1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
New Zealand
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New Zealand /njuːˈziːlənd/ is an island nation in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The country geographically comprises two main landmasses—the North Island, or Te Ika-a-Māui, and the South Island, or Te Waipounamu—and around 600 smaller islands. New Zealand is situated some 1,500 kilometres east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and roughly 1,000 kilometres south of the Pacific island areas of New Caledonia, Fiji, because of its remoteness, it was one of the last lands to be settled by humans. During its long period of isolation, New Zealand developed a distinct biodiversity of animal, fungal, the countrys varied topography and its sharp mountain peaks, such as the Southern Alps, owe much to the tectonic uplift of land and volcanic eruptions. New Zealands capital city is Wellington, while its most populous city is Auckland, sometime between 1250 and 1300 CE, Polynesians settled in the islands that later were named New Zealand and developed a distinctive Māori culture. In 1642, Dutch explorer Abel Tasman became the first European to sight New Zealand, in 1840, representatives of Britain and Māori chiefs signed the Treaty of Waitangi, which declared British sovereignty over the islands. In 1841, New Zealand became a colony within the British Empire, today, the majority of New Zealands population of 4.7 million is of European descent, the indigenous Māori are the largest minority, followed by Asians and Pacific Islanders. Reflecting this, New Zealands culture is derived from Māori and early British settlers. The official languages are English, Māori and New Zealand Sign Language, New Zealand is a developed country and ranks highly in international comparisons of national performance, such as health, education, economic freedom and quality of life. Since the 1980s, New Zealand has transformed from an agrarian, Queen Elizabeth II is the countrys head of state and is represented by a governor-general. In addition, New Zealand is organised into 11 regional councils and 67 territorial authorities for local government purposes, the Realm of New Zealand also includes Tokelau, the Cook Islands and Niue, and the Ross Dependency, which is New Zealands territorial claim in Antarctica. New Zealand is a member of the United Nations, Commonwealth of Nations, ANZUS, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Pacific Islands Forum, and Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation. Dutch explorer Abel Tasman sighted New Zealand in 1642 and called it Staten Landt, in 1645, Dutch cartographers renamed the land Nova Zeelandia after the Dutch province of Zeeland. British explorer James Cook subsequently anglicised the name to New Zealand, Aotearoa is the current Māori name for New Zealand. It is unknown whether Māori had a name for the country before the arrival of Europeans. Māori had several names for the two main islands, including Te Ika-a-Māui for the North Island and Te Waipounamu or Te Waka o Aoraki for the South Island. Early European maps labelled the islands North, Middle and South, in 1830, maps began to use North and South to distinguish the two largest islands and by 1907, this was the accepted norm. The New Zealand Geographic Board discovered in 2009 that the names of the North Island and South Island had never been formalised and this set the names as North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui, and South Island or Te Waipounamu
3.
Regions of New Zealand
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New Zealand is divided into sixteen regions for devolved local government. Eleven are administered by councils, and five are administered by unitary authorities. The Chatham Islands Council is similar to an authority, authorised under its own legislation. The regional councils are listed in Part 1 of Schedule 2 of the Local Government Act 2002, the Act requires regional councils to promote sustainable development – the social, economic, environmental and cultural well-being of their communities. The current regions and most of their councils came into being through a government reform in 1989 that took place under the Local Government Act 1974. In addition they took over roles that had previously been performed by county councils. Auckland Regional Council, formed in 1989, was replaced by Auckland Council, the boundaries of the regions are based largely on drainage basins. This anticipated the responsibilities of the Resource Management Act 1991, most regional boundaries conform with territorial authority boundaries but there are a number of exceptions. An example is Taupo District, split between four regions, although most of its area is in the Waikato region, property rates are used to fund both regional and territorial government activities. There is often a degree of co-operation between regional and territorial councils as they have complementary roles. Regional councils have these specific functions under the Resource Management Act 1991, notes, These regions have unitary authorities. The Gisborne Region is still widely but unofficially known by its name or as East Coast. Some outlying islands are not included within regional boundaries, the Chatham Islands is not in a region, although its council has some of the powers of a regional council under the Resource Management Act. Councils may use a first past the post or single transferable vote system, the chairperson is selected by the elected council members. The Auckland Regional Council was preceded by the Auckland Regional Authority, the Wellington Regional Council was first formed in 1980 from a merger of the Wellington Regional Planning Authority and the Wellington Regional Water Board. In 1978, legislation was passed enabling the formation of regions with united councils, twenty regions were designated, excluding the Auckland and Wellington areas. For most of the country this was the first regional level of government since the abolition of provinces in 1876, councillors were not elected directly – they were appointed from the various territorial local authorities within the region. For example, in a number of cases the united council took responsibility for the allocation of revenue from regional petrol taxes, the united councils were based in the facilities of the largest TLA in the region and largely dependent on the TLAs for resources
4.
Napier, New Zealand
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Napier is a New Zealand city with a seaport, located in Hawkes Bay on the eastern coast of the North Island. The population of Napier is about 62,100 as of the June 2016, about 18 kilometres south of Napier is the inland city of Hastings. These two neighbouring cities are often called The Bay Cities or The Twin Cities of New Zealand, Napier is about 320 kilometres northeast of the capital city of Wellington. The City of Napier has an area of 106 square kilometres. Napier has also become an important grape and wine production area, with the grapes grown around Hastings, large amounts of sheeps wool, frozen meat, wood pulp, and timber also pass through Napier annually for export. Smaller amounts of materials are shipped via road and railway to the large metropolitan areas of New Zealand itself, such as Auckland. Napier is a popular tourist city, with a concentration of 1930s Art Deco architecture. It also has one of the most photographed tourist attractions in the country, thousands of people flock to Napier every February for the Tremains Art Deco Weekend event, a celebration of its Art Deco heritage and history. Other notable tourist events attracting many outsiders to the region annually include F. A. W. C, food and Wine Classic events, and the Mission Estate Concert at Mission Estate and Winery in the suburb of Taradale. Later, the Ngāti Kahungunu became the dominant force from Poverty Bay to Wellington and they were one of the first Māori tribes to come in contact with European settlers. The rivers were continually feeding freshwater into the area, captain James Cook was one of the first Europeans to see the future site of Napier when he sailed down the east coast in October 1769. He commented, On each side of this head is a low, narrow sand or stone beach. He said the harbour entrance was at the Westshore end of the shingle beach, the site was subsequently visited and later settled by European traders, whalers and missionaries. By the 1850s, farmers and hotel-keepers arrived, the Crown purchased the Ahuriri block in 1851. In 1854 Alfred Domett, a future Prime Minister of New Zealand, was appointed as the Commissioner of Crown Lands, Domett named many streets in Napier to commemorate the colonial era of the British Indian Empire. Napier was designated as a borough in 1874, but the development of the surrounding marshlands, development was generally confined to the hill and to the port area of Ahuriri. There was a swamp between the now Hastings Street and Wellesley Road and the sea extended to Clive Square, on 3 February 1931, most of Napier and nearby Hastings was levelled by an earthquake. The collapses of buildings and the fires killed 256 people
5.
Hastings, New Zealand
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Hastings is a New Zealand city and is one of the two major urban areas in Hawkes Bay, on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand. The population of Hastings is about 68,900 as of the June 2016, Hastings is about 18 kilometres inland of the coastal city of Napier. These two neighbouring cities are often called The Bay Cities or The Twin Cities, the combined population of the Napier-Hastings Urban Area is 131,000 people, which makes it the sixth-largest urban area in New Zealand, closely following Tauranga. The city is the centre of the Hastings District. The city of Hastings and its suburbs of Flaxmere and Havelock North are the principal settlements in the Hastings District. These main centres are surrounded by thirty-eight rural settlements, including Clive, Hastings District covers an area of 5,229 square kilometres and has 1.7 % of the population of New Zealand, ranking it fourteenth in size out of the seventy-four territorial authorities. Since the merger of the surrounding and satellite settlements, Hastings has grown to one of the largest urban areas in Hawkes Bay. Hastings District is a food production region, the fertile Heretaunga Plains surrounding the city produce stone fruits, pome fruit, kiwifruit and vegetables, and the area is one of New Zealands major red wine producers. Associated business include food processing, agricultural services, rural finance, Hastings is the major service centre for the surrounding inland pastoral communities and tourism. Near the fourteenth century CE, Māori arrived in Heretaunga or Hawkes Bay, settling in the river valleys and along the coast where food was plentiful. It is believed that Māori arrived at Heretaunga by canoe, travelling down the coast from the north, landing at Wairoa, Portland Island, the Ahuriri Lagoon at Westshore, and at Waimarama. Their culture flourished, along with gradual deforestation of the land and they were one of the first Māori tribes to come in contact with European settlers. The Māori owners leased approximately seventy square kilometres on the Heretaunga Plains to Thomas Tanner in 1867, in 1870, twelve people, known as the 12 apostles, formed a syndicate to purchase the land for around £1 10s an acre. The original name of the location which was to become the centre was Karamu. In 1871, the New Zealand Government decided to route the new railway south of Napier through a notional Karamu junction in the centre of the Heretaunga Plains and this location was on Francis Hickss land. The decision on the route was based largely on two reports by Charles Weber, the provincial engineer and surveyor in charge of the railway. Karamu junction was renamed Hastings in 1873, exactly who chose the name has been disputed, although Thomas Tanner claimed that it was him and that the choice was inspired by his reading the trial of Warren Hastings. In any event, the name fitted well with other names in the district
6.
Rick Barker
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Richard John Barker is a New Zealand politician. He is a member of the Labour Party, and was a middle-ranking Cabinet minister in the Fifth Labour Government of New Zealand, Barker was born in the town of Greymouth, on New Zealands West Coast. He attended Greymouth High School and then the University of Otago, after working as a shop assistant, bartender, storeworker, farmhand, driver, factory worker, and quarrier, he became involved in the trade unions, primarily those relating to the service sector. He eventually became National Secretary of the Service Workers Union, Barker became a member of the Labour Party in 1973, and served for a time as the Industrial Representative on the partys National Council. In the 1993 elections, he stood as the Labour Party candidate for the Hastings electorate. He was re-elected in 1996,1999, and 2002 for the seat of Tukituki. In 2005 he lost the seat in what was a swing against the sitting Labour government in the provincial areas. In 2008 Barker tried unsuccessfully to regain the seat of Tukituki and he stood in one of the safest National seats, Taranaki-King Country, in 2011 and was not high enough on the Labour list to remain an MP. During the 2002-2005 term, he was given responsibility as Minister for the Community and Voluntary Sector. In 2005, Barker was re-appointed to Cabinet as the Minister of Internal Affairs, Minister for Courts, Minister of Civil Defence and Minister of Veterans Affairs. As a cabinet minister, Barker was entitled to the title of The Honourable, Barker was elected to the regional council in 2013, representing the Hastings constituency. In 2016 he was appointed deputy chair of the council, at the New Zealand Parliament website
7.
Clive, New Zealand
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The small town of Clive is located ten kilometres from the city centres of both Napier and Hastings in the Hawkes Bay region of New Zealands North Island. It is close to the mouth of the Ngaruroro River, the town, which has a population of 1764 at the 2013 census, is part of the Hastings district. It was named after a prominent person from imperial India, in this case Robert Clive, the name was given by John Curling. Clive is home to the Hawkes Bay Rowing Club who train on the Clive River, the Hawkes Bay Rowing Regatta is held on the first weekend of the year and was started in 1872
8.
Mahia Peninsula
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The Mahia Peninsula is located on the east coast of New Zealands North Island, between the cities of Napier and Gisborne. The peninsula is 21.7 kilometres long and 11.3 km wide and its highest point is Rahuimokairoa above sea level. Mahia was initially an island but over time, a sand bar joined it to the North Island, whales often strand on the shallow sand build up. Early whalers had a station on the farm Kini Kini. Portland Island was named by Kahungunu when he visited there to look for drinking water. Waikawa is an island off the southern tip of Mahia Peninsula with an unmanned lighthouse. The name Mahia means indistinct sound, the area is a popular seaside resort and contains a holiday park dating back to the 1960s. The remaining settlement consists mostly of houses and baches. Sheep and cattle farms are still an important part for the local community, mahias population swells greatly during the warmer months and in particular during school holidays. Mahia is famous for its surf, scuba diving, hiking, many tourists stay in Napier, Hastings or Wairoa and travel to Mahia Peninsula for the day. Morere Hot Springs is located at the end of Mahia Peninsula. In Maori legend, Whatonga who came to New Zealand in search of his grandfather Toi, the community these days is still generally a mix of Maori and European. The local Maori people are known as Ngāti Rongomaiwahine, more recently Mahia has become famous for the presence of Moko the Dolphin. The Rocket Lab company started to set up in 2016 a rocket range to launch its Electron vehicle under development, once in regular operations, it is meant to be used as a commercial launcher of a type miniature satellites called CubeSat
9.
Ocean Beach, Hawke's Bay
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Ocean Beach is a locally popular beach in Hastings District, Hawkes Bay, New Zealand. Ocean Beach has a rip current and usually has large strong waves and is therefore popular with surfers. Ocean Beach is a long golden sand beach. The land almost immediately behind the beach is hilly and the one-way road going down them is very steep. Ocean Beach has an unnamed river made from runoff from the farmland that flows into the beach, the river comes through steep valleys and originates somewhere in forestland near Cape Kidnappers, this river is quite slow moving and builds up much water from its journey. The beach is popular and has patrols running all through summer. Ocean Beach is also known to local Māori as Waipuka, the area mainly owned by Māori was to become a town and residents were outraged. Currently, a battle between Hastings Authorities and Residents over the new constructions, many developments have been proposed on the area dating back to 1995 which many have been rejected by locals
10.
Te Awanga
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Te Awanga is a small beachside town in Hawkes Bay, New Zealand. Te Awanga is near Cape Kidnappers, which has a renowned gannet bird colony, Te Awanga is a town that is just smaller than Haumoana, which is further down the Bay beach from Napier. The town was developed as a holiday settlement, there are shops, cafes and wineries located nearby to the town. Activities which are common at Te Awanga include fishing, swimming, surfing and boating, surfing is popular when large easterly swells move into the Bay. The 18 hole world-famous Cape Kidnappers Golf Course is located near Te Awanga, Te Awanga is located at 39°S 177°E on Hawke Bay on the east coast of New Zealand. The town is located sixteen kilometres south of the centre of Napier and it is ten kilometres west of Cape Kidnappers. The road towards Cape Kidnappers, Clifton Road, passes through Te Awanga on its way to Clifton, Te Awanga is located in an area which can be prone to coastal erosion. The Te Awanga shoreline can be eroded by stormy seas and high tides, the long term shoreline retreat, is due to erosion caused by the sea at Te Awanga is on average between 0. 30m and 0. 70m per year. This rate was challenged and debunked in court circa 1988, there has been no independent science completed and all figures on coastal erosion are supplied by the local authority
11.
Waimarama
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Waimarama is a seaside village in Hastings District, Hawkes Bay, New Zealand Many residents of Hawkes Bay, especially those in the Hastings District enjoy Waimarama as a seaside recreational beach. There is a local shop/takeaway/bottleshop and a caféwhich brings beach goers from Ocean Beach, Waimarama is a popular surf beach in the area. It is known as a break on a sandy beach. It offers both left and right handers and conditions are suitable for surfers of all levels. Waimarama can have strong rip currents, the beach is patrolled by the Waimarama SLSC at weekends from November to March, motu-O-kura - or as English speakers know it - Bare Island/ is located just off the coast and is a popular spot for fishing and diving. Waimarama is located at 39°S 177°E on the East Coast of New Zealand, and is sandy on the oceanfront and grassy for farmland behind the sand, the land almost immediately behind the beach is hilly and some is used for farming and some for agriculture. Waimarama has about 240 permanent residents which is a population than Ocean Beach. The area has a number of developments, many houses that were once baches are now homes. On 28 April 2011, heavy rain hit the village, causing floods and mudslides
12.
Waipawa
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Waipawa is the second-largest town in Central Hawkes Bay in the east of the North Island of New Zealand. It has a population of 2,060, at the 2013 census, it had a population of 1,965, a change of 2.2 percent from the 2006 census. The town is located 7 kilometres northeast of Waipukurau and 46 km southwest of Hastings, on the bank of the Waipawa River. Waipawa was settled in the early 1860s, and the Settlers Museum exhibits many of historical collections. It holds the office of the Central Hawkes Bay District Council. There was also a home in Waipawa named Abbotsford
13.
Waipukurau
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Waipukurau is the largest town in the Central Hawkes Bay District on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand. It is located on the banks of the Tukituki River,7 kilometres south of Waipawa and 50 kilometres southwest of Hastings, Central Hawkes Bay, where the town is located was settled by Te Aitanga a Whatonga, the desecendants of Whatonga, grandson of Toi Kairakau. These were the Ngati Tara and Rangitāne peoples, in the mid 1500s the Ngāti Kahungunu invaded the area from the north and in the subsequent fighting drove the Rangitāne south into the Tahoraiti area. Warfare continued through the 1600s until the time of Te Rangikoianake and his first child Te Kikiri was adopted by the Ngai Toroiwaho to be their chief - he had mana over the Waipukurau district. Fighting broke out again in the 1800s at Mangatoetoe between Ngai Te Upokoiri and Ngāti Te Rangikoianake of Poukawa, several of Te Rangikoianakes grand children were killed in this fight. Pareihe, a Ngati Rangikoianake Chief, avenged the defeat in a battle at Pukekaihau, Waipukurau after which a peace accord was made between the two tribes. The accord was short lived with the death of Te Wanikaus brother-in-law prompting further conflict over the erection of rahui poles on Lake Poukawa, the conflict, starting around 1819 and lasting till 1824 ended with the Ngati Rangikoianake and other local tribes evacuating the area and settling at Mahia. In the latter part of the 1820s Pareihe attacked the Ngai Te Upokoiri and regained the lands they had lost, a peace accord was made between Pareihe and the Ngāti Tūwharetoa in the late 1830s. The Ngati Tuwharetoa had been allied with the Ngai Te Upokoiri, within the current township is Pukekaihau hill, the site of the Māori pa, from which it gets its name. Waipukurau is said to mean the water of pukerau, wai being water, the pa was near the old Māori trail from the Manawatu Gorge and Hawkes Bay. The first Europeans who are known to have passed through the area were Bishop George Selwyn, in December 1850 Donald McLean and the his party of Land Commissioners meet with the Central Hawkes Bay tribes to discuss purchasing a large block of land for European settlement. In 1857 there was a house run by a Mr Aveson. This was sold in October 1858 to George Lloyd and renamed Lloyds Hotel, the Hotel was transferred again in 1861 becoming Mosss Inn or the Tavistock Hotel. Horse racing started in 1859 with the first recorded meeting on 2 February, the provincial council approved construction of roading from Waipukurau to Porongahau, a goal, and the appointment of a Constable at Waipukurau in 1859. Roading to Forty-mile bush was not commenced until late 1867, the surrounding land was part of Mount Herbert station and owned by Henry Russell. By at least 1858 Waipukurau was used as a hub for mail delivery to the district, a yard for stock. In 1863 land was offered to the Agricultural Society for a show, by 1864 the Presbyterians were looking to set up a church in Waipukurau. There was a school in town by 1866 but this was closed when the building it used was destroyed by fire that year, the school was replaced in August 1867 by new building which was to serve as both a church and a school
14.
Wairoa
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Wairoa is a town in New Zealands North Island. It is the northernmost town in the Hawkes Bay region, and is located on the shore of Hawkes Bay at the mouth of the Wairoa River. It is 118 kilometres northeast of Napier, and 92 kilometres southwest of Gisborne and it is the largest town in the district of Wairoa. The district has been known historically as Te Wairoa, in keeping with the districts vision of being bilingual by 2040, the use of the phrase Te Wairoa when referring to the district is steadily increasing. Wairoa is Māori for long water portraying the length of the river that runs throughout the town. Early settlement in the area included a station and trading post. These establishments offered sufficient income and attraction and its initial name was Clyde, but this was changed largely to avoid confusion with Clive near Napier and Clyde in the South Island. The north part of the town is called North Clyde, the town rose to prominence during the New Zealand Wars, during which time it was a garrison town. Wairoa is a manufacturing and farming service town and it is the seat of the Wairoa District Council. The Wairoa District covers the northern half of the bays coast, and extends from Mahia Peninsula to Lake Waikaremoana, the districts population at the June 2016 census was 4,250, and it has a land area of 4,119.18 km2. As a result of economic development efforts, in 2016. Space launches are expected to commence in late 2016 with a series of three test launches, commercial launches are anticipated to commence in 2017. The Electron vehicle is capable of delivering satellites into Low Earth Orbit, the New Zealand Space Agency has been established to manage New Zealand space treaties and activity. Wairoa has one school, Wairoa College. This offers many opportunities to those students between the years of 7 -13 with assessments such as NCEA and WAM. This town also offers opportunities for education as it has a wide variety of schools specialising in Maori Culture or Catholic Beliefs along as National Curruclum subjects. Te Kura Kaupapa Maori O Ngati Kahungunu O Te Wairoa is the only Maori school in this region, Wairoa Primary, Tiaho, and Frasertown are the Primary schools that offer education to students in years 1 -6. Ohuka, Te Mahia, Nuhaka, Ruakituri, Mohaka, Waikaremoana, Tiniroto, Tutira, Kotemaori, the latter is a special catholic character school. Wairoa is situated on SH2, which gives connections to Gisborne to the north east and it is connected to the Central North Island by SH38 which goes from Wai-O-Tapu via Murupara and Frasertown to Wairoa, and which connects to Rotorua via Te Urewera, and Lake Waikaremoana
15.
Central Hawke's Bay District
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Central Hawkes Bay District is part of the Hawkes Bay Region in the North Island of New Zealand. It has an area of 3,327.92 square kilometres with a population of 13,600 and it had a population of 12,717 people as of the 2013 census. This is a decrease of 237 people, or 1.8 percent and it covers the area from Pukehou in the north to Takapau in the south, and from the western Ruahine Range to the Pacific coast in the east. State Highway 2 runs through the centre of Central Hawkes Bay leading south to Palmerston North and it is 70 kilometres to Napier Port and 75 kilometres to Napier Airport. The Palmerston North – Gisborne railway line runs through the district with one station at Waipukurau and this line connects to the Wairarapa Line at Woodville, and continues through the Manawatu Gorge to Palmerston North. Each of the four corners of the district has a marae and these are at Pukehou, Kairakau, Porangahau and Takapau. The district is administered by the Central Hawkes Bay District Council with the seat in the town of Waipawa, the two main towns are Waipukurau and Waipawa and smaller townships include Otane, Takapau, Tikokino and Ongaonga. There are also several small communities including Kairakau, Pourerere, Aramoana, Blackhead. Central Hawkes Bay District is divided into 2 wards, Aramoana / Ruahine Ruataniwha Central Hawkes Bay District Council Quickstats about Central Hawkes Bay District Promotional website
16.
Napier City
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Napier is a New Zealand city with a seaport, located in Hawkes Bay on the eastern coast of the North Island. The population of Napier is about 62,100 as of the June 2016, about 18 kilometres south of Napier is the inland city of Hastings. These two neighbouring cities are often called The Bay Cities or The Twin Cities of New Zealand, Napier is about 320 kilometres northeast of the capital city of Wellington. The City of Napier has an area of 106 square kilometres. Napier has also become an important grape and wine production area, with the grapes grown around Hastings, large amounts of sheeps wool, frozen meat, wood pulp, and timber also pass through Napier annually for export. Smaller amounts of materials are shipped via road and railway to the large metropolitan areas of New Zealand itself, such as Auckland. Napier is a popular tourist city, with a concentration of 1930s Art Deco architecture. It also has one of the most photographed tourist attractions in the country, thousands of people flock to Napier every February for the Tremains Art Deco Weekend event, a celebration of its Art Deco heritage and history. Other notable tourist events attracting many outsiders to the region annually include F. A. W. C, food and Wine Classic events, and the Mission Estate Concert at Mission Estate and Winery in the suburb of Taradale. Later, the Ngāti Kahungunu became the dominant force from Poverty Bay to Wellington and they were one of the first Māori tribes to come in contact with European settlers. The rivers were continually feeding freshwater into the area, captain James Cook was one of the first Europeans to see the future site of Napier when he sailed down the east coast in October 1769. He commented, On each side of this head is a low, narrow sand or stone beach. He said the harbour entrance was at the Westshore end of the shingle beach, the site was subsequently visited and later settled by European traders, whalers and missionaries. By the 1850s, farmers and hotel-keepers arrived, the Crown purchased the Ahuriri block in 1851. In 1854 Alfred Domett, a future Prime Minister of New Zealand, was appointed as the Commissioner of Crown Lands, Domett named many streets in Napier to commemorate the colonial era of the British Indian Empire. Napier was designated as a borough in 1874, but the development of the surrounding marshlands, development was generally confined to the hill and to the port area of Ahuriri. There was a swamp between the now Hastings Street and Wellesley Road and the sea extended to Clive Square, on 3 February 1931, most of Napier and nearby Hastings was levelled by an earthquake. The collapses of buildings and the fires killed 256 people
17.
Rangitikei District
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It is located in the southwest of the island, and follows the catchment area of the Rangitikei River. The Rangitikei District Council is the government authority for this district. It is composed of a mayor, currently Andy Watson, and 11 councillors, the Rangitikei District was established in 1989 as part of the 1989 local government reforms. Watson was elected by obtaining 1,983 votes of the vote, Rangitikei District Council is served by eleven councillors elected across five wards. Two councillors are elected from the Bulls ward, one from the Hunterville ward, four from the Marton ward, the mayor and councillors are due for re-election in October 2016. District Council, 2013–16 term, Rangitikei District is one of ten districts located partially or entirely within the Manawatu-Wanganui region, as such it is represented on the Manawatu-Wanganui Regional Council, known as Horizons Regional Council. Two of the regional councillors are elected by the district in the Manawatu - Rangitikei ward. Rangitikei is located in the electorate of Rangitīkei and in the Māori electorate of Te Tai Hauāuru. Rangitīkei is a safe National Party seat since the 1938 election with the exception of 1978–1984 when it was held by Bruce Beetham of the Social Credit Party, since 2011 it is held by Ian McKelvie. Te Tai Hauāuru is a more volatile seat, having been held by three different parties since 1996, i. e, New Zealand First, the Māori Party and the Labour Party. Since 2014 it is held by Adrian Rurawhe of the Labour Party, the district has an area of 4,538 km². Rangitikeis climate is temperate and has few extremes compared to parts of New Zealand. According to the Köppen climate classification, this climate is classified as oceanic climate, summers are warm with average temperatures in the low 20s. The most settled weather occurs in summer and early autumn, winters are mild near the coast and on the plains, it is colder inland and in the hill country, but often frosty, clear and calm. Snowfall occasionally settles in areas 400 m above sea level, such as Taihape, annual rainfall is moderate and annual hours of bright sunshine can average over 2,000. Rangitikei District had a population of 14,019 according to the 2013 census and this is a decrease of 693, or 4.7 percent, since the 2006 census. There were 5,733 occupied dwellings,912 unoccupied dwellings, the districts population at the June 2016 census was 14,800. Of the residential population,6,951 were male compared to 48. 7% nationally, the district had a median age of 41.8 years,3.8 years above the national median age of 38.0 years
18.
Taupo District
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The Taupo District is a district in New Zealand. It covers 6,350 km² of land, as well as a further 610 km² of lake area, the district stretches from the small town of Mangakino in the northwest to the Tongariro National Park in the south, and east into the Kaingaroa Forest. The districts population is located in the two main centres, Taupo and Turangi. The district is governed by the Taupo District Council, with the vast majority of the district falling within the jurisdiction of Environment Waikato regional council. Little is known about early Māori settlement near Taupo, although Ngati Tuwharetoa have been the main iwi of the area for several hundred years, major pa were situated at the southern end of the lake to the west of the modern town of Turangi. Taupo town was founded in 1869 as a town during the New Zealand Wars. It was not until the 1950s that the region started to develop, with forestry, the town of Taupo is situated on the north-eastern shore of the lake, and Turangi is at the lakes southern extremity. State Highway 1 winds along the shore of Lake Taupo
19.
Mohaka River
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The Mohaka river is on the North Island of New Zealand in the east central region of Hawke’s Bay. Mohaka is a Maori word, roughly translated it means “place for dancing”, the iwi associated with the Mohaka River are Ngāti Pāhauwera, Ngāti Hineuru, Ngāti Tūwharetoa and Mana Ahuriri. The headwaters are found in the Kaweka and Kaimanawa ranges, from the range it winds southeast before twisting northeast and finally southeast again to empty into the Pacific Ocean near the town of Mohaka. There are many gorges on the Mohaka, some as steep as 200m and its main tributaries are the Waipunga, Taharua, Hautapu rivers. The full length is 172 kilometres and it drains a basin of 2,357 square kilometres, Ngati Pahauwera’s traditional tribal territory is from the Te Hoe river junction to its mouth. The river, including its waters, bed and fisheries, is a taonga of Ngati Pahauwera, in particular they place great emphasis on the role the river plays in their tribal identity. The Mohaka was an important river for fishing and transport long before the settlers arrived, archeological surveys have found extensive evidence of villages and temporary camps along the lower and upper Mohaka. The Maori collected Hangi stones, taupunga, opunga, poutama, the famous Maori, Te Kooti, reportedly frequented the area. Te Kooti’s Lookout, said to be the sight of a fight with the British, is visible from the river, later, Europeans used the Mohaka to transport timber. In 2004 a water conservation order was placed on the section of the Mohaka because of its fantastic fishing, scenic gorges. The area is also an important habitat for the blue duck. More recently it is a spot for rafting, kayaking, tramping and fishing. Up in the Kaweka range the Mohaka is a twisting grade II river with a bit of grade III, there are several Department of Conservation campsites, hot pools and plenty of undisturbed native bush. DOC campsites are still found along this 68 km stretch, as the more technical grade III rapids begin the river flows past native bush of the Tataraakina block on the left and Waitere Station on the right. This section contains Te Hoe’s rapid, which is the largest and longest in this section, there are 3 gorges to be appreciated on this run. Te Kooti’ s bridge marks the start of the grade V, after the bridge, it is an easy grade II float for about 4 km then the banks get steeper and the rapids start off with the largest one on the river, Long Rapid. Scenery on this stretch includes massive boulders, waterfalls falling from the canyon walls. The rapids are continuous for the full 18 km with the grade being mostly III+ with some exciting IV/V, the final stretch of the river after the grade V returns to grade II as it mellows and flows into the ocean
20.
Lake Waikaremoana
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Lake Waikaremoana is located in Te Urewera in the North Island of New Zealand,60 kilometres northwest of Wairoa and 80 kilometres west-southwest of Gisborne. It covers an area of 54 km2, from the Maori Waikaremoana translates as sea of rippling waters The lake lies in the heart of Tuhoe country. The hamlet of Āniwaniwa and the Waikaremoana Holiday Park are located on the lakeshore, along SH38, there is a Department of Conservation office at Aniwaniwa. Several walks start here, including a short stroll to Aniwaniwa Falls, Lake Waikaremoana is a holiday destination for people who use the lake for fishing, tramping and other recreational activities. The Lake Waikaremoana Track, one of New Zealands Great Walks, is a three- to four-day tramp which follows approximately half of the lakes circumference, the track can be walked independently, or as part of a guided group. There are huts dotted on the walk which require booking to use, camping is permitted unless you are more than 500 metres from the track. The climate of the area is temperate In the summer and cool during the winters, numbers of visitors to the area are limited to some extent as a result of the extensive unsealed road that must be taken to reach it. This makes Lake Waikaremoana significantly less congested with tourists than the other 8 Great Walks in New Zealand, the smaller Lake Waikareiti lies four kilometres to the northeast. Waikaremoana, the North Islands deepest lake, has its surface at 600 metres above sea level, a huge landslide dam about 250 metres high formed the lake around 2,200 years ago. Before the landslip was sealed, around 1950, much of the lake outflow flowed through the rather than out of an overflow at a low point in the slip. Other geographical features include Panekiri Bluff and Puketukutuku Peninsula, which is the site of a kiwi-conservation programme, surrounded by mountains clad with native forest which has never been logged, Waikaremoana is regarded as the North Islands most attractive lake. Many native bird-species scarce in most other parts of the North Island occur in the area, a possum-hunting programme operates in the area to help protect the forest. Numerous understory species grow within the area of the catchment basin, crown fern. Since at least the early 1900s lake-bottom molluscs have been studied by Colenso, the climate of Lake Waikaremoana is temperate during the summer months and cool in the winter where snow events are not unheard of. Heavy rains affect the region, especially about late winter and early spring, the weather in the area is very changeable, trampers in the region need to be on the look out for dangerous weather conditions. The Waikaremoana Hydroelectric Power Scheme appears to be the example of a hydroelectric power station being built on a natural landslide dam. The stability of the dam has been the subject of intense engineering review. Construction of a tunnel through the slip, which commenced in 1935, required extensive grouting around the control structures
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North Island
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The North Island or Te Ika-a-Māui is one of the two main islands of New Zealand, separated from the slightly larger but much less populous South Island by Cook Strait. The islands area is 113,729 square kilometres, making it the worlds 14th-largest island and it has a population of 3,596,200. Twelve main urban areas are in the North Island, about 77% of New Zealands population lives in the North Island. Although the island has been known as the North Island for many years, in 2009 the New Zealand Geographic Board found that, along with the South Island, after a public consultation, the board officially named the island North Island or Te Ika-a-Maui in October 2013. In prose, the two islands of New Zealand are called the North Island and the South Island, with the definite articles. It is normal to use the preposition in rather than on, for example Hamilton is in the North Island, maps, headings, tables and adjectival expressions use North Island without the. According to Māori mythology, the North and South Islands of New Zealand arose through the actions of the demigod Māui, Māui and his brothers were fishing from their canoe when he caught a great fish and pulled it from the sea. While he was not looking his brothers fought over the fish and this great fish became the North Island and thus a Māori name for the North Island is Te Ika-a-Māui. The mountains and valleys are believed to have formed as a result of Māuis brothers hacking at the fish. Until the early 20th Century, an alternative Māori name for the North Island was Aotearoa, in present usage, Aotearoa is a collective name for New Zealand as a whole. The sub-national GDP of the North Island was estimated at US$102.863 billion in 2003, the island has an extensive flora and bird population, with numerous National Parks and other protected areas. Nine local government regions cover the North Island and all its adjacent islands, healthcare in the North Island is provided by fifteen District Health Boards. Organised around geographical areas of varying sizes, they are not coterminous with the Local Government Regions
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Wine
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Wine is an alcoholic beverage made from fermented grapes. These grapes are generally Vitis vinifera, or a hybrid with Vitis labrusca or Vitis rupestris, grapes are fermented without the addition of sugars, acids, enzymes, water, or other nutrients. Yeast consumes the sugar in the grapes and converts it to ethanol, different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts produce different styles of wine. These variations result from the interactions between the biochemical development of the grape, the reactions involved in fermentation, the terroir. Many countries enact legal appellations intended to define styles and qualities of wine and these typically restrict the geographical origin and permitted varieties of grapes, as well as other aspects of wine production. There are also made from fermenting other fruits or cereals. Wines made from other than grapes include rice wine and various fruit wines such as those made from plums or cherries. Some well known examples are hard cider from apples, perry from pears, pomegranate wine, Wine has been produced for thousands of years. The earliest known traces of wine from Georgia in Eurasia where 8000-year-old wine jars were found and in Iran with 7, the earliest known winery is the 6, 100-year-old Areni-1 winery Armenia. Wine reached the Balkans by 4500 BC and was consumed and celebrated in ancient Greece, Thrace, throughout history, wine has been consumed for its intoxicating effects, which are evident after the normal serving size of five ounces. Wine has long played an important role in religion, the earliest chemically attested grape wine was discovered at Hajji Firuz in the northwestern Zagros Mountains dating back to 5400 BC. The earliest evidence of a fermented drink was found in Georgia, where wine residue inside ceramic jars dates from 6000 BC. The earliest evidence of a production facility is the Areni-1 winery in Armenia and is at least 6100 years old, presumably. A2003 report by archaeologists indicates a possibility that grapes were mixed with rice to produce mixed fermented beverages in China in the years of the seventh millennium BC. Pottery jars from the Neolithic site of Jiahu, Henan, contained traces of tartaric acid, however, other fruits indigenous to the region, such as hawthorn, cannot be ruled out. The spread of wine culture westwards was most probably due to the Phoenicians who spread outward from a base of city-states along the Lebanese, Syrian, the wines of Byblos were exported to Egypt during the Old Kingdom and then throughout the Mediterranean. Evidence includes two Phoenician shipwrecks from 750 BC discovered by Robert Ballard, whose cargo of wine was still intact. As the first great traders in wine, the Phoenicians seem to have protected it from oxidation with a layer of oil, followed by a seal of pinewood and resin
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Hawke Bay
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Hawke Bay is a large bay on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand. It stretches from Mahia Peninsula in the northeast to Cape Kidnappers in the southwest, captain James Cook, sailing in HM Bark Endeavour, sailed into the bay on 12 October 1769. After exploring it, he named it for Sir Edward Hawke, First Lord of the Admiralty, on 15 October 1769 and this part of the New Zealand coast is subject to tectonic uplift, with the land being raised out of the sea. For this reason, the land in this area has significant marine deposits. The Napier earthquake of 3 February 1931 resulted in parts of the seabed close to the city of Napier being raised above sea level. The Hawkes Bay region, as distinct from the bay itself, lies on the land around the bay. The bay is named Hawke Bay, whereas the region bears the former name
24.
James Cook
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Captain James Cook FRS RN was a British explorer, navigator, cartographer, and captain in the Royal Navy. Cook joined the British merchant navy as a teenager and joined the Royal Navy in 1755 and he saw action in the Seven Years War, and subsequently surveyed and mapped much of the entrance to the Saint Lawrence River during the siege of Quebec. This helped bring Cook to the attention of the Admiralty and Royal Society, in three voyages Cook sailed thousands of miles across largely uncharted areas of the globe. He mapped lands from New Zealand to Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean in greater detail, as he progressed on his voyages of discovery he surveyed and named features, and recorded islands and coastlines on European maps for the first time. He displayed a combination of seamanship, superior surveying and cartographic skills, physical courage, Cook was attacked and killed while attempting to kidnap the native chief of Hawaii during his third exploratory voyage in the Pacific in 1779. He left a legacy of scientific and geographical knowledge which was to influence his successors well into the 20th century, and numerous memorials worldwide have been dedicated to him. James Cook was born on 7 November 1728 in the village of Marton in Yorkshire and baptised on 14 November in the church of St Cuthbert. He was the second of eight children of James Cook, a Scottish farm labourer from Ednam in Roxburghshire, in 1736, his family moved to Airey Holme farm at Great Ayton, where his fathers employer, Thomas Skottowe, paid for him to attend the local school. In 1741, after five years schooling, he work for his father. For leisure, he would climb a hill, Roseberry Topping, enjoying the opportunity for solitude. Cooks Cottage, his parents last home, which he is likely to have visited, is now in Melbourne, having moved from England and reassembled, brick by brick. In 1745, when he was 16, Cook moved 20 miles to the village of Staithes. Historians have speculated that this is where Cook first felt the lure of the sea while gazing out of the shop window. After 18 months, not proving suitable for work, Cook travelled to the nearby port town of Whitby to be introduced to friends of Sandersons, John. The Walkers, who were Quakers, were prominent local ship-owners in the coal trade and their house is now the Captain Cook Memorial Museum. Cook was taken on as a merchant navy apprentice in their fleet of vessels. His first assignment was aboard the collier Freelove, and he spent several years on this and various other coasters, sailing between the Tyne and London. As part of his apprenticeship, Cook applied himself to the study of algebra, geometry, trigonometry, navigation and his three-year apprenticeship completed, Cook began working on trading ships in the Baltic Sea
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Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke
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Admiral of the Fleet Edward Hawke, 1st Baron Hawke KB, PC was a Royal Navy officer. As captain of the third-rate HMS Berwick he took part in the Battle of Toulon in February 1744 during the War of the Austrian Succession and he also captured six ships of a French squadron in the Bay of Biscay in the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre in October 1747. Hawke went on to achieve a victory over a French fleet at the Battle of Quiberon Bay in November 1759 during the Seven Years War and he developed the concept of a Western Squadron, keeping an almost continuous blockade of the French coast throughout the war. Hawke also served as First Lord of the Admiralty for five years between 1766 and 1771, in this post, he was successful in bringing the navys spending under control and also oversaw the mobilisation of the navy during the Falklands Crisis in 1770. Born the only son of a Edward Hawke, a barrister at Lincolns Inn, and Elizabeth Hawke, Hawke benefited from the patronage of Colonel Martin Bladen a Member of Parliament, who was his maternal uncle. Hawke joined the navy as a volunteer in the sixth-rate HMS Seahorse on the North American Station in February 1720 and he did this successfully, although it meant his ship did not take part in the British attack on Porto Bello in November 1739 during the War of Jenkins Ear. Hawke became commanding officer of the third-rate HMS Berwick in June 1743, the fight at Toulon was extremely confused, although Hawke had emerged from it with a degree of credit. Hawkes ship managed to capture the prize of the battle. He was then given command of the second-rate HMS Neptune in August 1745, despite having distinguished himself at Toulon, Hawke had few opportunities over the next three years. However, he was promoted to admiral on 15 July 1747 and appointed Second-in-Command of the Western Squadron. He went on to replace Admiral Peter Warren as the Commander-in-Chief of the Western Squadron, with his flag in the third-rate HMS Devonshire, Hawke then put a great deal of effort into improving the performance of his crews and instilling in them a sense of pride and patriotism. The Western Squadron had been established to keep a watch on the French Channel ports, under a previous commander, Lord Anson, it had successfully contained the French coast and in May 1747 won the First Battle of Cape Finisterre when it attacked a large convoy leaving harbour. The British had received word there was now an incoming convoy arriving from the West Indies. Hawke took his fleet and lay in wait for the arrival of the French, in October 1747, Hawke captured six ships of a French squadron in the Bay of Biscay in the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre. The consequence of this, along with Ansons earlier victory, was to give the British almost total control in the English Channel during the months of the war. It proved ruinous to the French economy, helping the British to secure a peace at the negotiations for the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle. For Hawke, however, the arrival of peace brought an end to his opportunities for active service. In December 1747, he was elected as a Member of Parliament for the town of Portsmouth
26.
Battle of Quiberon Bay
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The Battle of Quiberon Bay, was a decisive naval engagement fought on 20 November 1759 during the Seven Years War between the Royal Navy and the French Navy. It was fought in Quiberon Bay, off the coast of France near St. Nazaire, the battle was the culmination of British efforts to eliminate French naval superiority, which could have given the French the ability to carry out their planned invasion of Great Britain. A British fleet of 24 ships of the line under Sir Edward Hawke tracked down, the battle signalled the rise of the Royal Navy in becoming the worlds foremost naval power, and, for the British, was part of the Annus Mirabilis of 1759. During 1759, the British, under Hawke, maintained a blockade on the French coast in the vicinity of Brest. In that year the French had made plans to invade England and Scotland, during the first week of November a westerly gale came up and, after three days, the ships of Hawkes blockade were forced to run for Torbay on the south coast of England. Robert Duff was left behind in Quiberon Bay, with a squadron of five fifties, in the meantime, a small squadron from the West Indies joined Conflans in Brest and, when an easterly wind came on the 14th, Conflans slipped out. She met Hawke the next day and he sailed hard for Quiberon into a SSE gale, meanwhile, HMS Vengeance had arrived in Quiberon Bay the night before to warn Duff and he had put his squadron to sea in the teeth of a WNW gale. Having struggled with unfavourable winds, Conflans had slowed down on the night of the 19th in order to arrive at Quiberon at dawn,20 miles off Belleisle he sighted seven of Duffs squadron. Once he realised that this was not the main British fleet, Duff split his ships to the north and south, with the French van and centre in pursuit, whilst the rearguard held off to windward to watch some strange sails appearing from the west. The French broke off the pursuit but were scattered as Hawkes fleet came into sight. HMS Magnanime sighted the French at 8.30 and Hawke gave the signal for line abreast. About 9am Hawke gave the signal for general chase along with a new signal for the first 7 ships to form a line ahead and, in spite of the weather and the dangerous waters, set full sail. By 2.30 Conflans rounded Les Cardinaux, the rocks at the end of the Quiberon peninsula that give the battle its name in French, the first shots were heard as he did so, although Sir John Bentley in Warspite claimed that they were fired without his orders. However the British were starting to overtake the rear of the French fleet even as their van, just before 4pm the battered Formidable surrendered to the Resolution, just as Hawke himself rounded The Cardinals. Meanwhile, the wind shifted to the NW, further confusing Conflans half-formed line as they tangled together in the face of Hawkes daring pursuit, Conflans tried unsuccessfully to resolve the muddle, but in the end decided to put to sea again. His flagship, Soleil Royal, headed for the entrance to the bay just as Hawke was coming in on Royal George, Hawke saw an opportunity to rake Soleil Royal, but Intrépide interposed herself and took the fire. Meanwhile, Soleil Royal had fallen to leeward and was forced to run back and anchor off Croisic, by now it was about 5pm and darkness had fallen, so Hawke made the signal to anchor. During the night eight French ships managed to do what Soleil Royal had failed to do, to navigate through the shoals to the safety of the open sea, Seven ships and the frigates were in the Villaine estuary, but Hawke dared not attack them in the stormy weather
27.
Cape Kidnappers
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It is 20 kilometres south-east of the city of Napier. Access to the Cape by road stops at Clifton, which is the point for many tourists. The Cape Kidnappers Golf Course lies between the headland and the coastal community of Te Awanga. The headland was named after an attempt by local Māori to abduct the servant of a member of Captain Cooks crew aboard HMS Endeavour, the crew member was Tiata, a Tahitian accompanying Cooks interpreter Tupaia. Cooks journal states that Tiata was in the water near Endeavour when a Māori fishing boat pulled alongside, sailors from Endeavour′s deck immediately opened fire on the fishing boat, killing two Māori and wounding a third. Tiata promptly jumped overboard and swam back to Endeavour, while the remaining Māori paddled their craft back to shore, a 4-pounder cannon was fired after them from Endeavour′s quarterdeck, but the Māori boat was soon out of range. Cook described the cape as having steep cliffs on either side. The cape has been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International because it is a site for over 3000 pairs of Australasian gannets. Joseph Bryan Nelson and Kazimierz Wodzicki, who conducted important bird studies there, the Journals of Captain James Cook on His Voyages of Discovery, vol. I, The Voyage of the Endeavour 1768–1771
28.
Wairoa River (Hawke's Bay)
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The Wairoa River runs south for 65 kilometres from the inland east coast region of New Zealands North Island, west of Gisborne, before flowing into northern Hawke Bay at the town of Wairoa. The full Māori name of the river is, Te Wairoa Hōpūpū Hōnengenenge Mātangi Rau and it has a catchment area of 1,415 square miles which includes Lake Waikaremoana. This is where the Wairoa River begins, Lake Waikaremoana is formed in the rockfall-dammed headwaters of the Waikaretaheke River. It has a confluence with the Waiau River 14 miles from the coast, in 1948 a big flood of the Wairoa River submerged the traffic bridge in Wairoa and flooded parts of the town to a depth of 3 feet. This flood flow is one of the largest recorded for any river in New Zealand, in 2010, the Wairoa Township River Walkway project commenced. The Walkway is a pedestrian and cycle path starting at the bridge on the bank of the Wairoa River. It is planned that it will completely encircle the town. Wairoa District Council – Wairoa Township River Walkway
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Heretaunga Plains
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There are two places in New Zealand called Heretaunga. For the suburb of Upper Hutt, see Heretaunga, Wellington, the Heretaunga Plains is a 300 square kilometres alluvial plain at the southern end of Hawke Bay on the east coast of the North Island of New Zealand. The towns of Napier, Hastings and Havelock North are on the plain, the plain was formed over the last 250,000 years from sediment deposited by the Tutaekuri, Ngaruroro and Tukituki Rivers and from coastal marine deposits. It consists of layers of gravel, sand and silt, permeable gravel beds form aquifers and the artesian groundwater provides 85% of the requirements for public water supply, irrigation and industrial use on the Heretaunga Plains and adjacent areas. The fertile soil, the warm, dry climate of the area, half of the total New Zealand production of fruit, vegetables and grapes is on the Heretaunga Plains. It is one of New Zealands leading wine producing areas, the Heretaunga Plains are named after a carved wharenui at Whatonga, and Māori migrating south have taken the name with them and given it to a watercourse now known as the Hutt River
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Kaweka Ranges
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The Kaweka Range of mountains is located in inland Hawkes Bay in the eastern North Island of New Zealand. It forms part of the spine of the North Island which runs from Wellington to East Cape, including the Tararua. The range lies between the city of Napier,55 kilometres to the southeast, and Lake Taupo,50 kilometres to the northwest and it is the source of many rivers which flow into Hawke Bay, including among them the Tutaekuri, Mohaka, and Ngaruroro Rivers. The highest point in the range is Kaweka J, the bush line varies from 1000 m to 1300 m. A tramping track follows the line of the entire range. The Kaweka challenge is a race held annually in the range since 1990
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Ngaruroro River
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The Ngaruroro River is located in the eastern North Island of New Zealand. The river is mostly a single-thread channel down to Whanawhana, flowing through a rock gorge. Below Whanawhana, the river opens to wide braided channel, the Ngaruroro shares a river mouth with the Tutaekuri, Clive River and Muddy Creek. The meeting of these forms the Waitangi Estuary. The Ngaruroro is one of several rivers that form the alluvial Heretaunga Plains at the south end of the coast of Hawke Bay. The course of the Ngaruroro has changed several times, originally flowing down what is now the Clive River and it changed to much of its present course in 1867 during a major flood. In 1969, the bottom 4 km of river was diverted more directly to the coast in an effort to reduce flooding, the Karamu and Clive remain as rivers, but drain a smaller catchment. About 40% of the catchment is pasture, and 55% native forest, the upper-Ngaruroro drains the Kaweka Forest Park and it is used for trout fishing, rafting, tramping and deer hunting. The Ngaruroro River recharges freshwater to the Heretaunga groundwater aquifer and this aquifer feeds several streams in the area, in addition to pumping that supports extensive orchards of the Heretaunga Plains. Eventually the aquifer discharges to the sea in submarine springs some 20 km off the coast, the meaning of Ngaruroro is obscure
32.
Tukituki River
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The Tukituki River is found in the eastern North Island of New Zealand. It flows from the Ruahine Ranges to the Pacific Ocean at the end of Hawkes Bay. The river flows for 117 kilometres, east and then northeast, there, the Tukituki Valley is separated from Havelock North/Hastings by the craggy range of hills that includes Te Mata Peak. The Maori name Tukituki roughly translates to demolish, presumably referring to the power of the river in flood, Maori legend has it that there are two taniwha living in lake at the southern end of the river that fought over a young boy after he fell into the lake. The struggle of the two taniwha was thought to split the river into the Waipawa and Tukituki Rivers and thereby draining the lake, mangaonuku Stream Tukituki River in the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand
33.
Central Hawke's Bay (district)
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Central Hawkes Bay District is part of the Hawkes Bay Region in the North Island of New Zealand. It has an area of 3,327.92 square kilometres with a population of 13,600 and it had a population of 12,717 people as of the 2013 census. This is a decrease of 237 people, or 1.8 percent and it covers the area from Pukehou in the north to Takapau in the south, and from the western Ruahine Range to the Pacific coast in the east. State Highway 2 runs through the centre of Central Hawkes Bay leading south to Palmerston North and it is 70 kilometres to Napier Port and 75 kilometres to Napier Airport. The Palmerston North – Gisborne railway line runs through the district with one station at Waipukurau and this line connects to the Wairarapa Line at Woodville, and continues through the Manawatu Gorge to Palmerston North. Each of the four corners of the district has a marae and these are at Pukehou, Kairakau, Porangahau and Takapau. The district is administered by the Central Hawkes Bay District Council with the seat in the town of Waipawa, the two main towns are Waipukurau and Waipawa and smaller townships include Otane, Takapau, Tikokino and Ongaonga. There are also several small communities including Kairakau, Pourerere, Aramoana, Blackhead. Central Hawkes Bay District is divided into 2 wards, Aramoana / Ruahine Ruataniwha Central Hawkes Bay District Council Quickstats about Central Hawkes Bay District Promotional website
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Dannevirke
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Dannevirke, is a rural service town in the Manawatu-Wanganui Region of the North Island, New Zealand. It is the town of the administrative Tararua District, the easternmost of the districts in which the Regional Council has responsibilities. The surrounding area has developed into dairy, beef cattle and sheep farming, before European settlers arrived in the 1870s, the line of descent for Maori in the area was from the Tākitimu / Kurahaupō waka. The tribe of the area is the Ngāti Kahungunu / Rangitāne, the town was founded on 15 October 1872 by Danish, Norwegian and Swedish settlers, adherents of Scandinavism, who arrived at the port of Napier and moved inland. The settlers, who arrived under the Public Works Act, built their settlement in a clearing of the Seventy Mile Bush. The settlement quickly earned the nickname of sleeper town, as the purpose was to provide totara sleepers for the Napier - Wellington railway line. At one stage the area had 50 operating sawmills, after the native bush was cleared, the land was turned into pasture for grazing animals. On 27 October 1917 much of the business district was destroyed by fire. The fire had started in the Andrews Hotel on the corner of High, flames blew across the road engulfing the Dannevirke Co-operative Associations store. As the fire spread through adjoining shops another hotel, the Masonic was engulfed, by about 5pm the Dannevirke and Woodville Fire Brigades, along with assistance from the local community had brought the fires under control. In total 27 business premises and 2 hotels were destroyed with damage estimated at ₤200,000, totara College hosts the Dannevirke Garden and Craft Expo, an annual event that has grown to a considerable size. The Australian politician and former Premier of Queensland Joh Bjelke-Petersen was born in Dannevirke, Dannevirke has produced a number of sports men and women in a number of different disciplines, among them rugby player John Timu, who made New Zealand teams in both union and league. Snow is rare, the latest snow to hit Dannevirke was 15 August 2011 Sir William Ian Axford - Space Scientist, Joh Bjelke-Petersen - Australian politician and Premier of Queensland. Duncan Hales - New Zealand international rugby player Weller Hauraki - Rugby league player Jack Kerr - New Zealand test cricketer Charlotte Kight - Of Akitio b
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Woodville, New Zealand
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Woodville is a small town in the southern North Island of New Zealand,75 km north of Masterton and 25 km east of Palmerston North. In the 2006 census 1,398 people are resident in Woodville. It appears that Woodville was a travellers rest spot in Maori history and it was also a place to rest for hunters as they walked from one side of the Manawatu Gorge to the other. The local iwi were Rangitane, and maintained strong and positive relations with other tribes for the most part and they arrived at Wharetiti from Bare Island, Waimarama and continued northwards to Tongariro. It is some years since muttonbirds were last seen on part of the Ruahine Mountains. One interesting local landmark is Whariti, one of the peaks in the Ruahine Ranges near Woodville. The name appears to be a corruption of the original name Wharetiti, according to an interview on Radio Woodville in 2009, the peak of 920 m gained its name when migrating muttonbird nested on top of the ridges of the Ruahine mountain range. It is within the catchment area of the Manawatu River, Woodville is at the northern end of the Tararua Ranges, close to the gap between them and the Ruahine Ranges formed by the Manawatu River. The Manawatu Gorge provides the easiest access between the east and west coasts of the southern North Island, and is a transportation link. The Palmerston North - Gisborne railway line and State Highway 3 run through opposite sides of the Manawatu Gorge, at Woodville Railway Station, the Palmerston North - Gisborne Line meets the Wairarapa Line and a balloon loop permits through running via the Wairarapa to Wellington. Due to low levels, the northern portion of the Wairarapa line is currently under review as part of KiwiRails turnaround plan. In some weeks there is only a train on the line. The use of the railway by Fonterra for bulk milk haulage from Oringi means the Hawkes Bay line is sufficiently busy, the others were Dannevirke and Pahiatua. As farmland was settled and cleared, a number of dairy factories were established to process the supply of milk for consumption as milk. These business were only economic in the transport industry that existed prior to the Rogernomics reforms of the Lange Labour Government elected in 1984. With the lifting of distance restrictions Woodvilles role as a transport hub quickly fell away, the advent of the Oringi Meatworks in 1980-81 was a boost to Woodvilles economy as a consequence of significant wage inflows from Woodville people working at Oringi. Very little light industry has survived into the 21st century, Milk from farms in the Woodville district is now transported by rail from the Oringi Milk Transfer Station to Hawera for processing. There has been a boost to the economy with the construction
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Tararua District
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The Tararua District is an area near the south-east corner of New Zealands North Island that is administered by the Tararua District Council. It has a population of 17,600, and an area of 4,360.56 km², the districts northwest boundary runs along the top of the Ruahine Range, its south-east boundary is the Pacific Ocean. The catchment of the Manawatu River generally defines the north and south extremities, the districts chief town is Dannevirke, settled by immigrants from Denmark in the 19th century. It is also the centre for a Community Board, other towns include Eketahuna and Pahiatua, which have their own Community Boards, and Woodville, Ormondville, and Norsewood. Near the coast are Pongaroa, Herbertville, Akitio, and Alfredton, according to the 2006 Census this area, known as Mara, has only 3 residents. When Europeans settled the area, it was almost entirely forested and was called Forty-Mile Bush, industrious clearance has made it a busy pastoral district, although the region close to the Pacific coast is still sparsely populated. The original name lives on in that of the local National Provincial Championship rugby union team, agriculture is the districts main industry. Other industries include textiles, food processing, and retailing, commercial forestry is expected to become more important to the districts economy in the next few years. Officially it is considered a sub-region of the Wairarapa district, since early in 2006, Met Service policy is that a separate Tararua forecast will be issued only if the expected weather in that area differs significantly from the other sub-regions. Secondary Tararua College, Pahiatua Dannevirke High School, Dannevirke Primary Norsewood and District, Norsewood Forty or more categorised profiles of relevant websites District Council website
