1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.
2.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
New Zealand
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The Waitangi sheet from the
Treaty of Waitangi
New Zealand
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Flag
New Zealand
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Painting of
Mount Earnslaw by John Turnbull Thomson, oil on canvas, 1888
New Zealand
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John Key,
Prime Minister of New Zealand since 2008
3.
Regions of New Zealand
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New Zealand is divided into sixteen regions for devolved local government. Eleven are administered by councils, and five are administered by unitary authorities. The Chatham Islands Council is similar to an authority, authorised under its own legislation. The regional councils are listed in Part 1 of Schedule 2 of the Local Government Act 2002, the Act requires regional councils to promote sustainable development – the social, economic, environmental and cultural well-being of their communities. The current regions and most of their councils came into being through a government reform in 1989 that took place under the Local Government Act 1974. In addition they took over roles that had previously been performed by county councils. Auckland Regional Council, formed in 1989, was replaced by Auckland Council, the boundaries of the regions are based largely on drainage basins. This anticipated the responsibilities of the Resource Management Act 1991, most regional boundaries conform with territorial authority boundaries but there are a number of exceptions. An example is Taupo District, split between four regions, although most of its area is in the Waikato region, property rates are used to fund both regional and territorial government activities. There is often a degree of co-operation between regional and territorial councils as they have complementary roles. Regional councils have these specific functions under the Resource Management Act 1991, notes, These regions have unitary authorities. The Gisborne Region is still widely but unofficially known by its name or as East Coast. Some outlying islands are not included within regional boundaries, the Chatham Islands is not in a region, although its council has some of the powers of a regional council under the Resource Management Act. Councils may use a first past the post or single transferable vote system, the chairperson is selected by the elected council members. The Auckland Regional Council was preceded by the Auckland Regional Authority, the Wellington Regional Council was first formed in 1980 from a merger of the Wellington Regional Planning Authority and the Wellington Regional Water Board. In 1978, legislation was passed enabling the formation of regions with united councils, twenty regions were designated, excluding the Auckland and Wellington areas. For most of the country this was the first regional level of government since the abolition of provinces in 1876, councillors were not elected directly – they were appointed from the various territorial local authorities within the region. For example, in a number of cases the united council took responsibility for the allocation of revenue from regional petrol taxes, the united councils were based in the facilities of the largest TLA in the region and largely dependent on the TLAs for resources
Regions of New Zealand
4.
Napier, New Zealand
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Napier is a New Zealand city with a seaport, located in Hawkes Bay on the eastern coast of the North Island. The population of Napier is about 62,100 as of the June 2016, about 18 kilometres south of Napier is the inland city of Hastings. These two neighbouring cities are often called The Bay Cities or The Twin Cities of New Zealand, Napier is about 320 kilometres northeast of the capital city of Wellington. The City of Napier has an area of 106 square kilometres. Napier has also become an important grape and wine production area, with the grapes grown around Hastings, large amounts of sheeps wool, frozen meat, wood pulp, and timber also pass through Napier annually for export. Smaller amounts of materials are shipped via road and railway to the large metropolitan areas of New Zealand itself, such as Auckland. Napier is a popular tourist city, with a concentration of 1930s Art Deco architecture. It also has one of the most photographed tourist attractions in the country, thousands of people flock to Napier every February for the Tremains Art Deco Weekend event, a celebration of its Art Deco heritage and history. Other notable tourist events attracting many outsiders to the region annually include F. A. W. C, food and Wine Classic events, and the Mission Estate Concert at Mission Estate and Winery in the suburb of Taradale. Later, the Ngāti Kahungunu became the dominant force from Poverty Bay to Wellington and they were one of the first Māori tribes to come in contact with European settlers. The rivers were continually feeding freshwater into the area, captain James Cook was one of the first Europeans to see the future site of Napier when he sailed down the east coast in October 1769. He commented, On each side of this head is a low, narrow sand or stone beach. He said the harbour entrance was at the Westshore end of the shingle beach, the site was subsequently visited and later settled by European traders, whalers and missionaries. By the 1850s, farmers and hotel-keepers arrived, the Crown purchased the Ahuriri block in 1851. In 1854 Alfred Domett, a future Prime Minister of New Zealand, was appointed as the Commissioner of Crown Lands, Domett named many streets in Napier to commemorate the colonial era of the British Indian Empire. Napier was designated as a borough in 1874, but the development of the surrounding marshlands, development was generally confined to the hill and to the port area of Ahuriri. There was a swamp between the now Hastings Street and Wellesley Road and the sea extended to Clive Square, on 3 February 1931, most of Napier and nearby Hastings was levelled by an earthquake. The collapses of buildings and the fires killed 256 people
Napier, New Zealand
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View of Napier on
Hawke Bay
Napier, New Zealand
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Napier's Tom Parker Fountain at dusk
Napier, New Zealand
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Sound Shell (1931) in Napier at night.
Napier, New Zealand
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T & G Dome at dusk
5.
Hastings, New Zealand
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Hastings is a New Zealand city and is one of the two major urban areas in Hawkes Bay, on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand. The population of Hastings is about 68,900 as of the June 2016, Hastings is about 18 kilometres inland of the coastal city of Napier. These two neighbouring cities are often called The Bay Cities or The Twin Cities, the combined population of the Napier-Hastings Urban Area is 131,000 people, which makes it the sixth-largest urban area in New Zealand, closely following Tauranga. The city is the centre of the Hastings District. The city of Hastings and its suburbs of Flaxmere and Havelock North are the principal settlements in the Hastings District. These main centres are surrounded by thirty-eight rural settlements, including Clive, Hastings District covers an area of 5,229 square kilometres and has 1.7 % of the population of New Zealand, ranking it fourteenth in size out of the seventy-four territorial authorities. Since the merger of the surrounding and satellite settlements, Hastings has grown to one of the largest urban areas in Hawkes Bay. Hastings District is a food production region, the fertile Heretaunga Plains surrounding the city produce stone fruits, pome fruit, kiwifruit and vegetables, and the area is one of New Zealands major red wine producers. Associated business include food processing, agricultural services, rural finance, Hastings is the major service centre for the surrounding inland pastoral communities and tourism. Near the fourteenth century CE, Māori arrived in Heretaunga or Hawkes Bay, settling in the river valleys and along the coast where food was plentiful. It is believed that Māori arrived at Heretaunga by canoe, travelling down the coast from the north, landing at Wairoa, Portland Island, the Ahuriri Lagoon at Westshore, and at Waimarama. Their culture flourished, along with gradual deforestation of the land and they were one of the first Māori tribes to come in contact with European settlers. The Māori owners leased approximately seventy square kilometres on the Heretaunga Plains to Thomas Tanner in 1867, in 1870, twelve people, known as the 12 apostles, formed a syndicate to purchase the land for around £1 10s an acre. The original name of the location which was to become the centre was Karamu. In 1871, the New Zealand Government decided to route the new railway south of Napier through a notional Karamu junction in the centre of the Heretaunga Plains and this location was on Francis Hickss land. The decision on the route was based largely on two reports by Charles Weber, the provincial engineer and surveyor in charge of the railway. Karamu junction was renamed Hastings in 1873, exactly who chose the name has been disputed, although Thomas Tanner claimed that it was him and that the choice was inspired by his reading the trial of Warren Hastings. In any event, the name fitted well with other names in the district
Hastings, New Zealand
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Hastings Heretaunga (
Māori)
Hastings, New Zealand
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Warren Hastings in 1767/68
Hastings, New Zealand
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Hastings CBD
Hastings, New Zealand
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Hastings City Square
6.
Rick Barker
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Richard John Barker is a New Zealand politician. He is a member of the Labour Party, and was a middle-ranking Cabinet minister in the Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand, Barker was born in the town of Greymouth, on New Zealands West Coast. He attended Greymouth High School and then the University of Otago, after working as a shop assistant, bartender, storeworker, farmhand, driver, factory worker, and quarrier, he became involved in the trade unions, primarily those relating to the service sector. He eventually became National Secretary of the Service Workers Union, Barker became a member of the Labour Party in 1973, and served for a time as the Industrial Representative on the partys National Council. In the 1993 elections, he stood as the Labour Party candidate for the Hastings electorate. He was re-elected in 1996,1999, and 2002 for the seat of Tukituki. In 2005 he lost the seat in what was a swing against the sitting Labour government in the provincial areas. In 2008 Barker tried unsuccessfully to regain the seat of Tukituki and he stood in one of the safest National seats, Taranaki-King Country, in 2011 and was not high enough on the Labour list to remain an MP. During the 2002-2005 term, he was given responsibility as Minister for the Community and Voluntary Sector. In 2005, Barker was re-appointed to Cabinet as the Minister of Internal Affairs, Minister for Courts, Minister of Civil Defence and Minister of Veterans Affairs. As a cabinet minister, Barker was entitled to the title of The Honourable, Barker was elected to the regional council in 2013, representing the Hastings constituency. In 2016 he was appointed deputy chair of the council, at the New Zealand Parliament website
Rick Barker
–
The Honourable Rick Barker
7.
Clive, New Zealand
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The small town of Clive is located ten kilometres from the city centres of both Napier and Hastings in the Hawkes Bay region of New Zealands North Island. It is close to the mouth of the Ngaruroro River, the town, which has a population of 1764 at the 2013 census, is part of the Hastings district. It was named after a prominent person from imperial India, in this case Robert Clive, the name was given by John Curling. Clive is home to the Hawkes Bay Rowing Club who train on the Clive River, the Hawkes Bay Rowing Regatta is held on the first weekend of the year and was started in 1872
Clive, New Zealand
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The decommissioned Catholic church in Clive
8.
Mahia Beach
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The Mahia Peninsula is located on the east coast of New Zealands North Island, between the cities of Napier and Gisborne. The peninsula is 21.7 kilometres long and 11.3 km wide and its highest point is Rahuimokairoa above sea level. Mahia was initially an island but over time, a sand bar joined it to the North Island, whales often strand on the shallow sand build up. Early whalers had a station on the farm Kini Kini. Portland Island was named by Kahungunu when he visited there to look for drinking water. Waikawa is an island off the southern tip of Mahia Peninsula with an unmanned lighthouse. The name Mahia means indistinct sound, the area is a popular seaside resort and contains a holiday park dating back to the 1960s. The remaining settlement consists mostly of houses and baches. Sheep and cattle farms are still an important part for the local community, mahias population swells greatly during the warmer months and in particular during school holidays. Mahia is famous for its surf, scuba diving, hiking, many tourists stay in Napier, Hastings or Wairoa and travel to Mahia Peninsula for the day. Morere Hot Springs is located at the end of Mahia Peninsula. In Maori legend, Whatonga who came to New Zealand in search of his grandfather Toi, the community these days is still generally a mix of Maori and European. The local Maori people are known as Ngāti Rongomaiwahine, more recently Mahia has become famous for the presence of Moko the Dolphin. The Rocket Lab company started to set up in 2016 a rocket range to launch its Electron vehicle under development, once in regular operations, it is meant to be used as a commercial launcher of a type miniature satellites called CubeSat
Mahia Beach
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NASA satellite image of the Mahia Peninsula
Mahia Beach
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Mahia Beach in the morning
9.
Te Awanga
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Te Awanga is a small beachside town in Hawkes Bay, New Zealand. Te Awanga is near Cape Kidnappers, which has a renowned gannet bird colony, Te Awanga is a town that is just smaller than Haumoana, which is further down the Bay beach from Napier. The town was developed as a holiday settlement, there are shops, cafes and wineries located nearby to the town. Activities which are common at Te Awanga include fishing, swimming, surfing and boating, surfing is popular when large easterly swells move into the Bay. The 18 hole world-famous Cape Kidnappers Golf Course is located near Te Awanga, Te Awanga is located at 39°S 177°E on Hawke Bay on the east coast of New Zealand. The town is located sixteen kilometres south of the centre of Napier and it is ten kilometres west of Cape Kidnappers. The road towards Cape Kidnappers, Clifton Road, passes through Te Awanga on its way to Clifton, Te Awanga is located in an area which can be prone to coastal erosion. The Te Awanga shoreline can be eroded by stormy seas and high tides, the long term shoreline retreat, is due to erosion caused by the sea at Te Awanga is on average between 0. 30m and 0. 70m per year. This rate was challenged and debunked in court circa 1988, there has been no independent science completed and all figures on coastal erosion are supplied by the local authority
Te Awanga
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St Francis Church in Te Awanga
10.
Waimarama
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Waimarama is a seaside village in Hastings District, Hawkes Bay, New Zealand Many residents of Hawkes Bay, especially those in the Hastings District enjoy Waimarama as a seaside recreational beach. There is a local shop/takeaway/bottleshop and a caféwhich brings beach goers from Ocean Beach, Waimarama is a popular surf beach in the area. It is known as a break on a sandy beach. It offers both left and right handers and conditions are suitable for surfers of all levels. Waimarama can have strong rip currents, the beach is patrolled by the Waimarama SLSC at weekends from November to March, motu-O-kura - or as English speakers know it - Bare Island/ is located just off the coast and is a popular spot for fishing and diving. Waimarama is located at 39°S 177°E on the East Coast of New Zealand, and is sandy on the oceanfront and grassy for farmland behind the sand, the land almost immediately behind the beach is hilly and some is used for farming and some for agriculture. Waimarama has about 240 permanent residents which is a population than Ocean Beach. The area has a number of developments, many houses that were once baches are now homes. On 28 April 2011, heavy rain hit the village, causing floods and mudslides
Waimarama
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Waimarama from the hills above, with
Bare Island to the left
11.
Waipawa
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Waipawa is the second-largest town in Central Hawkes Bay in the east of the North Island of New Zealand. It has a population of 2,060, at the 2013 census, it had a population of 1,965, a change of 2.2 percent from the 2006 census. The town is located 7 kilometres northeast of Waipukurau and 46 km southwest of Hastings, on the bank of the Waipawa River. Waipawa was settled in the early 1860s, and the Settlers Museum exhibits many of historical collections. It holds the office of the Central Hawkes Bay District Council. There was also a home in Waipawa named Abbotsford
Waipawa
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Waipawa
12.
Waipukurau
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Waipukurau is the largest town in the Central Hawkes Bay District on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand. It is located on the banks of the Tukituki River,7 kilometres south of Waipawa and 50 kilometres southwest of Hastings, Central Hawkes Bay, where the town is located was settled by Te Aitanga a Whatonga, the desecendants of Whatonga, grandson of Toi Kairakau. These were the Ngati Tara and Rangitāne peoples, in the mid 1500s the Ngāti Kahungunu invaded the area from the north and in the subsequent fighting drove the Rangitāne south into the Tahoraiti area. Warfare continued through the 1600s until the time of Te Rangikoianake and his first child Te Kikiri was adopted by the Ngai Toroiwaho to be their chief - he had mana over the Waipukurau district. Fighting broke out again in the 1800s at Mangatoetoe between Ngai Te Upokoiri and Ngāti Te Rangikoianake of Poukawa, several of Te Rangikoianakes grand children were killed in this fight. Pareihe, a Ngati Rangikoianake Chief, avenged the defeat in a battle at Pukekaihau, Waipukurau after which a peace accord was made between the two tribes. The accord was short lived with the death of Te Wanikaus brother-in-law prompting further conflict over the erection of rahui poles on Lake Poukawa, the conflict, starting around 1819 and lasting till 1824 ended with the Ngati Rangikoianake and other local tribes evacuating the area and settling at Mahia. In the latter part of the 1820s Pareihe attacked the Ngai Te Upokoiri and regained the lands they had lost, a peace accord was made between Pareihe and the Ngāti Tūwharetoa in the late 1830s. The Ngati Tuwharetoa had been allied with the Ngai Te Upokoiri, within the current township is Pukekaihau hill, the site of the Māori pa, from which it gets its name. Waipukurau is said to mean the water of pukerau, wai being water, the pa was near the old Māori trail from the Manawatu Gorge and Hawkes Bay. The first Europeans who are known to have passed through the area were Bishop George Selwyn, in December 1850 Donald McLean and the his party of Land Commissioners meet with the Central Hawkes Bay tribes to discuss purchasing a large block of land for European settlement. In 1857 there was a house run by a Mr Aveson. This was sold in October 1858 to George Lloyd and renamed Lloyds Hotel, the Hotel was transferred again in 1861 becoming Mosss Inn or the Tavistock Hotel. Horse racing started in 1859 with the first recorded meeting on 2 February, the provincial council approved construction of roading from Waipukurau to Porongahau, a goal, and the appointment of a Constable at Waipukurau in 1859. Roading to Forty-mile bush was not commenced until late 1867, the surrounding land was part of Mount Herbert station and owned by Henry Russell. By at least 1858 Waipukurau was used as a hub for mail delivery to the district, a yard for stock. In 1863 land was offered to the Agricultural Society for a show, by 1864 the Presbyterians were looking to set up a church in Waipukurau. There was a school in town by 1866 but this was closed when the building it used was destroyed by fire that year, the school was replaced in August 1867 by new building which was to serve as both a church and a school
Waipukurau
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Waipukurau - View from Pukeora
Waipukurau
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Waipukurau
13.
Wairoa
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Wairoa is a town in New Zealands North Island. It is the northernmost town in the Hawkes Bay region, and is located on the shore of Hawkes Bay at the mouth of the Wairoa River. It is 118 kilometres northeast of Napier, and 92 kilometres southwest of Gisborne and it is the largest town in the district of Wairoa. The district has been known historically as Te Wairoa, in keeping with the districts vision of being bilingual by 2040, the use of the phrase Te Wairoa when referring to the district is steadily increasing. Wairoa is Māori for long water portraying the length of the river that runs throughout the town. Early settlement in the area included a station and trading post. These establishments offered sufficient income and attraction and its initial name was Clyde, but this was changed largely to avoid confusion with Clive near Napier and Clyde in the South Island. The north part of the town is called North Clyde, the town rose to prominence during the New Zealand Wars, during which time it was a garrison town. Wairoa is a manufacturing and farming service town and it is the seat of the Wairoa District Council. The Wairoa District covers the northern half of the bays coast, and extends from Mahia Peninsula to Lake Waikaremoana, the districts population at the June 2016 census was 4,250, and it has a land area of 4,119.18 km2. As a result of economic development efforts, in 2016. Space launches are expected to commence in late 2016 with a series of three test launches, commercial launches are anticipated to commence in 2017. The Electron vehicle is capable of delivering satellites into Low Earth Orbit, the New Zealand Space Agency has been established to manage New Zealand space treaties and activity. Wairoa has one school, Wairoa College. This offers many opportunities to those students between the years of 7 -13 with assessments such as NCEA and WAM. This town also offers opportunities for education as it has a wide variety of schools specialising in Maori Culture or Catholic Beliefs along as National Curruclum subjects. Te Kura Kaupapa Maori O Ngati Kahungunu O Te Wairoa is the only Maori school in this region, Wairoa Primary, Tiaho, and Frasertown are the Primary schools that offer education to students in years 1 -6. Ohuka, Te Mahia, Nuhaka, Ruakituri, Mohaka, Waikaremoana, Tiniroto, Tutira, Kotemaori, the latter is a special catholic character school. Wairoa is situated on SH2, which gives connections to Gisborne to the north east and it is connected to the Central North Island by SH38 which goes from Wai-O-Tapu via Murupara and Frasertown to Wairoa, and which connects to Rotorua via Te Urewera, and Lake Waikaremoana
Wairoa
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Wairoa riverbank viewed from SH2 bridge over Wairoa River
Wairoa
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Wairoa
14.
Hastings District
–
Hastings is a New Zealand city and is one of the two major urban areas in Hawkes Bay, on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand. The population of Hastings is about 68,900 as of the June 2016, Hastings is about 18 kilometres inland of the coastal city of Napier. These two neighbouring cities are often called The Bay Cities or The Twin Cities, the combined population of the Napier-Hastings Urban Area is 131,000 people, which makes it the sixth-largest urban area in New Zealand, closely following Tauranga. The city is the centre of the Hastings District. The city of Hastings and its suburbs of Flaxmere and Havelock North are the principal settlements in the Hastings District. These main centres are surrounded by thirty-eight rural settlements, including Clive, Hastings District covers an area of 5,229 square kilometres and has 1.7 % of the population of New Zealand, ranking it fourteenth in size out of the seventy-four territorial authorities. Since the merger of the surrounding and satellite settlements, Hastings has grown to one of the largest urban areas in Hawkes Bay. Hastings District is a food production region, the fertile Heretaunga Plains surrounding the city produce stone fruits, pome fruit, kiwifruit and vegetables, and the area is one of New Zealands major red wine producers. Associated business include food processing, agricultural services, rural finance, Hastings is the major service centre for the surrounding inland pastoral communities and tourism. Near the fourteenth century CE, Māori arrived in Heretaunga or Hawkes Bay, settling in the river valleys and along the coast where food was plentiful. It is believed that Māori arrived at Heretaunga by canoe, travelling down the coast from the north, landing at Wairoa, Portland Island, the Ahuriri Lagoon at Westshore, and at Waimarama. Their culture flourished, along with gradual deforestation of the land and they were one of the first Māori tribes to come in contact with European settlers. The Māori owners leased approximately seventy square kilometres on the Heretaunga Plains to Thomas Tanner in 1867, in 1870, twelve people, known as the 12 apostles, formed a syndicate to purchase the land for around £1 10s an acre. The original name of the location which was to become the centre was Karamu. In 1871, the New Zealand Government decided to route the new railway south of Napier through a notional Karamu junction in the centre of the Heretaunga Plains and this location was on Francis Hickss land. The decision on the route was based largely on two reports by Charles Weber, the provincial engineer and surveyor in charge of the railway. Karamu junction was renamed Hastings in 1873, exactly who chose the name has been disputed, although Thomas Tanner claimed that it was him and that the choice was inspired by his reading the trial of Warren Hastings. In any event, the name fitted well with other names in the district
Hastings District
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Hastings Heretaunga (
Māori)
Hastings District
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Warren Hastings in 1767/68
Hastings District
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Hastings CBD
Hastings District
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Hastings City Square
15.
Napier City
–
Napier is a New Zealand city with a seaport, located in Hawkes Bay on the eastern coast of the North Island. The population of Napier is about 62,100 as of the June 2016, about 18 kilometres south of Napier is the inland city of Hastings. These two neighbouring cities are often called The Bay Cities or The Twin Cities of New Zealand, Napier is about 320 kilometres northeast of the capital city of Wellington. The City of Napier has an area of 106 square kilometres. Napier has also become an important grape and wine production area, with the grapes grown around Hastings, large amounts of sheeps wool, frozen meat, wood pulp, and timber also pass through Napier annually for export. Smaller amounts of materials are shipped via road and railway to the large metropolitan areas of New Zealand itself, such as Auckland. Napier is a popular tourist city, with a concentration of 1930s Art Deco architecture. It also has one of the most photographed tourist attractions in the country, thousands of people flock to Napier every February for the Tremains Art Deco Weekend event, a celebration of its Art Deco heritage and history. Other notable tourist events attracting many outsiders to the region annually include F. A. W. C, food and Wine Classic events, and the Mission Estate Concert at Mission Estate and Winery in the suburb of Taradale. Later, the Ngāti Kahungunu became the dominant force from Poverty Bay to Wellington and they were one of the first Māori tribes to come in contact with European settlers. The rivers were continually feeding freshwater into the area, captain James Cook was one of the first Europeans to see the future site of Napier when he sailed down the east coast in October 1769. He commented, On each side of this head is a low, narrow sand or stone beach. He said the harbour entrance was at the Westshore end of the shingle beach, the site was subsequently visited and later settled by European traders, whalers and missionaries. By the 1850s, farmers and hotel-keepers arrived, the Crown purchased the Ahuriri block in 1851. In 1854 Alfred Domett, a future Prime Minister of New Zealand, was appointed as the Commissioner of Crown Lands, Domett named many streets in Napier to commemorate the colonial era of the British Indian Empire. Napier was designated as a borough in 1874, but the development of the surrounding marshlands, development was generally confined to the hill and to the port area of Ahuriri. There was a swamp between the now Hastings Street and Wellesley Road and the sea extended to Clive Square, on 3 February 1931, most of Napier and nearby Hastings was levelled by an earthquake. The collapses of buildings and the fires killed 256 people
Napier City
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View of Napier on
Hawke Bay
Napier City
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Napier's Tom Parker Fountain at dusk
Napier City
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Sound Shell (1931) in Napier at night.
Napier City
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T & G Dome at dusk
16.
Wairoa District
–
Wairoa is a town in New Zealands North Island. It is the northernmost town in the Hawkes Bay region, and is located on the shore of Hawkes Bay at the mouth of the Wairoa River. It is 118 kilometres northeast of Napier, and 92 kilometres southwest of Gisborne and it is the largest town in the district of Wairoa. The district has been known historically as Te Wairoa, in keeping with the districts vision of being bilingual by 2040, the use of the phrase Te Wairoa when referring to the district is steadily increasing. Wairoa is Māori for long water portraying the length of the river that runs throughout the town. Early settlement in the area included a station and trading post. These establishments offered sufficient income and attraction and its initial name was Clyde, but this was changed largely to avoid confusion with Clive near Napier and Clyde in the South Island. The north part of the town is called North Clyde, the town rose to prominence during the New Zealand Wars, during which time it was a garrison town. Wairoa is a manufacturing and farming service town and it is the seat of the Wairoa District Council. The Wairoa District covers the northern half of the bays coast, and extends from Mahia Peninsula to Lake Waikaremoana, the districts population at the June 2016 census was 4,250, and it has a land area of 4,119.18 km2. As a result of economic development efforts, in 2016. Space launches are expected to commence in late 2016 with a series of three test launches, commercial launches are anticipated to commence in 2017. The Electron vehicle is capable of delivering satellites into Low Earth Orbit, the New Zealand Space Agency has been established to manage New Zealand space treaties and activity. Wairoa has one school, Wairoa College. This offers many opportunities to those students between the years of 7 -13 with assessments such as NCEA and WAM. This town also offers opportunities for education as it has a wide variety of schools specialising in Maori Culture or Catholic Beliefs along as National Curruclum subjects. Te Kura Kaupapa Maori O Ngati Kahungunu O Te Wairoa is the only Maori school in this region, Wairoa Primary, Tiaho, and Frasertown are the Primary schools that offer education to students in years 1 -6. Ohuka, Te Mahia, Nuhaka, Ruakituri, Mohaka, Waikaremoana, Tiniroto, Tutira, Kotemaori, the latter is a special catholic character school. Wairoa is situated on SH2, which gives connections to Gisborne to the north east and it is connected to the Central North Island by SH38 which goes from Wai-O-Tapu via Murupara and Frasertown to Wairoa, and which connects to Rotorua via Te Urewera, and Lake Waikaremoana
Wairoa District
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Wairoa riverbank viewed from SH2 bridge over Wairoa River
Wairoa District
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Wairoa
17.
Mohaka River
–
The Mohaka river is on the North Island of New Zealand in the east central region of Hawke’s Bay. Mohaka is a Maori word, roughly translated it means “place for dancing”, the iwi associated with the Mohaka River are Ngāti Pāhauwera, Ngāti Hineuru, Ngāti Tūwharetoa and Mana Ahuriri. The headwaters are found in the Kaweka and Kaimanawa ranges, from the range it winds southeast before twisting northeast and finally southeast again to empty into the Pacific Ocean near the town of Mohaka. There are many gorges on the Mohaka, some as steep as 200m and its main tributaries are the Waipunga, Taharua, Hautapu rivers. The full length is 172 kilometres and it drains a basin of 2,357 square kilometres, Ngati Pahauwera’s traditional tribal territory is from the Te Hoe river junction to its mouth. The river, including its waters, bed and fisheries, is a taonga of Ngati Pahauwera, in particular they place great emphasis on the role the river plays in their tribal identity. The Mohaka was an important river for fishing and transport long before the settlers arrived, archeological surveys have found extensive evidence of villages and temporary camps along the lower and upper Mohaka. The Maori collected Hangi stones, taupunga, opunga, poutama, the famous Maori, Te Kooti, reportedly frequented the area. Te Kooti’s Lookout, said to be the sight of a fight with the British, is visible from the river, later, Europeans used the Mohaka to transport timber. In 2004 a water conservation order was placed on the section of the Mohaka because of its fantastic fishing, scenic gorges. The area is also an important habitat for the blue duck. More recently it is a spot for rafting, kayaking, tramping and fishing. Up in the Kaweka range the Mohaka is a twisting grade II river with a bit of grade III, there are several Department of Conservation campsites, hot pools and plenty of undisturbed native bush. DOC campsites are still found along this 68 km stretch, as the more technical grade III rapids begin the river flows past native bush of the Tataraakina block on the left and Waitere Station on the right. This section contains Te Hoe’s rapid, which is the largest and longest in this section, there are 3 gorges to be appreciated on this run. Te Kooti’ s bridge marks the start of the grade V, after the bridge, it is an easy grade II float for about 4 km then the banks get steeper and the rapids start off with the largest one on the river, Long Rapid. Scenery on this stretch includes massive boulders, waterfalls falling from the canyon walls. The rapids are continuous for the full 18 km with the grade being mostly III+ with some exciting IV/V, the final stretch of the river after the grade V returns to grade II as it mellows and flows into the ocean
Mohaka River
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Endangered blue ducks are often seen on the Mohaka
Mohaka River
Mohaka River
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Floating through the native forest of the upper Mohaka
Mohaka River
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Waterfall halfway down Long Rapid, Grade V Section
18.
Lake Waikaremoana
–
Lake Waikaremoana is located in Te Urewera in the North Island of New Zealand,60 kilometres northwest of Wairoa and 80 kilometres west-southwest of Gisborne. It covers an area of 54 km2, from the Maori Waikaremoana translates as sea of rippling waters The lake lies in the heart of Tuhoe country. The hamlet of Āniwaniwa and the Waikaremoana Holiday Park are located on the lakeshore, along SH38, there is a Department of Conservation office at Aniwaniwa. Several walks start here, including a short stroll to Aniwaniwa Falls, Lake Waikaremoana is a holiday destination for people who use the lake for fishing, tramping and other recreational activities. The Lake Waikaremoana Track, one of New Zealands Great Walks, is a three- to four-day tramp which follows approximately half of the lakes circumference, the track can be walked independently, or as part of a guided group. There are huts dotted on the walk which require booking to use, camping is permitted unless you are more than 500 metres from the track. The climate of the area is temperate In the summer and cool during the winters, numbers of visitors to the area are limited to some extent as a result of the extensive unsealed road that must be taken to reach it. This makes Lake Waikaremoana significantly less congested with tourists than the other 8 Great Walks in New Zealand, the smaller Lake Waikareiti lies four kilometres to the northeast. Waikaremoana, the North Islands deepest lake, has its surface at 600 metres above sea level, a huge landslide dam about 250 metres high formed the lake around 2,200 years ago. Before the landslip was sealed, around 1950, much of the lake outflow flowed through the rather than out of an overflow at a low point in the slip. Other geographical features include Panekiri Bluff and Puketukutuku Peninsula, which is the site of a kiwi-conservation programme, surrounded by mountains clad with native forest which has never been logged, Waikaremoana is regarded as the North Islands most attractive lake. Many native bird-species scarce in most other parts of the North Island occur in the area, a possum-hunting programme operates in the area to help protect the forest. Numerous understory species grow within the area of the catchment basin, crown fern. Since at least the early 1900s lake-bottom molluscs have been studied by Colenso, the climate of Lake Waikaremoana is temperate during the summer months and cool in the winter where snow events are not unheard of. Heavy rains affect the region, especially about late winter and early spring, the weather in the area is very changeable, trampers in the region need to be on the look out for dangerous weather conditions. The Waikaremoana Hydroelectric Power Scheme appears to be the example of a hydroelectric power station being built on a natural landslide dam. The stability of the dam has been the subject of intense engineering review. Construction of a tunnel through the slip, which commenced in 1935, required extensive grouting around the control structures
Lake Waikaremoana
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Lake Waikaremoana (winter 2015)
Lake Waikaremoana
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View of Lake Waikaremoana from Panekiri Bluff
19.
North Island
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The North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, separated from the slightly larger but much less populous South Island by Cook Strait. The islands area is 113,729 square kilometres, making it the worlds 14th-largest island and it has a population of 3,596,200. Twelve main urban areas are in the North Island, about 77% of New Zealands population lives in the North Island. Although the island has been known as the North Island for many years, in 2009 the New Zealand Geographic Board found that, along with the South Island, after a public consultation, the board officially named the island North Island or Te Ika-a-Maui in October 2013. In prose, the two islands of New Zealand are called the North Island and the South Island, with the definite articles. It is normal to use the preposition in rather than on, for example Hamilton is in the North Island, maps, headings, tables and adjectival expressions use North Island without the. According to Māori mythology, the North and South Islands of New Zealand arose through the actions of the demigod Māui, Māui and his brothers were fishing from their canoe when he caught a great fish and pulled it from the sea. While he was not looking his brothers fought over the fish and this great fish became the North Island and thus a Māori name for the North Island is Te Ika-a-Māui. The mountains and valleys are believed to have formed as a result of Māuis brothers hacking at the fish. Until the early 20th Century, an alternative Māori name for the North Island was Aotearoa, in present usage, Aotearoa is a collective name for New Zealand as a whole. The sub-national GDP of the North Island was estimated at US$102.863 billion in 2003, the island has an extensive flora and bird population, with numerous National Parks and other protected areas. Nine local government regions cover the North Island and all its adjacent islands, healthcare in the North Island is provided by fifteen District Health Boards. Organised around geographical areas of varying sizes, they are not coterminous with the Local Government Regions
North Island
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Satellite image of the North Island
20.
Hawke Bay
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Hawke Bay is a large bay on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand. It stretches from Mahia Peninsula in the northeast to Cape Kidnappers in the southwest, captain James Cook, sailing in HM Bark Endeavour, sailed into the bay on 12 October 1769. After exploring it, he named it for Sir Edward Hawke, First Lord of the Admiralty, on 15 October 1769 and this part of the New Zealand coast is subject to tectonic uplift, with the land being raised out of the sea. For this reason, the land in this area has significant marine deposits. The Napier earthquake of 3 February 1931 resulted in parts of the seabed close to the city of Napier being raised above sea level. The Hawkes Bay region, as distinct from the bay itself, lies on the land around the bay. The bay is named Hawke Bay, whereas the region bears the former name
Hawke Bay
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NASA satellite photo of Hawke Bay
21.
Captain James Cook
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Captain James Cook FRS RN was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the Royal Navy. Cook joined the British merchant navy as a teenager and joined the Royal Navy in 1755 and he saw action in the Seven Years War, and subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec. This helped bring Cook to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society, in three voyages Cook sailed thousands of miles across largely uncharted areas of the globe. He mapped lands from New Zealand to Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean in greater detail, as he progressed on his voyages of discovery he surveyed and named features, and recorded islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time. He displayed a combination of seamanship, superior surveying and cartographic skills, physical courage, Cook was attacked and killed while attempting to kidnap the native chief of Hawaii during his third exploratory voyage in the Pacific in 1779. He left a legacy of scientific and geographical knowledge which was to influence his successors well into the 20th century, and numerous memorials worldwide have been dedicated to him. James Cook was born on 7 November 1728 in the village of Marton in Yorkshire and baptised on 14 November in the church of St Cuthbert. He was the second of eight children of James Cook, a Scottish farm labourer from Ednam in Roxburghshire, in 1736, his family moved to Airey Holme farm at Great Ayton, where his fathers employer, Thomas Skottowe, paid for him to attend the local school. In 1741, after five years schooling, he work for his father. For leisure, he would climb a hill, Roseberry Topping, enjoying the opportunity for solitude. Cooks Cottage, his parents last home, which he is likely to have visited, is now in Melbourne, having moved from England and reassembled, brick by brick. In 1745, when he was 16, Cook moved 20 miles to the village of Staithes. Historians have speculated that this is where Cook first felt the lure of the sea while gazing out of the shop window. After 18 months, not proving suitable for work, Cook travelled to the nearby port town of Whitby to be introduced to friends of Sandersons, John. The Walkers, who were Quakers, were prominent local ship-owners in the coal trade and their house is now the Captain Cook Memorial Museum. Cook was taken on as a merchant navy apprentice in their fleet of vessels. His first assignment was aboard the collier Freelove, and he spent several years on this and various other coasters, sailing between the Tyne and London. As part of his apprenticeship, Cook applied himself to the study of algebra, geometry, trigonometry, navigation and his three-year apprenticeship completed, Cook began working on trading ships in the Baltic Sea
Captain James Cook
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James Cook, portrait by
Nathaniel Dance-Holland, c. 1775,
National Maritime Museum,
Greenwich
Captain James Cook
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Portrait of Mrs. Elizabeth Cook by William Henderson, dated 1830.
Captain James Cook
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James Cook's 1775 chart of
Newfoundland
Captain James Cook
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Endeavour replica in
Cooktown, Queensland harbour — anchored where the original Endeavour was beached for seven weeks in 1770.
22.
Edward Hawke
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Admiral of the Fleet Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke KB, PC was a Royal Navy officer. As captain of the third-rate HMS Berwick he took part in the Battle of Toulon in February 1744 during the War of the Austrian Succession and he also captured six ships of a French squadron in the Bay of Biscay in the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre in October 1747. Hawke went on to achieve a victory over a French fleet at the Battle of Quiberon Bay in November 1759 during the Seven Years War and he developed the concept of a Western Squadron, keeping an almost continuous blockade of the French coast throughout the war. Hawke also served as First Lord of the Admiralty for five years between 1766 and 1771, in this post, he was successful in bringing the navys spending under control and also oversaw the mobilisation of the navy during the Falklands Crisis in 1770. Born the only son of a Edward Hawke, a barrister at Lincolns Inn, and Elizabeth Hawke, Hawke benefited from the patronage of Colonel Martin Bladen a Member of Parliament, who was his maternal uncle. Hawke joined the navy as a volunteer in the sixth-rate HMS Seahorse on the North American Station in February 1720 and he did this successfully, although it meant his ship did not take part in the British attack on Porto Bello in November 1739 during the War of Jenkins Ear. Hawke became commanding officer of the third-rate HMS Berwick in June 1743, the fight at Toulon was extremely confused, although Hawke had emerged from it with a degree of credit. Hawkes ship managed to capture the prize of the battle. He was then given command of the second-rate HMS Neptune in August 1745, despite having distinguished himself at Toulon, Hawke had few opportunities over the next three years. However, he was promoted to admiral on 15 July 1747 and appointed Second-in-Command of the Western Squadron. He went on to replace Admiral Peter Warren as the Commander-in-Chief of the Western Squadron, with his flag in the third-rate HMS Devonshire, Hawke then put a great deal of effort into improving the performance of his crews and instilling in them a sense of pride and patriotism. The Western Squadron had been established to keep a watch on the French Channel ports, under a previous commander, Lord Anson, it had successfully contained the French coast and in May 1747 won the First Battle of Cape Finisterre when it attacked a large convoy leaving harbour. The British had received word there was now an incoming convoy arriving from the West Indies. Hawke took his fleet and lay in wait for the arrival of the French, in October 1747, Hawke captured six ships of a French squadron in the Bay of Biscay in the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre. The consequence of this, along with Ansons earlier victory, was to give the British almost total control in the English Channel during the months of the war. It proved ruinous to the French economy, helping the British to secure a peace at the negotiations for the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. For Hawke, however, the arrival of peace brought an end to his opportunities for active service. In December 1747, he was elected as a Member of Parliament for the town of Portsmouth
Edward Hawke
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Edward, Lord Hawke
Edward Hawke
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The
Battle of Toulon (1744), where Hawke first saw action
Edward Hawke
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The
Second Battle of Cape Finisterre (1747) at which Hawke captured six ships of a French squadron: the French ship Intrepid battling against several British ships by
Pierre-Julien Gilbert
Edward Hawke
–
Lord Anson,
First Lord of the Admiralty from 1751. While the relationship between the two men was often strained, they had a mutual respect for each other.
23.
Battle of Quiberon Bay
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The Battle of Quiberon Bay, was a decisive naval engagement fought on 20 November 1759 during the Seven Years War between the Royal Navy and the French Navy. It was fought in Quiberon Bay, off the coast of France near St. Nazaire, the battle was the culmination of British efforts to eliminate French naval superiority, which could have given the French the ability to carry out their planned invasion of Great Britain. A British fleet of 24 ships of the line under Sir Edward Hawke tracked down, the battle signalled the rise of the Royal Navy in becoming the worlds foremost naval power, and, for the British, was part of the Annus Mirabilis of 1759. During 1759, the British, under Hawke, maintained a blockade on the French coast in the vicinity of Brest. In that year the French had made plans to invade England and Scotland, during the first week of November a westerly gale came up and, after three days, the ships of Hawkes blockade were forced to run for Torbay on the south coast of England. Robert Duff was left behind in Quiberon Bay, with a squadron of five fifties, in the meantime, a small squadron from the West Indies joined Conflans in Brest and, when an easterly wind came on the 14th, Conflans slipped out. She met Hawke the next day and he sailed hard for Quiberon into a SSE gale, meanwhile, HMS Vengeance had arrived in Quiberon Bay the night before to warn Duff and he had put his squadron to sea in the teeth of a WNW gale. Having struggled with unfavourable winds, Conflans had slowed down on the night of the 19th in order to arrive at Quiberon at dawn,20 miles off Belleisle he sighted seven of Duffs squadron. Once he realised that this was not the main British fleet, Duff split his ships to the north and south, with the French van and centre in pursuit, whilst the rearguard held off to windward to watch some strange sails appearing from the west. The French broke off the pursuit but were scattered as Hawkes fleet came into sight. HMS Magnanime sighted the French at 8.30 and Hawke gave the signal for line abreast. About 9am Hawke gave the signal for general chase along with a new signal for the first 7 ships to form a line ahead and, in spite of the weather and the dangerous waters, set full sail. By 2.30 Conflans rounded Les Cardinaux, the rocks at the end of the Quiberon peninsula that give the battle its name in French, the first shots were heard as he did so, although Sir John Bentley in Warspite claimed that they were fired without his orders. However the British were starting to overtake the rear of the French fleet even as their van, just before 4pm the battered Formidable surrendered to the Resolution, just as Hawke himself rounded The Cardinals. Meanwhile, the wind shifted to the NW, further confusing Conflans half-formed line as they tangled together in the face of Hawkes daring pursuit, Conflans tried unsuccessfully to resolve the muddle, but in the end decided to put to sea again. His flagship, Soleil Royal, headed for the entrance to the bay just as Hawke was coming in on Royal George, Hawke saw an opportunity to rake Soleil Royal, but Intrépide interposed herself and took the fire. Meanwhile, Soleil Royal had fallen to leeward and was forced to run back and anchor off Croisic, by now it was about 5pm and darkness had fallen, so Hawke made the signal to anchor. During the night eight French ships managed to do what Soleil Royal had failed to do, to navigate through the shoals to the safety of the open sea, Seven ships and the frigates were in the Villaine estuary, but Hawke dared not attack them in the stormy weather
Battle of Quiberon Bay
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The Battle of Quiberon Bay,
Nicholas Pocock, 1812.
National Maritime Museum
Battle of Quiberon Bay
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Battle of Quiberon Bay: the Day After
Richard Wright 1760
Battle of Quiberon Bay
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Battle of Quiberon Bay by Richard Perret
Battle of Quiberon Bay
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HMS Royal George, Hawke's flagship at Quiberon Bay - Replica of walrus ivory
24.
Cape Kidnappers
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It is 20 kilometres south-east of the city of Napier. Access to the Cape by road stops at Clifton, which is the point for many tourists. The Cape Kidnappers Golf Course lies between the headland and the coastal community of Te Awanga. The headland was named after an attempt by local Māori to abduct the servant of a member of Captain Cooks crew aboard HMS Endeavour, the crew member was Tiata, a Tahitian accompanying Cooks interpreter Tupaia. Cooks journal states that Tiata was in the water near Endeavour when a Māori fishing boat pulled alongside, sailors from Endeavour′s deck immediately opened fire on the fishing boat, killing two Māori and wounding a third. Tiata promptly jumped overboard and swam back to Endeavour, while the remaining Māori paddled their craft back to shore, a 4-pounder cannon was fired after them from Endeavour′s quarterdeck, but the Māori boat was soon out of range. Cook described the cape as having steep cliffs on either side. The cape has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because it is a site for over 3000 pairs of Australasian gannets. Joseph Bryan Nelson and Kazimierz Wodzicki, who conducted important bird studies there, the Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. I, The Voyage of the Endeavour 1768–1771
Cape Kidnappers
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Cape Kidnappers
Cape Kidnappers
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The gannet colony at Cape Kidnappers
25.
Heretaunga Plains
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There are two places in New Zealand called Heretaunga. For the suburb of Upper Hutt, see Heretaunga, Wellington, the Heretaunga Plains is a 300 square kilometres alluvial plain at the southern end of Hawke Bay on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand. The towns of Napier, Hastings and Havelock North are on the plain, the plain was formed over the last 250,000 years from sediment deposited by the Tutaekuri, Ngaruroro and Tukituki Rivers and from coastal marine deposits. It consists of layers of gravel, sand and silt, permeable gravel beds form aquifers and the artesian groundwater provides 85% of the requirements for public water supply, irrigation and industrial use on the Heretaunga Plains and adjacent areas. The fertile soil, the warm, dry climate of the area, half of the total New Zealand production of fruit, vegetables and grapes is on the Heretaunga Plains. It is one of New Zealands leading wine producing areas, the Heretaunga Plains are named after a carved wharenui at Whatonga, and Māori migrating south have taken the name with them and given it to a watercourse now known as the Hutt River
Heretaunga Plains
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Location of the Heretaunga Plains
26.
Kaweka Ranges
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The Kaweka Range of mountains is located in inland Hawkes Bay in the eastern North Island of New Zealand. It forms part of the spine of the North Island which runs from Wellington to East Cape, including the Tararua. The range lies between the city of Napier,55 kilometres to the southeast, and Lake Taupo,50 kilometres to the northwest and it is the source of many rivers which flow into Hawke Bay, including among them the Tutaekuri, Mohaka, and Ngaruroro Rivers. The highest point in the range is Kaweka J, the bush line varies from 1000 m to 1300 m. A tramping track follows the line of the entire range. The Kaweka challenge is a race held annually in the range since 1990
Kaweka Ranges
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Kaweka Range
27.
Ngaruroro River
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The Ngaruroro River is located in the eastern North Island of New Zealand. The river is mostly a single-thread channel down to Whanawhana, flowing through a rock gorge. Below Whanawhana, the river opens to wide braided channel, the Ngaruroro shares a river mouth with the Tutaekuri, Clive River and Muddy Creek. The meeting of these forms the Waitangi Estuary. The Ngaruroro is one of several rivers that form the alluvial Heretaunga Plains at the south end of the coast of Hawke Bay. The course of the Ngaruroro has changed several times, originally flowing down what is now the Clive River and it changed to much of its present course in 1867 during a major flood. In 1969, the bottom 4 km of river was diverted more directly to the coast in an effort to reduce flooding, the Karamu and Clive remain as rivers, but drain a smaller catchment. About 40% of the catchment is pasture, and 55% native forest, the upper-Ngaruroro drains the Kaweka Forest Park and it is used for trout fishing, rafting, tramping and deer hunting. The Ngaruroro River recharges freshwater to the Heretaunga groundwater aquifer and this aquifer feeds several streams in the area, in addition to pumping that supports extensive orchards of the Heretaunga Plains. Eventually the aquifer discharges to the sea in submarine springs some 20 km off the coast, the meaning of Ngaruroro is obscure
Ngaruroro River
28.
Tukituki River
–
The Tukituki River is found in the eastern North Island of New Zealand. It flows from the Ruahine Ranges to the Pacific Ocean at the end of Hawkes Bay. The river flows for 117 kilometres, east and then northeast, there, the Tukituki Valley is separated from Havelock North/Hastings by the craggy range of hills that includes Te Mata Peak. The Maori name Tukituki roughly translates to demolish, presumably referring to the power of the river in flood, Maori legend has it that there are two taniwha living in lake at the southern end of the river that fought over a young boy after he fell into the lake. The struggle of the two taniwha was thought to split the river into the Waipawa and Tukituki Rivers and thereby draining the lake, mangaonuku Stream Tukituki River in the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
Tukituki River
–
The Tukituki River system
29.
Taupo District
–
The Taupo District is a district in New Zealand. It covers 6,350 km² of land, as well as a further 610 km² of lake area, the district stretches from the small town of Mangakino in the northwest to the Tongariro National Park in the south, and east into the Kaingaroa Forest. The districts population is located in the two main centres, Taupo and Turangi. The district is governed by the Taupo District Council, with the vast majority of the district falling within the jurisdiction of Environment Waikato regional council. Little is known about early Māori settlement near Taupo, although Ngati Tuwharetoa have been the main iwi of the area for several hundred years, major pa were situated at the southern end of the lake to the west of the modern town of Turangi. Taupo town was founded in 1869 as a town during the New Zealand Wars. It was not until the 1950s that the region started to develop, with forestry, the town of Taupo is situated on the north-eastern shore of the lake, and Turangi is at the lakes southern extremity. State Highway 1 winds along the shore of Lake Taupo
Taupo District
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Eastern Lake Taupo, Turangi to Taupo
Taupo District
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Location of Taupo Territorial Authority within New Zealand
Taupo District
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Ketetahi Springs
Taupo District
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Western Taupo Steam and Hot Springs
30.
Rangitikei District
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It is located in the southwest of the island, and follows the catchment area of the Rangitikei River. The Rangitikei District Council is the government authority for this district. It is composed of a mayor, currently Andy Watson, and 11 councillors, the Rangitikei District was established in 1989 as part of the 1989 local government reforms. Watson was elected by obtaining 1,983 votes of the vote, Rangitikei District Council is served by eleven councillors elected across five wards. Two councillors are elected from the Bulls ward, one from the Hunterville ward, four from the Marton ward, the mayor and councillors are due for re-election in October 2016. District Council, 2013–16 term, Rangitikei District is one of ten districts located partially or entirely within the Manawatu-Wanganui region, as such it is represented on the Manawatu-Wanganui Regional Council, known as Horizons Regional Council. Two of the regional councillors are elected by the district in the Manawatu - Rangitikei ward. Rangitikei is located in the electorate of Rangitīkei and in the Māori electorate of Te Tai Hauāuru. Rangitīkei is a safe National Party seat since the 1938 election with the exception of 1978–1984 when it was held by Bruce Beetham of the Social Credit Party, since 2011 it is held by Ian McKelvie. Te Tai Hauāuru is a more volatile seat, having been held by three different parties since 1996, i. e, New Zealand First, the Māori Party and the Labour Party. Since 2014 it is held by Adrian Rurawhe of the Labour Party, the district has an area of 4,538 km². Rangitikeis climate is temperate and has few extremes compared to parts of New Zealand. According to the Köppen climate classification, this climate is classified as oceanic climate, summers are warm with average temperatures in the low 20s. The most settled weather occurs in summer and early autumn, winters are mild near the coast and on the plains, it is colder inland and in the hill country, but often frosty, clear and calm. Snowfall occasionally settles in areas 400 m above sea level, such as Taihape, annual rainfall is moderate and annual hours of bright sunshine can average over 2,000. Rangitikei District had a population of 14,019 according to the 2013 census and this is a decrease of 693, or 4.7 percent, since the 2006 census. There were 5,733 occupied dwellings,912 unoccupied dwellings, the districts population at the June 2016 census was 14,800. Of the residential population,6,951 were male compared to 48. 7% nationally, the district had a median age of 41.8 years,3.8 years above the national median age of 38.0 years
Rangitikei District
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Rangitikei River near Bulls
Rangitikei District
31.
Dannevirke
–
Dannevirke, is a rural service town in the Manawatu-Wanganui Region of the North Island, New Zealand. It is the town of the administrative Tararua District, the easternmost of the districts in which the Regional Council has responsibilities. The surrounding area has developed into dairy, beef cattle and sheep farming, before European settlers arrived in the 1870s, the line of descent for Maori in the area was from the Tākitimu / Kurahaupō waka. The tribe of the area is the Ngāti Kahungunu / Rangitāne, the town was founded on 15 October 1872 by Danish, Norwegian and Swedish settlers, adherents of Scandinavism, who arrived at the port of Napier and moved inland. The settlers, who arrived under the Public Works Act, built their settlement in a clearing of the Seventy Mile Bush. The settlement quickly earned the nickname of sleeper town, as the purpose was to provide totara sleepers for the Napier - Wellington railway line. At one stage the area had 50 operating sawmills, after the native bush was cleared, the land was turned into pasture for grazing animals. On 27 October 1917 much of the business district was destroyed by fire. The fire had started in the Andrews Hotel on the corner of High, flames blew across the road engulfing the Dannevirke Co-operative Associations store. As the fire spread through adjoining shops another hotel, the Masonic was engulfed, by about 5pm the Dannevirke and Woodville Fire Brigades, along with assistance from the local community had brought the fires under control. In total 27 business premises and 2 hotels were destroyed with damage estimated at ₤200,000, totara College hosts the Dannevirke Garden and Craft Expo, an annual event that has grown to a considerable size. The Australian politician and former Premier of Queensland Joh Bjelke-Petersen was born in Dannevirke, Dannevirke has produced a number of sports men and women in a number of different disciplines, among them rugby player John Timu, who made New Zealand teams in both union and league. Snow is rare, the latest snow to hit Dannevirke was 15 August 2011 Sir William Ian Axford - Space Scientist, Joh Bjelke-Petersen - Australian politician and Premier of Queensland. Duncan Hales - New Zealand international rugby player Weller Hauraki - Rugby league player Jack Kerr - New Zealand test cricketer Charlotte Kight - Of Akitio b
Dannevirke
–
Dannevirke
32.
Woodville, New Zealand
–
Woodville is a small town in the southern North Island of New Zealand,75 km north of Masterton and 25 km east of Palmerston North. In the 2006 census 1,398 people are resident in Woodville. It appears that Woodville was a travellers rest spot in Maori history and it was also a place to rest for hunters as they walked from one side of the Manawatu Gorge to the other. The local iwi were Rangitane, and maintained strong and positive relations with other tribes for the most part and they arrived at Wharetiti from Bare Island, Waimarama and continued northwards to Tongariro. It is some years since muttonbirds were last seen on part of the Ruahine Mountains. One interesting local landmark is Whariti, one of the peaks in the Ruahine Ranges near Woodville. The name appears to be a corruption of the original name Wharetiti, according to an interview on Radio Woodville in 2009, the peak of 920 m gained its name when migrating muttonbird nested on top of the ridges of the Ruahine mountain range. It is within the catchment area of the Manawatu River, Woodville is at the northern end of the Tararua Ranges, close to the gap between them and the Ruahine Ranges formed by the Manawatu River. The Manawatu Gorge provides the easiest access between the east and west coasts of the southern North Island, and is a transportation link. The Palmerston North - Gisborne railway line and State Highway 3 run through opposite sides of the Manawatu Gorge, at Woodville Railway Station, the Palmerston North - Gisborne Line meets the Wairarapa Line and a balloon loop permits through running via the Wairarapa to Wellington. Due to low levels, the northern portion of the Wairarapa line is currently under review as part of KiwiRails turnaround plan. In some weeks there is only a train on the line. The use of the railway by Fonterra for bulk milk haulage from Oringi means the Hawkes Bay line is sufficiently busy, the others were Dannevirke and Pahiatua. As farmland was settled and cleared, a number of dairy factories were established to process the supply of milk for consumption as milk. These business were only economic in the transport industry that existed prior to the Rogernomics reforms of the Lange Labour Government elected in 1984. With the lifting of distance restrictions Woodvilles role as a transport hub quickly fell away, the advent of the Oringi Meatworks in 1980-81 was a boost to Woodvilles economy as a consequence of significant wage inflows from Woodville people working at Oringi. Very little light industry has survived into the 21st century, Milk from farms in the Woodville district is now transported by rail from the Oringi Milk Transfer Station to Hawera for processing. There has been a boost to the economy with the construction
Woodville, New Zealand
–
Woodville, New Zealand Main Street 1890s
33.
Tararua District
–
The Tararua District is an area near the south-east corner of New Zealands North Island that is administered by the Tararua District Council. It has a population of 17,600, and an area of 4,360.56 km², the districts northwest boundary runs along the top of the Ruahine Range, its south-east boundary is the Pacific Ocean. The catchment of the Manawatu River generally defines the north and south extremities, the districts chief town is Dannevirke, settled by immigrants from Denmark in the 19th century. It is also the centre for a Community Board, other towns include Eketahuna and Pahiatua, which have their own Community Boards, and Woodville, Ormondville, and Norsewood. Near the coast are Pongaroa, Herbertville, Akitio, and Alfredton, according to the 2006 Census this area, known as Mara, has only 3 residents. When Europeans settled the area, it was almost entirely forested and was called Forty-Mile Bush, industrious clearance has made it a busy pastoral district, although the region close to the Pacific coast is still sparsely populated. The original name lives on in that of the local National Provincial Championship rugby union team, agriculture is the districts main industry. Other industries include textiles, food processing, and retailing, commercial forestry is expected to become more important to the districts economy in the next few years. Officially it is considered a sub-region of the Wairarapa district, since early in 2006, Met Service policy is that a separate Tararua forecast will be issued only if the expected weather in that area differs significantly from the other sub-regions. Secondary Tararua College, Pahiatua Dannevirke High School, Dannevirke Primary Norsewood and District, Norsewood Forty or more categorised profiles of relevant websites District Council website
Tararua District
34.
Manawatu-Wanganui
–
Manawatu-Wanganui is a region in the lower half of the North Island of New Zealand, whose main population centres are the cities of Palmerston North and Whanganui. It is administered by the Manawatu-Wanganui Regional Council, which for trading purposes is known as Horizons Regional Council, although in recent years both the Whanganui River and Whanganui District have been renamed, the region is currently spelled without an h. The region covers all or part of ten territorial authority areas, parts of five of these are covered by five other regions of New Zealand, the most of any region. The largest city is Palmerston North, with a population of 85,300 and it is the only territorial authority in the region to be administered by a city council. It is also responsible for public transport, the region is dominated and defined by two significant river catchments, the Whanganui and the Manawatu. The Whanganui River, in the northwest, is the longest navigable river in New Zealand, the river was extremely important to early Māori as it was the southern link in a chain of waterways that spanned almost two-thirds of the North Island. It was one of the areas of Māori settlement with its easily fortified cliffs. Legends emphasise the importance of the river and it remains sacred to Whanganui iwi, Māori along the coast and lowland plains grew kumara and other crops. The Manawatu River runs across the centre of the region, from rolling hill country in the east to the fertile Manawatu Plains in the west. The main city of Palmerston North is located on these plains and this river is unusual, in that it passes from hill country to plains through a gorge cut into much higher country, an indication that the hills have risen since the river formed. To the southeast, a further, more populated area lies between the sources of the Manawatu River and the Pacific coast. The two river catchments have very different natures, while the open Manawatu Plains became more densely settled by Europeans, inland Ruapehu, Rangitikei and Whanganui remained more Māori-dominated, remote and independent, and is still heavily forested. As late as the 1950s the Whanganui River remained a river of mystery, since then exploitation of the rivers commercial potential has opened up the area, often causing friction with local Māori, who have long-standing grievances. Manawatu-Wanganui as a whole is one of the most important pastoral areas in New Zealand, much of Manawatu-Wanganui was fertile and bush-covered when Europeans arrived and developed the area as a source of timber. Saw milling and flax milling dominated the 19th century, followed by an influx of farmers who exploited the newly cleared ground. Deforestation, burn-offs of timber and scrub and large scale combined with overgrazing. In the early 1900s authorities realised that careful management was needed to maintain this important agricultural area, Manawatu-Wanganui takes up a large proportion of the lower half of the North Island. It is the second-largest local government region in the North Island, the region stretches from north of Taumarunui to south of Levin on the west coast, and across to the east coast from Cape Turnagain to Owhanga
Manawatu-Wanganui
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Manawatu-Wanganui
35.
1989 local government reforms
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The 1989 local government reform was the most significant reform of local government in New Zealand in over a century. Some 850 local bodies were amalgamated into 86 local authorities, made up of regional and territorial levels, the last major local government reform was carried out through the abolition of provincial government. With effect of 1 January, local government was vested in elected borough, the Counties Bill of 1876 created 63 counties out of the rural parts of the former provinces. Over the years, many new bodies were set up, some of these bodies were multi-purpose, whilst others were single-purpose. The Local Government Act 1974 consolidated the law relating to local government that applied to territorial local authorities, regional. It enabled the establishment of regional councils, but these were not established until the 1989 reform, michael Bassett was Minister of Local Government and he appointed a Local Government Commission, which was chaired by Brian Elwood from 1 April 1985 to 1 November 1992. The government had given the commission a guarantee that their findings would be regarded as binding, the resulting local government reform was undertaken along the lines of neo-liberal economic theory, and was done in conjunction with the economic reform that have become known as Rogernomics. Some 850 entities were amalgamated into 86 local authorities, made up of regional and territorial levels, of the 850 entities,249 were municipalities, the remainder were harbour boards, catchment boards, and drainage boards. Brian Rudman, a journalist and editorial writer for The New Zealand Herald, New Zealand was divided into 14 regions, of which 13 were regional authorities, and the remaining one, Gisborne, was a unitary authority. Unitary authorities in New Zealand are district authorities that also fulfil the function of a regional authority, at a territorial level, district and city authorities were created. The area of a district may belong to more than one regional authority
1989 local government reforms
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Map of New Zealand territorial authorities post the 1 November 2010
Auckland Supercity establishment. Cities are bolded and capitalised, and other font shows districts. Regions are indicated with colours.
36.
Urban area
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An urban area is a human settlement with high population density and infrastructure of built environment. Urban areas are created through urbanization and are categorized by urban morphology as cities, in urbanism, the term contrasts to rural areas such as villages and hamlets and in urban sociology or urban anthropology it contrasts with natural environment. The worlds urban population in 1950 of just 746 million has increased to 3.9 billion in the decades since, in 2009, the number of people living in urban areas surpassed the number living in rural areas and since then the world has become more urban than rural. This was the first time that the majority of the population lived in a city. In 2014 there were 7.25 billion people living on the planet, Urban areas are created and further developed by the process of urbanization. Urban areas are measured for various purposes, including analyzing population density, historian John Gurda writes, I have tried to uncover Milwaukees civic bedrock - the shifting foundation on which individuals have built their lives and the community has constructed its identity. There is no doubt that the deepest layer of bedrock is economic. In every age, people have chosen to live in areas not because of their climates or landmarks or cultural attractions. It was economic opportunity that brought people to Milwaukee, and it is economic opportunity that keeps them there, I define cities as concentrations of people animated by concentrations of capital. More simply put, money is the root of all cities, official definitions vary somewhat between nations. The ten largest metropolitan areas account for half of the population, about 3 million people live in Buenos Aires City and the Greater Buenos Aires metropolitan area totals around 13 million, making it one of the largest urban areas in the world. The metropolitan areas of Córdoba, Rosario, Mendoza and Tucumán have around 1.3 million inhabitants each and La Plata, seven other provinces have over one million people each, Mendoza, Tucumán, Entre Ríos, Salta, Chaco, Corrientes and Misiones. According to IBGE urban areas already concentrate 84. 35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants. The largest metropolitan areas in Brazil are São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Belo Horizonte — all in the Southeastern Region — with 20,12, and 5 million inhabitants respectively. The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for Vitória, the capital of Espírito Santo, and Florianópolis, there are also non-capital metropolitan areas in the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. According to Statistics Canada, an area in Canada is an area with a population of at least 1,000 people where the density is no fewer than 400 persons per square kilometre. If two or more areas are within 2 km of each other by road, they are merged into a single urban area. Accordingly, the new definition set out three types of population centres, small, medium and large
Urban area
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Greater Tokyo Area, the world's most populous urban area, with about 35 million people.
Urban area
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Buenos Aires Córdoba
Urban area
Urban area
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Rosario Mendoza
37.
Southland, New Zealand
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Southland is New Zealands southernmost region. It consists mainly of the portion of the South Island. It includes Southland District, Gore District and the city of Invercargill, the region covers over 3.1 million hectares and spans over 3,400 km of coast. Southland was a scene of early extended contact between Europeans and Maori, in this case sealers, whalers and missionaries – Wohlers at Ruapuke, in 1853, Walter Mantell purchased Murihiku from local Maori iwi, claiming the land for European settlement. Over successive decades, present-day Southland and Otago were settled by large numbers of Scottish settlers, immigration to New Zealand had been precipitated by an economic depression in Scotland and a schism between the Church of Scotland and the Free Church of Scotland. In 1852, James Menzies, leader of the Southland separatist movement, under the influence of Menzies, Southland Province seceded from Otago in 1861 following the escalation of political tensions. However, rising debt forced Southland to rejoin Otago in 1870, in the 1880s, the development of an export industry based on butter and cheese encouraged the growth of dairy farming in Southland. Consequently, the colonys first dairy factory was established at Edendale in 1882, much of this export went to the United Kingdom. The regions largest flood on 27 January 1984 led to a state of emergency being declared, evacuation of 4,000 people, Southlands two principal urban settlements are the city of Invercargill and the town of Gore. Southland covers an area of 28,681 square kilometres, in the June 2016 it had a population of 98,000, making it one of New Zealands most sparsely populated areas. The sizable western part Fiordland is almost empty of permanent human inhabitation, Southland is divided into two parliamentary electorates. The large rural electorate of Clutha-Southland, held by Todd Barclay, the seat of Invercargill is held by Sarah Dowie. Both are members of the governing National Party, Regional responsibilities are handled by the Southland Regional Council. Three Territorial Authorities fall entirely within Southland, the Invercargill City Council governs Invercargill itself, together with some adjoining rural areas. Much of the area of Southland, including all of Stewart Island/Rakiura, falls within the Southland District. The Gore District Council administers the town of the same name, in 2001, three authorities created the joint initiative agency Venture Southland which is the agency responsible for the region’s economic and community development initiatives and tourism promotion. The region is home to two parks, Fiordland National Park and Rakiura National Park. The former which covers 7,860 square kilometres, making it New Zealands largest national park, Southland also includes Stewart Island, 85% of which is covered by Rakiura National Park
Southland, New Zealand
–
A winter scene in western Southland, at the edge to
Fiordland
Southland, New Zealand
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Southland Region within New Zealand
38.
Wellington Province
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The Wellington Province was a province of New Zealand from 1853 until the abolition of provincial government in 1876. The province governed much of the half of the North Island, roughly the same area now known as the Manawatu-Wanganui. In the centre of the island the Wellington Province shared a boundary with the Auckland Province at latitude 39° south, to the west, just beyond the town of Waverley was the southern border of Taranaki Province. East of the divide, the boundary with Hawkes Bay Province lay just south of Woodville. This province was separated from Wellington Province on 1 November 1858, wellingtons former provincial boundaries include four of New Zealands main urban areas, Wellington, Palmerston North, Wanganui and Kapiti. Other large towns are Feilding, Levin and Masterton, according to Statistics New Zealand figures at the 2001 census 626,000 people lived within the old provincial boundaries. In the area that was to become the Wellington Province, European settlement started at Port Nicholson, settlement in the Hawkes Bay area started a decade later around 1850. New Zealand law provides a day for each province. Wellington Anniversary Day is the Monday that falls closest to 22 January and is observed as a holiday within the old provincial boundaries
Wellington Province
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Poster for the Wellington Provincial Council elections in 1853
Wellington Province
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Wellington Province within New Zealand
39.
Richter magnitude scale
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The Richter magnitude scale assigns a magnitude number to quantify the size of an earthquake. As measured with a seismometer, an earthquake that registers 5.0 on the Richter scale has a shaking amplitude 10 times greater than an earthquake that registered 4.0 at the same distance. This means that, for instance, an earthquake of magnitude 5 releases 31.6 times as energy as an earthquake of magnitude 4. In the United States, the Richter scale was succeeded in the 1970s by the moment magnitude scale, the moment magnitude scale is now the scale used by the United States Geological Survey to estimate magnitudes for all modern large earthquakes. Richter derived his earthquake-magnitude scale from the apparent magnitude scale used to measure the brightness of stars and that fixed measure was chosen to avoid negative values for magnitude, given that the slightest earthquakes that could be recorded and located at the time were around magnitude 3.0. The Richter magnitude scale itself has no limit, and contemporary seismometers can register, record. M L was not designed to be applied to data with distances to the hypocenter of the earthquake that were greater than 600 km. Later, to express the size of earthquakes around the planet, Gutenberg and Richter developed a surface wave magnitude scale and these are types of waves that are recorded at teleseismic distances. The two scales were adjusted such that they were consistent with the M L scale and that adjustment succeeded better with the M s scale than with the M b scale. Each scale saturates when the earthquake is greater than magnitude 8.0, because of this, researchers in the 1970s developed the moment magnitude scale. The older magnitude-scales were superseded by methods for calculating the seismic moment, about the origins of the Richter magnitude scale, C. F. Richter said, I found a paper by Professor K. Wadati of Japan in which he compared large earthquakes by plotting the maximum ground motion against distance to the epicenter. I tried a similar procedure for our stations, but the range between the largest and smallest magnitudes seemed unmanageably large, dr. Beno Gutenberg then made the natural suggestion to plot the amplitudes logarithmically. I was lucky, because logarithmic plots are a device of the devil, the particular instrument used would become saturated by strong earthquakes and unable to record high values. The scale was replaced in the 1970s by the moment magnitude scale, for earthquakes adequately measured by the Richter scale, anything above 5 is classified as a risk by the USGS. Several scales have historically described as the Richter scale, especially the local magnitude M L. In addition, the body wave magnitude, m b, a couple of new techniques to measure magnitude are in the development stage by seismologists. All magnitude scales have been designed to give similar results
Richter magnitude scale
–
Charles Francis Richter, c. 1970
40.
Taradale, New Zealand
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Taradale is a suburb of the City of Napier, in the Hawkes Bay Region of the North Island of New Zealand. It was a district from 1886 to 1953, and a borough from 1953 to 1968. Taradale is located 10 kilometres southwest of the centre of Napier and it is the home to some of Hawkes Bays most prominent vineyards. The population of the Taradale and Greenmeadows area was 16,599 in the 2006 Census, many of Taradales residents commute to the Napier or Hastings CBDs and prefer rural or suburban life as opposed to the city life of central Napier. Taradale is a prosperous, established community nestled against the Taradale hills in an area rich in wine heritage dating back as far as the 1850s. Two of the most famous vineyards in Hawkes Bay, Mission Estate and Church Road Winery, are located in the area, Mission Estate Winery, founded in 1851 and occupying its present site since 1897, is the oldest New Zealand winery still in operation. Several hundreds years ago there was a large Māori pa on the hills at the edge of the area now known as Taradale. Originally a double pa, the top part was called Hikurangi, occupied by a tribe known as Tini-o-Awa or Ngati Awa, the pa terraces enclosed about 100 hectares and was home to around 3000 Māori. The pa was on an excellent defensive site beside the Tutaekuri River which was navigable by canoe from the sea, food was plentiful, the hillsides were suitable for kumara growing and much of the area was a large tidal location with fish, eels and shellfish. The pa was attacked early in the 16th century by the Ngāti Kahungunu under chiefs Taraia and they came from Turanga, near what is now Gisborne, and defeated the Hikurangi pa. Unable to take Otatara at that time, Taraia set up a new pa at Pakowhai, some time later he organised another war party and again besieged Otatara. Legend has it that Taraia waited until the defenders were short of food and he then left, leaving a small party concealed near a patch of fern. The defenders sent two men out to dig for fern roots and they were ambushed then killed and their places taken by two of Taraias men. When the defenders saw the men digging they thought them to be from Otatara so they opened up the pa, Taraias men attacked and killed many of the local Māori. The pa then collapsed and was abandoned, over the years marriages took place between local Māori and Ngāti Kahungunu and peace was restored. Today the Otatara pa site has become a memorial to the Māori who were so prevalent in the many years ago. Taradale has a rich heritage stemming from its key role as the gateway to the inland routes and to the farms. In 1851 Donald McLean purchased, on behalf of the Crown, by the mid-1850s settlers began flocking to the province
Taradale, New Zealand
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Wineries such as the Mission Estate Winery are common in the area
Taradale, New Zealand
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Taradale
41.
Kenny Rogers
–
Kenneth Ray Kenny Rogers is an American singer-songwriter, actor, record producer, and entrepreneur. He is a member of the Country Music Hall of Fame, on September 25,2015, Rogers announced on NBCs Today Show that he was retiring from show business after a final tour to spend more time with his wife and twin boys. Two of his albums, The Gambler and Kenny, are featured in the About. com poll of The 200 Most Influential Country Albums Ever and he was voted the Favorite Singer of All-Time in a 1986 joint poll by readers of both USA Today and People. He has received such awards as the AMAs, Grammys, ACMs and CMAs. The first single from the album, I Cant Unlove You, was also a chart hit. Remaining a popular entertainer around the world, the year he completed a tour of the United Kingdom and Ireland. He has also acted in a variety of movies and television shows, most notably the roles in Kenny Rogers as The Gambler. He is also a co-founder of the restaurant chain Kenny Rogers Roasters, kenneth Ray Rogers was born in Houston, Texas, on August 21,1938, the fourth of eight children, born to Lucille Lois, a nurses assistant, and Edward Floyd Rogers, a carpenter. Rogers is of Irish and Native American ancestry and he has five children from four of his five marriages. At his estate in Colbert, Georgia, Rogers keeps a pet goat named Smitty, according to Rogers, the goat has been center, providing a calming influence after long and stressful touring schedules. He had a solo hit in 1958 called That Crazy Feeling. After sales slowed down, Rogers joined a group called The Bobby Doyle Three. The group recorded for Columbia Records and they disbanded in 1965, and a 1966 jazzy rock single Rogers recorded for Mercury Records, called Heres That Rainy Day, failed. Rogers also worked as a producer, writer and session musician for other performers, including country artists Mickey Gilley, in 1966 he joined The New Christy Minstrels as a singer and double bass player. Feeling that the Minstrels were not offering the success they wanted, Rogers and fellow members Mike Settle, Terry Williams and they formed The First Edition in 1967. They were later joined by Kin Vassy, when the First Edition disbanded in 1976, Rogers launched his solo career. He soon developed a more middle-of-the-road sound that sold to both pop and country audiences and he has charted more than 60 top 40 hit singles. Fifty of his albums have charted and his music has also been featured in top selling movie soundtracks, such as Convoy, Urban Cowboy, and The Big Lebowski
Kenny Rogers
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Kenny Rogers, concert, Chumash Casino Resort hall,
Santa Ynez, California, September 27, 2006.
Kenny Rogers
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Rogers performing at the University of Houston in 1981
Kenny Rogers
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Kenny Rogers in 2004
42.
Shirley Bassey
–
In January 1959, Bassey became the first Welsh person to gain a No.1 single. In 2000, Bassey was made a Dame for services to the performing arts, in 1977 she received the Brit Award for Best British Female Solo Artist in the previous 25 years. Bassey has been called one of the most popular vocalists in Britain during the last half of the 20th century. Shirley Veronica Bassey was the sixth and youngest child of Henry Bassey and Eliza Jane Start and she grew up in the adjacent community of Splott. At the time, Tiger Bay was one of the largest ports in the world and was very multi-ethnic and her father was Nigerian, and her mother was English, from Teesside. Two of her mothers four children from previous relationships lived in the Bassey household, Eliza and Henrys second child died in infancy, so Shirley was born into a household of three sisters, two half-sisters, and one brother. Teachers and students alike at Moorland Road School noticed Basseys strong voice, even in the school choir the teacher kept telling me to back off till I was singing in the corridor. A classmate recalled her singing the refrain Cant help lovin that man of mine from Show Boat with such feeling that she made their teacher uncomfortable. After leaving Splott Secondary Modern School at age 14, Bassey found employment at a factory while singing in public houses and clubs in the evenings and on weekends. In 1953, Bassey signed her first professional contract, to sing in the variety show Memories of Jolson. She next took up an engagement in Hot from Harlem. Pregnant at 16 with her first child and unwilling to reveal the name of the childs father, in 1955, Bassey toured various theatres until she was noticed by the impresario Jack Hylton. He invited her to feature in Al Reads Such Is Life at the Adelphi Theatre in Londons West End, during the shows run, Philips record producer Johnny Franz spotted her on television, was impressed, and offered her a recording deal. Bassey recorded her first single, Burn My Candle, released in February 1956, owing to the suggestive lyrics, the BBC banned it, but it sold well enough nonetheless, backed with her powerful rendition of Stormy Weather. More singles followed, and in February 1957, Bassey had her first hit with The Banana Boat Song and she then made her American stage début in Las Vegas at El Rancho Vegas. In mid-1958, she recorded two singles that would become classics in the Bassey catalogue. As I Love You was released as the B-side of another ballad, Hands Across the Sea, it did not sell well at first, but after an appearance at the London Palladium sales began to pick up. In January 1959, As I Love You reached No.1 and stayed there for four weeks, it was the first No.1 single by a Welsh artist
Shirley Bassey
–
Shirley Bassey (1971)
Shirley Bassey
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Bassey performing in West Germany in 1973
Shirley Bassey
–
Bassey at
Wembley Arena, 2006
Shirley Bassey
–
From left to right:
Sting,
Debbie Harry,
Lady Gaga,
Elton John, Dame Shirley Bassey and
Bruce Springsteen at
Carnegie Hall 2010
43.
Rod Stewart
–
Sir Roderick David Rod Stewart, CBE is a British rock singer and songwriter. Born and raised in London, he is of Scottish and English ancestry, Stewart is one of the best-selling music artists of all time, having sold over 100 million records worldwide. He has had six number one albums in the UK and his tally of 62 UK hit singles includes 31 that reached the top ten. Stewart has had 16 top ten singles in the US, with four reaching #1 on the Billboard Hot 100 and he was knighted in the 2016 Birthday Honours for services to music and charity. In October 1963, he joined the Dimensions as a harmonica player, in 1964, Stewart joined Long John Baldry and the All Stars, and in August, Stewart signed a solo contract, releasing his first single, Good Morning Little Schoolgirl, in October. He maintained a career alongside a group career, releasing his debut solo album. Stewarts early albums were a fusion of rock, folk music, soul music, in 2008, Billboard magazine ranked him the 17th most successful artist on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists. A Grammy and Brit Award recipient, he was voted at #33 in Q Magazines list of the Top 100 Greatest Singers of all time, and #59 on Rolling Stone 100 Greatest Singers of all time. Roderick David Stewart was born at 507 Archway Road, Highgate, North London on 10 January 1945 and his father was Scottish and had been a master builder in Leith, Edinburgh, while Elsie was English and had grown up in Upper Holloway in North London. Married in 1928, the couple had two sons and two daughters living in Scotland, and then they moved to Highgate. Stewart came after a gap following his youngest sibling, he was born at home during World War II. The family was neither affluent nor poor, Stewart was spoiled as the youngest and he had an undistinguished record at Highgate Primary School and failed the eleven plus exam. He then attended the William Grimshaw Secondary Modern School, Muswell Hill and his father retired from the building trade at age 65, buying a newsagents shop on the Archway Road when Stewart was in his early teens, the family lived over the shop. Stewarts main hobby was railway modelling, Stewart was the most talented footballer in the family and was a strong supporter of Arsenal F. C. at the time. Combining natural athleticism with near-reckless aggression, he became captain of the football team. The family were great fans of the singer Al Jolson and would sing. Stewart collected his records and saw his films, read books about him and his introduction to rock and roll was hearing Little Richards 1956 hit The Girl Cant Help It, and seeing Bill Haley & His Comets in concert. In 1960, he joined a group with schoolfriends called the Kool Kats, playing Lonnie Donegan
Rod Stewart
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Stewart performing in Paris, 1986
Rod Stewart
–
Stewart (right) whilst in
Faces, with
Ronnie Wood (left)
Rod Stewart
–
Rod Stewart concert ticket, 1993
44.
Belinda Carlisle
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Belinda Jo Carlisle is an American singer who gained worldwide fame as the lead vocalist of the Go-Gos, one of the most successful all-female bands of all time. Originally beginning her career in 1977 as a member of the Los Angeles punk band the Germs, the Go-Gos would go on to sell 8 million albums in just three years. Her autobiography, Lips Unsealed, published in June 2010, was a New York Times Best Seller, on August 11,2011, as a member of the Go-Gos, she received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame. Carlisle was born in the Hollywood area of Los Angeles, to Harold Carlisle, a vacuum cleaner salesman, and his wife, Joanne. She was named after her mothers film, Johnny Belinda. The first of seven siblings with three brothers and three sisters, Carlisle was five years old when her father abandoned their family and her mother would later remarry to Walt Kurczeski, with whom Carlisle had a tumultuous relationship. The family moved frequently during her childhood, from Simi Valley to Reseda, at age ten, Carlisle began to express interest in music, and recalled The Beach Boys, Cat Stevens, The Stylistics, and The Animals as being early musical influences. During her teenage years, Carlisle became rebellious, By the time I hit fourteen, Id gone really wild, I ran away from home, smoked pot, dropped acid. After high school, Carlisle worked at a House of Fabrics store and she took night classes attending beauty college, but dropped out within the first year. At the age of nineteen, she left her parents home to pursue a career in music, Carlisles first venture into music was a brief stint as drummer for the punk rock band the Germs, under the name Dottie Danger. Around this time Carlisle did some back-up singing for Black Randy, soon after leaving the Germs, she co-founded the Go-Gos, with friends and fellow musicians Margot Olavarria, Elissa Bello, and Jane Wiedlin. Olavarria and Bello were soon out of the group and the new line-up included bassist-turned-guitarist Charlotte Caffey, guitarist-turned-bassist Kathy Valentine,1 album, Beauty and the Beat, which featured the hits We Got the Beat and Our Lips Are Sealed. The Go-Gos recorded two studio albums on I. R. S. Records, including 1982s Vacation, which went gold, Head over Heels, from their 1984 album Talk Show, made it to No.11. In 1984, Carlisle made a foray into acting in the movie Swing Shift starring Goldie Hawn, the Go-Gos disbanded in 1985 and Carlisle embarked on a solo career. Carlisles first solo album Belinda was released in 1986, also on I. R. S and this album was successful in North America and was certified Gold in the US and Platinum in Canada. Her summer hit Mad About You peaked at No.3 in the US, topped the Canadian Singles Chart, and charted in the top 10 in Australia. Mad About You was followed by the Motown-influenced single I Feel the Magic written by Charlotte Caffey, all three songs were included on her debut album
Belinda Carlisle
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Belinda Carlisle performing in 2010
Belinda Carlisle
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Carlisle live with
The Go-Go's in 2008
45.
Ray Charles
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Ray Charles Robinson, known professionally as Ray Charles, was an American singer-songwriter, musician, and composer. Among friends and fellow musicians he preferred being called Brother Ray and he was often referred to as The Genius. Charles was blind from the age of seven and he pioneered the genre of soul music during the 1950s by combining blues, rhythm and blues, and gospel styles into the music he recorded for Atlantic Records. He also contributed to the integration of music, rhythm and blues and pop music during the 1960s with his crossover success on ABC Records. While he was with ABC, Charles became one of the first black musicians to be granted artistic control by a record company. Charles cited Nat King Cole as an influence, but his music was also influenced by country, jazz, blues. In the late forties, he became friends with Quincy Jones and their friendship would last till the end of Charless life. Frank Sinatra called him the true genius in show business. In 2002, Rolling Stone ranked Charles number ten on its list of the 100 Greatest Artists of All Time, Billy Joel observed, This may sound like sacrilege, but I think Ray Charles was more important than Elvis Presley. Robinson was the son of Bailey Robinson, a laborer, at the time, she was a teenage orphan making a living as a sharecropper. They lived in Greenville, Florida, with Robinsons mother and his wife, the Robinson family had informally adopted Aretha, and she became known as Aretha Robinson. When she, scandalously, became pregnant by Bailey, she briefly left Greenville late in the summer of 1930 to be family members in Albany, Georgia. After that, mother and child returned to Greenville, and Aretha and he was deeply devoted to his mother and later recalled her perseverance, self-sufficiency, and pride as guiding lights in his life. His father abandoned the family, left Greenville, and took another wife elsewhere, in his early years, Charles showed a fondness about mechanical objects and would often watch his neighbors working on their cars and farm machinery. Charles and his mother were always welcome at the Red Wing Cafe, pitman would also care for Rays brother George, to take the burden off Aretha. George drowned in Arethas laundry tub when he was four years old, Charles started to lose his sight at the age of four or five, and was completely blind by the age of seven, apparently as a result of glaucoma. Destitute, uneducated and still mourning the loss of George, Aretha used her connections in the community to find a school that would accept a blind African-American student. Despite his initial protest, Charles attended school at the Florida School for the Deaf, Charles further developed his musical talent at school, and was taught to play the classical piano music of J. S
Ray Charles
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Ray Charles in 1990
Ray Charles
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Ray Charles statue in Greenville, Florida
Ray Charles
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Charles in 1971. Photo: Heinrich Klaffs.
Ray Charles
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1972 meeting of President Nixon and Ray Charles taken by
Oliver F. Atkins
46.
Eric Clapton
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Eric Patrick Clapton, CBE, is an English rock and blues guitarist, singer, and songwriter. He is the only inductee to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, once as a solo artist and separately as a member of the Yardbirds. Clapton has been referred to as one of the most important, Clapton ranked second in Rolling Stone magazines list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time and fourth in Gibsons Top 50 Guitarists of All Time. He was also named number five in Time magazines list of The 10 Best Electric Guitar Players in 2009, in the mid-1960s Clapton left the Yardbirds to play with John Mayall & the Bluesbreakers. Furthermore, he formed rock band Blind Faith with Baker, Steve Winwood. For most of the 1970s Claptons output bore the influence of the style of J. J. Cale. His version of Marleys I Shot the Sheriff helped reggae reach a mass market, two of his most popular recordings were Layla, recorded with Derek and the Dominos, and Robert Johnsons Crossroads, recorded with Cream. Following the death of his son Conor in 1991, Claptons grief was expressed in the song Tears in Heaven, Clapton has been the recipient of 18 Grammy Awards, and the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music. In 2004 he was awarded a CBE at Buckingham Palace for services to music, in 1998, Clapton, a recovering alcoholic and drug addict, founded the Crossroads Centre on Antigua, a medical facility for recovering substance abusers. Clapton was born on 30 March 1945 in Ripley, Surrey, England, to 16-year-old Patricia Molly Clapton and Edward Walter Fryer, Fryer shipped off to war prior to Claptons birth and then returned to Canada. The similarity in surnames gave rise to the belief that Claptons real surname is Clapp. Years later, his mother married another Canadian soldier and moved to Germany, Clapton received an acoustic Hoyer guitar, made in Germany, for his thirteenth birthday, but the inexpensive steel-stringed instrument was difficult to play and he briefly lost interest. Two years later Clapton picked it up again and started playing consistently, Clapton was influenced by the blues from an early age, and practised long hours to learn the chords of blues music by playing along to the records. He preserved his practice sessions using his portable Grundig reel-to-reel tape recorder and his guitar playing was so advanced that, by the age of 16, he was getting noticed. Around this time, Clapton began busking around Kingston, Richmond, in 1962, Clapton started performing as a duo with fellow blues enthusiast David Brock in pubs around Surrey. When he was seventeen years old, Clapton joined his first band, an early British R&B group and he stayed with this band from January until August 1963. In October of that year, Clapton did a stint with Casey Jones & the Engineers. In October 1963, Clapton joined the Yardbirds, a rock and roll band
Eric Clapton
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Clapton performing at Hyde Park, London in June 2008
Eric Clapton
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Appearing at the
Royal Albert Hall in London for the first time in 1964, Clapton has since performed at the venue over 200 times.
Eric Clapton
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Clapton (right) with Cream
Eric Clapton
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Clapton's
The Fool guitar (replica shown), with its bright artwork and famous "woman tone", was symbolic of the 1960s psychedelic rock era.
47.
Lionel Richie
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Lionel Brockman Richie, Jr. is an American singer, songwriter, actor and record producer. Beginning in 1968, he was a member of the funk and soul band the Commodores and he also co-wrote the 1985 charity single We Are the World with Michael Jackson, which sold over 20 million copies. Richie has sold over 100 million records worldwide, making him one of the worlds best-selling artists of all time and he is also a five-time Grammy Award winner. In 2016, Richie received the Songwriters Hall of Fames highest honor, Lionel Brockman Richie, Jr. was born and raised in Tuskegee, Alabama, the son of Alberta R. and Lionel Brockman Richie, Sr. He grew up on the campus of Tuskegee Institute, Richie graduated from Joliet Township High School, East Campus. A star tennis player in Joliet, he accepted a scholarship to attend Tuskegee Institute. Richie seriously considered studying divinity to become a priest with the Episcopal Church and he is a member of Kappa Kappa Psi, a national honor fraternity for marching band members, and an active life member of Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity. As a student in Tuskegee, Richie formed a succession of R&B groups in the mid-1960s, in 1968, he became a singer and saxophonist with the Commodores. They signed a contract with Atlantic Records in 1968 for one record before moving on to Motown Records initially as a support act to The Jackson 5. The Commodores then became established as a soul group. Their first several albums had a danceable, funky sound, as in such tracks as Machine Gun, over time, Richie wrote and sang more romantic, easy-listening ballads such as Easy, Three Times a Lady, Still, and the tragic breakup ballad Sail On. By the late 1970s, Richie had begun to accept songwriting commissions from other artists and he composed Lady for Kenny Rogers, which hit #1 in 1980, and produced Rogerss album Share Your Love the following year. Richie and Rogers maintained a friendship in later years. Latin jazz composer and salsa romantica pioneer La Palabra enjoyed international success with his cover of Lady, also in 1981 Richie sang the theme song for the film Endless Love, a duet with Diana Ross. Issued as a single, the song topped the Canada, Brazil, Australia, Japan, New Zealand and US pop music charts and its success encouraged Richie to branch out into a full-fledged solo career in 1982. He was replaced as lead singer for the Commodores by Skyler Jett in 1983, the album hit #3 on the music charts and sold over 4 million copies. His 1983 follow-up album, Cant Slow Down, sold twice as many copies. The album contained the #1 hit All Night Long a Caribbean-flavored dance number that was promoted by a music video produced by former Monkee Michael Nesmith
Lionel Richie
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Lionel Richie in France in 2012
Lionel Richie
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Richie performing in March 2011
Lionel Richie
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Richie and
Guy Sebastian performing "
All Night Long " during Richie's 2011 Australian and New Zealand tour.
48.
Rugby union
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Rugby union, known in some parts of the world simply as rugby, is a contact team sport which originated in England in the first half of the 19th century. One of the two codes of football, it is based on running with the ball in hand. In its most common form, a game is between two teams of 15 players using a ball on a rectangular field with H-shaped goalposts on each try line. Historically an amateur sport, in 1995 restrictions on payments to players were removed, World Rugby, originally the International Rugby Football Board and from 1998 to 2014 the International Rugby Board, has been the governing body for rugby union since 1886. Rugby union spread from the Home Nations of Great Britain and Ireland, early exponents of the sport included Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and France. Countries that have adopted rugby union as their de facto national sport include Fiji, Georgia, Madagascar, New Zealand, Samoa, Tonga, Rugby union is played in over 100 countries across six continents, there are 101 full members and 18 associate members of World Rugby. The Rugby World Cup, first held in 1987, takes place four years with the winner of the tournament receiving the Webb Ellis Cup. The Six Nations Championship in Europe and The Rugby Championship in the Southern Hemisphere are major annual competitions. The origin of football is reputed to be an incident during a game of English school football at Rugby School in 1823. Although the evidence for the story is doubtful, it was immortalised at the school with a plaque unveiled in 1895, despite the doubtful evidence, the Rugby World Cup trophy is named after Webb Ellis. Rugby football stems from the form of game played at Rugby School, Old Rugbeian Albert Pell, a student at Cambridge, is credited with having formed the first football team. During this early period different schools used different rules, with pupils from Rugby. Other important events include the Blackheath Clubs decision to leave the Football Association in 1863, despite the sports full name of rugby union, it is known simply as rugby throughout most of the world. The first rugby football international was played on 27 March 1871 between Scotland and England, by 1881 both Ireland and Wales had representative teams, and in 1883 the first international competition, the Home Nations Championship had begun. 1883 is also the year of the first rugby tournament, the Melrose Sevens. During the early history of union, a time before commercial air travel. The first two notable tours both took place in 1888—the British Isles team touring New Zealand and Australia, followed by the New Zealand team touring Europe, All three teams brought new styles of play, fitness levels and tactics, and were far more successful than critics had expected. After Morgan began singing, the crowd joined in, the first time a national anthem was sung at the start of a sporting event, in 1905 France played England in its first international match
Rugby union
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South African
Victor Matfield takes a line-out against New Zealand in 2006.
Rugby union
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Rugby School in
Rugby, Warwickshire, with a rugby football pitch in the foreground
Rugby union
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James Ryan, captain of the New Zealand Army team, receiving the Kings Cup from George V.
Rugby union
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Sébastien Chabal (far left) in number eight position before entering the scrum.
