1.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
2.
Elvis Presley
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Elvis Aaron Presley was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is referred to as the King of Rock and Roll. Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, and relocated to Memphis and his music career began there in 1954, when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was a popularizer of rockabilly. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, Presleys first RCA single, Heartbreak Hotel, was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. He was regarded as the figure of rock and roll after a series of successful network television appearances. In November 1956, Presley made his debut in Love Me Tender. In 1958, he was drafted into military service, in 1973, Presley featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii. Several years of drug abuse severely damaged his health. Presley is one of the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century and he won three Grammys, also receiving the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36, and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. Presley was born on January 8,1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Love and Vernon Elvis Presley, Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before his own birth. Thus, as a child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God, where he found his musical inspiration. Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years, rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral, as Presley had been an admirer of Humbards ministry. Presleys ancestry was primarily a Western European mix, including Scots-Irish, Scottish, German, gladyss great-great-grandmother, Morning Dove White, was possibly a Cherokee Native American. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family, Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance, the Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean and he was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives
3.
Gospel music
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Gospel music is a music genre in Christian music. The creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music varies according to culture. Gospel music is composed and performed for many purposes, including aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, Gospel music usually has dominant vocals with Christian lyrics. Gospel music can be traced to the early 17th century, with roots in the oral tradition. Hymns and sacred songs were repeated in a call and response fashion, most of the churches relied on hand clapping and foot stomping as rhythmic accompaniment. Most of the singing was done a cappella, the first published use of the term Gospel Song probably appeared in 1874. The original gospel songs were written and composed by such as George F. Root, Philip Bliss, Charles H. Gabriel, William Howard Doane. The advent of radio in the 1920s greatly increased the audience for gospel music, following World War II, gospel music moved into major auditoriums, and gospel music concerts became quite elaborate. Gospel blues is a form of gospel music. Southern gospel used all male, tenor-lead-baritone-bass quartet make-up, progressive Southern gospel is an American music genre that has grown out of Southern gospel over the past couple of decades. Christian country music, sometimes referred to as gospel music, is a subgenre of gospel music with a country flair. It peaked in popularity in the mid-1990s, bluegrass gospel music is rooted in American mountain music. Celtic gospel music infuses gospel music with a Celtic flair, and is popular in countries such as Ireland. British black gospel refers to Gospel music of the African diaspora, some proponents of standard hymns generally dislike gospel music of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Today, with distance, there is a greater acceptance of such gospel songs into official denominational hymnals. Gospel music in general is characterized by dominant vocals referencing lyrics of a Christian nature, subgenres include contemporary gospel, urban contemporary gospel, Southern gospel, and modern gospel music. Several forms of gospel music utilize choirs, use piano or Hammond organ, tambourines, drums, bass guitar and, increasingly, electric guitar. In comparison with hymns, which are generally of a statelier measure, several attempts have been made to describe the style of late 19th and early 20th century gospel songs in general
4.
Contemporary Christian music
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Contemporary Christian music is a genre of modern popular music which is lyrically focused on matters concerned with the Christian faith. Today, the term is used to refer to pop, rock. Top-selling CCM artists will also appear on the Billboard 200, in the iTunes Store, the genre is represented as part of the Christian and gospel genre. The growing popularity in the styles of Rock n Roll music in the 1950s was initially dismissed by the church because it was believed to encourage sinfulness. Yet as evangelical churches adapted to appeal to people, the musical styles used in worship changed as well by adopting the sounds of this popular style. The genre became known as contemporary Christian music as a result of the Jesus movement revival in the latter 1960s and early 1970s, about that time, many young people from the sixties counterculture professed to believe in Jesus. Convinced of the bareness of a lifestyle based on drugs, free sex, however, there were people who felt that Jesus was another trip. It was during the 1970s Jesus movement that Christian music started to become an industry within itself, Jesus Music started by playing instruments and singing songs about love and peace, which then translated into love of God. Paul Wohlegemuth, who wrote the book Rethinking Church Music, said 1970s will see a marked acceptance of rock-influenced music in all levels of church music. The rock style will become familiar to all people, its rhythmic excesses will become refined. Larry Norman is often remembered as the father of Christian rock and he is remembered as the artist who first combined rock n roll with Christian lyrics in the Gospel Music Hall of Fame. Unlike traditional or southern gospel music, this new Jesus music was birthed out of rock, pioneers of this movement also included Keith Green, 2nd Chapter of Acts, Barry McGuire, Andraé Crouch and the Disciples, Evie, Benny Hester, and The Imperials, among others. The small Jesus music culture had expanded into an industry by the 1980s. Many CCM artists such as Benny Hester, Amy Grant, DC Talk, Michael W. Smith, Stryper, the genre emerged and became prevalent in the 1970s and 1980s. Beginning in July 1978, CCM Magazine began covering Contemporary Christian Music artists and it has certain themes and messages behind the songs and their lyrics including Praise and worship, faith, encouragement, and prayer. These songs also focus on themes of devotion, inspiration, redemption, reconciliation, many people listen to contemporary Christian music for comfort through tough times. The lyrics and messages conveyed in CCM songs are aimed to evangelize, one of the earliest goals of CCM was to spread the news of Jesus to non-Christians. In addition, contemporary Christian music also strengthens the faith of believers, Contemporary Christian music has influences from folk, gospel, pop and rock music
5.
RCA Records
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RCA Records is an American record label owned by Sony Music Entertainment, a subsidiary of Sony Corporation of America, Inc. It is one of SMEs three flagship labels, alongside Columbia Records and Epic Records. The label has released multiple genres of music, including pop, rock, hip hop, R&B, blues, jazz, the companys name is derived from the initials of the labels former parent company, the Radio Corporation of America. It is the second oldest recording company in US history, after sister label Columbia Records, RCAs Canadian unit is Sonys oldest label in Canada. It was one of only two Canadian record companies to survive the Great Depression, kelly, Enrique Iglesias, Foo Fighters, Kings of Leon, Kesha, Miley Cyrus, Giorgio Moroder, Jennifer Hudson, DAngelo, Pink, Tinashe, G-Eazy, Pitbull, Zayn and Wizkid. In 1929, the Radio Corporation of America purchased the Victor Talking Machine Company, then the worlds largest manufacturer of phonographs and phonograph records. The company then became RCA Victor but retained use of the Victor Records name on their labels until the beginning of 1946 when the labels were finally switched over to RCA Victor. With Victor, RCA acquired New World rights to the famous Nipper His Masters Voice trademark, in Shanghai, China, in 1931, RCA Victors British affiliate the Gramophone Company merged with the Columbia Graphophone Company to form EMI. This gave RCA head David Sarnoff a seat on the EMI board, in September 1931, RCA Victor introduced the first 33⅓ rpm records sold to the public, calling them Program Transcriptions. In the depths of the Great Depression, the format was a commercial failure, during the early part of the depression, RCA made a number of attempts to produce a successful cheap label to compete with the dime store labels. The first was the short-lived Timely Tunes label in 1931 sold at Montgomery Ward, in 1932, Bluebird Records was created as a sub-label of RCA Victor. It was originally an 8-inch record with a blue label. In 1933, RCA reintroduced Bluebird and Electradisk as a standard 10-inch label, another cheap label, Sunrise, was produced. The same musical couplings were issued on all three labels and Bluebird Records still survives eight decades after Electradisk and Sunrise were discontinued, RCA also produced records for Montgomery Ward label during the 1930s. Besides manufacturing records for themselves, RCA Victor operated RCA Custom which was the leading record manufacturer for independent record labels, RCA Custom also pressed record compilations for The Readers Digest Association. RCA sold its interest in EMI in 1935, but EMI continued to distribute RCA recordings in the UK, RCA also manufactured and distributed HMV classical recordings on the RCA and HMV labels in North America. During World War II, ties between RCA and its Japanese affiliate JVC were severed, the Japanese record company is today called Victor Entertainment and is still a JVC subsidiary. From 1942 to 1944, RCA Victor was seriously impacted by the American Federation of Musicians recording ban, virtually all union musicians could not make recordings during that period
6.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
7.
Elvis Now
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Elvis Now is a gold-selling Elvis Presley album from 1972. Despite the now in the title, the tracks on album were recorded anywhere from one to three years before its release. The Beatles Hey Jude was a leftover from the sessions at the American Studio in Memphis in early 1969, sylvia and I Was Born About Ten Thousand Years Ago were recorded during the Nashville sessions of June 1970. The rest of the songs were more recent sessions held at RCA Studio B in Nashville in March, May. Unlike Elvis other albums of that period Elvis Now encompasses a variety of genres, including country, gospel, soul, the album was certified Gold on March 27,1992, by the RIAA. Sylvia became a big hit for Elvis in Brazil in the 1970s, in 2010 an extended version of the album was released as part of the FTD collector series
8.
As Recorded at Madison Square Garden
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Elvis, As Recorded at Madison Square Garden is a live musical album recorded by American singer and musician Elvis Presley and released in June 1972 by RCA Records peaking on the charts in July 1972. It was certified Gold on August 4,1972, Platinum on May 20,1988, 2x Platinum on March 27,1992, along with Aloha from Hawaii, Via Satellite it ranked as the top 1970s RCA live album by Elvis Presley. Despite the lengthy track listing, the release was only a disc. Elvis very next album would also be a recording featuring many of the same songs, Aloha from Hawaii. The concert included on album was the evening show. Tutts account has never been proven as factual, in 2013, RCA/Legacy, through HDTracks. com, released a high-resolution remastering of the concert in 24-bit/96 kHz
9.
AllMusic
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AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first reference book was published the following year. When first released onto the Internet, AMG predated the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site, the AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in July 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. All Media Network, LLC. was formed by the founders of SideReel. com. The following are contributors to AllMusic, as of this date, All Media Network also produced the AllMusic guide series that includes the AllMusic Guide to Rock, the All Music Guide to Jazz and the All Music Guide to the Blues. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president of the series, in August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its Top 100 Classic Websites list. All Media Network AllGame AllMovie SideReel All Music Guide to the Blues All Music Guide to Jazz Stephen Thomas Erlewine Official website
10.
Robert Christgau
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Robert Thomas Christgau is an American essayist, music journalist, and self-proclaimed Dean of American Rock Critics. One of the earliest professional rock critics, he spent 37 years as the music critic and senior editor for The Village Voice. He has also covered popular music for Esquire, Creem, Newsday, Playboy, Rolling Stone, Billboard, NPR, Blender, and MSN Music, and is a visiting arts teacher at New York University. Christgau is known for his terse capsule reviews, first published in his Consumer Guide columns during his tenure at The Village Voice from 1969 to 2006 and he has written three books based on those columns, along with two collections of essays. He continued writing capsule reviews in MSN Music, Cuepoint, Christgau was born in Greenwich Village and grew up in Queens, the son of a fireman. He has said he became a rock and roll fan when disc jockey Alan Freed moved to the city in 1954. After attending a school in New York City, he left New York for four years to attend Dartmouth College. While at college his musical interests turned to jazz, but he returned to rock after moving back to New York. Christgau has said that Miles Davis 1960 album Sketches of Spain initiated in him one phase of the disillusionment with jazz that resulted in my return to rock and he was deeply influenced by New Journalism writers such as Gay Talese and Tom Wolfe. My ambitions when I went into journalism were always, to an extent, literary, Christgau initially wrote short stories, before giving up fiction in 1964 to become a sportswriter, and later, a police reporter for the Newark Star-Ledger. He became a writer after a story he wrote about the death of a woman in New Jersey was published by New York magazine. He was asked to take over the dormant music column at Esquire, after Esquire discontinued the column, Christgau moved to The Village Voice in 1969, and he also worked as a college professor. In early 1972, he accepted a job as music critic for Newsday. Christgau returned to the Village Voice in 1974 as music editor and he remained there until August 2006, when he was fired shortly after the papers acquisition by New Times Media. Two months later, Christgau became an editor at Rolling Stone. Late in 2007, Christgau was fired by Rolling Stone, although he continued to work for the magazine for three months. Starting with the March 2008 issue, he joined Blender, where he was listed as senior critic for three issues and then contributing editor, Christgau had been a regular contributor to Blender before he joined Rolling Stone. He continued to write for Blender until the magazine ceased publication in March 2009, in 1987, he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in the field of Folklore and Popular Culture to study the history of popular music
11.
The Rolling Stone Album Guide
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The Rolling Stone Album Guide, previously known as The Rolling Stone Record Guide, is a book that contains professional music reviews written and edited by staff members from Rolling Stone magazine. Its first edition was published in 1979 and its last in 2004, the guide can be seen at Rate Your Music, while a list of albums given a five star rating by the guide can be seen at Rocklist. net. The Rolling Stone Record Guide was the first edition of what would later become The Rolling Stone Album Guide and it was edited by Dave Marsh and John Swenson, and included contributions from 34 other music critics. It is divided into sections by musical genre and then lists artists alphabetically within their respective genres, Albums are also listed alphabetically by artist although some of the artists have their careers divided into chronological periods. Dave Marsh, in his Introduction, cites as precedents Leonard Maltins book TV Movies and he gives Phonolog and Schwanns Records & Tape Guide as raw sources of information. The first edition included black and white photographs of many of the covers of albums which received five star reviews and these titles are listed together in the Five-Star Records section, which is coincidentally five pages in length. The edition also included reviews for many artists including Lenny Bruce, Lord Buckley, Bill Cosby, The Firesign Theatre, Spike Jones. Comedy artists were listed in the catch-all section Rock, Soul, Country and Pop, which included the genres of folk, bluegrass, funk, traditional pop performers were not included, with the notable exceptions of Frank Sinatra and Nat King Cole. Included too were some artists who might now be considered as world music. Big band jazz was handled selectively, with certain band leaders omitted, many other styles of jazz did appear in the Jazz section. The book was notable for the time in the provocative, in your style of many of its reviews. For example, writing about Neil Youngs song, Down by the River and his colleague, Dave Marsh, in reviewing the three albums of the jazz fusion group Chase, gave a one-word review, Flee. Good, a record of average worth, but one that might possess considerable appeal for fans of a particular style, mediocre, a record that is artistically insubstantial, though not truly wretched. Poor, a record where even technical competence is at question or it was remarkably ill-conceived, worthless, a record that need never have been created. Reserved for the most bathetic bathwater, Dave Marsh John Swenson Billy Altman Bob Blumenthal Georgia Christgau Jean-Charles Costa Chet Flippo Russell Gersten Mikal Gilmore Alan E. Like the first edition, it was edited by Dave Marsh and it included contributions from 52 music critics and featured chronological album listings under the name of each artist. In many cases, updates from the first edition consist of short, the only difference is that in addition to a rating, the second edition employs the pilcrow mark to indicate a title that was out of print at the time the guide was published. Many records had their ratings lowered as the book now offered a revisionist slant to rocks history and it included contributions from 16 music critics and featured alphabetical album listings under the name of each artist
12.
Grammy Award
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A Grammy Award, or Grammy, is an honor awarded by The Recording Academy to recognize outstanding achievement in the mainly English-language music industry. The annual presentation ceremony features performances by prominent artists, and the presentation of awards that have a more popular interest. It shares recognition of the industry as that of the other performance awards such as the Emmy Awards, the Tony Awards. The first Grammy Awards ceremony was held on May 4,1959, to honor, following the 2011 ceremony, The Academy overhauled many Grammy Award categories for 2012. The 59th Grammy Awards, honoring the best achievements from October 2015 to September 2016, was held on February 12,2017, the Grammys had their origin in the Hollywood Walk of Fame project in the 1950s. The music executives decided to rectify this by creating a given by their industry similar to the Oscars. This was the beginning of the National Academy of Recording Arts, after it was decided to create such an award, there was still a question of what to call it, one working title was the Eddie, to honor the inventor of the phonograph, Thomas Edison. They finally settled on using the name of the invention of Emile Berliner, the gramophone, for the awards, the number of awards given grew and fluctuated over the years with categories added and removed, at one time reaching over 100. The second Grammy Awards, also held in 1959, was the first ceremony to be televised, the gold-plated trophies, each depicting a gilded gramophone, are made and assembled by hand by Billings Artworks in Ridgway, Colorado. In 1990 the original Grammy design was revamped, changing the traditional soft lead for a stronger alloy less prone to damage, Billings developed a zinc alloy named grammium, which is trademarked. The trophies with the name engraved on them are not available until after the award announcements. By February 2009,7,578 Grammy trophies had been awarded, the General Field are four awards which are not restricted by genre. Album of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a full album if other than the performer. Record of the Year is awarded to the performer and the team of a single song if other than the performer. Song of the Year is awarded to the writer/composer of a single song, Best New Artist is awarded to a promising breakthrough performer who releases, during the Eligibility Year, the first recording that establishes the public identity of that artist. The only two artists to win all four of these awards are Christopher Cross, who won all four in 1980, and Adele, who won the Best New Artist award in 2009 and the other three in 2012 and 2017. Other awards are given for performance and production in specific genres, as well as for other such as artwork. Special awards are given for longer-lasting contributions to the music industry, the many other Grammy trophies are presented in a pre-telecast Premiere Ceremony earlier in the afternoon before the Grammy Awards telecast
13.
Recording Industry Association of America
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The Recording Industry Association of America is a continental North and South American trade organization that represents the recording industry in the United States. Its members consist of record labels and distributors, which the RIAA says create, the RIAA headquarters is in Washington, D. C. The RIAA was formed in 1952 and its original mission was to administer recording copyright fees and problems, work with trade unions, and do research relating to the record industry and government regulations. Early RIAA standards included the RIAA equalization curve, the format of the record groove and the dimensions of 33 1/3 rpm,45 rpm. Since 2001, the RIAA has spent $2 to $6 million each year on lobbying in the United States, the RIAA also participates in the collective rights management of sound recordings, and it is responsible for certifying Gold and Platinum albums and singles in the United States. Cary Sherman has been the RIAAs chairman and CEO since 2011, Sherman joined the RIAA as its general counsel in 1997 and became president of the board of directors in 2001, serving in that position until being made chairman and CEO. Mitch Glazier has been the RIAAs senior executive vice president since 2011 and he served as executive vice president for public policy and industry relations from 2000 to 2011. The past RIAA chairman and CEO is Mitch Bainwol, who served from 2003 to 2011 and he left in 2011 to become president and CEO of the Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers. The board of directors consists of 26 members of the board, the RIAA operates an award program for albums that sell a large number of copies. The program originally began in 1958, with a Gold Award for singles, the criterion was changed in 1975 to the number of copies sold, with albums selling 500,000 copies awarded the Gold Award. In 1976, a Platinum Award was added for one million sales, the awards are open to both RIAA members and non-members. Since 2000, the RIAA also operates a program for Latin music sales. Currently, a Disco De Oro is awarded for 30,000 units, the RIAA defines Latin music as a type of release with 51% or more of its content recorded in Spanish. In 2006, digital ringtones were added to branch of certification. In the same year, the RIAA introduced the Latin Digital Award for digital recordings in Spanish and this release format includes DVD and VHS releases, and certain live albums and compilation albums. The certification criteria is different from other styles. Gold,50,000 Platinum,100,000 Multi-Platinum,200,000 copies The RIAA opposes unauthorized sharing of its music, studies conducted since the association began its campaign against peer-to-peer file-sharing have concluded that losses incurred per download range from negligible to moderate. The association has commenced high-profile lawsuits against file sharing service providers and it has also commenced a series of lawsuits against individuals suspected of file sharing, notably college students and parents of file sharing children
14.
William J. Gaither
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William J. Bill Gaither is an American singer and songwriter of Southern gospel and Contemporary Christian music. He has written numerous popular Christian songs with his wife Gloria, he is known for performing as part of the Bill Gaither Trio. In the 1990s, his gained a resurgence, as popularity grew for the Gaither Homecoming series. Bill Gaither was born in Alexandria, Indiana in 1936 to George and he formed his first group the Bill Gaither Trio in 1956 while a college student at Anderson College, to which he had transferred after one year at Taylor University. He graduated from Anderson in 1959 with a major in English and he married the former Gloria Sickal in 1962. He tried for a few years to both a music career and his full-time teaching job, but he quit his teaching job in 1967. He recorded his breakthrough song He Touched Me in 1964, Gaither was influenced by southern gospel singers such as Jake Hess and Hovie Lister and by groups such as the Speers, the Statesmen, and the Happy Goodmans. His songs have been performed by Christian artists, country singers, Gloria Gaither often writes the lyrics while Bill writes the music, although composing is usually a collaborative project between the two. As of 2005, they had composed 600 songs and by 2012 that number had increased to over 700, since Gaither first began singing with the Bill Gaither Trio in the 1950s, he has constantly been performing. The Bill Gaither Trio originally consisted of Bill, his brother Danny Gaither, in about 1964 Bills wife, Gloria, took the place of Mary Ann. The trio sang traditional songs along with original compositions by the Gaithers that gave them a more contemporary feel. Gaither has a bass voice, and would often sing while playing piano with the Bill Gaither Trio. Gaither also runs a center called Gaither Family Resources. Included as part of the company is Live Bait Productions, which is a company run by Benjy Gaither. In the 1980s, Gaither was involved with Paragon Associates, which formed a partnership with Zondervan to buy Benson Records, in 1994, Gaither and entrepreneur Leland Boren founded the Brentwood, Tennessee-based Chapel Hill Music Group, which later changed its name to Spring Hill Music Group. It was created as part of the Gaither Music Company to handle in-house productions, Gaither has been a father figure to many younger performers in the Contemporary Christian music industry, while helping to prolong the careers of those who came before him. Mark Lowry, Michael W. Guy Penrod and Mark Lowry were the members of the Gaither Vocal Band with the longest tenure besides Bill Gaither himself, Guy Penrod was with the group from 1995–2008 and Mark Lowry from 1988-2001. Gaithers Homecoming tours, which started in 1991, brought together major stars of the gospel and CCM industry
15.
Amazing Grace
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Amazing Grace is a Christian hymn published in 1779, with words written by the English poet and Anglican clergyman John Newton. Newton wrote the words from personal experience and he grew up without any particular religious conviction, but his lifes path was formed by a variety of twists and coincidences that were often put into motion by his recalcitrant insubordination. He was pressed into service in the Royal Navy, and after leaving the service, he became involved in the Atlantic slave trade. In 1748, a violent storm battered his vessel off the coast of County Donegal, Ireland, so severely that he called out to God for mercy and he continued his slave trading career until 1754 or 1755, when he ended his seafaring altogether and began studying Christian theology. Ordained in the Church of England in 1764, Newton became curate of Olney, Buckinghamshire, Amazing Grace was written to illustrate a sermon on New Years Day of 1773. It is unknown if there was any music accompanying the verses and it debuted in print in 1779 in Newton and Cowpers Olney Hymns but settled into relative obscurity in England. In the United States, however, Amazing Grace was used extensively during the Second Great Awakening in the early 19th century. It has been associated more than 20 melodies, but in 1835 it was joined to a tune named New Britain to which it is most frequently sung today. Author Gilbert Chase writes that it is without a doubt the most famous of all the hymns, and Jonathan Aitken. It has had influence in folk music, and has become an emblematic African American spiritual. Its universal message has been a significant factor in its crossover into secular music, Amazing Grace saw a resurgence in popularity in the U. S. during the 1960s and has been recorded thousands of times during and since the 20th century, occasionally appearing on popular music charts. According to the Dictionary of American Hymnology Amazing Grace is John Newtons spiritual autobiography in verse, in 1725, Newton was born in Wapping, a district in London near the Thames. His father was a merchant who was brought up as a Catholic but had Protestant sympathies. She had intended Newton to become a clergyman, but she died of tuberculosis when he was six years old. For the next few years, Newton was raised by his emotionally distant stepmother while his father was at sea, at the age of eleven, he joined his father on a ship as an apprentice, his seagoing career would be marked by headstrong disobedience. As a youth, Newton began a pattern of coming close to death, examining his relationship with God. As a sailor, he denounced his faith after being influenced by a shipmate who discussed Characteristics of Men, Manners, Opinions, Times, after enduring humiliation for deserting, he managed to get himself traded to a slave ship where he began a career in slave trading. Newton often openly mocked the captain by creating obscene poems and songs about him that became so popular the crew began to join in
16.
John Newton
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John Newton was an Anglican clergyman in England and the founder of the evangelical Clapham Sect. He started as an English sailor, in the Royal Navy for a period and he became ordained as an evangelical Anglican cleric, served Olney, Buckinghamshire for two decades, and also wrote hymns, known for Amazing Grace and Glorious Things of Thee Are Spoken. Newton started his career at sea at an age. John Newton was born in Wapping, London, in 1725, Elizabeth was the only daughter of Simon Scatliff, an instrument maker from London. Elizabeth was brought up as a Nonconformist and she died of tuberculosis in July 1732, about two weeks before John’s seventh birthday. Newton spent two years at boarding school before going to live in Aveley in Essex, the home of his fathers new wife, at age eleven he first went to sea with his father. Newton sailed six voyages before his father retired in 1742, at that time, Newton’s father made plans for him to work at a sugarcane plantation in Jamaica. Instead, Newton signed on with a merchant ship sailing to the Mediterranean Sea, in 1743, while going to visit friends, Newton was captured and pressed into the naval service by the Royal Navy. He became a midshipman aboard HMS Harwich, at one point Newton tried to desert and was punished in front of the crew of 350. Stripped to the waist and tied to the grating, he received a flogging of eight dozen lashes and was reduced to the rank of a common seaman, following that disgrace and humiliation, Newton initially contemplated murdering the captain and committing suicide by throwing himself overboard. He recovered, both physically and mentally, later, while Harwich was en route to India, he transferred to Pegasus, a slave ship bound for West Africa. The ship carried goods to Africa and traded them for slaves to be shipped to the colonies in the Caribbean, Newton did not get along with the crew of Pegasus. In 1742 they left him in West Africa with Amos Clowe, Clowe took Newton to the coast and gave him to his wife, Princess Peye of the Sherbro people. She abused and mistreated Newton equally as much as she did her other slaves, Newton later recounted this period as the time he was once an infidel and libertine, a servant of slaves in West Africa. During his 1748 voyage to England after his rescue, Newton had a spiritual conversion, the ship encountered a severe storm off the coast of Donegal, Ireland and almost sank. Newton awoke in the middle of the night and, as the ship filled with water, the cargo shifted and stopped up the hole, and the ship drifted to safety. Newton marked this experience as the beginning of his conversion to evangelical Christianity and he began to read the Bible and other religious literature. By the time he reached Britain, he had accepted the doctrines of evangelical Christianity, the date was 10 March 1748, an anniversary he marked for the rest of his life
17.
Dallas Frazier
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Dallas Frazier is an American country musician and songwriter who had success in the 1950s and 1960s. Frazier was born in Spiro, Oklahoma but was raised in Bakersfield, as a teenager, he played with Ferlin Husky and on the program Hometown Jamboree, and released his first single, Space Command, at age 14 in 1954. Fraziers 1957 song Alley Oop, later taken to #1 in the US by The Hollywood Argyles was his first hit, after Hometown Jamboree went off the air, Frazier moved to Nashville, Tennessee and found work as a songwriter. Among his early successes was Timber Im Falling, a hit for Husky in 1964, and There Goes My Everything, in 1966 he released his solo debut album Elvira, containing his song Elvira. His follow-up Tell It Like It Is, was also a success, while his singing success was limited, Frazier became an oft-covered songwriter. His tunes were recorded by O. C, in 1970, Frazier earned a Grammy nomination for Best Country Song, which is awarded to the songwriter rather than the performer, for All I Have to Offer You, which became a #1 hit for Charley Pride. Many of the songs became hits into the 1980s, examples include the Oak Ridge Boys cover of Elvira, anne Murray with Glen Campbell, George Strait, Randy Travis, and Patty Loveless have all also recorded Frazier tunes. Frazier himself charted eight times on the U. S. country charts and he was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1976. In 1988, Frazier left the industry and became a minister. Notes Further Reading Nashville Songwriters Foundation
18.
Doris Akers
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Doris Mae Akers was an American Gospel music composer, arranger and singer. Known for her work with the Sky Pilot Choir, she was inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame in 2001, Doris Akers was born in Brookfield, Missouri to parents Floyd and Pearl Akers. She had nine siblings, Edward, Floyd, Evelyn, Marian, Donald, Nellie, Bernice, Harley, the family moved to nearby Kirksville when she was five years old. She learned to play the piano by ear at age six and wrote her first song, Keep the Fire Burning in Me, during the 1930s she formed a group with her siblings, Edward, Marian and Donald, who went by the name of Dot and The Swingsters. In 1945, at the age of 22, Akers moved to Los Angeles and she was recruited by Sallie Martin in 1946 as a pianist and vocalist for The Sallie Martin Singers. Two years later she left The Sallie Martin Singers and began her own group, in 1947, she published her first song with Martin & Morris, entitled I Want A Double Portion Of Gods Love. In 1948, she teamed up with Dorothy Simmons and Hattie Hawkins and they released many recordings on several labels, Score, Superb, Super, Songs of the Cross, Imperial Records, RCA Victor and label Specialty Records. Doris formed the Simmons and Akers Music House in 1948 to market, in the mid-fifties, Akers began an association with Manna Music, founded by Tim Spencer of the Sons of the Pioneers. In early 1957, Akers recorded her first solo album called, the album featured many of her early compositions such as, I Found Something, Lead On, and Jesus Is The Name. She was backed by her group the Simmons Akers Gospel Singers, according to ASCAP documentation, in 1958, along with her friend Mahalia Jackson, Doris co-wrote the song, Lord, Dont Move the Mountain, which sold over a million records. This composition also became a hit for another gospel superstar, Inez Andrews, while in Los Angeles, she became director of the Sky Pilot Choir, an integrated choir, which was also featured on recordings, television shows, and radio broadcasts across the country. Her fresh, modern arrangements of traditional Negro spirituals drew large crowds from far and near and they released three albums, The Sky Pilot Choir, The Sky Pilot Choir Vol.2, and Doris Akers Sings with The Sky Pilot Choir. Their organist on occasions was a young Billy Preston. She ended her collaboration with the Sky Pilot Choir in 1965, but they reunited again in 1974 to record their fourth effort, Doris Akers, after having lived in Los Angeles since the mid-forties, she moved to Columbus, Ohio in 1970. On the He Touched Me track of her album All Gods Children she recounts an incident of playing the song at the St. James Pentecostal Church in that city and she continued recording, composing and traveling. An album, The Artistry of Doris Akers, was released in 1979, in the 1980s Akers issued a new gospel album every year on a regional midwest label. Each album cover featured a new photograph of the artist to let you know it was a current production. She also recorded a few albums in Canada which were not distributed in the United States, in the United States she began recording for the Gaither label and appeared at some of their concerts and in TV productions, some fragments of which are currently available on YouTube. com
19.
Jerry Reed
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Jerry Reed Hubbard, known professionally as Jerry Reed, was an American country music singer, guitarist, and songwriter, as well as an actor who appeared in more than a dozen films. Reed was announced as an inductee into the Country Music Hall of Fame on April 5,2017, Reed was born in Atlanta, Georgia, the second child of Robert and Cynthia Hubbard. Reed’s grandparents lived in Rockmart, and he would visit them from time to time and he was quoted as saying as a small child while running around strumming his guitar, I am gonna be a star. I’m gonna go to Nashville and be a star, Reed’s parents separated four months after his birth, and he and his sister spent seven years in foster homes or orphanages. Reed was reunited with his mother and stepfather in 1944, by high school, Reed was already writing and singing music, having picked up the guitar as a child. At age 18, he was signed by publisher and record producer Bill Lowery to cut his first record, If the Good Lord’s Willing, at Capitol Records, he recorded both country and rockabilly singles to little notice until label mate Gene Vincent covered his Crazy Legs in 1958. Reed married Priscilla Prissy Mitchell in 1959 and they had two daughters, Charlotte Elaine Lottie Hubbard Zavala, and Seidina Ann Hubbard, born April 2,1960. Priscilla Mitchell was a member of folk group the Appalachians, and was co-credited with Roy Drusky on the 1965 Country No.1 Yes Mr. Peters. In 1959, Reed hit the Billboard Bubbling Under the Top 100, also known as Roar and he also became a popular session and tour guitarist. In 1962, he scored some success with two singles Goodnight Irene and Hully Gully Guitar, which found their way to Chet Atkins at RCA Victor, who produced Reed’s 1965 If I Dont Live Up to It. In July 1967, Reed had his best showing on the charts with his self-penned Guitar Man. Reeds next single was Tupelo Mississippi Flash, a tribute to Presley. Recorded on September 1, the song became his first Top 20 hit, in a remarkable twist of fate, Elvis came to Nashville to record nine days later on September 10,1967, and one of the songs he became especially excited about was Guitar Man. Reed recalled how he was tracked down to play on the Elvis session, I was out on the Cumberland River fishing and he said, ‘Elvis is down here. We’ve been trying to cut Guitar Man all day long and he wants it to sound like it sounded on your album. I finally told him, Well, if you want it to sound like that, you’re going have to get me in there to play guitar, I pick with my fingers and tune that guitar up all weird kind of ways. Jarvis hired Reed to play on the session, I hit that intro, and face lit up and here we went. Then after he got through that, he cut U. S, Reed also played the guitar for Elvis Presley’s Big Boss Man, recorded in the same session. S
20.
Love Letters from Elvis
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Love Letters from Elvis is the twelfth studio album by American singer and musician Elvis Presley, released in 1971. The album was made up of leftovers from Elvis marathon June 1970 recording sessions in Nashville, most of the other 35 songs recorded during those sessions had been used in Elvis 1970 albums Thats the Way It Is and Elvis Country. Wanting to squeeze out an album from the sessions, RCA records had producer Felton Jarvis mix, overdub. The songs title track was an instance of Presley re-recording a past hit in the studio. Got My Mojo Working is edited down from a jam session, Presleys version incorporates lyrics from Hands Off. Three songs from album were released on singles. The single Life / Only Believe was released in March 1971 and it was Elviss lowest chart position for a single since Almost in Love had reached #95 in late 1968. Heart Of Rome was placed on the B-side of the non-album track Im Leavin released as a single in August 1971 it reached #23 in the UK and #83 in Australia
21.
Good Times (Elvis Presley album)
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Good Times is a 1974 album by American singer and musician Elvis Presley and his 20th studio album. The album includes a collection of songs that vary in style, released the same day as the recording of Elvis, Recorded Live on Stage in Memphis was being made, the title was taken from the song Talk About the Good Times. Many of the songs are covers of hits at the time, like Spanish Eyes, charting low at the time of its release, it was considered typical 1970s Elvis material and was his first album to hit the cut-out bins. The album did have some success though upon its release, becoming a Cashbox #1 hit. Original copies of the LP with the sticker on the cover are very rare, music page CPL1-0475 Good Times Guide part of the The Elvis Presley Record Research Database AFL1-0475 Good Times Guide part of the The Elvis Presley Record Research Database Good Times at Discogs
22.
Promised Land (Elvis Presley album)
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Promised Land is a 1975 album by American singer and musician Elvis Presley on RCA Records. It was recorded in December 1973 at Stax Records studios in Memphis, the material was the second pick from the December 1973 session, as the songs considered strongest had been issued on Good Times. The title track, a cover of the 1965 hit by Chuck Berry, was issued earlier as a single on September 27,1974, and hit number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 and its flip side, Its Midnight, reached 9 on the Country Charts. Another hit single from the album was If You Talk in Your Sleep reaching 17 on the Billboard Hot 100, in the US the album only reached number 47 on the Billboard Top 200 chart but reached 1 in Billboards Top Country LPs chart. The album also reached 1 in the Country Cashbox albums chart, in the UK the album reached #21. In 2011, the FTD collectors label released an expanded, 48-track version of the album including outtakes
23.
Larry Gatlin
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Larry Wayne Gatlin is an American country and Southern gospel singer and songwriter. As part of a trio with his younger brothers Steve and Rudy, he achieved success within the country music genre. As their fame grew, the became known as Larry Gatlin & the Gatlin Brothers. Larry Gatlin is known for his falsetto singing style and for the unique pop-inflected songs he wrote. Some of Gatlins biggest hits include Broken Lady, All the Gold in California, Houston, She Used to Be Somebodys Baby, during this time, country music trended heavily towards slick pop music arrangements in a style that came to be known as Countrypolitan. Gatlin was born in Seminole in Gaines County, Texas, next to the New Mexico border and his father was an oilfield worker, and the family lived in several locations while he was a youth, including Abilene and Odessa. He was reared listening to country and southern gospel music and he and his brothers, Steve and Rudy, have performed together since childhood, when they were younger, they often sang in their local church. They sometimes performed on radio stations, and occasionally on television shows. They also recorded a music album for the Gospel label Sword. The brothers even managed to out the legendary Roy Orbison in a local talent contest. In 1964, Gatlin was a quarterback at Odessa High School, after graduation in 1966, Gatlin was eligible to serve in the Vietnam War, however, he did not, instead choosing to attend the University of Houston. As a wide receiver on the team, he caught a touchdown pass in a 1968 game in which his team. He later auditioned for and joined the music group The Imperials. The Imperials went on to perform in Las Vegas, Nevada in January 1971 at Jimmy Deans Las Vegas Revue, while walking through the showroom, he caught country singer Dottie Wests attention, who thought he looked like Mickey Newbury. West soon met Gatlin and was impressed with his songwriting skills and she was so impressed, in fact, that she recorded two of Gatlins compositions, Youre the Other Half of Me and Once You Were Mine. West later recorded other compositions by Gatlin that would become hits for him, including Broken Lady. With Wests help, Gatlin found work in Nashville as a singer for Kris Kristofferson. In 1973, Gatlin landed a recording contract with Monument Records
24.
Singing
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Singing is the act of producing musical sounds with the voice, and augments regular speech by the use of sustained tonality, rhythm, and a variety of vocal techniques. A person who sings is called a singer or vocalist, Singers perform music that can be sung with or without accompaniment by musical instruments. Singing is often done in an ensemble of musicians, such as a choir of singers or a band of instrumentalists, Singers may perform as soloists, or accompanied by anything from a single instrument up to a symphony orchestra or big band. Singing can be formal or informal, arranged or improvised and it may be done as a form of religious devotion, as a hobby, as a source of pleasure, comfort, or ritual, as part of music education, or as a profession. Excellence in singing requires time, dedication, instruction, and regular practice, if practice is done on a regular basis then the sounds can become more clear and strong. Professional singers usually build their careers around one specific genre, such as classical or rock. They typically take voice training provided by teachers or vocal coaches throughout their careers. Though these four mechanisms function independently, they are coordinated in the establishment of a vocal technique and are made to interact upon one another. During passive breathing, air is inhaled with the diaphragm while exhalation occurs without any effort, exhalation may be aided by the abdominal, internal intercostal and lower pelvis/pelvic muscles. Inhalation is aided by use of external intercostals, scalenes and sternocleidomastoid muscles, the pitch is altered with the vocal cords. With the lips closed, this is called humming, humans have vocal folds which can loosen, tighten, or change their thickness, and over which breath can be transferred at varying pressures. The shape of the chest and neck, the position of the tongue, any one of these actions results in a change in pitch, volume, timbre, or tone of the sound produced. Sound also resonates within different parts of the body and an individuals size, Singers can also learn to project sound in certain ways so that it resonates better within their vocal tract. This is known as vocal resonation, another major influence on vocal sound and production is the function of the larynx which people can manipulate in different ways to produce different sounds. These different kinds of function are described as different kinds of vocal registers. The primary method for singers to accomplish this is through the use of the Singers Formant and it has also been shown that a more powerful voice may be achieved with a fatter and fluid-like vocal fold mucosa. The more pliable the mucosa, the more efficient the transfer of energy from the airflow to the vocal folds, Vocal registration refers to the system of vocal registers within the voice. A register in the voice is a series of tones, produced in the same vibratory pattern of the vocal folds
25.
The Imperials
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The Imperials are an American Christian music group that has been active for over 50 years. Originating as a gospel quartet, the innovative group would become pioneers of contemporary Christian music in the 1960s. There have been many changes for the band in membership and musical styles over the years and they would go on to win four Grammys, and be inducted into the Gospel Music Hall of Fame. The band had its genesis when long-time Statesmen Quartet member Jake Hess retired from that group on December 7,1963, Hess wanted to start a new group recognized as king of the Southern gospel field and thought the Imperials would be a good moniker. After signing with Benson Records in 1964, the recorded their first of many albums on the Heart Warming Records label. The following year, the organization moved from Atlanta to Nashville. After 2 years with the group, tenor Nielsen was first to go, murrays past included stints with the Stamps Trio, Inspirationals, and Orrell Quartet. About this time, Slaughter also departed with Joe Moscheo of the Harmoneers replacing him at the keyboard, health issues also forced Hess to retire and McSpadden chose to leave as well. In 1966, Hess turned the reins of the group over to Morales, Moscheo, with new members, Roger Wiles and ex-Stamps Quartet member Terry Blackwood, a new name, along came a new, more contemporary sound on the 1967 album New Dimensions. It also brought them their first of many awards, Male Quartet of the Year in 1969 from the Gospel Music Association, Elvis Presley had long harbored a love for gospel and Jake Hess in particular. The group recorded with Elvis in sessions from May 1966 to June 1971 and this included his last two Grammy Award-producing albums, How Great Thou Art and He Touched Me. At the same time the Imperials appeared with Jimmy Dean, live, in 1972, because of scheduling conflicts, they decided to stop performing with Elvis. The following year the group performing in concert with Jimmy Dean. The Imperials surprised gospel music fans in February 1972 by hiring Sherman Andrus, a member of Andrae Crouch. This made them the first interracial Christian group America had ever seen, the lineup of the group stayed stable with Andrus and Terry Blackwood sharing lead vocals through 1975 when Joe Moscheo left just after recording of Follow the Man with the Music. The following year, the pair left to form contemporary Christian music act Andrus. In Early 1976, the group hired baritone David Will, who would stay on for 23 years with the group, and soulful belter Russ Taff as their new lead vocalist. The Taff-led outfit is heard on the albums Sail On, Imperials Live, Heed the Call, One More Song for You, Christmas With the Imperials and it was during this era that the group found their biggest success, both with awards and on the charts
26.
Organ (music)
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In music, the organ is a keyboard instrument of one or more pipe divisions, each played with its own keyboard, played either with the hands on a keyboard or with the feet using pedals. The organ is an old musical instrument, dating from the time of Ctesibius of Alexandria. It was played throughout the Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman world, subsequently it re-emerged as a secular and recital instrument in the Classical music tradition. Pipe organs use air moving through pipes to produce sounds, since the 16th century, pipe organs have used various materials for pipes, which can vary widely in timbre and volume. The pipes are divided into ranks and controlled by the use of hand stops, although the keyboard is not expressive as on a piano and does not affect dynamics, some divisions may be enclosed in a swell box, allowing the dynamics to be controlled by shutters. Some organs are enclosed, meaning that all the divisions can be controlled by one set of shutters. Some special registers with free reed pipes are expressive and these instruments vary greatly in size, ranging from a cubic yard to a height reaching five floors, and are built in churches, synagogues, concert halls, and homes. Small organs are called positive or portative, increasingly hybrid organs are appearing in which pipes are augmented with electronic additions. Great economies of space and cost are possible especially when the lowest of the pipes can be replaced, non-piped organs include the reed organ or harmonium, which like the accordion and harmonica use air to excite free reeds. Electronic organs or digital organs, notably the Hammond organ, generate electronically produced sound through one or more loudspeakers, mechanical organs include the barrel organ, water organ, and Orchestrion. These are controlled by means such as pinned barrels or book music. Little barrel organs dispense with the hands of an organist and bigger organs are powered in most cases by a grinder or today by other means such as an electric motor. The pipe organ is the grandest musical instrument in size and scope, along with the clock, it was considered one of the most complex human-made mechanical creations before the Industrial Revolution. Pipe organs range in size from a short keyboard to huge instruments with over 10,000 pipes. A large modern organ typically has three or four keyboards with five each, and a two-and-a-half octave pedal board. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart called the organ the King of instruments, some of the biggest instruments have 64-foot pipes, and it sounds to an 8 Hz frequency fundamental tone. For instance, the Wanamaker organ, located in Philadelphia, USA, has sonic resources comparable with three simultaneous symphony orchestras, most organs in Europe, the Americas, and Australasia can be found in Christian churches. The introduction of organs is traditionally attributed to Pope Vitalian in the 7th century
27.
Piano
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The piano is an acoustic, stringed musical instrument invented around the year 1700, in which the strings are struck by hammers. It is played using a keyboard, which is a row of keys that the performer presses down or strikes with the fingers and thumbs of both hands to cause the hammers to strike the strings. The word piano is a form of pianoforte, the Italian term for the early 1700s versions of the instrument. The first fortepianos in the 1700s had a sound and smaller dynamic range. An acoustic piano usually has a wooden case surrounding the soundboard and metal strings. Pressing one or more keys on the keyboard causes a padded hammer to strike the strings. The hammer rebounds from the strings, and the continue to vibrate at their resonant frequency. These vibrations are transmitted through a bridge to a soundboard that amplifies by more efficiently coupling the acoustic energy to the air, when the key is released, a damper stops the strings vibration, ending the sound. Notes can be sustained, even when the keys are released by the fingers and thumbs and this means that the piano can play 88 different pitches, going from the deepest bass range to the highest treble. The black keys are for the accidentals, which are needed to play in all twelve keys, more rarely, some pianos have additional keys. Most notes have three strings, except for the bass that graduates from one to two, the strings are sounded when keys are pressed or struck, and silenced by dampers when the hands are lifted from the keyboard. There are two types of piano, the grand piano and the upright piano. The grand piano is used for Classical solos, chamber music and art song and it is used in jazz. The upright piano, which is compact, is the most popular type, as they are a better size for use in private homes for domestic music-making. During the nineteenth century, music publishers produced many works in arrangements for piano, so that music lovers could play. The piano is widely employed in classical, jazz, traditional and popular music for solo and ensemble performances, accompaniment, with technological advances, amplified electric pianos, electronic pianos, and digital pianos have also been developed. The electric piano became an instrument in the 1960s and 1970s genres of jazz fusion, funk music. The piano was founded on earlier technological innovations in keyboard instruments, pipe organs have been used since Antiquity, and as such, the development of pipe organs enabled instrument builders to learn about creating keyboard mechanisms for sounding pitches
28.
James Burton
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James Edward Burton is an American guitarist. A member of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame since 2001, Burton has also recognized by the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. Critic Mark Demming writes that Burton has a reputation as one of the finest guitar pickers in either country or rock. Burton is one of the best guitar players to touch a fretboard. Burton was born in Dubberly in south Webster Parish near Minden, Louisiana, to Guy M. Burton and the former Lola Poland and she was the daughter of James and Althius Poland. Self-taught, Burton began playing guitar in childhood, by the time he was thirteen, he was playing semi-professionally. A year later he was hired to be part of the band for the popular Louisiana Hayride radio show in Shreveport. While he was still a teenager, Burton left Shreveport for Los Angeles, there, he made numerous recordings as a session musician. Burton created and played the solo on Dale Hawkins 1957 hit song Susie Q. In 1965 he started working on the television program Shindig, which curtailed his touring with Nelson. However, Burton continued contributing to his friends studio albums through the Perspective sessions in April 1968, exposure led to recording session work with a variety of artists, mostly as an unattributed sideman. In 1967 Burton played Dobro on the Richie Furay song, A Childs Claim To Fame on Buffalo Springfields second album, Buffalo Springfield Again. Due to the volume of work, Burton turned down an offer to join Bob Dylans first touring band, in 1969, Presley again asked Burton to join his show in Las Vegas, and, this time, Burton accepted. Burton organized the TCB Band, serving as its leader, a hallmark of Elvis live shows during this period was his exhortation, Play it, James, as a cue for the guitarists solos. For the first season in Vegas in 1969, Burton played his red standard Telecaster, shortly thereafter, he purchased the now familiar pink paisley custom Telecaster. Burton was not sure that Elvis would like it, however, since Elvis did, since 1998, Burton has played lead guitar in Elvis, The Concert which reunited some of Elvis former TCB bandmates, background singers and Elvis orchestral conductor Joe Guercio live on stage. He was joined by a cast of talented musicians which included his bandmate with Presley, Glen D. Hardin, and newer musicians which included Rodney Crowell. However, once Presley was ready to return to the road, Burton returned to perform with him, although the others, including Hardin, just before Presley died in 1977, Burton was called to play on a John Denver television special
29.
Drum kit
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A drum kit consists of a mix of drums and idiophones most significantly cymbals but also including the woodblock and cowbell. In the 2000s, some also include electronic instruments and both hybrid and entirely electronic kits are used. If some or all of them are replaced by electronic drums, the drum kit is usually played while seated on a drum stool or throne. The drum kit differs from instruments that can be used to produce pitched melodies or chords, even though drums are often placed musically alongside others that do, such as the piano or guitar. The drum kit is part of the rhythm section used in many types of popular and traditional music styles ranging from rock and pop to blues. Other standard instruments used in the section include the electric bass, electric guitar. Many drummers extend their kits from this pattern, adding more drums, more cymbals. Some performers, such as some rockabilly drummers, use small kits that omit elements from the basic setup, some drum kit players may have other roles in the band, such as providing backup vocals, or less commonly, lead vocals. Thus, in an early 1800s orchestra piece, if the called for bass drum, triangle and cymbals. In the 1840s, percussionists began to experiment with foot pedals as a way to them to play more than one instrument. In the 1860s, percussionists started combining multiple drums into a set, the bass drum, snare drum, cymbals, and other percussion instruments were all played using hand-held drum sticks. Double-drumming was developed to one person to play the bass and snare with sticks. With this approach, the drum was usually played on beats one. This resulted in a swing and dance feel. The drum set was referred to as a trap set. By the 1870s, drummers were using an overhang pedal, most drummers in the 1870s preferred to do double drumming without any pedal to play multiple drums, rather than use an overhang pedal. Companies patented their pedal systems such as Dee Dee Chandler of New Orleans 1904–05, liberating the hands for the first time, this evolution saw the bass drum played with the foot of a standing percussionist. The bass drum became the central piece around which every other percussion instrument would later revolve and it was the golden age of drum building for many famous drum companies, with Ludwig introducing
30.
Joe Esposito (author)
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Joseph Carmine Esposito was internationally known as Elvis Presleys road manager and friend. After Elvis death, Joe became an author and publisher of several Elvis books, Esposito is best known for his association with Elvis Presley. He first met Presley while serving in the military in 1958 at an Army base in Friedberg, West Germany. They both went through training at Fort Hood, Texas, but did not meet face to face until a year later when they were both stationed in West Germany, where they quickly became lifelong friends. Esposito became Elviss road manager and friend beginning in 1960, Esposito served as co-best man, with Marty Lacker at Elviss wedding while Espositos wife, Joanie, served as the matron of honor. After Elvis death in 1977, Esposito went to work for Jerry Weintraub becoming the manager for greats including Michael Jackson, The Bee Gees, Karen Carpenter. Esposito, Col. Tom Parker and Jerry Schilling served as consultants in the movie This Is Elvis. Esposito was a consultant on multiple Elvis projects and was considered one of the most respected sources on Elvis and his home movies are featured in many projects including the CBS Primetime Special, Elvis By the Presleys. Esposito has 3 children, Debbie and Cindy from his first marriage to Joan and Anthony from his marriage to Martha Gallub. Esposito died November 23,2016, after a year of declining health and his daughter mentioned the cause to be complications of dementia. rareelvispresley. He was also portrayed by Ian Leson in the 2005 CBS mini-series Elvis and he was spoofed by Chris Farley as the driver for Tiny Elvis on Saturday Night Live in 1992 hosted by Nicolas Cage. Joe Esposito at the Internet Movie Database Interview with Joe Esposito TCBJOE - The Official Joe Esposito Elvis Fan Site
31.
Charlie McCoy
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Charles Ray Charlie McCoy is a Grammy-winning American session musician noted mainly for his harmonica performance, but also for his skill on a wide variety of instruments. In 2009 he was inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame, based in Nashville, McCoy has performed with musicians including Elvis Presley, Bob Dylan, Johnny Cash, Chet Atkins, Waylon Jennings and Loretta Lynn. He has recorded studio albums, including fourteen for Monument Records. Thirteen of his singles have entered the Billboard country charts and he was a member of Area Code 615 and Barefoot Jerry. In 2007 McCoy was inducted into the International Musicians Hall of Fame as a part a group of musicians dubbed The A-Team. McCoys family moved to nearby Fayetteville when he was a boy and then to Miami, at age eight, he began playing the harmonica starting on an instrument his mother bought for 50 cents. He also learned to play the guitar, and in his teens he learned the bass. In high school in Miami his skills had developed to such an extent that he decided to pursue a career in music and he joined a local rock and roll band as a guitarist and singer. When he was sixteen years old he accompanied a friend to visit a country barn dance radio show in Miami called the Old South Jamboree. Upon their arrival, McCoys friend left him in the crowd and went to talk to Happy Harold, McCoys performance that night, along with the positive response from the shows audience, led to him and his rock band being signed to the Old South Jamboree. His band consisted of Donny Lytle, later known as Johnny Paycheck, on bass, Bill Johnson on steel guitar, Charlie Justice on guitar, about this time the band took part in a local rock and roll contest, winning first prize. Following an invitation from Mel Tillis, the eighteen-year-old McCoy went to Nashville, Tennessee, during his stay in Nashville he visited numerous producers and record companies but all to no avail. Since his efforts to start a career in Nashville had failed. He enrolled at the Miami University, majoring in musical education and his goal was now to become a teacher. Meanwhile, he continued to perform on the Jamboree, when Miami faculty members discovered that he was playing rock and roll for a square dance they warned him not to continue with such lower forms of music. McCoy replied that he was willing to quit his work at the dance if they would give him a scholarship. McCoy, who wanted to make a career in music. But when he arrived in Nashville, his job had already taken by guitarist Vance Bullock
32.
Audio engineer
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An audio engineer works on the recording, manipulating the record using equalization and electronic effects, mixing, reproduction, and reinforcement of sound. Audio engineers work on the. technical aspect of recording—the placing of microphones, pre-amp knobs, the physical recording of any project is done by an engineer. Many audio engineers creatively use technologies to produce sound for film, radio, television, music, electronic products and computer games. Audio engineers also set up, sound check and do live sound mixing using an audio console, research and development audio engineers invent new technologies, equipment and techniques, to enhance the process and art of audio engineering. They might also be referred to as acoustic engineers, audio engineers in research and development usually possess a bachelors degree, masters degree or higher qualification in acoustics, physics, computer science or another engineering discipline. They might work in consultancy, specializing in architectural acoustics. Alternatively they might work in companies, or other industries that need audio expertise. Some positions, such as faculty require a Doctor of Philosophy, in Germany a Toningenieur is an audio engineer who designs, builds and repairs audio systems. The listed subdisciplines are based on PACS coding used by the Acoustical Society of America with some revision, audio engineers develop algorithms to allow the electronic manipulation of audio signals. These can be processed at the heart of audio production such as reverberation. Alternatively, the algorithms might carry out echo cancellation on Skype, or identify, architectural acoustics is the science and engineering of achieving a good sound within a room. For audio engineers, architectural acoustics can be about achieving good speech intelligibility in a stadium or enhancing the quality of music in a theatre, architectural Acoustic design is usually done by acoustic consultants. Electroacoustics is concerned with the design of headphones, microphones, loudspeakers, sound reproduction systems, examples of electroacoustic design include portable electronic devices, sound systems in architectural acoustics, surround sound in movie theater and vehicle audio. Musical acoustics is concerned with researching and describing the science of music, in audio engineering, this includes the design of electronic instruments such as synthesizers, the human voice, computer analysis of audio, music therapy, and the perception and cognition of music. Psychoacoustics is the study of how humans respond to what they hear. At the heart of audio engineering are listeners who are the final arbitrator as to whether a design is successful. The production, computer processing and perception of speech is an important part of audio engineering, ensuring speech is transmitted intelligibly, efficiently and with high quality, in rooms, through public address systems and through mobile telephone systems are important areas of study. Producer, engineer, and mixer Phil Ek has described audio engineering as the aspect of recording—the placing of microphones, the turning of pre-amp knobs
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