1.
Pennsylvania
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Pennsylvania /ˌpɛnsᵻlˈveɪnjə/, officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The Appalachian Mountains run through its middle, Pennsylvania is the 33rd largest, the 5th most populous, and the 9th most densely populated of the 50 United States. The states five most populous cities are Philadelphia, Pittsburgh, Allentown, Erie, the state capital, and its ninth-largest city, is Harrisburg. Pennsylvania has 140 miles of shoreline along Lake Erie and the Delaware Estuary. The state is one of the 13 original founding states of the United States, it came into being in 1681 as a result of a land grant to William Penn. Part of Pennsylvania, together with the present State of Delaware, had earlier been organized as the Colony of New Sweden and it was the second state to ratify the United States Constitution, on December 12,1787. Independence Hall, where the United States Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution were drafted, is located in the states largest city of Philadelphia, during the American Civil War, the Battle of Gettysburg, was fought in the south central region of the state. Valley Forge near Philadelphia was General Washingtons headquarters during the winter of 1777–78. Pennsylvania is 170 miles north to south and 283 miles east to west, of a total 46,055 square miles,44,817 square miles are land,490 square miles are inland waters, and 749 square miles are waters in Lake Erie. It is the 33rd largest state in the United States, Pennsylvania has 51 miles of coastline along Lake Erie and 57 miles of shoreline along the Delaware Estuary. Cities include Philadelphia, Reading, Lebanon and Lancaster in the southeast, Pittsburgh in the southwest, the tri-cities of Allentown, Bethlehem, the northeast includes the former anthracite coal mining communities of Scranton, Wilkes-Barre, Pittston City, and Hazleton. Erie is located in the northwest, the state has 5 regions, namely the Allegheny Plateau, Ridge and Valley, Atlantic Coastal Plain, Piedmont, and the Erie Plain. Straddling two major zones, the majority of the state, with the exception of the corner, has a humid continental climate. The largest city, Philadelphia, has characteristics of the humid subtropical climate that covers much of Delaware. Moving toward the interior of the state, the winter climate becomes colder, the number of cloudy days increase. Western areas of the state, particularly locations near Lake Erie, can receive over 100 inches of snowfall annually, the state may be subject to severe weather from spring through summer into fall. Tornadoes occur annually in the state, sometimes in large numbers, the Tuscarora Nation took up temporary residence in the central portion of Pennsylvania ca. Both the Dutch and the English claimed both sides of the Delaware River as part of their lands in America
2.
Marriage
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The definition of marriage varies according to different cultures, but it is principally an institution in which interpersonal relationships, usually sexual, are acknowledged. In some cultures, marriage is recommended or considered to be compulsory before pursuing any sexual activity, when defined broadly, marriage is considered a cultural universal. Individuals may marry for several reasons, including legal, social, libidinal, emotional, financial, spiritual, whom they marry may be influenced by socially determined rules of incest, prescriptive marriage rules, parental choice and individual desire. In some areas of the world, arranged marriage, child marriage, polygamy, conversely, such practices may be outlawed and penalized in parts of the world out of concerns for womens rights and because of international law. These trends coincide with the human rights movement. Marriage can be recognized by a state, an organization, an authority, a tribal group. It is often viewed as a contract, Marriages can be performed in a secular civil ceremony or in a religious setting via a wedding ceremony. The act of marriage usually creates normative or legal obligations between the individuals involved, and any offspring they may produce, some cultures allow the dissolution of marriage through divorce or annulment. In some areas, child marriages and polygamy may occur in spite of laws against the practice. For example, the number of marriages in Europe decreased by 30% from 1975 to 2005 and these changes have occurred primarily in Western countries. The word marriage derives from Middle English mariage, which first appears in 1250–1300 CE and this in turn is derived from Old French, marier, and ultimately Latin, marītāre, meaning to provide with a husband or wife and marītāri meaning to get married. The adjective marīt-us -a, -um meaning matrimonial or nuptial could also be used in the form as a noun for husband. Anthropologists have proposed several competing definitions of marriage in an attempt to encompass the wide variety of marital practices observed across cultures, even within Western culture, definitions of marriage have careened from one extreme to another and everywhere in between. The anthropological handbook Notes and Queries defined marriage as a union between a man and a such that children born to the woman are the recognized legitimate offspring of both partners. In recognition of a practice by the Nuer people of Sudan allowing women to act as a husband in certain circumstances, Kathleen Gough suggested modifying this to a woman, none of these men had legal rights to the womans child. Economic anthropologist Duran Bell has criticized the definition on the basis that some societies do not require marriage for legitimacy. He argued that a definition of marriage is circular in societies where illegitimacy has no other legal or social implications for a child other than the mother being unmarried. In 1955 article in Man, Leach argued that no one definition of marriage applied to all cultures and he offered a list of ten rights associated with marriage, including sexual monopoly and rights with respect to children, with specific rights differing across cultures
3.
United States Geological Survey
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The United States Geological Survey is a scientific agency of the United States government. The scientists of the USGS study the landscape of the United States, its resources. The organization has four science disciplines, concerning biology, geography, geology. The USGS is a research organization with no regulatory responsibility. The USGS is a bureau of the United States Department of the Interior, the USGS employs approximately 8,670 people and is headquartered in Reston, Virginia. The USGS also has major offices near Lakewood, Colorado, at the Denver Federal Center, the current motto of the USGS, in use since August 1997, is science for a changing world. The agencys previous slogan, adopted on the occasion of its anniversary, was Earth Science in the Public Service. Prompted by a report from the National Academy of Sciences, the USGS was created, by a last-minute amendment and it was charged with the classification of the public lands, and examination of the geological structure, mineral resources, and products of the national domain. This task was driven by the need to inventory the vast lands added to the United States by the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, the legislation also provided that the Hayden, Powell, and Wheeler surveys be discontinued as of June 30,1879. Clarence King, the first director of USGS, assembled the new organization from disparate regional survey agencies, after a short tenure, King was succeeded in the directors chair by John Wesley Powell. Administratively, it is divided into a Headquarters unit and six Regional Units, Other specific programs include, Earthquake Hazards Program monitors earthquake activity worldwide. The National Earthquake Information Center in Golden, Colorado on the campus of the Colorado School of Mines detects the location, the USGS also runs or supports several regional monitoring networks in the United States under the umbrella of the Advanced National Seismic System. The USGS informs authorities, emergency responders, the media, and it also maintains long-term archives of earthquake data for scientific and engineering research. It also conducts and supports research on long-term seismic hazards, USGS has released the UCERF California earthquake forecast. The USGS National Geomagnetism Program monitors the magnetic field at magnetic observatories and distributes magnetometer data in real time, the USGS operates the streamgaging network for the United States, with over 7400 streamgages. Real-time streamflow data are available online, since 1962, the Astrogeology Research Program has been involved in global, lunar, and planetary exploration and mapping. USGS operates a number of related programs, notably the National Streamflow Information Program. USGS Water data is available from their National Water Information System database
4.
Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania
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Susquehanna County is a county located in the U. S. state of Pennsylvania. As of the 2010 census, the population was 43,356, the county was created on February 21,1810, from part of Luzerne County and later organized in 1812. It is named for the Susquehanna River, the first settlers began to move into the area from Philadelphia and Connecticut in the mid 1700s. At the time, the area was part of Luzerne County, as more and more people from Connecticut moved in, there began to be some conflict. Under Connecticuts land grant, they owned everything from present day Connecticut to the Pacific Ocean and this meant their land grant overlapped with Pennsylvanias land grant. In the end, the Connecticut government was asked to surrender their claim on the area, in 1810, Susquehanna County was formed out of Luzerne County and later in 1812, Montrose was made the county seat. Susquehanna County was one of the stops on the Underground Railroad. Although this is not completely backed up by fact, there are many pointers saying this is true and these pointers say Montrose was the main hub. Here slaves would take refuge in the homes of citizens, after the Civil War, coal started to be mined. Following this, railways and roads were built into the county allowing for people to come. At one point the county had nearly 50,000 people, coal became, as with neighboring counties, the back bone of the economy. This boom in coal would allow for an age of prosperity in the county, when the Great Depression hit, the coal industry suffered horribly. Within months the industry was struggling. During World War II the coal industry picked up again, soon after the economy in the county failed. Between the 1950s and 1990s many mines were closed, railways were torn apart, unemployment rose and population decline increased. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 832 square miles. Susquehanna County is very mountainous, with concentrations of mountains in the east and smaller. The highest mountain in the county is North Knob just west of Union Dale, most people live in one of the several long and mostly narrow valleys
5.
Population density
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Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume, it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and most of the time to humans and it is a key geographical term. Population density is population divided by land area or water volume. Low densities may cause a vortex and lead to further reduced fertility. This is called the Allee effect after the scientist who identified it, commonly this may be calculated for a county, city, country, another territory, or the entire world. The worlds population is around 7,000,000,000, therefore, the worldwide human population density is around 7,000,000,000 ÷510,000,000 =13.7 per km2. If only the Earths land area of 150,000,000 km2 is taken into account and this includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica. If Antarctica is also excluded, then population density rises to over 50 people per km2, thus, this number by itself does not give any helpful measurement of human population density. Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states, microstates, cities with high population densities are, by some, considered to be overpopulated, though this will depend on factors like quality of housing and infrastructure and access to resources. Most of the most densely populated cities are in Southeast Asia, though Cairo, for instance, Milwaukee has a greater population density when just the inner city is measured, and the surrounding suburbs excluded. Arithmetic density, The total number of people / area of land, physiological density, The total population / area of arable land. Agricultural density, The total rural population / area of arable land, residential density, The number of people living in an urban area / area of residential land. Urban density, The number of people inhabiting an urban area / total area of urban land, ecological optimum, The density of population that can be supported by the natural resources. S. States by population density Selected Current and Historic City, Ward & Neighborhood Density
6.
Hallstead, Pennsylvania
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Hallstead is a borough in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,303 at the 2010 census, what is now Hallstead was incorporated as Great Bend Village on November 28,1874. In 1887, it was renamed to Hallstead Borough in honor of William F. Hallstead, president of the Delaware, Lackawanna, Hallstead is located at 41°57′45″N 75°44′55″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has an area of 0.4 square miles. The boroughs of Hallstead and nearby Great Bend are bisected by both Interstate 81 and the Susquehanna River, as of the census of 2010, there were 1,303 people,572 households, and 347 families residing in the borough. The population density was 3,257.5 people per square mile, there were 606 housing units at an average density of 1,515 per square mile. The racial makeup of the borough was 97. 5% White,0. 7% African American,0. 4% Native American, hispanic or Latino of any race were 1% of the population. 34. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 19. 2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.90. In the borough the population was out with 22. 7% under the age of 18,58. 4% from 18 to 64. The median age was 44 years, the median income for a household in the borough was $45,649, and the median income for a family was $46,313. Males had an income of $39,531 versus $21,481 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $18,181, about 10. 9% of families and 13. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17. 1% of those under age 18 and 10. 9% of those age 65 or over. Hallstead lies in Blue Ridge School District, the Elementary, Middle and High Schools are all located about 9 miles south of Hallstead. The Elementary School consists of Kindergarten to fifth grade with approximately 488 students in attendance, the Middle School consists of grades 6-8 and has approximately 297 students. The High School consists of grades 9-12 with approximately 429 students, the Foundry consists of 27 acres of land on Main Street in Hallstead. During the early 1900s it was a manufacturer of lead crystal, the Hallstead-Great Bend Branch Library is located on 201 Franklin Street, Hallstead PA
7.
Montrose, Pennsylvania
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Montrose is a borough in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, United States,37 miles north by west of Scranton. The land is elevated about 1,400 feet above sea level, Montrose was laid out in 1812. The first courthouse was built a year later, and Montrose was incorporated as a borough from part of Bridgewater Township on March 29,1824. Its name is a combination of mont, the French word for “mountain” and Rose, for Dr. L R. Rose, the traditional older industries included creameries and the manufacturing of cut glass, boxes, sawing machinery, lumber, etc. In 1900,1,827 people lived here, and in 1910,1,914 people lived here, the population was 1,664 at the 2000 census. The population was 1,617 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Susquehanna County. The area of Montrose is notable for its many quarry sites, a type of rock that is indigenous to this area is called blue stone. The American Revolution dramatically changed the political and built environments of New England, after the war, there was pent-up land hunger and many residents wanted some of the affordable land in Pennsylvania. When settlers arrived in what is now Susquehanna County they found rolling hills, clear lakes, and mountain streams with an abundance of natural resources such as timber and bluestone. In a very short period of time, the first families built Montrose in the style of their home New England towns, large colonial style houses surrounding churches, a town “green” adjacent to the courthouse was the commons, or place for community events. Folklore has it that many of these remained in Montrose or Susquehanna County after the War. The Susquehanna County Historical Society and the Center for Anti-Slavery Studies remain dedicated to identifying and analyzing primary documents of the time, historians have found little documentation to support the Underground Railroad claims. Between the 1950s and 1990s, due to the declines in the industry and agriculture. It was not until oil started to be drilled for in the late 2000s that the economy began to pick up. Due to increased revenues in town, the Montrose hospital was moved from an old and small facility downtown to a large, the towns Sylvanus Mulford House, Silver Lake Bank, and Susquehanna County Courthouse Complex are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Montrose Historic District was added in 2011, Montrose is located at 41°49′59″N 75°52′38″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has an area of 1.3 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,617 people,754 households, the population density was 1,243.8 people per square mile
8.
Forest City Regional School District
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Forest City Regional is a third-class school district in Lackawanna, Susquehanna, and Wayne Counties in Pennsylvania. The districts population was 5,095 at the time of the 2010 United States Census, Forest City Regional School District covers an area of 87.82 square miles. The District is one of the 500 public school districts of Pennsylvania, the districts population has remained relatively constant in recent years, being recorded as 5,095 for both the 2000 and 2010 US Censuses. The educational attainment levels for the Forest City Regional School District population were 88. 1% high school graduates, in 2009, the Forest City Regional School District residents’ per capita income was $17,385, while the median family income was $42,652. In the Commonwealth, the family income was $49,501. By 2013, the household income in the United States rose to $52,100. In 2004, Forest City Regional had 884 students, the Districts students were, 96% white, 1% Asian, 1% black and 2% Hispanic. Forest City Regional School District received more than $11.4 million in funding in school year 2007-08. Forest City Regional School District provided basic services to 809 pupils in 2011-2012. It employed,70 teachers,45 full-time and part-time support personnel, the District received approximately $6 million in state funding in the 2011-12 school year. The Forest City Regional School District started with three buildings, two schools and Forest City High School. An addition to the school was done in 1967. In 1971, the three schools were combined into one, in 1995, the building was again expanded. A new gymnasium, an auditorium, a lab, a chemistry lab. Extensive remodeling was also done at this time to the existing structure, the high school serves as the starting point for the Steamtown Marathon. Forest City Regional School District operates 2 schools, an elementary school, High school students may choose to attend The Career Technology Center of Lackawanna County for training in the construction and mechanical trades. The ranking was based on the last three years of student academic performance on the PSSAs for, reading, writing, math, and the three Keystone Exams in high school. The PSSAs are given to all children in grades 3rd through 8th, adapted examinations are given to children in the special education programs
9.
United States Census Bureau
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The United States Census Bureau is a principal agency of the U. S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy. The Census Bureaus primary mission is conducting the U. S. Census every ten years, in addition to the decennial census, the Census Bureau continually conducts dozens of other censuses and surveys, including the American Community Survey, the U. S. Economic Census, and the Current Population Survey, furthermore, economic and foreign trade indicators released by the federal government typically contain data produced by the Census Bureau. The Bureaus various censuses and surveys help allocate over $400 billion in federal funds every year and help states, local communities, the Census Bureau is part of the U. S. Department of Commerce and its director is appointed by the President of the United States. The Census Bureau now conducts a population count every 10 years in years ending with a 0. Between censuses, the Census Bureau makes population estimates and projections, the Census Bureau is mandated with fulfilling these obligations, the collecting of statistics about the nation, its people, and economy. The Census Bureaus legal authority is codified in Title 13 of the United States Code, the Census Bureau also conducts surveys on behalf of various federal government and local government agencies on topics such as employment, crime, health, consumer expenditures, and housing. Within the bureau, these are known as surveys and are conducted perpetually between and during decennial population counts. The Census Bureau also conducts surveys of manufacturing, retail, service. Between 1790 and 1840, the census was taken by marshals of the judicial districts, the Census Act of 1840 established a central office which became known as the Census Office. Several acts followed that revised and authorized new censuses, typically at the 10-year intervals, in 1902, the temporary Census Office was moved under the Department of Interior, and in 1903 it was renamed the Census Bureau under the new Department of Commerce and Labor. The department was intended to consolidate overlapping statistical agencies, but Census Bureau officials were hindered by their role in the department. An act in 1920 changed the date and authorized manufacturing censuses every 2 years, in 1929, a bill was passed mandating the House of Representatives be reapportioned based on the results of the 1930 Census. In 1954, various acts were codified into Title 13 of the US Code, by law, the Census Bureau must count everyone and submit state population totals to the U. S. President by December 31 of any year ending in a zero. States within the Union receive the results in the spring of the following year, the United States Census Bureau defines four statistical regions, with nine divisions. The Census Bureau regions are widely used. for data collection, the Census Bureau definition is pervasive. Title 13 of the U. S. Code establishes penalties for the disclosure of this information, all Census employees must sign an affidavit of non-disclosure prior to employment. The Bureau cannot share responses, addresses or personal information with anyone including United States or foreign government, only after 72 years does the information collected become available to other agencies or the general public
10.
Census
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A census is the procedure of systematically acquiring and recording information about the members of a given population. It is a regularly occurring and official count of a particular population, the term is used mostly in connection with national population and housing censuses, other common censuses include agriculture, business, and traffic censuses. United Nations recommendations also cover census topics to be collected, official definitions, classifications, the word is of Latin origin, during the Roman Republic, the census was a list that kept track of all adult males fit for military service. Current administrative data systems allow for other approaches to enumeration with the level of detail but raise concerns about privacy. A census can be contrasted with sampling in which information is obtained only from a subset of a population, typically main population estimates are updated by such intercensal estimates. Modern census data are used for research, business marketing, and planning. Census counts are necessary to adjust samples to be representative of a population by weighting them as is common in opinion polling, similarly, stratification requires knowledge of the relative sizes of different population strata which can be derived from census enumerations. In some countries, the census provides the official used to apportion the number of elected representatives to regions. In many cases, a carefully chosen random sample can provide accurate information than attempts to get a population census. A census is often construed as the opposite of a sample as its intent is to count everyone in a rather than a fraction. However, population censuses rely on a frame to count the population. This is the way to be sure that everyone has been included as otherwise those not responding would not be followed up on. The fundamental premise of a census is that the population is not known, the use of a sampling frame is counterintuitive as it suggests that the population size is already known. However, a census is also used to collect data on the individuals in the nation. This process of sampling marks the difference between historical census, which was a house to house process or the product of a decree. The sampling frame used by census is almost always an address register, thus it is not known if there is anyone resident or how many people there are in each household. Depending on the mode of enumeration, a form is sent to the householder, as a preliminary to the dispatch of forms, census workers will check any address problems on the ground. While it may seem straightforward to use the postal service file for this purpose, a particular problem is what are termed communal establishments which category includes student residences, religious orders, homes for the elderly, people in prisons etc
11.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
12.
Forest City, Pennsylvania
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Forest City is a borough in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania. Forest City is situated at the corner of Susquehanna County, Lackawanna County, Forest City is 4 avenues by 10 blocks as the main city with a small surrounding suburb housing 1,911 in the 2010 census, with 87% of the population living in town. At its height in the twentieth century, between the timber, silk, lumber and coal industries, the population was close to 6. The land that would become Forest City had been known as Forest Mills since the 1850s, from 1879-1886, the post office was called Pentecost. It was named one of the first local settlers, William Pentecost. The post office was renamed Forest City in 1886, and the Forest City borough was formed in 1888, between 1866 and 1871, the Jefferson Branch, a railroad spur of the D & H Canal Company, was built in Forest Mills. It ran between Susquehanna Depot and Carbondale, transporting the harvested lumber, lumbering was the only industry of this area, with the exception of a small mining operation run by William Pentecost, which supplied only sufficient coal to neighboring farmers for winter fuel. In 1871, an outcropping of coal was discovered, the Hillside Coal and Iron Company bought large tracts of land in the area, and by 1872 the first commercially profitable coal mining enterprise was established at North Railroad Street. A small breaker erected on Railroad Street processed the 75 ton daily output from this operation until 1883, in 1886, another shaft, Shaft No. This brought an influx of miners, mostly Welsh, into the area, there were now 300 men and boys employed in the production of coal. The 1922 Breaker #2 collapse On April 1,1916 there was a collapse at Shaft #2 that most notably killed 7 Welsh mining-boys between the ages of 6 and 11. Coal mining continued until The Great Depression hit this town hard, as primary sector of the products as lumber. The population slowly dwindled as the mining came to a halt. Today, the Forest City Area Historical Society serves as a reminder of this once flourishing coal town, there are important agricultural interests in the region. At the onset of the century, coal-mining and silk manufacturing were the chief industries. Forest City is 23 miles north by east of Scranton, Forest City is located at 41°39′3″N 75°28′5″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has an area of 0.9 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 1,911 people,817 households, the entire village is only.9034 square miles or 2.33 km²
