case must be presented to the Blues Committee in person and must be backed up by substantial evidence, the award is unlikely to be made unless the person is of world-class or at least international standard. Each sport has specific criteria for award, the general categorisation of mens and womens sports is laid out below. The winner of a Blue or Half Blue is entitled to wear a blues blazer, Full Blue blazers are completely coloured Cambridge Blue. Half Blue blazers have a number of different designs, depending on the wearers sport, there is a variety of other Blue and Half Blue paraphernalia, including scarves, ties, pullovers, bow ties, caps and squares. Such items are worn with pride, as of May 2011, the colour recognised officially by the University as Cambridge Blue actually has a slight green tint. In 2008 in Cambridge an alumna launched Oxbridge Blues Jewellery specifically for womens Blues and these are the only blues item to have been licensed by the University of Cambridge. Men holding Blues, Half Blues or Second Team Colours in a Full Blue sport are eligible to join the Hawks Club, women holding any of these awards are eligible to join The Ospreys, which was founded in 1985. At the University of Oxford, the committees for awarding Blues and Half-Blues work on much the same principles as the Cambridge committees
25.
Hampshire County Cricket Club
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Hampshire County Cricket Club is one of eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the county of Hampshire. Hampshire teams formed by earlier organisations, principally the Hambledon Club, always had important match status, because of poor performances for several seasons, Hampshire then lost its status for nine seasons until it was invited into the County Championship in 1895. The club was founded in 1863 and played at the Antelope Ground and they relocated to the County Ground, Southampton until 2000, before moving to the purpose-built Rose Bowl in West End, which is in the Borough of Eastleigh. Hampshire played its first important match in 1864, losing to Sussex at the Antelope Ground, Hampshire had poor results for many seasons and lost its important match status in 1885. They achieved official first-class status in 1895 when they were invited to join the County Championship, the club has twice won the County Championship, in the 1961 and 1973 seasons. It has twice won the Benson & Hedges Cup, in 1988 and 1991, the Cheltenham & Gloucester Trophy once in 2005, having first played Twenty20 cricket in 2003, Hampshire won the Friends Provident t20 in 2010. The County Championship was restructured in 2000, and at the end of the 2002 Hampshire was relegated for the first time, the club remained in the second division for three seasons and since 2004 had competed in the top tier. However, the club was relegated once more in 2011, the club won both the Friends Life t20 and ECB40 in 2012, but it wasnt until 2014 before they were promoted to the first division again. They narrowly avoided relegation in 2015 before being relegated again in 2016, phil Mead is the clubs leading run-scorer with 48,892 runs in 700 matches for Hampshire between 1905 and 1936. Fast bowler Derek Shackleton took 2,669 wickets in 583 first-class matches between 1948 and 1969 which remains a club record. Alec Kennedy, whose career lasted from 1907 to 1936, was the first player to score 10,000 runs, Colin Ingleby-Mackenzie was both Hampshire last amateur captain and first professional captain. If authentic, this is the earliest known mention of cricket in Hampshire, but, with the sport having originated in Saxon or Norman times on the Weald, it must have reached Hampshire long before 1647. In 1680, lines written in an old Bible invite All you that do delight in Cricket, come to Marden, Marden is in Sussex, north of Chichester, and interestingly close to Hambledon, which is just across the county boundary in Hampshire. Hampshire is used in a name for the first time in August 1729. The origin of the legendary Hambledon Club is lost, Hambledon had presumably earned recognition as the best parish team in Hampshire, but no reports of their local matches have been found. We do not know when the Hambledon Club was founded and it likely that some kind of parish organisation was operating in 1756. The Sussex v Hampshire match in June 1766 is the earliest reference to Hampshire as a county team
26.
Kent County Cricket Club
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Kent County Cricket Club is one of the eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the county of Kent. The club was first founded in 1842 but teams representing the county have played cricket since the early 18th century. Kent have competed in the County Championship since the start of the competition in 1890 and have played in every top-level domestic cricket competition in England. The clubs limited overs team is called the Kent Spitfires after the Supermarine Spitfire, the club plays most of its home matches at the St Lawrence Ground in Canterbury, which hosts Canterbury Cricket Week, the oldest cricket festival in England. It also plays home matches at the County Cricket Ground, Beckenham. Kent also field a team in the Womens County Championship. The team has won the Championship a record seven times, most recently in 2016, and it has traditionally played matches at the Polo Farm in Canterbury, but as of 2016 has moved to be based mainly at Beckenham. Kent, jointly with Sussex, is believed to be the birthplace of cricket and it is widely held that cricket was invented by children living on the Weald in Saxon or Norman times. The games earliest tentative reference, re creag in 1300, relates to Newenden in Kent, the first definite mention of cricket in Kent concerned a match at Chevening c.1611 between teams from the Weald and the Downs. This is the worlds earliest known organised match, Cricket became established in Kent during the 17th century and the earliest village matches took place before the English Civil War. It is believed that the earliest county teams were formed in the aftermath of the Restoration in 1660, in 1705, West of Kent played Chatham at Malling. The first recorded inter-county match took place in 1709 between Kent and Surrey, Kent had strong teams throughout the 18th century, often challenging All-England. The county had several famous patrons including Lord John Sackville, his son John Frederick Sackville, 3rd Duke of Dorset, in the latter half of the 18th century, Kent and Surrey were the only counties that could realistically challenge the power of Hambledon. In the 1822 MCC versus Kent match at Lord’s, John Willes of Kent opened the bowling and was no-balled for using a roundarm action, Willes promptly withdrew from the match and refused to play again in any important fixture. His action proved the catalyst for the so-called roundarm revolution, in 1837 Kent was unofficially proclaimed the champion county and had the most successful team through most of the 1840s. Mainstays of the Kent team in those years included Alfred Mynn, Fuller Pilch, Nicholas Wanostrocht aka Felix, Ned Wenman and William Hillyer. On 6 August 1842, the formation of the original Kent County Cricket Club took place in Canterbury when the Beverley Club was reconstituted as the Kent Cricket Club, the new Kent club played its initial first-class match against All-England at White Hart Field in Bromley on 25–27 August 1842
27.
St Lawrence Ground
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The St Lawrence Ground is a cricket ground in Canterbury, Kent, referred to as the Spitfire Ground, St Lawrence due to commercial sponsorship, and is the home of Kent County Cricket Club. It is one of the oldest grounds on which cricket is played. It is also notable as one of the two grounds used regularly for first-class cricket that have a tree within the boundary. Capacity at the ground was increased to 15,000 in 2000, Cricket grounds in most parts of the world are devoid of any trees or shrubs. The lime tree at the St Lawrence Ground was an exception, the ground opened as the Beverley Ground in 1847, the presence of a tree within the playing area required special local rules. Shots blocked by the tree were counted as a four, unfortunately, high winds in England on 7 January 2005 caused the 200-year-old tree to snap in two, leaving a 7-foot stump. Wood from the tree will be made into mementos that will be sold to supporters. A new lime tree was planted outside of the area in 1999 by EW Swanton. The club moved it within the area on 8 March 2005. The club announced in late 2006 that it would redevelop the ground, the planned £9 million development would include a hotel, health and fitness centre and conference facilities. The pavilion and other stands would also be upgraded, money for the project would be raised by the building of private housing on the nets behind the pavilion and on the car park of the local pub, the Bat and Ball. These plans were put on hold in 2008 because of the credit crisis. Plans were resurrected in summer 2009 and work started in September 2010, in March 2010, the club confirmed that Bellway would be its housing partner for the redevelopment project. This included a hotel, conference facilities, a health and fitness centre, hospitality boxes, stand refurbishment, floodlights and it now hangs in the Long Room at Lords. On 14 March 2012, a new Sainsburys Local convenience store opened, occupying the ground floor of the new administration building. In 2013, the announced they had been unable to find a partner for the hotel and fitness centre. Canterbury City Council initially rejected the application in late 2014. The ground includes five stands, two of which named after famous Kent cricketers, the Frank Woolley Stand is currently the feature of a fund-raising appeal to replace it
28.
Marylebone Cricket Club
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Marylebone Cricket Club is a cricket club in London, founded in 1787. It owns, and is based at, Lords in St Johns Wood, MCC was formerly the governing body of cricket both in England and Wales as well as worldwide. In 1993 many of its functions were transferred to the International Cricket Council and its English governance passed to the Test. MCC revised the Laws of Cricket in 1788 and continues to reissue them, since its foundation, the club has raised its own teams which are essentially occasional and have never taken part in any formal competition. Depending on the quality of the opposition in any match, MCC teams have held important match status from 1787 to 1894. MCC has never played in a List A match, MCC teams play many matches against minor opposition and, on these occasions, they relinquish their first-class status. Traditionally, to mark the beginning of each English season in April, MCC plays the reigning County Champions at Lords, the exact date of MCCs foundation is lost but seems to have been sometime in the late spring or the summer of 1787. Many of its members became dissatisfied with the surroundings and complained that the site was too public. They asked Thomas Lord, a bowler at the White Conduit, to secure a more private venue within easy distance of London. When Lord opened his new ground in May 1787, the White Conduit moved there, there was a match at Lords starting on 30 July 1787 titled Marylebone Cricket Club v White Conduit Club. The England touring team wore the red and yellow stripes of the Marylebone Cricket Club as their colours for the last time on the tour to New Zealand in 1996/97. The true provenance of MCCs colours is unknown, but its players often turned out sporting Sky Blue, until well into the 19th century. Another theory, which chimes with the origins, is that MCC borrowed its colours from the livery colours of a founding patron, Charles Lennox, 4th Duke of Richmond. Although MCC remains the framer and copyright holder of the Laws of Cricket, in recent times the ICC has begun instituting changes to match regulations without much consultation with MCC. Also, in moving its location from Lords to Dubai, the ICC gave a signal of breaking with the past and from MCC, changes to the laws of cricket are still made by the MCC. Any changes to these require a resolution of the MCC committee. MCC has long had an involvement in coaching the game of cricket. As of 2013 the clubs head coach Mark Alleyne heads an operation involving the running of an indoor-cricket school
29.
Test cricket
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Test cricket is the longest form of the sport of cricket and is considered its highest standard. Test matches are played between national teams with Test status, as determined by the International Cricket Council. The two teams of 11 players play a match, which may last up to five days. It is generally considered the most complete examination of teams playing ability, the name Test stems from the long, gruelling match being a test of the relative strengths of the two sides. A Test match to celebrate 100 years of Test cricket was held in Melbourne from 12 to 17 March 1977, in October 2012, the International Cricket Council recast the playing conditions for Test matches, permitting day/night Test matches. The first day/night game took place between Australia and New Zealand at the Adelaide Oval, Adelaide, on 27 November 2015, Test matches are the highest level of cricket although, statistically, their data forms part of first-class cricket. Matches are played between national teams with Test status, as determined by the International Cricket Council. As of December 2014, ten teams have Test status. Zimbabwes Test status was suspended, because of poor performances between 2006 and 2011, it returned to competition in August 2011. If the Associate team defeats the test nation, then they could be added as the new test country, a list of matches, defined as Tests, was first drawn up by Australian Clarence Moody in the mid-1890s. Representative matches played by simultaneous England touring sides of 1891–92 and 1929–30 are deemed to have Test status, in 1970, a series of five Test matches was played in England between England and a Rest of the World XI. These matches, originally scheduled between England and South Africa, were amended after South Africa was suspended from international cricket because of their governments policy of apartheid. Although initially given Test status, this was withdrawn and a principle was established that official Test matches can only be between nations. Despite this, in 2005, the ICC ruled that the six-day Super Series match that took place in October 2005, some cricket writers and statisticians, including Bill Frindall, ignored the ICCs ruling and excluded the 2005 match from their records. The series of Test matches played in Australia between Australia and a World XI in 1971/72 do not have Test status, there are currently ten Test-playing teams, representing individual nations except for England and the West Indies. Test status is conferred upon a country or group of countries by the International Cricket Council, teams that do not have Test status can play in the ICC Intercontinental Cup, specifically designed to allow non-Test teams to play under conditions similar to Tests. In May 2016, ICC announced that it is contemplating the idea of two-tiers in Test match cricket, ICC hopes that this will help them draw more crowd and generate more revenue from the matches played between top tier teams. Promotion and relegation could be introduced into Test cricket as early as 2019 and this will give opportunities to more countries like Afghanistan and Ireland to play test cricket
30.
E. W. Swanton
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Ernest William Swanton CBE was a British journalist and author, chiefly known for being a cricket writer and commentator under his initials, E. W. Swanton. He worked as a sports journalist for The Daily Telegraph and as a broadcaster for BBC Radio for 30 years and he was a regular commentator on Test Match Special, easily recognised by his distinctive fruity voice. After retiring in the 1970s, he continued to write articles and columns. Swanton was born in Forest Hill in south London, the eldest child of a stockbroker and he was a large baby and known as Jim, a diminutive of Jumbo, from his earliest years. He was educated at Brightlands prep school and Cranleigh School and he did not excel at school academically or in sport, and decided to become a journalist on leaving school. Swanton started at the Amalgamated Press in Fleet Street in 1924 and he became a correspondent for the London Evening Standard in 1927, writing on cricket in the summer and rugby in the winter. He wrote about Test cricket for nearly 70 years, from the 2nd Test against Australia at Lords in 1930 to the 4th Test against New Zealand at the Oval in 1999. He started a career as a broadcaster for the British Empire Service in 1934, and commentated on the MCC tour to South Africa in 1938–39. Swanton formed his own club in 1935, the Arabs. He also played three county matches for Middlesex County Cricket Club in 1937 and 1938, all against university sides. He did not distinguish himself, scoring only 67 runs in 5 first-class innings and he was also president of Sandwich Town Cricket Club, he is labelled as having served the role for 25 years from 1976, although he died in January 2000. Swanton served in the Bedfordshire Yeomanry in the Second World War and he was in the rank of acting major when wounded and captured by the Japanese in the fall of Singapore, and spent three years as a prisoner of war. He became cricket correspondent for The Daily Telegraph in 1946, remaining in that post until 1975 and he was also editorial director of The Cricketer from 1967 to 1988. His writing style was spare and simple, reporting what happened and why. John Warr once described it as being halfway between the Ten Commandments and Enid Blyton and his radio commentary provided a contrast to the romanticism of Arlott. Essentially a traditionalist, he regretted the passing of the gentleman amateur cricketer and he served on the MCC main committee from 1975 to 1984. He never served as President of the Marylebone Cricket Club, but was elected an honorary life vice-president in 1989 and he was president of Kent County Cricket Club in 1981, and president of the Cricket Society and the Forty Club. He was awarded the OBE in 1965 and the CBE in 1994 and he published his autobiography, Sort of a Cricket Person, in 1972, and published Cricketers of my Time, a collection of obituaries from The Daily Telegraph, in 1999
31.
Pelham Warner
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Sir Pelham Francis Warner MBE, affectionately and better known as Plum Warner or the Grand Old Man of English cricket, was a Test cricketer. Warner was born in Port of Spain, Trinidad and his mother, Rosa Cadiz, was of Spanish origin, his father of an English colonial family. He was educated at Harrison College, and then sent to England to Rugby School and Oriel College, as a right-hand batsman, Warner played first-class cricket for Oxford University, Middlesex and England. He played 15 Test matches, captaining in 10 of them, with a record of won 4 and he succeeded in regaining The Ashes in 1903–04, winning the series against Australia 3–2. However he was successful when he captained England on the tour of South Africa in 1905–06, suffering a resounding 1–4 defeat. He was also to have captained England on the 1911–12 tour of Australia and he was unable to play in any of the Tests, with Johnny Douglas taking over the captaincy. He was named Wisden Cricketer of the Year in 1904 and also in 1921, the second award marked his retirement as a county player after the 1920 season, in which he captained Middlesex to the County Championship title. In the mid 1920s he was Chairman of Selectors, and in 1926 during industrial strife served as a Special Constable, MCC scraped a win in the series by 2 games to one, with one match drawn. He played one more match, in 1929 for the MCC against the Royal Navy. After retiring as a player, he became a tour manager and he was the chairman of the England Test selectors for several years in the 1930s. He later became President of the Marylebone Cricket Club and he was knighted for his services to cricket in 1937. He detailed his Ashes Tests and a history of Lords Cricket Ground and he was cricket correspondent of the Morning Post from 1921 to 1933, and subsequently of the Daily Telegraph. He married Agnes in the summer of 1904 and had two sons, Esmond and John, and a daughter, Elizabeth and he died, aged 89, at West Lavington, West Sussex. His brother Aucher Warner not only captained the first combined West Indies side in the West Indies during the 1896–97 season, marina Warner, novelist and mythographer, is his granddaughter
32.
Lord's
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Lords, also known as Lords Cricket Ground, is a cricket venue in St Johns Wood, London. Lords is widely referred to as the Home of Cricket and is home to the worlds oldest sporting museum, Lords today is not on its original site, being the third of three grounds that Lord established between 1787 and 1814. His first ground, now referred to as Lords Old Ground, was where Dorset Square now stands and his second ground, Lords Middle Ground, was used from 1811 to 1813 before being abandoned to make way for the construction through its outfield of the Regents Canal. The present Lords ground is about 250 yards north-west of the site of the Middle Ground, the ground can hold 28,000 spectators. Proposals are being developed to increase capacity and amenity, as of December 2013, it was proposed to redevelop the ground at a cost of around £200 million over a 14-year period. The current ground celebrated its two hundredth anniversary in 2014, to mark the occasion, on 5 July an MCC XI captained by Sachin Tendulkar played a Rest of the World XI led by Shane Warne in a 50 overs match. The White Conduit moved there from Islington soon afterwards and reconstituted themselves as Marylebone Cricket Club, in 1811, feeling obliged to relocate because of a rise in rent, Lord removed his turf and relaid it at his second ground. This was short-lived because it lay on the route decided by Parliament for the Regents Canal, the Middle Ground was on the estate of the Eyre family, who offered Lord another plot nearby, and he again relocated his turf. The new ground, on the present site, was opened in the 1814 season, the earliest known match was MCC v Hertfordshire on 22 June 1814. This is not rated a first-class match, MCC won by an innings and 27 runs. The annual Eton v Harrow match was first played on the Old Ground in 1805, there is no record of the fixture being played again until 29 July 1818, when it was held at the present Lords ground for the first time, Harrow won by 13 runs. From 1822, the fixture has been almost an annual event at Lords, in 1987 the new Mound Stand, designed by Michael Hopkins and Partners, was opened, followed by the Grandstand in 1996. Most notably, the Media Centre was added in 1998-9, it won The Royal Institute of British Architects Stirling Prize for 1999, the ground can currently hold up to 28,000 spectators. The two ends of the pitch are the Pavilion End, where the members pavilion is located. The main survivor from the Victorian era is the Pavilion, with its famous Long Room and this historic landmark— a Grade II*-listed building— underwent an £8 million refurbishment programme in 2004–05. The pavilion is primarily for members of MCC, who may use its amenities, which include seats for viewing the cricket, the Long Room and its Bar, the Bowlers Bar, at Middlesex matches the Pavilion is open to members of the Middlesex County Club. The Pavilion also contains the rooms where players change, each of which has a small balcony for players to watch the play. The only cricketer to hit a ball over the pavilion was Albert Trott, another highly visible feature of the ground is Old Father Time, a weather vane in the shape of Father Time, currently adorning a stand on the south-east side of the field
33.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
34.
John Arlott
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Leslie Thomas John Arlott OBE was an English journalist, author and cricket commentator for the BBCs Test Match Special. He was also a poet and wine connoisseur, with his poetic phraseology, he became an iconic cricket commentator noted for his wonderful gift for evoking cricketing moments by the BBC. John Arlott was born in 1914 at Cemetery Lodge, Chapel Hill, Basingstoke in Hampshire and he attended Fairfields Primary School in Basingstoke before winning a scholarship to Queen Marys Grammar School. Once at the school, however, he became embroiled in a feud with the headmaster, as the school had not been receptive to his young, independent. Arlott eventually left the school of his own accord and he meanwhile showed an early interest in the local cricket matches, in 1926 he watched England and Australia play at The Oval, becoming a fan of Jack Hobbs, and later watched Sussex play Lancashire. After leaving school, following a stint at the local town hall where he learned to type. His friend David Rayvern Allen noted that it was there that he discovered humanity in often dislocated forms, was fundamental to his personal development. This was followed by twelve years as a policeman in the Southampton County Borough Police Force and he progressed to the rank of sergeant while stationed at Southampton, and enjoyed the opportunity to watch Hampshire play at the County Ground while on duty at Northland Road. Though his cricket skills were not sufficient to play for the Southampton Police cricket XI and he played cricket at club level but would spend most of his free summer time following the Hampshire team both home and away. As a result of his support he became known to the team. He was watching Hampshire play Kent at Canterbury in August 1938 when they discovered they would be short of a man for the following game. Being willing and available young Arlott was co-opted and he travelled with the team to Worcester, Hampshire had had to use three substitute fielders when two of their XI were injured and skipper Cecil Paris suffered a puncture on his way to the ground. The following day, the report in the Western Daily Press named one of the substitutes as Harlott, a local policeman. It was quite a memorable day in the field, with the Nawab of Pataudi scoring an elegant undefeated century for Worcester in one of his rare appearances on the county circuit. The match ultimately fizzled out as just a draw with Hampshire scoring 313 and 91 –2. It was his one and only appearance in a first class cricket fixture, in 1980 he was asked whether playing first-class cricket on a regular basis might have provided him with greater insight as a cricket writer. He replied, My word, I know what the problems are. After being invited to make a radio address to George VI on VE Day,1945, he attracted the attention of the BBC, and of John Betjeman
35.
Denis Compton
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Denis Charles Scott Compton CBE was an English cricketer who played in 78 Test matches and spent his whole cricket career with Middlesex. He was also a footballer who played most of his football career at Arsenal. A right-handed batsman and slow left-arm chinaman bowler, Compton is regularly credited as one of Englands most remarkable batsmen and he is one of only twenty-five players to have scored over one hundred centuries in first-class cricket. In 2009, Compton was posthumously inducted into the ICC Cricket Hall of Fame, the Denis Compton Oval and a stand at Lords Cricket Ground are both named in his honour. Compton was born and brought up in the north London suburb of Hendon and he was the second son and youngest child of Henry Ernest Compton and Jessie Anne Duthie, he had one older brother, Leslie Harry and one older sister, Hilda. He was educated at a school and joined the MCC ground staff at Lords in 1934. By the late 1930s, Compton was one of Englands finest batsmen and his dashing approach to batting and the sheer enjoyment he exuded endeared him to a generation of cricket lovers. As an all-rounder Compton was a bat and a slow left-arm Chinaman bowler. Compton earned his first England cap against New Zealand in 1937, at 19 years and 83 days, he remains the third youngest England debutant ever. He scored his first Test century aged just 20 years and 19 days in 1938 against Don Bradmans touring Australians, later in the same series he scored a match-saving 76 not out at Lords, this innings was scored on a rain-affected pitch and greatly impressed Don Bradman. In 1939 he scored 2468 runs for the season, including 120 against the West Indies at Lords, as with many other sportsmen of his generation he lost some of his best years to the Second World War, during which he served in the army in India. He was posted at Mhow, Central India and he was granted permission to play for the Holkar team in the Ranji Trophy, Indias national cricket tournament. It was in India that he began his friendship with his Australian counterpart as Test cricketer, footballer and national hero. They played against each other in the match at Calcutta between the Australian Services team and East Zone. In recognition of their friendship and rivalry, the ECB and Cricket Australia decided in 2005 that the player adjudged the Player of the Series in the Ashes would be awarded the Compton-Miller medal. Back in England, Compton produced a season of cricket that established him as a British household name, helped by a rare summer of sunshine, Compton thrilled the war-weary English public with his cavalier batting. Against the touring South Africans, Compton scored five centuries, one for Middlesex and four for England and his aggregate in all matches that season was 3816 runs, which remains the most ever made in a season in first-class matches. In that season, he scored 18 centuries, with the last one scored on 15 September 1947, eighteen hundreds in a single season is another world record to his name
36.
Maurice Tate
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Maurice William Tate was an English cricketer of the 1920s and 1930s and the leader of Englands Test bowling attack for a long time during this period. He was also the first Sussex cricketer to take a wicket with his first ball in Test cricket, the son of Sussex off spinner Fred Tate and nicknamed Chubby, Maurice began his career for Sussex as a hard-hitting batsman and spin bowler with one match in 1912. He played a few matches in 1913 and 1914, but established himself as a batsman in 1919 by scoring over a thousand runs for the first of consecutive seasons. In the following two years, Tates batting developed further with a hundred against Northamptonshire in 1921 representing his highest first class score. However, his bowling remained secondary throughout this period, in 1922 Tate had, aided by some very poor batting sides, enjoyed more success as a bowler than in previous years. However, in an incident at practice with his captain Arthur Gilligan, he bowled a faster ball. This led to the famous quote Maurice, you must change your style of bowling immediately, from then on Tate developed as a tireless fast-medium bowler and the founder of modern seam bowling. Though not exceptionally fast through the air, Tate gave the illusion of gaining speed off the pitch, from 1923 to 1925, Tate had great success, not only in county cricket, but also in Test matches. In 1924, on his Test debut, he and Gilligan dismissed South Africa for 30 in just 12.3 overs in the first innings of the First Test and he took 4/12 with Gilligan taking 6/7. It is still the number of wickets by an Englishman in an Ashes series in Australia. In the following six years, Tates grand all-round service to Sussex and England continued, with his batting reaching a peak in 1927, when he hit five centuries for Sussex. In 1929, Tate hit his only Test century against South Africa, the storm created by Don Bradman that year did not pass Tate. On his third tour of Australia, he did not play a Test match, Tate continues to hold the record for the most wickets in a season outside England. He achieved the double of 1,000 runs and 200 wickets in a season three years running. His career total of 2,784 wickets is the 11th highest ever and he took three hat tricks in his career. He was Wisden Cricketer of the year in 1924, Test Bowling in Each Season By Maurice Tate First-Class Batting And Fielding In Each Season By Maurice Tate First-Class Bowling In Each Season By Maurice Tate
37.
Jack Hobbs
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Sir John Berry Jack Hobbs was an English professional cricketer who played for Surrey from 1905 to 1934 and for England in 61 Test matches between 1908 and 1930. Known as The Master, he is regarded by critics as one of the greatest batsmen in the history of cricket and he is the leading run-scorer and century-maker in first-class cricket, with 61,760 runs and 199 centuries. A right-handed batsman and an occasional right-arm medium pace bowler, Hobbs also excelled as a fielder, born into poverty in 1882, Hobbs wished from an early age to pursue a career in cricket. His early batting was undistinguished, but an improvement in 1901 brought him to the attention of local teams. In 1903 he successfully applied to join Surrey, with the support of England batsman Tom Hayward and his reputation grew and when he qualified to play for Surrey, he scored 88 on his first-class debut and a century in his next game. Over the following seasons, he established himself as a county player and in 1908 made his Test debut for England. In county cricket, he developed an attacking, dynamic style of play and was successful up until 1914. When he returned, he was a more cautious batsmen and used a style of play. Subsequently, he became more consistent and scored prolifically in both Test and domestic cricket until his retirement, in this period, he played some of his most acclaimed innings. Hobbs success was based on fast footwork, an ability to play many different shots and he was particularly successful on difficult pitches for batting. An opening batsman, Hobbs established several effective opening partnerships, with Tom Hayward and Andy Sandham for Surrey and with Wilfred Rhodes and his partnership with Sutcliffe remains in 2016 the most effective for the first wicket, in terms of average partnership, in Test history. Contemporaries rated Hobbs extremely highly, and critics continue to list him among the best batsmen of all time, after his cricketing retirement, he also worked in journalism. Knighted in 1953, the first professional cricketer to be so honoured and he died, aged 81, a few months after her in 1963. Hobbs was born in Cambridge on 16 December 1882, the first of 12 children to John Cooper Hobbs, a slater, Hobbs was raised in a poor, run-down area of the city, and he spent most of his childhood in near-poverty. Hobbs senior, a lover of cricket, changed his career to become a professional cricketer, from an early age, Hobbs played cricket whenever he could. His first games were played in the streets near his house and he played cricket regularly for the St Matthews choir team and the York Street school team, and during holidays helped his father at Jesus College. In his final year at York Street, to supplement the family budget, on leaving school in 1895, he worked as an errand boy until his fathers connections at the university secured him a summer job as a college servant, chiefly assisting the cricket team. Aged 16, Hobbs became a gas fitter, and practised cricket on Parkers Piece
38.
The London Gazette
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The London Gazette claims to be the oldest surviving English newspaper and the oldest continuously published newspaper in the UK, having been first published on 7 November 1665 as The Oxford Gazette. This claim is made by the Stamford Mercury and Berrows Worcester Journal. It does not have a large circulation, in turn, The London Gazette carries not only notices of UK-wide interest, but also those relating specifically to entities or people in England and Wales. However, certain notices that are only of specific interest to Scotland or Northern Ireland are also required to be published in The London Gazette, the London, Edinburgh and Belfast Gazettes are published by TSO on behalf of Her Majestys Stationery Office. They are subject to Crown Copyright, the London Gazette is published each weekday, except for Bank Holidays. The official Gazettes are published by The Stationery Office, the content, apart from insolvency notices, is available in a number of machine-readable formats, including XML and XML/RDFa via Atom feed. The London Gazette was first published as The Oxford Gazette on 7 November 1665. Charles II and the Royal Court had moved to Oxford to escape the Great Plague of London, the Gazette was Published by Authority by Henry Muddiman, and its first publication is noted by Samuel Pepys in his diary. The King returned to London as the plague dissipated, and the Gazette moved too, the Gazette was not a newspaper in the modern sense, it was sent by post to subscribers, not printed for sale to the general public. Her Majestys Stationery Office took over the publication of the Gazette in 1889, publication of the Gazette was transferred to the private sector, under government supervision, in the 1990s, when HMSO was sold and renamed The Stationery Office. In time of war, dispatches from the conflicts are published in The London Gazette. People referred to are said to have mentioned in dispatches. When members of the forces are promoted, and these promotions are published here. Man tally-ho, Miss piano, Wife silk and satin, Boy Greek and Latin, the phrase gazetted fortune hunter is also probably derived from this. Notices of engagement and marriage were also published in the Gazette. Gazettes, modelled on The London Gazette, were issued for most British colonial possessions
39.
The Daily Telegraph
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It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier, the papers motto, Was, is, and will be, appears in the editorial pages and has featured in every edition of the newspaper since April 19,1858. The paper had a circulation of 460,054 in December 2016 and its sister paper, The Sunday Telegraph, which started in 1961, had a circulation of 359,287 as of December 2016. The Daily Telegraph has the largest circulation for a newspaper in the UK. The two sister newspapers are run separately, with different editorial staff, but there is cross-usage of stories, articles published in either may be published on the Telegraph Media Groups www. telegraph. co. uk website, under the title of The Telegraph. However, critics, including an editor, accuse it of being unduly influenced by advertisers. The Daily Telegraph and Courier was founded by Colonel Arthur B, Sleigh in June 1855 to air a personal grievance against the future commander-in-chief of the British Army, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. Joseph Moses Levy, the owner of The Sunday Times, agreed to print the newspaper, the paper cost 2d and was four pages long. Nevertheless, the first edition stressed the quality and independence of its articles and journalists, however, the paper was not a success, and Sleigh was unable to pay Levy the printing bill. Levy took over the newspaper, his aim being to produce a newspaper than his main competitors in London. The same principle should apply to all other events—to fashion, to new inventions, in 1876, Jules Verne published his novel Michael Strogoff, whose plot takes place during a fictional uprising and war in Siberia. In 1937, the newspaper absorbed The Morning Post, which espoused a conservative position. Originally William Ewart Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose, bought The Morning Post with the intention of publishing it alongside The Daily Telegraph, for some years the paper was retitled The Daily Telegraph and Morning Post before it reverted to just The Daily Telegraph. As an result, Gordon Lennox was monitored by MI5, in 1939, The Telegraph published Clare Hollingworths scoop that Germany was to invade Poland. In November 1940, with Fleet Street subjected to almost daily bombing raids by the Luftwaffe, The Telegraph started printing in Manchester at Kemsley House, Manchester quite often printed the entire run of The Telegraph when its Fleet Street offices were under threat. The name Kemsley House was changed to Thomson House in 1959, in 1986 printing of Northern editions of the Daily and Sunday Telegraph moved to Trafford Park and in 2008 to Newsprinters at Knowsley, Liverpool. During the Second World War, The Daily Telegraph covertly helped in the recruitment of code-breakers for Bletchley Park, the ability to solve The Telegraphs crossword in under 12 minutes was considered to be a recruitment test. The competition itself was won by F. H. W. Hawes of Dagenham who finished the crossword in less than eight minutes, both the Camrose and Burnham families remained involved in management until Conrad Black took control in 1986
40.
ESPNcricinfo
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ESPNcricinfo is a sports news website exclusively for the game of cricket. The site features news, articles, live coverage of matches, and StatsGuru. As of July 2015, Sambit Bal was the editor, as part of an eventual breakup of the Wisden Group, it was sold to ESPN, jointly owned by The Walt Disney Company and Hearst Corporation, in 2007. CricInfo was launched on 15 March 1993 by Dr Simon King, while a company, CricInfo Ltd, was formed in 1996, CricInfo remained a volunteer-run operation until late 1999 and was not fully staffed until late 2000. In 2006, Cricinfos estimated worth was $150 million and it used around $22m worth of the paper to pay off initial investors but only raised about £6 million by selling the remaining stock. While the site continued to more and more users and operated on a very low cost base, its income was not enough to support a peak staff of 130 in nine countries. By late 2002 the company was making an operating profit and was one of very few independent sports sites to avoid collapse. However, the business was still servicing a large loan, Cricinfo was eventually acquired by the Paul Gettys Wisden Group, the publisher of the Wisden Cricketers Almanack and The Wisden Cricketer, and renamed Wisden Cricinfo. The Wisden brand were eventually phased out in favor of Cricinfo for Wisdens online operations, in December 2005, Wisden re-launched its recently discontinued Wisden Asia Cricket magazine as Cricinfo Magazine, a magazine dedicated to coverage of Indian cricket. The magazine published its last issue in July 2007, in 2007, the Wisden Group began to be broken up and sold to other companies, BSkyB acquired The Wisden Cricketer, while Sony Corporation acquired the Hawk-Eye ball tracking system. In June 2007, ESPN Inc. announced that it had acquired Cricinfo from the Wisden Group, the acquisition was intended to help further expand Cricinfo by combining the site with ESPNs other web properties, including ESPN. com and ESPN Soccernet. Terms of the acquisition were not disclosed, Sambit Bal is currently the Editor-in-Chief of ESPNCricinfo. In 2013, EspnCricinfo. com celebrated 20 years of the property with a series of online features, the annual ESPNCricinfo Awards have also become an extremely popular event in the cricket calendar. ESPNcricinfo contains various news, columns, blogs, videos and fantasy sports games, for each match, the live scores are accompanied by a bulletin, which details the turning points of the match and some of the off-field events. The site also used to offer Cricinfo 3D, a feature which utilizes a matchs scoring data to generate a 3D animated simulation of a live match, ask Steven is another regular section on ESPNCricinfo. It is a Tuesday column in which Steven Lynch answers users questions on all things cricket, in May 2014, ESPNcricinfo launched CricIQ, an online test to challenge every fan’s cricket knowledge. The Cricket Monthly claims itself to be the world’s first digital-only cricket magazine, the first issue was dated August 2014. CricInfo – News Updates An overview by Hareesh Atyam,2015
