1.
Student
–
A student or pupil is a learner or someone who attends an educational institution. In Britain those attending university are termed students, in the United States, and more recently also in Britain, the term student is applied to both categories. In its widest use, student is used for anyone who is learning, including mid-career adults who are taking vocational education or returning to university. When speaking about learning outside an institution, student is used to refer to someone who is learning a topic or who is a student of a certain topic or person. In Nigeria, education is classified into four system known as 6-3-3-4 system of education and it implies six years in primary school, three years in junior secondary, three years in senior secondary and four years in the university. However, the number of years to be spent in university is determined by the course of study. Some courses have longer study length than others and those in primary school are often referred to as pupils. Those in university as well as those in school are being referred to as students. Six years of school education in Singapore is compulsory. International Schools are subject to overseas curriculums, such as the British, Primary education is compulsory in Bangladesh. Its a near crime to not to children to primary school when they are of age. But it is not a punishable crime, because of the socio-economic state of Bangladesh, child labour is sometimes legal. But the guardian must ensure the primary education, everyone who is learning in any institute or even online may be called student in Bangladesh. Sometimes students taking undergraduate education is called undergraduates and students taking post-graduate education may be called post-graduates, Education System Of Bangladesh, Education is free in Brunei. Darussalam not limited to government educational institutions but also private educational institutions, there are mainly two types of educational institutions, government or public, and private institutions. Several stages have to be undergone by the prospective students leading to higher qualifications, Primary School Secondary School High School Colleges University Level It takes six and five years to complete the primary and secondary levels respectively. Upon completing these two stages, students/pupils have freedom to progress to sixth-form centers, colleges or probably straight to employment. Students are permitted to progress towards university level programs in both government and private university colleges, Education in Cambodia is free for all the students who study in Primary School, Secondary School or High School
Student
–
Over one thousand pupils in uniform during an assembly at a
secondary school,
Nan Hua High School in
Singapore
Student
–
An Iranian Student going to her classmate house for study together at evening, in
Nishapur
Student
–
Students of Stony Creek State School,
Queensland, 1939
Student
–
Students in a
lecture on
linear algebra at the
Helsinki University of Technology
2.
Secondary education
–
Secondary education covers two phases on the ISCED scale. Level 2 or junior secondary education is considered the second and final phase of basic education, every country aims to provide basic education, but the systems and terminology remain unique to them. Secondary education typically takes place six years of primary education and is followed by higher education. In most countries it is compulsory for students between the ages 11 and 16, Compulsory education sometimes extends to age 19. In classical and mediaeval times secondary education was provided by the church for the sons of nobility and to boys preparing for universities, as trade required navigational and scientific skills the church reluctantly expanded the curriculum and widened the intake. As late as 1868, secondary schools were organised to satisfy the needs of different social classes with the labouring classes getting 4yrs, the merchant class 5yrs, only then did it become accepted that girls could be sent to school. The rights to an education were codified after 1945, and countries are still working to achieve the goal of mandatory. It is at this education level, particularly in its first cycle. Within a country these can be implemented in different ways, with different age levels, Level 1 and Level 2, that is primary education and lower secondary together form basic education. Though they may be dated they do provide a set of definitions. The educational aim is to complete provision of education, completing the delivery of basic skills. The end of secondary education often coincides with the end of compulsory education in countries where that exists. There are also vocational schools that last only three years. Secondary schools supply students with primary subjects needed for the work environment in Croatia. People who completed secondary school are classified as medium expertise, there are currently around 90 gymnasiums and some 300 vocational schools in Croatia. The public secondary schools are under the jurisdiction of regional government, the two secondary phases are the Gymnasium followed by Eniaio Lykeio or Unified Lyceum. The third phase is the Post-secondary education consisting of public institutions or universities. Due to historic reasons, the Czech school system is almost the same as the German school system, the school system is free and mandatory until age 15
Secondary education
–
High school in
Bratislava,
Slovakia (Gymnázium Grösslingová 18)
Secondary education
–
Sydney Boys High School
Secondary education
–
Krabbesholm Højskole
Secondary education
–
Helsingin normaalilyseo
3.
Piarist
–
Founded by Saint Joseph Calasanctius, the main occupation of the Piarist fathers is teaching children and youth, the primary goal being to provide free education for poor children. The Piarists have had a success in the education of physically or mentally disabled persons. Some famous individuals of the last few centuries, including Pope Pius IX, Goya, Schubert, Gregor Mendel, Joseph Calasanctius, was born in 1557. He founded the first Catholic teaching order and had it recognized as a religious congregation by the Holy See on 6 March 1617. Calasanz, a native of Peralta de la Sal in the Spanish province of Huesca in Aragon, was born on 11 September 1557, in November 1597, he opened the first free public school in Europe at Santa Dorotea. While it was considered a school of the Confraternity of Christian Doctrine, it was unique from the 22 other schools of the Confraternity, the school opened by St. Joseph Calasanz also taught secular subjects. The Pious Schools expanded and were supported by Popes Clement VIII. St. Joseph suffered an accident, but it did not stop him. On 25 March 1617, Calasanz and fourteen other priests became the first members of the new community when they received the religious habit, the new congregation was the first religious institute dedicated to teaching. To the three vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience, the new congregation added a fourth vow. Soon the Pious Schools began to expand outside of Rome, in June 1616, St. Joseph Calasanz opened a foundation of the Pious Schools at Tusculo in the summer resort of Frascati. The school, which is still in operation, opened in August 1616 and he then opened schools in Narni, which is located 42 miles from Rome and is where he completed writing his Constitutions, Moricone, Magliano, and Norcia, Carcare, and Fonano. The congregation was made a religious order 18 November 1621 by a brief of Pope Gregory XV, the term Pauline was dropped by this pope, although it had been part of the original name due to Pope Paul V. On May 7 of the year the novitiate of St. Onofrio was opened. It soon expanded into Liguria, and between 1621-1632, established schools at Carcare, Savona, two at Genoa, and a one at Carmagnola. The first Piarist province was established in 1623 in Liguria, the Roman Province would be formally established in 1626. Meanwhile, in Rome, Cardinal Tonti gave a property to St. Joseph and it soon became the flagship school of the Pious Schools in Rome. There was an attempt in 1625 to establish schools in Naples, but after another attempt
Piarist
–
Order of Poor Clerics Regular of the Mother of God of the Pious Schools
4.
Hungary
–
Hungary is a unitary parliamentary republic in Central Europe. With about 10 million inhabitants, Hungary is a member state of the European Union. The official language is Hungarian, which is the most widely spoken language in Europe. Hungarys capital and largest metropolis is Budapest, a significant economic hub, major urban areas include Debrecen, Szeged, Miskolc, Pécs and Győr. His great-grandson Stephen I ascended to the throne in 1000, converting the country to a Christian kingdom, by the 12th century, Hungary became a middle power within the Western world, reaching a golden age by the 15th century. Hungarys current borders were established in 1920 by the Treaty of Trianon after World War I, when the country lost 71% of its territory, 58% of its population, following the interwar period, Hungary joined the Axis Powers in World War II, suffering significant damage and casualties. Hungary became a state of the Soviet Union, which contributed to the establishment of a four-decade-long communist dictatorship. On 23 October 1989, Hungary became again a democratic parliamentary republic, in the 21st century, Hungary is a middle power and has the worlds 57th largest economy by nominal GDP, as well as the 58th largest by PPP, out of 188 countries measured by the IMF. As a substantial actor in several industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds 36th largest exporter and importer of goods, Hungary is a high-income economy with a very high standard of living. It keeps up a security and universal health care system. Hungary joined the European Union in 2004 and part of the Schengen Area since 2007, Hungary is a member of the United Nations, NATO, WTO, World Bank, the AIIB, the Council of Europe and Visegrád Group. Well known for its cultural history, Hungary has been contributed significantly to arts, music, literature, sports and science. Hungary is the 11th most popular country as a tourist destination in Europe and it is home to the largest thermal water cave system, the second largest thermal lake in the world, the largest lake in Central Europe, and the largest natural grasslands in Europe. The H in the name of Hungary is most likely due to historical associations with the Huns. The rest of the word comes from the Latinized form of Medieval Greek Oungroi, according to an explanation the Greek name was borrowed from Proto-Slavic Ǫgǔri, in turn borrowed from Oghur-Turkic Onogur. Onogur was the name for the tribes who later joined the Bulgar tribal confederacy that ruled the eastern parts of Hungary after the Avars. The Hungarians likely belonged to the Onogur tribal alliance and it is possible they became its ethnic majority. The Hungarian endonym is Magyarország, composed of magyar and ország, the word magyar is taken from the name of one of the seven major semi-nomadic Hungarian tribes, magyeri
Hungary
–
Italian fresco depicting a Hungarian warrior shooting backwards
Hungary
–
Flag
Hungary
–
Hungarian raids in the 10th century
Hungary
–
King
Saint Stephen, the first
King of Hungary, converted the nation to Christianity
5.
Primary schools
–
A primary school or elementary school is a school in which children receive primary or elementary education from the age of about five to twelve, coming after preschool and before secondary school. In most parts of the world, primary education is the first stage of education, and is normally available without charge. The term grade school is used in the US though this term may refer to both primary education and secondary education. The term primary school is derived from the French école primaire, primary school is the preferred term in the United Kingdom and many Commonwealth Nations, and in most publications of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Elementary school is preferred in some countries, especially in the United States, in the United States, primary school may refer to a school with grades Kindergarten through second grade or third grade. In these municipalities, the school includes grade three through five or grades four to six
Primary schools
–
A primary school in
Český Těšín,
Czech Republic
Primary schools
–
A small primary school in
Norfolk,
England
Primary schools
–
An elementary school in
Višňové (
Slovakia)
Primary schools
–
"Michlal" Elementary school in
Ramat Gan (
Israel)
6.
Compulsory education
–
Compulsory education refers to a period of education that is required of all people and is imposed by law. Depending on the country, this education may take place at a school or at home. Compulsory education was not unheard of in ancient times, however instances are generally tied to royal, religious or military organization—substantially different from modern notions of compulsory education. Platos The Republic is credited with having popularized the concept of education in Western intellectual thought. The ideal city would require ideal individuals, and ideal individuals would require an ideal education, popularization of Platos ideas began with the wider Renaissance and the translation of Platos works by Marsilio Ficino, culminating in the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, known for his own work on education, Emile, or On Education had said To get an idea of public education. It is not a treatise, as those who merely judge books by their title think. In Sparta boys between the age 6 and 7 left their homes and were sent to military school, School courses were harsh and have been described as a brutal training period. Between the age of 18 and 20, Spartan males had to pass a test that consisted of fitness, military ability, a students failure meant a forfeiture of citizenship and political rights. Every parent in Judea since ancient times was required to teach their children at least informally, over the centuries, as cities, towns and villages developed, a class of teachers called Rabbis evolved. The Aztec Triple Alliance, which ruled from 1428 to 1521 in what is now central Mexico, is considered to be the first state to implement a system of compulsory education. The Protestant Reformation prompted the establishment of compulsory education for boys and girls, first in regions that are now part of Germany, and later in Europe and in the United States. Martin Luthers seminal text An die Ratsherren aller Städte deutschen Landes called for establishing compulsory schooling so that all parishioners would be able to read the Bible by themselves, the Protestant South-West of the Holy Roman Empire soon followed suit. In 1559, the German Duchy Württemberg established an education system for boys. In Scotland, the School Establishment Act of 1616 commanded every parish to establish a school for everyone paid for by parishioners, the Parliament of Scotland confirmed this with the Education Act of 1633 and created a local land-based tax to provide the required funding. The required majority support of parishioners, however, provided a tax evasion loophole which heralded the Education Act of 1646, the turmoil of the age meant that in 1661 there was a temporary reversion to the less compulsory 1633 position. In the United States, following Luther and other Reformers, the Separatist Congregationalists who founded Plymouth Colony in 1620, obliged parents to teach their children how to read and write. The 1647 law, in particular, required every town having more than 50 families to hire a teacher, the Puritan zeal for learning was reflected in the early and rapid rise of educational institutions, e. g. Harvard College was founded as early as 1636
Compulsory education
7.
Primary school
–
A primary school or elementary school is a school in which children receive primary or elementary education from the age of about five to twelve, coming after preschool and before secondary school. In most parts of the world, primary education is the first stage of education, and is normally available without charge. The term grade school is used in the US though this term may refer to both primary education and secondary education. The term primary school is derived from the French école primaire, primary school is the preferred term in the United Kingdom and many Commonwealth Nations, and in most publications of the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization. Elementary school is preferred in some countries, especially in the United States, in the United States, primary school may refer to a school with grades Kindergarten through second grade or third grade. In these municipalities, the school includes grade three through five or grades four to six
Primary school
–
A primary school in
Český Těšín,
Czech Republic
Primary school
–
A small primary school in
Norfolk,
England
Primary school
–
An elementary school in
Višňové (
Slovakia)
Primary school
–
"Michlal" Elementary school in
Ramat Gan (
Israel)
8.
Education in Argentina
–
Education in state institutions is free at the initial, primary, secondary and tertiary levels and in the undergraduate university level. Private education is paid, although in some cases state subsidies to support its costs, according to the last census, the illiteracy rate is 1. 9%, the second lowest in Latin America. In the last decade, Argentina has created nine new universities, even though education at all levels, including universities, has always been free, there is a large number of private schools and universities. The education in Argentina known as the Latin American docta has had a convoluted history, there was no effective education plan until President Domingo Sarmiento placed emphasis on bringing Argentina up-to-date with practices in developed countries. The first national laws mandating universal, compulsory, free and secular education were sanctioned in 1884 during the administration of President Julio Roca. Following the university reform of 1918, Argentine education, especially at university level, became independent of the government. A sudden reversal in the policy in 1954 helped lead to Peróns violent overthrow, after which his earlier, the policys weakness, however, lay in that federal revenue sharing did not increase accordingly, particularly given the decision to shift two primary school years to the secondary system. Real government spending on education increased steadily from the return of democratic rule in 1983 and, in 2007, in spite of its many problems, Argentinas higher education managed to reach worldwide levels of excellence in the 1960s. In addition, as of 2010, Argentines are the only Latin Americans to have ever been honoured with a Rolf Schock Prize, the Argentine population at large benefits from a relatively high level of educational attainment, by regional standards. In Buenos Aires province, primary level is called educación primaria or EP, secondary level, called educación secundaria or ES, comprises grades first to sixth. ES comprises grades first to fifth, in both systems EP is mandatory to all students, as well as secondary education, according to the National Educational Law established in 2011. The fourth stage is tertiary education, which includes both college and university education, Education is funded by tax payers at all levels except for the majority of graduate studies. There are many private institutions in the primary, secondary. In the University System however the scale can vary depending on the independent policies and statutes of grading of each independent Argentine University, accepted between ages 6 and 14. Primary education s the first EP cycles, secondary education in Argentina comprises two levels. Years 1st to 3rd are common to all schools, years 4th to 6th are organized in orientations such as Social Sciences, Natural Sciences, Arts, Sport, Design, etc. An additional year is offered in schools, which grants a professional title. The transitional period ended in 2011, in addition an adult system of high schools exists in order to guarantee secondary education to people over 18
Education in Argentina
–
President Domingo F. Sarmiento, father of the Argentine Education System.
Education in Argentina
–
Sarmiento Teachers' College: President Domingo Sarmiento established the first of these
Escuelas Normales
Education in Argentina
–
The ubiquitous white uniform of Argentine school children is a national symbol of learning.
Education in Argentina
–
Secondary School in the pampas city of
Bragado. Argentina's secondary schools belong to a provincial system.
9.
Education in Australia
–
Education in Australia generally comprises primary education, followed by secondary education, and tertiary education. Regulation and funding of education is primarily the responsibility of the States and territories, Education in Australia is compulsory between the ages of five and fifteen, sixteen or seventeen, depending on the State or territory and date of birth. For primary and secondary education, government schools educate approximately 60% of Australian students, for primary and secondary schools, a national Australian Curriculum is currently under progressive development and implementation. The Education Index, published with the UNs Human Development Index in 2008, based on data from 2006, lists Australia as 0.993, the highest in the world. The Federal Governments involvement in education has been the responsibility of a number of departments over the years, for primary and secondary schools, a national Australian Curriculum is currently under progressive development and implementation. At present, parts of the Australian Curriculum have been adopted by some States and territories, pre-school and pre-prep programmes in Australia are relatively unregulated, and are not compulsory. The first exposure many Australian children have to learning with others outside of traditional parenting is day care or a parent-run playgroup, pre-school is offered to three- to five-year-olds, attendance numbers vary widely between the states, but 85. 7% of children attended pre-school the year before school. The year before a child is due to primary school is the main year for pre-school education. This year is far more commonly attended, and may take the form of a few hours of activity during weekdays, responsibility for pre-schools in New South Wales and Victoria, lies with the Department of Education and Communities and the Department of Education and Early Childhood Development, respectively. In all other states and territories of Australia, responsibility for pre-schools lie with the relevant education department. The average net cost for a day care in Australia is $3.85 per hour. School education in Australia is compulsory between certain ages as specified by state or territory legislation, depending on the state or territory, and date of birth of the child, school is compulsory from the age of five to six to the age of fifteen to seventeen. In Tasmania, the school starting age is 5 years old. In recent years, over three quarters of students stay at school until they are seventeen, Government schools educate approximately 60% of Australian students, with approximately 40% in Catholic and independent schools. A small portion of students are legally home-schooled, particularly in rural areas, Government schools are free to attend for Australian citizens and permanent residents, while Catholic and independent schools usually charge attendance fees. However, in addition to attendance fees, stationery, textbooks, uniforms, school camps, the additional cost for schooling has been estimated to be on average $316 per year per child. Regardless of whether a school is part of the Government, Catholic or independent systems, the curriculum framework however provides for some flexibility in the syllabus, so that subjects such as religious education can be taught. Most school students wear uniforms, although there are varying expectations, a common movement among secondary schools to support student voice has taken form as organisations such as VicSRC in Victoria bring together student leaders to promote school improvement
Education in Australia
–
Education in Australia
10.
Education in Austria
–
The Republic of Austria has a free and public school system, and nine years of education are mandatory. Schools offer a series of vocational-technical and university preparatory tracks involving one to four years of education beyond the minimum mandatory level. The legal basis for primary and secondary education in Austria is the School Act of 1962, but in 1963 it went back to the way it was. But again In 1999 it finally changed again, the federal Ministry of Education is responsible for funding and supervising primary, secondary, and, since 2000, also tertiary education. Primary and secondary education is administered on the level by the authorities of the respective states. It is mandatory for pupils in Austria to complete nine years of school, four years in elementary school, students who want to do an apprenticeship additionally need to go to a polytechnic institute for a year. After finding a position they have to visit vocation school for three years, this can be done either in block release or day release. On the days you are at school you dont have to go to work, at the end of those three years they have to take an exam, the final apprenticeship examination. Pupils who want to get a degree have to complete four to five years at an institution of education or a vocational school with higher education entrance qualification. Most of these require an entrance exam or demand high marks on your last school certificate. The final exam for one of those higher education institutions is the matriculation. After that you are free to go to university, though some of the branches may require additional exams, roman Catholic schools have a reputation for more discipline and rigor than public institutions, and some are considered elite institutions. Because there is no tradition of university education in Austria. This has been changing slowly in recent years as private universities become more commonplace, before 1774, education in Austria was a task of the church, convent schools were therefore the only educational establishments, and school fees were charged. This is why only the ones who could afford to pay these fees were educated, mandatory primary education was introduced by Empress Maria Theresa of Austria, mandating in 1775 that all children of both sexes from the ages of six to twelve had to attend school. Furthermore, textbooks were unified and teacher education was regulated, even though schooling became compulsory for both girls and boys for a time period of six years, girls were not allowed to attend professional or secondary schools. The Austrian literacy rate became one of the highest in the Habsburg Empire during the beginning of the 19th century due to the general development, the first secondary school for girls was opened in 1868, the first gymnasium for girls was founded in 1892. From 1872 girls were allowed to graduate, yet remained excluded from universities
Education in Austria
–
Stiftsgymnasium Melk, oldest Austrian school
11.
Gymnasium (school)
–
In its current meaning, it usually refers to secondary schools focused on preparing students to enter a university for advanced academic study. In the US, the German Gymnasium curriculum was used at a number of universities such as the University of Michigan as a model for their undergraduate college programs. The word γυμνάσιον was used in Ancient Greece, meaning a locality for both physical and intellectual education of young men, in the Polish educational system the gimnazjum is a middle school for pupils aged 13 to 16. The same applies in the Greek educational system, with the option of Εσπερινό Γυμνάσιο for adults. The gymnasium is a school which prepares the student for higher education at a university. They are thus meant for the more academically minded students, who are sifted out at about the age of 10–13, in addition to the usual curriculum, students of a gymnasium often study Latin and Ancient Greek. Some gymnasiums provide general education, others have a specific focus, today, a number of other areas of specialization exist, such as gymnasiums specializing in economics, technology or domestic sciences. In some countries, there is a notion of progymnasium, which is equivalent to beginning classes of the full gymnasium, here, the prefix pro indicates that this curriculum precedes normal gymnasium studies. The term was derived from the classical Greek word gymnasion, which was applied to an exercising ground in ancient Athens. Here teachers gathered and gave instruction between the hours devoted to exercises and sports, and thus the term became associated with. This use of the term did not prevail among the Romans, but was revived during the Renaissance in Italy, in 1538, Johannes Sturm founded at Strasbourg the school which became the model of the modern German gymnasium. In 1812, a Prussian regulation ordered that all schools which had the right to send their students to the university should bear the name of gymnasia, by the 20th century, this practice was followed in almost the entire Austrian-Hungarian, German, and Russian Empires. In the modern era, many countries which have gymnasiums were once part of three empires. In Albania a gymnasium education takes three years following a compulsory nine-year elementary education and ending with an aptitude test called Matura Shtetërore. The final test is standardized at the level and serves as an entrance qualification for universities. There are both public and private schools in these countries. Therefore, gymnasiums often base their admittance criteria on an entrance exam, in Austria the Gymnasium has two stages, from the age of 11 to 14, and from 15 to 18, concluding with Matura. The Humanistisches Gymnasium focuses on Ancient Greek and Latin, the Neusprachliches Gymnasium puts its focus on actively spoken languages
Gymnasium (school)
–
Stiftsgymnasium Melk, oldest Austrian school
Gymnasium (school)
–
Archdiocesan Classical Gymnasium in
Zagreb,
Croatia
Gymnasium (school)
–
New campus of
Serbian Orthodox Secondary School "Kantakuzina Katarina Branković" in
Zagreb,
Croatia
Gymnasium (school)
–
Evangelical Seminaries of Maulbronn and Blaubeuren – picture showing church and courtyard
12.
Education in Azerbaijan
–
Education in Azerbaijan is regulated by the Ministry of Education of Azerbaijan. In the pre-Soviet period, Azerbaijani education included intensive Islamic religious training that commenced in early childhood, beginning at roughly age five and sometimes continuing until age twenty, children attended madrasahs, education institutions affiliated with mosques. In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, madrasahs were established as separate education institutions in major cities, in 1865 the first technical high school and the first womens high school were opened in Baku. The majority of ethnic Azerbaijani children received no education in this period, few women were allowed to attend school. According to Soviet data,100 percent of males and females were literate in 1970, according to the United Nations Development Program Report 2009, the literacy rate in Azerbaijan is 99.5 percent. Since independence, one of the first laws that Azerbaijans Parliament passed was to adopt a modified-Latin alphabet to replace Cyrillic, other than that the Azerbaijani system has undergone little structural change. Initial alterations have included the reestablishment of religious education and curriculum changes that have reemphasized the use of the Azerbaijani language and have eliminated ideological content, Education through the ninth grade is compulsory. At the end of the Soviet period, about 18 percent of instruction was in Russian, today English and Russian are taught as second or third languages. Education in Azerbaijan is regarded as an area of activity that constitutes the basis for the development of the society and the state, in the Republic of Azerbaijan, the educational system has a democratic, secular character and its basis is national and international values. All citizens are entitled to 11 years of general secondary education. The right to education is the right of citizens of the Republic of Azerbaijan. This was established in the Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Azerbaijani is the main language of education in the schools of the Republic of Azerbaijan and Azerbaijani is the official language of the country. Graduates who have completed their education and have completed the examinations and diplomas are presented with a uniform state document certifying their profession. The training document is the basis for starting work and moving to the new step, a system of government agencies and community self-governing bodies is being established to manage education. These organizations operate within the framework of competence set out in the legislation and are in undertakings with non-binding laws. Educational administration The Education Act is balanced by the rules and programs of appropriate legislation, the Government of the Republic of Azerbaijan, the Ministry of Education and the local educational institutions are the main subjects of the administration of the education system. The ministrys advisory bodies - the Executive Board of the Ministry, the Rectors Council, scientific-Methodical Central Responsible for the Ministrys Educational Problems Provides educational and methodological guarantees of the central schools. Azerbaijan Scientific Research Institute of Pedagogical Sciences is operating and this institute plays a major role in the field of education improvement, renovation, and is doing basic research in the field of pedagogical sciences
Education in Azerbaijan
–
Azerbaijani students studying in
Paris in 1920
Education in Azerbaijan
–
E-Learning Room at
Khazar University.
13.
Education in Belgium
–
Education in Belgium is regulated and for the most part financed by one of the three communities, Flemish, French and German-speaking. Each community has its own system, with small differences among them. The federal government plays a small role, it decides directly the age for mandatory schooling. Education in Belgium is compulsory between the ages of 6 and 18 or until one graduates from secondary school, in the past there were conflicts between state schools and Catholic schools, and disputes regarding whether the latter should be funded by the government. The 1958 School Pact was an agreement by the three political parties to end these conflicts. The 1981 state reform transferred some matters from the federal Belgian level to the communities, in 1988, the majority of educational matters were transferred. Nowadays, very few general matters are regulated on a national level, the current ministries for education are the Flemish Government, the Government of the French Community and the Government of the German-speaking Community for each community respectively. Brussels, being bilingual French-Dutch, has provided by both the Flemish and French-speaking community. Municipalities with language facilities often have schools provided by two communities as well, in most schools the child can start in school as soon as they reach this age, so class size for the youngest children grows during the year. In the Flemish region, start dates are limited to 6 per year, after a holiday period. The aim of pre-school is to develop, in a way, childrens cognitive skills, their capacity to express themselves and communicate, their creativity. There are no formal lessons or assessments, and everything is taught through a framework of play, although it is not compulsory, more than 90% of all children in the age category attend pre-school. Most pre-schools are attached to a primary school. Preschools and primary schools often share buildings and other facilities, some schools offer special pre-primary education for children with disabilities or other special needs. Primary school consists of six years and the subjects taught are generally the same at all schools, primary schooling is free and age is the only entrance requirement. School usually starts about 8,30 and finishes around 15,30, a lunch time break is usually provided from 12,00 to 13,30. Wednesday afternoon, Saturday and Sunday are free, Flemish schools in Brussels and some municipalities near the language border, must offer French lessons starting from the first or the second year. Most other Flemish schools offer French education in the third cycle, some of the latter schools offer non-mandatory French lessons already in the second cycle
Education in Belgium
–
The different levels of
education in Flanders
14.
Education in Bolivia
–
Education in Bolivia, as in many other areas of Bolivian life, has a divide between Bolivias rural and urban areas. Rural illiteracy levels remain high, even as the rest of the country becomes increasingly literate, Bolivia devotes 23% of its annual budget to educational expenditures, a higher percentage than in most other South American countries, albeit from a smaller national budget. A comprehensive, education reform has made significant changes. Resistance from teachers’ unions, however, has slowed implementation of some of the intended reforms, overall, however, little real expansion of educational opportunities occurred. A1947 law calling for an end to illiteracy drew attention to the limited capacity for action in this area. It required that every literate Bolivian teach at least one other to read and write, on the eve of the 1952 Revolution, less than one-third of the adult population was literate. Legislation in 1956 laid the foundation for the education system in force in the late 1980s. The government established a six-year primary cycle followed by four years of intermediate schooling, all courses led to the baccalaureate degree, which was a prerequisite for entering the university. Higher education consisted of the University of Bolivia and a variety of public, the University of Bolivia—a consortium of eight public universities and one private university --was the only postsecondary school that awarded degrees. At least four other institutions were operating without legal authorization in 1989. Other schools offered training in the fine arts, commercial arts. The government acknowledged its plans to promote private institutions in an attempt to reverse a decline in academic standards resulting from wide-open admission policies. The impasse over university finances led to student protests in 1988, with intervening in the countrys largest university. The Ministry of Education and Culture of Bolivia organized adult literacy classes, by the mid-1980s, approximately 350 centers and more than 2,000 teachers were dedicated to childrens literacy programs. More than half were in the department of La Paz, where more than one-third of the population, the program had little impact, however, improvements in the adult literacy rate, which stood at. 1293% in the mid-1980s, primarily resulted from increased primary school enrollment. From 1973 to 1987, the percentage of school-aged children enrolled in primary schools climbed from 76 to 87%, most educational expenditures went for operating budgets, especially personnel costs, leaving little for capital programs and expansion. Spending remained skewed in favor of the urban areas, approximately 60% of Bolivias 59,000 teachers were employed in urban schools. The economic crisis that beset the country in the early to mid-1980s had a impact on educational spending
Education in Bolivia
–
Literacy class in the El Alto section of La Paz
15.
Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina
–
In 1887, under de facto Austro-Hungarian Empire control, a Sharia Law School began a five-year program. In the 1940s the University of Sarajevo became the citys first secular higher education institute, in the 1950s post-bachelaurate graduate degrees became available. Severely damaged during the war, it was rebuilt in partnership with more than 40 other universities. Secondary education in Bosnia and Herzegovina is also free and it is provided by general and technical secondary schools, where studies begin at the age of 15 and last for three or four years. Most children in Bosnia start school when they are six years old, Bosnia Herzegovinas higher education system comprises eight universities with some 90 faculties, which are treated as higher education establishments, and art academies. University degrees are acquired at the faculties and arts academies, there are 22 private higher education institutions and the law on higher education treats private and public higher education institutions equally. Upon the completion of the courses, students are awarded the title of Bachelor of Arts or Science. Postgraduate courses, which last for two years, carry 120 ECTS points and award the degree of Master of Art or Science, phD courses can be taken after completing a postgraduate university course. They typically last three years, and the title of Doctor of Science or Doctor of Arts is awarded upon completion. The university can also offer postgraduate specialist courses which last for one to two years, by one can acquire the title of a specialist in a certain specialist field such as medicine. In accordance with laws and regulations, higher institutions are funded by the corresponding RS or FBIH authorities. One of the prerequisites for reform was the adoption of the higher education law in Bosnia. Following its adoption, many such as the establishment of ENIC institutions. Reforms within universities themselves will represent a challenge — for example, the introduction and implementation of the ECTS and diploma supplements, as well as other Bologna process initiatives
Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina
–
Gimnazija "Aleksa Šantić" in
Mostar was one of the most academically prestigious educational institutions in
Yugoslavia.
Education in Bosnia and Herzegovina
–
The University of Sarajevo dean's office building
16.
Education in Brazil
–
Education in Brazil is regulated by the Cabinet of Brazil, through the Ministry of Education, which defines the guiding principles for the organization of education programs. Local governments are responsible for establishing state and education programs following the guidelines, the Society of Jesus was, since its beginnings in 1540, a missionary order. Evangelisation was one of the goals of the Jesuits and they were committed to teaching and education, in Europe. The missionary activities, in the cities and in the countryside, were complemented by a commitment to education. This took the form of the opening of schools for boys, first in Europe but rapidly extended to America, the foundation of Catholic missions, schools, and seminaries was another consequence of the Jesuit involvement in education. As the spaces and cultures where the Jesuits were present varied considerably, however, the societys engagement in trade, architecture, science, literature, languages, arts, music and religious debate corresponded to the same main purpose of Christianisation. By the middle of the 16th century the Jesuits were present in West Africa, South America, Ethiopia, India, China and this enlargement of their missionary activities took shape to a large extent within the framework of the Portuguese Empire. By 1700, and reflecting a larger transformation of the Portuguese Empire, pombal seized the Jesuit schools and introduced education reforms all over the empire. In Brazil, the reforms were noted, in 1772, before the establishment of the Science Academy of Lisbon, one of the first learned societies of Brazil and the Portuguese Empire was founded in Rio de Janeiro, the Sociedade Scientifica. In 1797, the first botanic institute was founded in Salvador, a royal letter of November 20,1800 by the King John VI of Portugal established the Aula Prática de Desenho e Figura in Rio de Janeiro. It was the first institution in Brazil systematically dedicated to teaching the arts, during colonial times, the arts were mainly religious or utilitarian and were learnt in a system of apprenticeship. In the 19th century, the Portuguese royal family, headed by D. João VI, arrived in Rio de Janeiro, D. João VI gave impetus to the expansion of European civilization to Brazil. Until the 20th century, it was a rural nation with low social. Its economy was based on the sector, possessing an unskilled and increasingly larger workforce, composed of free people. Among the first law schools founded in Brazil were the ones in Recife, in 1872 there were 9,930,478 inhabitants. According to the census made in this year, among the free inhabitants, 38% were white, 39% mulattoes, 11% black. Only 23. 4% of the men and 13. 4% of the free women could read. In 1889, six decades after independence, only 20% of the population could read
Education in Brazil
–
Thales de Azevedo State High School in
Salvador
Education in Brazil
–
Education in Brazil
Education in Brazil
–
Federal University of Paraná in
Curitiba.
Education in Brazil
–
College of Medicine of São Paulo.
17.
Education in Bulgaria
–
Education in Bulgaria is overseen by the Ministry of Education and Science. Since 2012, compulsory education includes two years of education, before children start primary school. Education is compulsory age of 16. Education at state-owned schools is free of charge, except for the higher education schools, in 1998 enrollment in the primary grades was 93 percent of eligible students, and enrollment in the secondary grades was 81 percent of eligible students. The ratio of females to males in primary schools was 0.97, because of Bulgaria’s low birthrate, total primary- and secondary-school enrollment has decreased in the post-communist era, causing reductions in teaching staff and facilities. At the same time, the number of schools increased by 10 times during the 1990s. Bulgaria’s higher education system was reorganized in the mid-1990s. Between 1995 and 2002, the number of university graduates increased from 33,000 to 50,000, in 2002 some 42 institutions of higher learning were in operation, and 215,700 students were enrolled. In 2003 some 4.9 percent of Bulgaria’s national budget was devoted to education, the first schools in Bulgaria were opened in the 8th century by the Tzar Boris I and the Tzar Simeon The Great. Two notable Universities were also established in that period at Ohrid and Preslav, modern schools began opening in the early 19th century first for boys and then for girls. Those schools provided only basic education, such as reading, writing, students who wished to continue their education had to go study abroad. After Bulgaria overturned the Turkish yoke in 1878, it started laying the foundations of its educational system, in 1878 the government passed the Temporary Law on National Schools. This law stimulated the establishment of schools in villages, however, many peasants did not let their children attend school because they thought education was not relevant to peasant life. Furthermore, several universities were established in the period 1878 -1918, educational process in Bulgaria was disrupted during the Balkan Wars and World War I. By the mid-1920s normal function of schools had been restored, during the communist era, the Soviet Union had a great impact on Bulgarian educational system. A new form of education was brought in, emphasis on liberal arts was replaced by increased technical training. In 1979 Zhivkov created the Unified Secondary Polytechnical School, which was a program focusing mainly on technical subjects. After the end of the Zhivkov Era, the Bulgarian educational system was completely reconstructed, the government sought to depoliticize the system and take the opinions of others into consideration
Education in Bulgaria
–
Sofia University
Education in Bulgaria
–
A school in Sofia
18.
Education in Canada
–
Education in Canada is for the most part provided publicly, funded and overseen by federal, provincial, and local governments. Education is within provincial jurisdiction and the curriculum is overseen by the province, Education in Canada is generally divided into primary education, followed by secondary education and post-secondary. Within the provinces under the ministry of education, there are district school boards administering the educational programs, in some provinces early leaving exemptions can be granted under certain circumstances at 14. Canada generally has 190 school days in the year, officially starting from September to the end of June, in British Columbia secondary schools, there are 172 school days during a school year. In Alberta, high school students get an additional four weeks off to accommodate for exam break, classes typically end on the 15th of those two months. Elementary, secondary, and post-secondary education in Canada is a provincial responsibility, some educational fields are supported at various levels by federal departments. Vocational training can be subsidized by the Learning branch of Human Resources, in many places, publicly funded high school courses are offered to the adult population. Nonetheless, more than 51% of Canadians have a college degree, the majority of schools, at 67%, are co-educational. Canada spends about 5. 4% of its GDP on education, the country invests heavily in tertiary education. Recent reports suggest that from 2006 the tuition fees of Canadian universities have increased by 40 percent, although these classes are offered, most appear to be limited by the area or region in which students reside. Furthermore, subjects that typically get assessed assume greater importance than non-assessed subjects or facets of the curriculum, the students in the Canadian school system receive a variety of classes that are offered to them. The system is set up to meet the needs of the individual student. The Constitution of Canada provides constitutional protections for some types of publicly funded religious-based and language-based school systems, the provision did originally apply to Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Newfoundland and Labrador, since these provinces did have pre-existing separate schools. This constitutional provision was repealed in Quebec by an amendment in 1997. The constitutional provision continues to apply to Ontario, Saskatchewan and Alberta, there is a similar federal statutory provision which applies to the Northwest Territories. In practice, this means that there are publicly funded English schools in Quebec, and publicly funded French schools in the other provinces. Quebec students must attend a French school up until the end of school unless one of their parents qualifies as a rights-holder under s.23 of the Charter. Most education programs in Canada begin in kindergarten or grade one and go to grade twelve, except in Quebec, after completion of a secondary school diploma, students may go on to post-secondary studies
Education in Canada
–
1950 Canadian School Train. Pupils attend classes at
Nemegos near
Chapleau, Ontario.
Education in Canada
–
Education in Canada
Education in Canada
–
Canadian university enrollment in various subjects - 2005/2006
19.
Middle school
–
A middle school is an educational stage, which exists in some countries, and takes place between primary school and high school. The concept, regulation and classification of schools, as well as the ages covered. In Afghanistan, middle school consists of grades 6,7 and 8, besides there is a change in the scenario. In Albania, middle school is included in the education which lasts 9 years. In Algeria, a middle school includes grades 6 through 10, most regions of Australia do not have middle schools, as students go directly from primary school to secondary school. The first middle school established in Australia was The Armidale School, Schools have since followed this trend, such as The Kings School. The Northern Territory has introduced a three tier system featuring Middle Schools for years 7–9 and high school year 10–12, many schools across Queensland have introduced a Middle School tier within their schools. The middle schools cover the grades/years 5 to 8, in Brazil, middle school is a mandatory stage that precedes High School called Ensino Fundamental II consisting of grades 6 to 9, ages 11 to 14. In Canada, the middle school and junior high school are both used, depending on which grades the school caters to. Another common model is grades 5–8, alberta, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland, and Prince Edward Island junior high schools include only grades 7–9, with the first year of high school traditionally being grade 10. In some places students go from school to secondary school. Quebec uses a system that is different from those of the other provinces. The Secondary level has five grades, starting after Elementary Grade 6 and these are called Secondary I to Secondary V. In the Peoples Republic of China, middle school has two stages, junior stage and senior stage, some middle schools have both stages while some have either of them. Other students may avoid the exam, based on their talents, like athletics. In the Czech Republic after completing the elementary school a student may apply for high school. Students have the opportunity to enroll in school from Grade 5 or Grade 7 of elementary school. Thus they can spend five years in school, followed by eight in high school
Middle school
–
Indian Middle School children in uniform,
Hnahthial,
Mizoram,
India
Middle school
–
Students of
Nan Hua High School, a secondary school in Singapore, in the school hall
20.
Collegiate institute
–
A collegiate institute is a school either of secondary education or higher education. The definition varies regionally, and has been largely unused outside of Canada since the early 20th century, in Canada, collegiate institute has a specific meaning. In 1871, the province of Ontario set up two parallel secondary education systems, at this time Galt Collegiate Institute was the first, and one of only six schools in Ontario to have the name and privileges of being called a Collegiate Institute. Collegiate institutes offered arts and humanities education, including Greek and Latin, high schools offered vocational and science programs for those planning to enter the workforce upon graduation. This system was adopted by other provinces including Manitoba, Alberta. It was quite quickly realized that this division did not work very well, over time, high schools responded to students needs and increasingly offered the arts courses that were essential for the workforce. At the same time, as universities began teaching science and engineering, within a decade, the distinctions between the two systems were greatly blurred, and eventually the two systems were merged in to a single secondary school system. Most new Ontario schools were then on named either high schools or secondary schools. In most cities, the oldest and most established high schools are known as collegiate institutes. Most cities in Ontario have a collegiate institute near the centre, in some cases, a more academic focus has been retained, and collegiate institutes are thus sometimes regarded as better than standard high schools. In the case of Marc Garneau Collegiate Institute, Macleans magazine ranked it as the top school in Canada due to its TOPS Program. Almost every high school in the city of Toronto is a collegiate institute, contrasting the city, secondary schools in suburban Greater Toronto use a variety of titles. In western Canada, far fewer schools are known as collegiate institutes, outside of Saskatoon, some remain such as Lethbridge Collegiate Institute in Lethbridge, Alberta, and Mennonite Brethren Collegiate Institute in Winnipeg, Manitoba. In the United States, the term has fallen into disuse. Collegiate institutes in the United States were, for the most part, colleges, but the definition of a college in the U. S. also differs from that of other countries, and has been primarily based on the liberal arts college model of higher education
Collegiate institute
–
Lisgar Collegiate Institute in Ottawa
Collegiate institute
–
Pentecostal Collegiate Institute at the Rhode Island campus, c. 1905
21.
Education in Chile
–
Education in Chile is divided in preschool, primary school, secondary school, and technical or higher education. The levels of education in Chile are, Pre-school, For children up to 5 years old, primary school, for children aged 6–13 years old, divided into 8 grades. Secondary school, for teenagers aged 14–17 years old, divided into 4 grades, Schools are divided by curriculum into, Scientific-humanities. Geared to prepare students to enter university, from 11th grade, students can choose a subject in either science, or humanities, for more advanced lessons. Designed to allow students to enter the workforce after secondary education. Students are taught practical lessons in technical areas, such as electricity, mechanics, metal assembly, higher education, University, These are divided between traditional universities and private institutions. Professional Institute, Private institutions offering professional degrees, except for those given exclusively by universities, Technical Schooling Center, Also created in 1981, they are private institutions offering technical degrees only. A constitutional reform in 2013 called for the law to free access to four levels, and make the last one mandatory. The coverage for pre-school in 2009 was 37. 42% and 44. 96%, the law makes primary and secondary school mandatory for all Chileans. The Chilean state provides a system of education vouchers that covers about 93% of primary and secondary students. The system is based on a payment to the schools based on daily attendance. Schools are either public or private, which may receive government subsidies, Private schools may be organized as either for or non-profit. In order to receive funding, private schools must reserve 15% of seats in each class to students classified as vulnerable. Schools receive extra funding for each vulnerable student they enroll, the 1965 reform established primary education as the initial cycle of schooling. Before that, by 1920, Chilean legislation had established four years of mandatory education. By 1929 the minimum had been increased to six years, in 1965 primary education was extended to eight grades, ideally designed for ages six to 13. Secondary education is divided between Scientific-Humanist, Technical-Professional and Artistic, all lasting four years, the first two years are the same for the three kinds of schooling, while the third and fourth years are differentiated according to the orientation of the school. The schools offering Technical-Professional programs are denominated, Industrial Schools, electricity, mechanics, electronics, informatics, commercial Schools, management, accountancy, secretary and similar
Education in Chile
–
Education in Chile
Education in Chile
–
Chilean students presenting a
PowerPoint about
America, in Escuela Barreales, 2008.
22.
Education in Colombia
–
Education in Colombia includes nursery school, elementary school, high school, technical instruction and university education. When children of Colombia learn how to read and write, they are transferred to the elementary school. There are also a number of private kindergarten facilities. Elementary school comprises 5 years of formal education, children usually enroll into grade 1, at age five. The net primary enrollment attending elementary school in 2001 totaled 89.5 percent, in some rural areas, teachers are poorly qualified and drop rates are high. In urban areas, on the hand, teachers are generally well prepared. Colombia developed the method of teaching known as Escuela Nueva or “New School. ”The method transforms the conventional learning paradigm where the teacher is the only one talking and conveying information in a classroom. The idea is that students are placed in the center of the process in rural communities. By 1988, Unesco declared that Colombia was the country in Latin America. Between 2007 and 2009, the program taught 700,000 children in Colombia, Escuela Nueva has now expanded internationally to 17 countries, including Brazil, the Philippines and India, benefiting more than five million children. Secondary and fourth education is divided in basic secondary and mid secondary, the mid-secondary education offers many different tracks, which all lead to their own Bachiller after a curriculum of two years. Out of the academic curriculum, the students can follow one of the following technical tracks, Industrial track, Commercial track, Pedagogical Track, Agricultural Track. The Bachiller is required to continue into academic or professional higher Education, nonetheless, technical and professional institutions of higher Education can also welcome students with a qualification in Arts and business. This qualification is granted by the SENA after a two years curriculum, university education is divided into under-graduate degrees and post-graduate degrees and is regulated by the 30th law of 1992. Most of the university degrees are 5 years long, technical formation usually lasts 3 years. Post-graduate education includes specializations, masters and PhD programs, Education for Employment and Human Development is regulated by law 1064 of 2006 and the 2888 decree of 2007. It provides a degree of education, skills and talents to improve the level of subsistence. It includes the education provided by the enterprises to their employees, the Colombian government promotes this kind of education as an alternative to university education, which is not accessible for the majority
Education in Colombia
–
Che Square or Santander Square,
Universidad Nacional de Colombia,
Bogotá
23.
Education in Croatia
–
Education is mandatory for children aged 6 to 15. Educational system in Croatia begins with preschools-kindergartens, children start their compulsory eight year long primary education from the age of 6. Since 2010, the success on the Matura high-school exit exam is the basis of enrollment in higher education institutions, higher education is conducted at institutions of higher education through university and professional studies. Higher education institutions are divided into polytechnics, colleges, faculties and academies of art, since 2005, all study programs are aligned with the requirements of the Bologna Process. University study that lasts five years enables students to work in science, education, business, public sector etc. by its completion, students get the title of professional bachelor. Attending public primary and secondary schools, as well as institutions of education, is free. Students only pay directly for textbooks, basic equipment, cafeteria food, student dorms and other necessities, in addition, the state pays health insurance for students. There are very few schools in the country. Education in Croatia has a history, with the first university being University of Zadar. Largest and the oldest continuously operating Croatian university is University of Zagreb, today, there are 940 primary and 390 secondary schools, as well as 90 public and 32 private higher education institutions in Croatia. Although the Croatians have experienced several wars in the last century, primary and secondary education is essentially free because it is mostly sponsored by the Ministry of Education of the Croatian Government. Higher education is mostly free because the government funds all public universities and allows them to set quotas for free enrollment. However, due to the low wages that teachers are being paid there are shortages of teachers throughout Croatia and this shortage of teachers has become an ongoing problem due to the amount of educational programs in Croatia. Criticism has been emphasized towards the participation rate in the classroom. According to Joseph Lowther, the Croatian “shares of education expenditure are 4% of the GDP which is well under the European average”, the first students enrolled under the new setup in the academic year 2005/2006. In 2005, the Croatian Government decided to start a redesign of the programme of primary and secondary education under the title Hrvatski nacionalni obrazovni standard, in the school year 2005/2006, a new system was tested in 5% of the primary schools. The early childhood development education is organized in kindergartens, which are not compulsory, there are over 450 kindergartens in the country, most of them are state-run, although there are also private ones. There are many kindergartens integrated with primary schools, Croatian elementary education consists of eight years, and is compulsory
Education in Croatia
–
Elementary School Ilača-Banovci in
Ilača,
Banovci and
Vinkovački Banovci
Education in Croatia
–
XV Gymnasium
Education in Croatia
–
National and University Library in Zagreb
24.
Education in Cyprus
–
Education in Cyprus is overseen by the Ministry of Education and Culture. The education system is divided into pre-primary education, primary education, secondary education, full-time education is compulsory for all children aged between 5 and 15. State-provided schooling including higher education is paid for by taxes, there is also a parallel system of accredited independent schooling, and parents may choose to educate their children by any suitable means. Private school and university fees are not usually covered by the state, Higher education often begins with a four-year bachelors degree. Postgraduate degrees include masters degrees, either taught or by research, and the doctorate, Universities require accreditation in order to issue degrees. In the 2012-2013 academic year there were 340 primary schools with 49,612 students and 4,144 teachers, see Secondary education in Cyprus Higher, or tertiary education is provided by a network of state and private universities and colleges. Private universities were first accredited in 2005 and require a licence to operate. This was set out in the 2005 Private Universities law
Education in Cyprus
–
Faneromeni Primary School
Education in Cyprus
–
The Pancyprian Gymnasium
Education in Cyprus
–
University of Cyprus
25.
Education in the Czech Republic
–
Education in the Czech Republic is free and compulsory from ages 6 to 15. In 1996, the gross enrollment rate was 104 percent, and in 1995. Primary school attendance rates were unavailable for the Czech Republic as of 2001, while enrollment rates indicate a level of commitment to education, they do not always reflect children’s participation in school. Many ethnic Roma children attend school regularly and attend “special schools” for mentally disabled or socially maladjusted individuals. There is also a discussion about paying fees for attending university. However, as education is free, parents pay for textbooks, basic equipment. The state pays health insurance for students up to 26 years of age, the primary school consists of nine grades which are divided to two substages. The first stage contains first 5 years of education, children are taught by only one teacher for all subjects. The subjects taught at this stage are Czech, 1st foreign language, Mathematics, Computer Science, Basics of History and Geography, Basics of Sciences, Arts, Music, Physical Education, the first stage school is usually in every town and village. In small villages with a low number of pupils, several grades can be taught in one class, the second stage contains years 6-9. Pupils can take their 2nd stage studies at schools, at 8-years grammar school or at 6-years grammar school. Nowadays, most pupils continue at elementary schools, as for the grammar schools, 8-years grammar school is more popular as the 6-years version. In 6-years bilingual grammar school, the first two years, the pupils have intensive course of the language, in years 10-13. At 8- and 6-years grammar schools, the classes are called by Latin numbers - so at 8-years grammar school. Predecessor of this type of schools were Special Schools and these schools were given over to children with mental or developmental handicap who were not able to follow education in Elementary Schools. In consequence, Special Schools leavers could not continue on all types of secondary education schools, to be able to be accepted to this school, a reference of a psychologist of pedagogy and parents’ agreement were required. It was criticised by European Court of Human Rights, Elementary and Practical Schools are, as the Special Schools, given over to children with hard mental handicap and still has restricted subject matters. The problem of high number of Romany ethnicity pupils continues, on the contrary, integrated education, i. e. education of handicapped children in ordinary schools, is more and more common in the Czech Republic
Education in the Czech Republic
–
People with MA degree in the most populated Czech cities
26.
Education in the Dominican Republic
–
In the Dominican Republic, education is free and compulsory at the elementary level, and free but non-mandatory at the secondary level. It is divided into four stages, preschool education, primary education, secondary education, literacy rates and school participation in the Dominican Republic has risen over the past years. Through these efforts, women have reported fast upward movement in social class partially due to increased education, there have been numerous efforts to evaluate teachers, students, and facilities through examinations. Teachers in the Dominican Republic rate higher in multiple aspects than other countries in Latin America, however, the school conditions vary based on whether the school is private, polytechnic, or public non-polytechnic, with decreasing quality facilities respectively. A very similar trend has been found in student performance, despite advances in the education system, there are still issues in regards to gender inequality, participation in the education system, and involvement of outside organizations. Literacy is defined by the NCES as having the ability to use printed and written information to function in society, to achieve one’s goals, according to the CIA World Factbook,91. 8% of the population over the age of 15 is considered literate. Literacy for females is listed at 92. 3% while literacy for males is listed at 91. 2%, compared to the world, these numbers are higher than the average. For males, worldwide literacy is at 89. 9% and for females world literacy is at 82. 2%, the CIA world factbook also shows data on the school life expectancy of students in the Dominican Republic. For males, this life expectancy is at 13 years old which is lower than the female school life expectancy of 14 years old. The Dominican Republic National Education Profile reflects this showing higher levels of completion for both primary as well as secondary schools, a report by the United States Agency for International Development, ranks the Dominican Republic 143rd in quality of primary education and 137th in quality of the education system. This ranking is out of 144 countries worldwide, in 1980, the percent of the Dominican Republics GDP that went towards education was 2%. This value dropped to 0. 88% in 1990, the education spending has since gone back up to around 2. 4% of the GDP. The school year in Dominican Republic begins in mid-August and classes are held from Monday to Friday, the school year consists of two terms, which are separated by Christmas holidays in winter season, and an eight-week-long summer break. The year structure is summarized in the table below, the pre-primary stage of education in the Dominican Republic includes children under 6 years of age. There are three cycles of the pre-primary stage, the first cycle is for children ages 0-2 years old, the second cycle is for children 2-4 years old, and the third cycle is for children 4-6 years old. The Dominican Republic provides the last year of education for families. The earlier years are not paid for by the Dominican Republic and are not compulsory. The Primary school stage of the Dominican Republic education system is eight years long and is designated for children ages 6-14, Primary education is compulsory and universal in the Dominican Republic
Education in the Dominican Republic
–
Education in Dominican Republic
27.
Education in Egypt
–
Egypt has the largest overall education system in the Middle East and North Africa and it has grown rapidly since the early 1990s. In recent years the Government of Egypt has accorded even greater priority in improving the education system, according to the Human Development Index, Egypt is ranked 108 in the HDI, and 9 in the lowest 10 HDI countries in the Middle East and Northern Africa, in 2014. The government is responsible for offering free education at all levels, the current overall expenditure on education is about 12.6 percent as of 2007. Investment in education as a percentage of GDP rose to 4.8 in 2005, the personnel management in the education also needs to be overhauled and teachers should be hired on merit with salaries attached to the performance. Then, the school stage is for three years, for ages 15 to 17, followed by the tertiary level. Education is made compulsory for 9 academic years between the ages of 4 and 14, moreover, all levels of education are free within any government run schools. According to the World Bank, there are differences in educational attainment of the rich. Although the median years of school completed by the rich and the poor is one or two years but the wealth gap reaches as high as nine or ten years. In the case of Egypt, the gap was a modest 3 years in the mid-1990s. Overall, the composite education Index in the MENA Flagship Report, of the 14 MENA countries analyzed, Egypt achieved the education which has been really bad over the years. There has been a lot of attacks in their schools, Egypt launched its National Strategic Plan for Pre-University Education Reform. The Strategic Plan mirrors Egypts commitment to a comprehensive, sustainable, promotional examinations are held at all levels except in grades 6 and 9 at the basic education level and the grade 12 in the secondary stage, which apply standardized regional or national exams. Each center has its own focus in formulating education policies with other state level committees, on the other hand, the Ministry of Higher Education supervises the higher education system. There is also a formal teachers qualification track in place for basic, the teachers are required to complete four years of pre-service courses at university to enter the teaching profession. Specifically with respect to teachers professional development to raise mathematics, science and technology teaching standards, Local teachers also take part in the international professional training programs. Starting in 2007, the Ministries of Education, Finance, working groups were established to make more formal proposals. During 2008 design was carried out, three pilot governorates were chosen, and monitoring and capacity building processes and manuals were agreed upon, the formula is quite simple, and includes enrolment, poverty, and stage of education as drivers. During 2009 funding was decentralized all the way to the school level, an informal assessment of the pilot revealed that the funding formula money precipitated an increase in community donations
Education in Egypt
–
Egyptian boys reading
Education in Egypt
–
Mansoura University
Education in Egypt
–
The
Lycée Français d'Alexandrie of Alexandria in 2001
Education in Egypt
–
Relief of Horemheb's tomb - 18th dynasty of Egypt - Saqqara
28.
Education in Estonia
–
The history of formal education in Estonia dates back to the 13–14th centuries when the first monastic and cathedral schools were founded. The first primer in the Estonian language was published in 1575, the oldest university is the University of Tartu which was established by the Swedish king Gustav II Adolf in 1632. In 1919, university courses were first taught in the Estonian language, todays education in Estonia is divided into general, vocational and hobby education. The education system is based on four levels include the pre-school, basic, secondary. A wide network of schools and supporting educational institutions has been established, the Estonian educational system consists of state, municipal, public and private educational institutions. There are currently 589 schools in Estonia, academic higher education in Estonia is divided into three levels, bachelor’s studies, master’s studies, and doctoral studies. In some specialties the Bachelors and Master’s levels are integrated into one unit, also bakalaureusekraad awarded before or on year 2002 are equivalent to the Masters level degrees awarded after implementing the Bologne Process on 1 September 2002. Estonian public universities have more autonomy than applied higher education institutions. Estonia has a number of public and private universities. The Estonian Academy of Sciences is Estonias national academy of science, the IT industry of Estonia in the late 1950s as the first computer centers were established in Tartu and Tallinn. Estonian specialists contributed in the development of software engineering standards for different ministries of the Soviet Union during the 1980s, pre-school education is delivered to children between the ages of 18 months to seven years in especially dedicated educational institutions. The main aim of the early education is to support the child’s family through fostering the child’s growth. Facilities for the education are provided by the local authorities at the request of parents. Pre-school children’s institutions follow state curricula that is formulated for the purpose. Children who have passed the pre-school curriculum will be issued a certificate that records the child’s development, the parents will submit this certificate to the school where the child will be enrolled. The basic compulsory educational system in Estonia is the comprehensive school. First three grades of school are called Algkool which can be translated as beginning school and can be confused with primary school. In some low density population areas Algkool is the school available
Education in Estonia
29.
Education in Finland
–
Education in Finland is an education system with no tuition fees and with fully subsidised meals served to full-time students. Inclusive special education within the classroom and instructional efforts to minimize low achievement are also typical of Nordic educational systems, tertiary education is divided into university and polytechnic systems. Universities award licentiate- and doctoral-level degrees, formerly, only university graduates could obtain higher degrees, however, since the implementation of the Bologna process, all bachelors degree holders can now qualify for further academic studies. There are 17 universities and 27 universities of applied sciences in the country, the Finnish Ministry of Education attributes its success to the education system, highly competent teachers, and the autonomy given to schools. Finland has consistently ranked high in the PISA study, which compares national educational systems internationally, although in the recent years Finland has been displaced from the very top. In the 2012 study, Finland ranked sixth in reading, twelfth in mathematics and fifth in science, Finlands tertiary Education has moreover been ranked first by the World Economic Forum. While celebrated for its success, Finlands gender gap on the 2012 PISA reading examinations was identified in a 2015 Brookings Institution report as the largest among participating nations. The performance of 15-year-old boys on that reading examination was not significantly different from OECD averages and 0.66 standard deviations behind that of girls the same age. Literacy is a key part of Lutheranism, the state and majority religion of Finland, bishop Mikael Agricola studied under Martin Luther and translated the New Testament to Finnish in 1548. Literacy reached over 50% in the late 18th century and 80-90% in the mid-19th century, wherein there were no schools in the municipality, reading was taught in traveling schools. Confirmation, a rite of transition to adulthood, is permissible to the literate. Official statistics are available since 1880, when literacy was 97. 6%, in the 19th century, the system evolved into what was later known as kansakoulu and oppikoulu, including gymnasium, followed by university. In mid-19th century, Finnish became a language, and gradually replaced Swedish as the schooling language. In 1898, everyone was given the right to attend kansakoulu, attendance reached 50% in 1911 and became mandatory in 1921, municipalities were obliged to provide the schooling. Free school lunches became mandatory in 1948, oppikoulu, entered at the age of 10, was still optional and entrance was competitive. Since it was the way to university education and entrance was heavily affected by the status and choices of parents. Working-class people would complete only the kansakoulu and enter the workforce. This system was phased out in 1972-1977, in favor of the system where grades 1-9 are mandatory
Education in Finland
–
University of Jyväskylä Ylistönrinne campus
Education in Finland
–
Education in Finland
30.
Finnish language
–
Finnish is the language spoken by the majority of the population in Finland and by ethnic Finns outside Finland. It is one of the two languages of Finland and an official minority language in Sweden. In Sweden, both standard Finnish and Meänkieli, a Finnish dialect, are spoken, the Kven language, a dialect of Finnish, is spoken in Northern Norway by a minority group of Finnish descent. Finnish is the member of the Finnic language family and is typologically between fusional and agglutinative languages. It modifies and inflects nouns, adjectives, pronouns, numerals and verbs, Finnish is a member of the Finnic group of the Uralic family of languages. The Finnic group also includes Estonian and a few minority languages spoken around the Baltic Sea, several theories exist as to the geographic origin of Finnish and the other Uralic languages. The most widely held view is that they originated as a Proto-Uralic language somewhere in the boreal forest belt around the Ural Mountains region and/or the bend of the middle Volga. The Finns are more similar to their Indo-European-speaking neighbours than to the speakers of the geographically close Uralic language Sami. It has been argued that a native Finnic-speaking population absorbed northward migrating Indo-European speakers who adopted the Finnic language, the Defense Language Institute in Monterey, California, United States classifies Finnish as a level III language in terms of learning difficulty for native English speakers. Finnish is spoken by five million people, most of whom reside in Finland. There are also notable Finnish-speaking minorities in Sweden, Norway, Russia, Estonia, Brazil, Canada, the majority of the population of Finland,90. 37% as of 2010, speak Finnish as their first language. The remainder speak Swedish, Sami and other languages and it has achieved some popularity as a second language in Estonia. Finnish is one of two languages of Finland and one of the official languages in the European Union since 1995. Finnish language started to gain its role during the Grand Duchy of Finland, along with the nationalistic Fennoman movement and it enjoys the status of an official minority language in Sweden. The Finnic languages evolved from the Proto-Finnic language after Sámi was separated from it around 1500–1000 BCE, current models assume three or more hypothetical Proto-Finnic proto-dialects evolving over the first millennium BCE. During the Middle Ages, Finnish was solely an oral language, the first known written example of Finnish comes from this era and was found in a German travel journal dating back to c.1450, Mÿnna tachton gernast spuho somen gelen emÿna daÿda. According to the journal, a Finnish bishop, whose name is unknown, was behind the above quotation. Finnish priestdom at the time was largely Swedish-speaking, the first comprehensive writing system for Finnish was created by Mikael Agricola, a Finnish bishop, in the 16th century
Finnish language
–
Mikael Agricola, a 19th-century drawing by
Albert Edelfelt
Finnish language
–
Official language.
Finnish language
–
Elias Lönnrot as depicted in a 19th-century caricature – Lönnrot made several journeys to Karelia and Eastern Finland to collect folklore, from which he compiled the
Kalevala
Finnish language
–
Suomalaisen Sana-Lugun Coetus (1745) by
Daniel Juslenius was the first comprehensive dictionary of the Finnish language with 16,000 entries.
31.
Finland Swedish
–
Most Swedish-speaking Finns emphasize that Finland Swedish is not a language separate from the Swedish of Sweden. The Swedish dialects in Finland are considered varieties of Swedish, Swedish as spoken in Finland is regulated by the Swedish Department of the Institute for the Languages of Finland. An often repeated fact is that the municipality with the highest proportion of Swedish speakers in the world, korsnäs has also held this title and is often cited as such. However, as there are no statistics on the mother tongue of inhabitants of Sweden. In addition bilingualism is common for immigrants in Sweden, so the term Swedish-speaking may be diffuse in that sense. In the spoken vernacular, especially young people in Finnish-dominated areas. There are also words in Finland Swedish that would be considered slightly archaic in Sweden. Some government and public service terms that have created in recent centuries also differ. The same is true of other new words, notably loanwords from English. e. in normal, in 1809, when Finland was conquered by the Russian Empire and became an autonomous Grand Duchy, Swedish remained the only official language. Finland has since then been a country with a Swedish-speaking minority living mostly in the coastal areas of southern, south-western. During the 20th century, the following the Industrial Revolution has led to large majorities of Finnish speakers in all major cities. The capital Helsinki became predominantly Finnish-speaking as recently as around 1900, a large and important part of the Swedish-speaking population nevertheless lives in the capital. The autonomous island province of Åland is an exception, being monolingually Swedish-speaking according to international treaties and it is a matter of definition whether the Swedish dialects spoken on Åland are to be considered a kind of Finland Swedish or not. Most Swedish-speaking Finns and linguists consider them to be closer to some of the dialects spoken in parts of Sweden. Swedish is one of the two languages of the republic of Finland, the other being Finnish. These two languages have equal status in nearly all legislation. The other minority languages are regulated separately, Finland Swedish is regulated by the Institute for the Languages of Finland. Official Swedish is not supposed to be different from Swedish as found in Sweden
Finland Swedish
–
Unofficial flag of the Swedish-speakers in Finland
32.
Secondary education in France
–
Pupils are prepared for the baccalauréat. The baccalauréat can lead to higher studies or directly to professional life. The school year starts in early September and ends in early-July, lyon, for example, is in zone A, while Marseille is in zone B, and Paris and Bordeaux are in zone C. In contrast to the practice in most other systems, the various school years in France are numbered on a decreasing scale. Thus, pupils begin their education in the sixième, and transfer to a lycée in the seconde. In French, the word for étudiant is usually reserved for students, while collège. The curriculum is standardized for all French public institutions, the collège is the first level of secondary education in the French educational system. A pupil attending collège is called collégien or collégienne, men and women teachers at the collège- and lycée-level are called professeur. The City of Paris refers to a collège in English as a high school, entry in sixième occurs directly after the last year of primary school, called cours moyen deuxième année. There is no entrance examination into collège, but administrators have established an academic examination of students starting in sixième. The purpose of the examination is evaluating pupils level on being graduated from primary school, the table at the right details the French curriculum. Along with three-to-four weekly hours of education, a typical school week consists of some twenty-six hours of schooling. French language and literature occupy the most time, 4–5 hours per week, followed by mathematics,4 hours per week, the curriculum is devised by the French Ministry of National Education and applies to all collèges in France and also for AEFE-dependent institutions. Académies and individual schools have little margin for curriculum customisation, teachers compose syllabi per precise government educational regulations, and choose textbooks accordingly, every major French publishing house has a textbook branch. Each subject is taught by a different professeur or teacher. Collège pupils stay in the class throughout the school year. The strong belief in teaching in mixed-ability classes means that streaming is rare, class size varies from school to school, but usually ranges from 20 to 35 pupils. Each class has a principal who is the link between the teaching staff, administration, and pupils
Secondary education in France
–
A high school in
Vesoul,
France
Secondary education in France
–
A lycée in
Rennes, from the 19th century.
33.
Education in Germany
–
The responsibility for the education system in Germany lies primarily with the states, while the federal government plays a minor role. Optional Kindergarten education is provided for all children between one and six years of age, after which attendance is compulsory. The system varies throughout Germany because each state decides its own educational policies, most children, however, first attend Grundschule from the age of six to ten. German secondary education includes five types of school, the Gymnasium is designed to prepare pupils for higher education and finishes with the final examination Abitur, after grade 12, mostly year 13. This new path of achieving the Realschulabschluss at a vocationally oriented secondary school was changed by the school regulations in 1981 – with a one-year qualifying period. During the one-year qualifying period of the change to the new regulations, after 1982, the new path was compulsory, as explained above. Other than this, there is the Gesamtschule, which combines the Hauptschule, Realschule, one in 21 pupils attends a Förderschule. Nevertheless, the Förderschulen/Sonderschulen can also lead, in special circumstances, most German children only attend school in the morning. There are usually no provisions for serving lunch, the amount of extracurricular activity is determined individually by each school and varies greatly. Many of Germanys hundred or so institutions of higher learning charge little or no tuition by international comparison, students usually must prove through examinations that they are qualified. In order to enter university, students are, as a rule, required to have passed the Abitur examination, since 2009, however and those wishing to attend a university of applied sciences must, as a rule, have Abitur, Fachhochschulreife, or a Meisterbrief. A special system of apprenticeship called Duale Ausbildung allows pupils on vocational courses to do training in a company as well as at a state school. Historically, Lutheranism had a influence on German culture, including its education. Martin Luther advocated compulsory schooling so that all people would independently be able to read and this concept became a model for schools throughout Germany. German public schools generally have religious education provided by the churches in cooperation with the state ever since and it provided not only the skills needed in an early industrialized world, but also a strict education in ethics, duty, discipline and obedience. Children of affluent parents often went on to attend private schools for an additional four years. In 1810, after the Napoleonic wars, Prussia introduced state certification requirements for teachers, the final examination, Abitur, was introduced in 1788, implemented in all Prussian secondary schools by 1812 and extended to all of Germany in 1871. The state also established teacher training colleges for teachers in the common or elementary grades
Education in Germany
–
Sign of different school types on a school complex in Germany
Education in Germany
–
The
Evangelical Seminaries of Maulbronn and Blaubeuren (picture showing church and courtyard) form a combined
Gymnasium and
boarding school
Education in Germany
–
Gymnasium pupils in 1904
Education in Germany
–
A pupil standing up to answer the teacher's question in 1961. On the wall the Christian cross can be seen. This was common in a classroom at that time
34.
Gymnasium (Germany)
–
Gymnasium, in the German education system, is the most advanced of the three types of German secondary schools, the others being Realschule and Hauptschule. Gymnasium strongly emphasizes academic learning, comparable to the British grammar school system or with prep schools in the United States, a student attending gymnasium is called a Gymnasiast. In 2009/10 there were 3,094 gymnasia in Germany, with c. 2,475,000 students, Gymnasia are generally public, state-funded schools, but a number of parochial and private gymnasia also exist. In 2009/10,11.1 percent of students attended a private gymnasium. These often charge fees, though many also offer scholarships. Tuition fees are lower than in comparable European countries, some gymnasia are boarding schools, while others run as day schools, they are now predominantly co-educational, and few single-sex schools remain. Students are admitted at 10 or 13 years of age and are required to have completed four to six years of Grundschule, traditionally, a pupil attended gymnasium for nine years in western Germany, or eight in eastern Germany. Final year students take the Abitur final exam, the Abitur is not comparable to the SAT in the United States, it tests material learned in high school across a wider spectrum than the SAT. Most gymnasia hold a meeting at least once a year. People unfamiliar with the German system sometimes wrongly assume that only those graduating from a gymnasium are admitted to university in Germany, although this is normally the case, it is not always true. There are several ways to earn the Abitur, and there are 50 ways to enter higher education in Germany. In 2008 in some states, less than half of university freshmen had graduated from a gymnasium, even in Bavaria only 56 percent of freshmen had graduated from a gymnasium. However, in cases, it is easier to be accepted by an institution of higher education if one has graduated from a gymnasium. For example, many universities require students who want to study subjects, such as medicine, to hold the Latinum. Gymnasium students can be awarded the Latinum by their school, Students attending other schools often dont have that chance, however, they can take a Latin exam, which if passed, allows the student to be awarded a Latinum. This requires extra initiative, however, because many schools do not offer Latin. Indeed, it is by far the one in the PISA league table. However some hold the opinion that this comes at the cost of a catastrophe in the Hauptschulen The gymnasium arose out of the humanistic movement of the sixteenth century
Gymnasium (Germany)
–
The
Kolleg St. Blasien in a former Benedictine monastery
Gymnasium (Germany)
–
The
Aloisiuskolleg
Gymnasium (Germany)
–
These Gymnasiasts enjoy rowing on the Unterelbe in 1959
Gymnasium (Germany)
–
Berlinisches Gymnasium zum Grauen Kloster (1910)
35.
Gesamtschule
–
A comprehensive school is a secondary school or middle school that is a state school and does not select its intake on the basis of academic achievement or aptitude. This is in contrast to the school system, where admission is restricted on the basis of selection criteria. The term is used in relation to England and Wales. About 90% of British secondary school pupils now attend comprehensive schools and they correspond broadly to the public high school in the United States and Canada and to the German Gesamtschule. Comprehensive schools are primarily about providing an entitlement curriculum to all children, a consequence of that is a wider ranging curriculum, including practical subjects such as design and technology and vocational learning, which were less common or non-existent in grammar schools. In addition, government initiatives such as the City Technology Colleges, a problem with this is whether the quotas should be taken from a normal distribution or from the specific distribution of attainment in the immediate catchment area. In the selective system, which survives in several parts of the United Kingdom, admission is dependent on selection criteria. Although comprehensive schools were introduced to England and Wales in 1965, in principle, comprehensive schools were conceived as neighbourhood schools for all students in a specified catchment area. Finland has used comprehensive schools after 5th grade since the 1970s, since the 1970s, everyone has been required to complete the same nine grades of peruskoulu, from the ages of 7 to 16. This change was modeled on the British comprehensive school, which goes from the ages of 11 to 16, from the ages of 16 to 19, students go either to vocational school or high school. The division of the peruskoulu into a school and upper school has been discontinued. Germany has a school known as the Gesamtschule. While some German schools such as the Gymnasium and the Realschule have rather strict entrance requirements and they offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing well, general education classes for average students, and remedial courses for those who arent doing that well. In most cases students attending a Gesamtschule may graduate with the Hauptschulabschluss, the percentage of students attending a Gesamtschule varies by Bundesland. In the State of Brandenburg more than 50% of all students attended a Gesamtschule in 2007, the Mittelschule is a school in some States of Germany that offers regular classes and remedial classes but no college preparatory classes. In some States of Germany, the Hauptschule does not exist, students may be awarded the Hauptschulabschluss or the Mittlere Reife but not the Abitur. There is some controversy about comprehensive schools, Gesamtschule senior students of average mathematical ability found themselves in the upper half of their class and had an average grade of Three Plus. When a central Abitur examination was established in the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, the comprehensives do not help students achieve I am sick and tired of the comprehensive schools blaming their problems on the social class origins of their students
Gesamtschule
–
The comprehensive school of Ludwigshafen-Oggersheim
Gesamtschule
–
Integrierte Gesamtschule Ludwigshafen-Gartenstadt
36.
Realschule
–
Realschule is a type of secondary school in Germany, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and Estonia. It has also existed in Croatia, Austria, Denmark and Norway, Sweden, Hungary, Slovenia, for Johann Joachim Becher, education also had a mandate to support the replacement of the Holy Roman Empire with a more republican commonwealth. His school would have had the task of creating education and teaching an organized state structure and his ideal was the artisan, the educated scholar, the universal scientist. In the German secondary school system, Realschule is ranked between Hauptschule and Gymnasium, after completing the Realschule, good students are allowed to attend a professional Gymnasium or a general-education Gymnasium. They can also attend a Berufschule or do an apprenticeship, in most states of Germany, students start the Realschule at the age of ten or eleven and typically finish school at the age of 16–17. In some states, Realschulen have recently replaced by Oberschulen or Sekundarschulen. In 20061.32 million German students attended a Realschule, at Realschule, a student gets an extended education and learns at least one foreign language, usually English. In the state of Baden-Württemberg, after the grade, the student has to choose among technology, home economics. The new subject becomes the fifth main subject, after German, maths, science and English. Other subjects are geography, social sciences, economics, history, religious education, after the 8th grade a student has to choose between arts and music. High school diplomas obtained in Canada or the United States are usually acknowledged as a Mittlere Reife, in some cases however students may apply for certain subjects at a university. All students holding an American high school diploma may apply for the Studienkolleg and those holding a high school diploma can choose from a wider range of possible major subjects at a German university if they did well on the SAT or ACT. Those who scored higher than 1300 on the SAT or higher than 28 on the ACT may apply for any subject at a German university, Gymnasia and Realgymnasia are the classical higher or secondary schools of Germany. According to the PISA examination the students attending a Realschule were outperformed by those attending a Gymnasium, however, they did better than those attending a Hauptschule or a Gesamtschule school. The German tripartite system of education has been criticized for separating children along class lines at a very early age. For instance, in some German states, a decision is made in the sixth or even the fourth grade about whether a child is to continue in the Gymnasium, the Realschule, or the Hauptschule. Only the Gymnasium is a school, so critics argue essentially a decision is made as early as the fourth grade about whether a child will be allowed to attend college. The system is considered so onerous outside Germany that the OECD even sent an envoy to Germany to condemn current German practice
Realschule
–
Realschule an der Blutenburg, Germany
37.
Education in Greece
–
The Greek educational system is mainly divided into three levels, primary, secondary and tertiary, with an additional post-secondary level providing vocational training. Primary education is divided into kindergarten lasting one or two years, and primary school spanning six years, secondary education comprises two stages, Gymnasio, a three-year school, after which students can attend Lykeion or Vocational training. Higher Tertiary education is provided by Universities and Polytechnics, Technological Educational Institutes and Academies which primarily cater for the military, undergraduate courses typically last 4 years, postgraduate courses last from 1 to 2 years and doctorates from 3 to 6 years. All levels are overseen by the Ministry of Education, Research, the Ministry exercises centralized control over state schools, by prescribing the curriculum, appointing staff and controlling funding. Private schools also fall under the mandate of the Ministry, which exercises control over them. Tertiary institutions are nominally autonomous, but the Ministry is responsible for their funding, the Greek government is pressured to recognise these overseas programmes. All levels of education are catered for by private and public schools. There are also a number of tutorial schools, colleges and universities operating alongside the state education. These parallel schools provide foreign language tuition, supplementary lessons for students as well as exam preparation courses for the competitive Panhellenic national examinations. Most of the students typically attend such classes at the schools in the afternoon. Elementary schools are called Dimotiko, a term from a time when such schools were run by local communities. The name remains although it has been obsolete for decades, in the first two years pupils are not officially graded, and parents obtain feedback about their performance via oral communications with teachers. Grading begins in Year 3, and written exams are introduced in Year 5, graduating from one year to the next is automatic, and pupils with deficient performance are given remedial tutoring. The classes last between 40 and 90 minutes, the school year always starts on September 11 and ends on June 15. The students have summer vacation, Christmas vacation and Easter vacation, furthermore, students take usually another four days off in order to celebrate their two national holidays. Γυμνάσιο Πρώτη Γυμνασίου / 1st grade, age 12 to 13 Δευτέρα Γυμνασίου / 2nd grade, age 13 to 14 Τρίτη Γυμνασίου / 3rd grade, age 14 to 15 Starts on September 11 and ends on June 15 to 18. The lessons end in 31st of May so that the students will be able to study for their examinations between May and June, the classes start at 8.15 and end from 13.45 to 14.15 according to the type of school. Classes last from 30 min. to 45 min. and there are breaks of 10 and 5 minutes between them, there were 6 types of gymnasiums in Greece, General Gymnasium Athletic Gymnasium Musical Gymnasium Art Gymnasium Experimental Gymnasium Church Gymnasium Today Athletic Gymnasiums dont exist
Education in Greece
–
The building of the
National Library of Greece
Education in Greece
–
Education in Greece
Education in Greece
–
The public school of
Astros, built in 1915.
Education in Greece
–
Zosimaia School,
Ioannina
38.
Education in Hong Kong
–
Education in Hong Kong is largely modelled on that of the United Kingdom, particularly the English system. It is overseen by the Education Bureau and the Social Welfare Department, a small group of South Asian Hong Kongers marched through Central demanding more schooling in the English language on 3 June 2007. In the 2013/14 school year, there are 569 primary schools,514 secondary day schools and 61 special schools, small village Chinese schools were observed by the British missionaries when they arrived circa 1843. Anthony Sweeting believes those small village existed in Chek Chue, Shek Pai Wan, Heung Kong Tsai and Wong Nai Chong on Hong Kong Island. One of the earliest schools with reliable records was Li Ying College established in 1075 in present-day New Territories, by 1860 Hong Kong had 20 village schools. Chinese who were wealthy did not educate their children in Hong Kong, the changes came with the arrival of the British in 1841. At first Hong Kongs education came from Protestant and Catholic missionaries who provided social services, italian missionaries began to provide boy-only education to British and Chinese youth in 1843. By 1861 Frederick Stewart would become The Founder of Hong Kong Education for integrating a modern western-style education model into the Colonial Hong Kong school system, in 1862, the first government school, Queens College was set up, with Stewart serving as the first Headmaster. One of the much contested debate was whether schools should offer Vernacular education, Education was considered a luxury for the elite and the rich. The first school to open the floodgate of western medical practice to East Asia was the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese, the London Missionary Society and Sir James Cantlie started the Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese in 1887. In addition, the London Missionary Society founded Ying Wa Girls School in 1900, belilios Public School was a girls secondary school founded in 1890 – the first government school in Hong Kong that provided bilingual education in English and Chinese. Educating the poor did not become a priority until they accounted for the majority of the population, financial issues were addressed in the 1970s. Pre-school education in Hong Kong is not free and fees are payable by pupils parents, however, parents whose children have the right of abode in Hong Kong can pay for part of their fees with a voucher from the government under the Pre-primary Education Voucher Scheme. In 2013, the amount of subsidy under the PEVS is $16,800, every child in Hong Kong, without any reasonable excuse, is required by law to attend a primary school after the child has attained the age of 6 years. It is also required to attend a school after primary education and is completed before he attains the age of 19 years. However, child who has completed Form 3 of secondary education and whose parent can produce evidence to the satisfaction of the Permanent Secretary for Education, Education in the public sector is free. Children receive primary education usually from the age of 6 until 12, six subjects are studied, including English, Chinese, mathematics, General Studies, music, visual arts and physical education. At schools with religious affiliations, religious education or bible studies may be studied as well, secondary education is separated into junior and senior years
Education in Hong Kong
Education in Hong Kong
–
Education in Hong Kong
Education in Hong Kong
–
University of Hong Kong.
39.
Education in Hungary
–
Education in Hungary are predominantly public, run by the Ministry of Education. Preschool kindergarten education is compulsory and provided for all children between three and six old, after which school attendance is also compulsory until age of sixteen. Primary education usually lasts for eight years, the system is partly flexible and bridges exist, graduates from a vocational school can achieve a two years program to have access to vocational higher education for instance. The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study rated 13–14-year-old pupils in Hungary among the bests in the world for maths, most of the Hungarian universities are public institutions, and students traditionally study without fee payment. The general requirement for university is the Matura, health insurance for students is free until the end of their studies. Hungarys higher education and training has been ranked 44 out of 148 countries in the Global competitiveness Report 2014, today there are 67 higher education institutions in Hungary, ranging from small colleges to top research universities. These universities and colleges are maintained either by the state, private organizations or a church, in accordance with the objectives of the Bologna process the degree structure of tertiary education is based on three cycles. Nearly all study fields lead first to a Bachelor’s degree, the first-cycle programmes last 6–8 semesters and lead to a bachelors degree. The second cycle, leading to a degree, lasts 2–4 semesters. Two-year-long vocational higher education programmes are available on an optional basis prior to first-cycle programmes. The 120 credit points gained in vocational higher education programmes are compatible for recognition in the first cycle, any Bachelor’s or masters degree can be followed by specialised higher education courses. These do not lead to another degree but offer the option of specialisation in a field of study. Courses can be studied full-time, part-time or through distance learning, a four-year doctoral programme is a post-graduate course to follow any Master’s or equivalent qualification. Hungary has a tradition of higher education reflecting the existence of established knowledge economy. Sigismund established Óbuda University in 1395, another, Universitas Istropolitana, was established 1465 in Pozsony by Mattias Corvinus. Nagyszombat University was founded in 1635 and moved to Buda in 1777, the worlds first institute of technology was founded in Selmecbánya, Kingdom of Hungary in 1735, its legal successor is the University of Miskolc. The decline of Hungarys population that started in 1981 has also continued in recent years, according to the 2001 census, the population of Hungary was 10,198,000, about half a million less than the figure of twenty years earlier. By 2005 the population dropped to 10,077,000, the age pyramid of the Hungarian population is among the most irregular ones in Europe
Education in Hungary
–
A
Hungarian pre-school class having outdoor activities, March 2007.
40.
Education in Iceland
–
The system of education in Iceland is divided in four levels, playschool, compulsory, upper secondary and higher, and is similar to that of other Nordic countries. Education is mandatory for children aged 6–16, most institutions are funded by the state, there are very few private schools in the country. Iceland is a country with gymnasia, the first national education law was the 1907 education law, and the first national curriculum was published in 1926. According to the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, The Ministry of Education, Science, traditionally, education in Iceland has been run in the public sector, there is a small, although growing, number of private education institutions in the country. Over the years, the system has been decentralised, and responsibility for primary. The state runs upper secondary schools and higher education institutions, the Ministry issues the National Curriculum Guidelines. The National Centre for Educational Materials publishes educational materials for education institutions, the Educational Testing Institute is the country’s sole examination board, responsible for issuing and grading national assessments. There are 192 institutions catering for compulsory education,42 schools for secondary education and 9 higher education institutions. The oldest gymnasiums in the country are Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík and Menntaskólinn á Akureyri, Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík traces its origin to 1056, when a school was established in Skálholt. The school was moved to Reykjavík in 1786, but poor housing conditions forced it to again in 1805 to Bessastaðir near Reykjavík. In 1846 the school was moved to its current location, the university originally had only faculties for these three fields, in addition to a faculty of humanities. The first rector of the university was Björn M. Ólsen, the Icelandic education system comprises four levels, playschool, compulsory, upper secondary and higher. Playschool or leikskóli, is education for those under the age of six. The current legislation concerning playschools was passed in 2007, the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture is responsible for the policies and methods that playschools must use, and they issue the National Curriculum Guidelines. They are also responsible for ensuring that the curriculum is suitable so as to make the transition into compulsory education as easy as possible. However, the Ministry does not implement the regulations and guidelines, instead this is the responsibility of the local authority, in addition, the local authority employs representatives who supervise the playschools’ operation. Parents must pay for their children to attend playschools, around 30% of the costs of running the institutions are covered by these fees. Private playschools’ fees can be around 10–20% higher than those of public institutions, almost all private schools receive some municipal funding
Education in Iceland
–
The main building of
Menntaskólinn í Reykjavík.
Education in Iceland
–
A classroom in the
Hraðbraut gymnasium.
41.
Education in India
–
Education in India is provided by the public sector as well as the private sector, with control and funding coming from three levels, central, state and local. Under various articles of the Indian Constitution, free and compulsory education is provided as a right to children between the ages of 6 and 14. The ratio of public schools to private schools in India is 7,5, India has made progress in terms of increasing the primary education attendance rate and expanding literacy to approximately three-quarters of the population in the 7–10 age group, by 2011. Indias improved education system is often cited as one of the contributors to its economic development. Much of the progress, especially in education and scientific research, has been credited to various public institutions. At the primary and secondary level, India has a private school system complementing the government run schools. Certain post-secondary technical schools are also private, the private education market in India had a revenue of US$450 million in 2008, but is projected to be a US$40 billion market. As per the Annual Status of Education Report 2012,96. 5% of all children between the ages of 6-14 were enrolled in school. This is the annual survey to report enrolment above 96%. Another report from 2013 stated that there were 22, while quantitatively India is inching closer to universal education, the quality of its education has been questioned particularly in its government run school system. Some of the reasons for the poor quality include absence of around 25% of teachers every day, States of India have introduced tests and education assessment system to identify and improve such schools. It is important to clarify that there are private schools in India, they are highly regulated in terms of what they can teach, in what form they can operate. Hence, the differentiation of government schools and private schools can be misguiding, Maharashtra had 73% reservation in 2014, which is the highest percentage of reservations in India. The central and most state boards uniformly follow the 10+2+3 pattern of education, in this pattern, study of 10 years is done in schools and 2 years in Junior colleges, and then 3 years of graduation for a bachelors degree. The first 10 years is further subdivided into 4 years of education,6 years of High School followed by 2 years of Junior colleges. This pattern originated from the recommendation of the Education Commission of 1964–66, the National Council of Educational Research and Training is the apex body located at New Delhi, Capital City of India. It makes the curriculum related matters for school education across India, the NCERT provides support, guidance and technical assistance to a number of schools in India and oversees many aspects of enforcement of education policies. Other curriculum bodies governing school education system are, The state government boards, however, some states like Andhra Pradesh have more than one
Education in India
–
The
University of Mumbai, established 1857, is one of the three oldest modern
state universities in India.
Education in India
–
Children lining up for school in
Kochi.
Education in India
–
A school bus in
Indore
Education in India
–
Indian School children
42.
Education in Indonesia
–
Education in Indonesia falls under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education and Culture and the Ministry of Religious Affairs. In Indonesia, all citizens must undertake twelve years of education which consists of six years at elementary level. Islamic schools are under the responsibility of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, the Constitution also notes that there are two types of education in Indonesia, formal and non-formal. Formal education is divided into three levels, primary, secondary and tertiary education. Schools in Indonesia are run either by the government or private sectors, in Indonesia there are approximately 170,000 primary schools,40,000 junior-secondary schools and 26,000 high schools. 84 percent of schools are under the Ministry of National Education. Private schools only comprise 7% of the schools number. Education system in the era of Hindu-Buddhist civilisation is called karsyan, Karsyan is a place of hermitage. The emergence of Islamic state in Indonesia is noted by the acculturation of both Islamic tradition and Hindu-Buddhist tradition, at this time period, pondok pesantren, a type of Islamic boarding school was introduced and several of them were established. The location of pesantren is mostly faraway from the crowd of the city. Elementary education was introduced by the Dutch in Indonesia during the colonial era, in 1870, with the growth of Dutch Ethical Policy formulated by Conrad Theodor van Deventer, some of these Dutch-founded schools opened the doors for pribumi. They were called Sekolah Rakjat, the embryo of what is called Sekolah Dasar today, the budget for public schooling was raised in steps from ca.300,000 guilders in 1864, to roughly 3 million guilders by the early 1890s. Most often however the development were starved of funding, because many Dutch politicians feared expanding education would eventually lead to anti-colonial sentiment. Funding for education only count for 6% of the expenditure of the colonial budget in the 1920s. The number government and private schools for native had increased to 3,108. However spending sharply declined after the depression in 1930. The Dutch introduced a system of education for the local population of Indonesia. The Schools for the European were modeled after the system in Netherlands itself
Education in Indonesia
–
Students wearing the pramuka (
boy scout) uniform studying. This uniform is usually worn on either Friday or Saturday.
Education in Indonesia
–
The students pictured above are listening to a guide at the Trowulan Museum, East Java whilst examining a model of the Jawi temple.
Education in Indonesia
–
Technische Hogeschool te Bandoeng, opened as a branch of
Delft University of Technology.
Education in Indonesia
–
Neutrale Lagere School in
Malang.
43.
Education in Italy
–
Education in Italy is compulsory from 6 to 16 years of age, and is divided into five stages, kindergarten, primary school, lower secondary school, upper secondary school and university. Italy has both public and private education systems, in Italy a state school system or Education System has existed since 1859, when the Legge Casati mandated educational responsibilities for the forthcoming Italian state. The Casati Act made primary education compulsory, and had the goal of increasing literacy and this law gave control of primary education to the single towns, of secondary education to the provinces, and the universities were managed by the State. Even with the Casati Act and compulsory education, in rural areas children often were not sent to school, the next important law concerning the Italian education system was the Legge Gentile. This act was issued in 1923, thus when Benito Mussolini, in fact, Giovanni Gentile was appointed the task of creating an education system deemed fit for the fascist system. The reform enhanced the role of the Liceo Classico, created by the Casati Act in 1859, and created the Technical, Commercial and Industrial institutes, the Liceo Classico was the only secondary school that gave access to all types of higher education until 1968. The influence of Gentiles Idealism was great, and he considered the Catholic religion to be the fundament, in 1962 the avviamento al lavoro was abolished, and all children until 14 years had to follow a single program, encompassing primary education and middle school. In 1999, in accordance with the laid down by the Bologna Process. The nuovo ordinamento split the former Laurea into two tracks, the Laurea triennale, followed by the 2-year Laurea specialistica, the latter renamed Laurea Magistrale in 2007. However, it is now established that there is just a five-year degree Laurea Magistrale a Ciclo Unico for programmes such as Law, Scuola primaria, also known as scuola elementare, is commonly preceded by three years of non-compulsory nursery school. Until middle school, the curriculum is the same for all pupils, although one can attend a private or state-funded school. The students are given an education in Italian, English, mathematics, natural sciences, history, geography, social studies, physical education. Until 2004, pupils had to pass an exam to access Scuola secondaria di primo grado, comprising the composition of an essay in Italian, a written math test. The exam has been discontinued and pupils can now enter Scuola secondaria di Primo Grado directly, the Scuola secondaria di primo grado lasts three years. The Scuola secondaria di secondo grado lasts five years, every tier involves an exam at the end of the final year, called esame di maturità, required to gain a degree and have access to further university education. For historical reasons, there are three types of Scuola secondaria di secondo grado, subsequently divided into further specialization, moreover, students in state-owned schools perform better than students in private schools. An Italian student is 19 when they enter university, while in other countries 18 is the common age. Italy has a large and international network of public and state affiliated universities, state-run universities of Italy constitute the main percentage of tertiary education in Italy, and are managed under the supervision of Italians Ministry of Education
Education in Italy
–
An elementary school in
Aosta Valley, with the name both in Italian and French
Education in Italy
–
A high school in
Lodi, the Istituto tecnico economico Agostino Bassi.
Education in Italy
–
A high school in
Palermo, the Liceo classico Vittorio Emanuele II, right next to the
Palermo Cathedral
Education in Italy
–
University of Bologna, Italy and Europe's oldest university, founded in 1088
44.
Secondary education in Japan
–
Secondary education in Japan is split into junior high schools, which cover the seventh through ninth grade, and senior high schools, which mostly cover grades ten through twelve. Lower-secondary schools cover grades seven, eight, and nine, ages are roughly thirteen to fifteen with increased focus on academic studies. Although it is possible to leave the education system after completing lower secondary school and find employment. Like most elementary schools, most junior high schools in the 1980s were public schools and government funded, 5% were private schools. Private schools cost about ¥558,592 per student in 1988, the minimum number of school days in a year is 210 in Japan, compared to 180 in the United States. However, students typically attend school for 240 to 250 days a year. A significant part of the calendar is taken up by non-academic events such as sports days. Teachers often majored in the subjects they taught, each class is assigned a homeroom teacher who doubles as counselor. Unlike elementary students, junior school students have different teachers for different subjects. The subject teachers usually move to a new room for each 50-minute period, usually students lunch is provided by the school itself. Instruction tends to rely on the lecture method, Teachers also use other media, such as television and radio, and there is some laboratory work. By 1989 about 45% of all public schools had computers. Classroom organization is based on small work groups, although no longer for reasons of discipline. Students are expected to have mastered daily routines and acceptable behavior, all course contents are specified in the Course of Study for Lower-Secondary Schools. Some subjects, such as Japanese language and mathematics, are coordinated with the elementary curriculum, the curriculum covers Japanese language, English, social studies, mathematics, science, music, fine arts, industrial arts, homemaking, health, and physical education. Moral education and special activities continue to receive attention, many students participate in after-school clubs. Sports clubs, such as baseball are especially popular among boys, Judo clubs attract boys and girls. They may be inspired by the many Japanese judo athletes who have won medals at the World Judo Championships, other popular sports clubs include tennis, basketball, gymnastics, and volleyball
Secondary education in Japan
–
Japanese high school students wearing the
sailor fuku
Secondary education in Japan
–
The courtyard and classrooms wing of Onizuka Junior High School (鬼塚中学校) in
Karatsu,
Japan
Secondary education in Japan
–
A typical classroom in a Japanese junior high school
Secondary education in Japan
–
A teachers' room at Onizuka
Junior High School in
Karatsu,
Japan (classes usually stay in one place and teachers move each period)
45.
Meiji period
–
The Meiji period, also known as the Meiji era, is a Japanese era which extended from October 23,1868 through July 30,1912. This period represents the first half of the Empire of Japan during which Japanese society moved from being a feudal society to its modern form. Fundamental changes affected its structure, internal politics, economy, military. The period corresponded with the reign of Emperor Meiji after 1868 and it was succeeded by the Taishō period upon the accession of Emperor Taishō to the throne. On February 3,1867, the 14-year-old Prince Mutsuhito succeeded his father, Emperor Kōmei, on November 9,1867, then-Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu tendered his resignation to the Emperor, and formally stepped down ten days later. Imperial restoration occurred the year on January 3,1868. The fall of Edo in the summer of 1868 marked the end of the Tokugawa shogunate, and a new era, Meiji, was proclaimed. The first reform was the promulgation of the Five Charter Oath in 1868, implicit in the Charter Oath was an end to exclusive political rule by the bakufu, and a move toward more democratic participation in government. To implement the Charter Oath, a rather short-lived constitution with eleven articles was drawn up in June 1868, the Meiji government assured the foreign powers that it would follow the old treaties negotiated by the bakufu and announced that it would act in accordance with international law. Mutsuhito, who was to reign until 1912, selected a new reign title—Meiji, to further dramatize the new order, the capital was relocated from Kyoto, where it had been situated since 794, to Tokyo, the new name for Edo. Confirmed in their positions, the daimyo became governors. The han were replaced with prefectures in 1871, and authority continued to flow to the national government, officials from the favored former han, such as Satsuma, Chōshū, Tosa, and Hizen staffed the new ministries. Formerly old court nobles, and lower-ranking but more radical samurai, replaced bakufu appointees, in as much as the Meiji Restoration had sought to return the Emperor to a preeminent position, efforts were made to establish a Shinto-oriented state much like it was 1,000 years earlier. Furthermore, a new State Shinto had to be constructed for the purpose, in 1871, the Office of Shinto Worship was established, ranking even above the Council of State in importance. The kokutai ideas of the Mito school were embraced, and the ancestry of the Imperial House was emphasized. The government supported Shinto teachers, a small but important move, although the Office of Shinto Worship was demoted in 1872, by 1877 the Home Ministry controlled all Shinto shrines and certain Shinto sects were given state recognition. Shinto was released from Buddhist administration and its properties restored, although Buddhism suffered from state sponsorship of Shinto, it had its own resurgence. Christianity also was legalized, and Confucianism remained an important ethical doctrine, increasingly, however, Japanese thinkers identified with Western ideology and methods
Meiji period
–
Meiji Constitution Promulgation (
woodblock print by
T. Chikanobu)
Meiji period
–
The fifteen-year-old
Meiji Emperor, moving from
Kyoto to Tokyo at the end of 1868, after the
fall of Edo.
Meiji period
–
Emperor Meiji in his fifties.
Meiji period
–
When
Itagaki Taisuke was attacked by thugs in
Gifu, he cried "Itagaki may die, but liberty – never!" [
citation needed] (woodblock print by Utagawa Toyonobu)
46.
Education in South Korea
–
Education in South Korea is provided by both public schools and private schools. Both types of schools receive funding from the government, although the amount that the private schools receive is less than the amount of the state schools. The country is known for its high feverish outlook on education. Higher education is a serious issue in South Korea society. Academic success is often a source of pride for families and within South Korean society at large, South Koreans view education as the main propeller of social mobility for themselves and their family as a gateway to the South Korean middle class. Graduating from a top university is the marker of prestige, high socioeconomic status, promising marriage prospects. An average South Korean childs life revolves around education as pressure to succeed academically is deeply ingrained in South Korean children from an early age. Not having a university degree carries a major cultural stigma as those who lack a formal university education face social prejudice and are looked down upon by others. In 2015, the country spent 4. 7% of its GDP on all levels of education – roughly equal to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development average of 4. 7% also. With incredible pressure on school students to secure places at the nation’s best universities, its institutional reputation. The top three universities in South Korea, often referred to as SKY, are Seoul National University, Korea University, intense competition for top grades and academic pressure to be the top student is deeply ingrained in the psyche of South Korean students at a young age. International reception on the South Korean education system has been divided, U. S. President Barack Obama has also praised the countrys rigorous school system, where over 80 percent of South Korean high school graduates go on to university. Bachelors degrees are held by 68 percent of South Koreans aged 25–34, former South Korean hagwon teacher Se-Woong Koo wrote that the South Korean education system amounts to child abuse and that it should be reformed and restructured without delay. Education has been present throughout the history of Korea, public schools and private schools have been both present. Modern reforms to education began in the late 19th century, after Gwangbokjeol and the liberation from Japan, the Korean government began to study and discuss for a new philosophy of education. The new educational philosophy was created under the United States Army Military Government in Korea with a focus on democratic education, the new system attempted to make education available to all students equally and promote the educational administration to be more self-governing. Provincial and special city boards of education still existed, although each board was composed of seven members who were supposed to be selected by popularly elected legislative bodies, this arrangement ceased to function after 1973. Subsequently, school board members were approved by the minister of education, the traditional esteem for the educated man, now extend to scientists, technicians, and others working with specialized knowledge
Education in South Korea
–
Korea Animation High School,
Hanam.
Education in South Korea
–
Education in
South Korea
47.
Latvia
–
Latvia, officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe, one of the three Baltic states. It is bordered by Estonia to the north, Lithuania to the south, Russia to the east, Latvia has 1,957,200 inhabitants and a territory of 64,589 km2. The country has a seasonal climate. Latvia is a parliamentary republic established in 1918. The capital city is Riga, the European Capital of Culture 2014, Latvia is a unitary state, divided into 119 administrative divisions, of which 110 are municipalities and 9 are cities. Latvians and Livs are the people of Latvia. Latvian and Lithuanian are the two surviving Baltic languages. Despite foreign rule from the 13th to 20th centuries, the Latvian nation maintained its identity throughout the generations via the language, Latvia and Estonia share a long common history. Until World War II, Latvia also had significant minorities of ethnic Germans, Latvia is historically predominantly Protestant Lutheran, except for the Latgale region in the southeast, which has historically been predominantly Roman Catholic. The Russian population has brought a significant portion of Eastern Orthodox Christians. The Republic of Latvia was founded on 18 November 1918, however, its de facto independence was interrupted at the outset of World War II. The peaceful Singing Revolution, starting in 1987, called for Baltic emancipation of Soviet rule and it ended with the Declaration on the Restoration of Independence of the Republic of Latvia on 4 May 1990, and restoring de facto independence on 21 August 1991. Latvia is a democratic and developed country and member of the European Union, NATO, the Council of Europe, the United Nations, CBSS, the IMF, NB8, NIB, OECD, OSCE, and WTO. For 2014, Latvia was listed 46th on the Human Development Index and it used the Latvian lats as its currency until it was replaced by the euro on 1 January 2014. The name Latvija is derived from the name of the ancient Latgalians, one of four Indo-European Baltic tribes, henry of Latvia coined the Latinisations of the countrys name, Lettigallia and Lethia, both derived from the Latgalians. The terms inspired the variations on the name in Romance languages from Letonia. Around 3000 BC, the ancestors of the Latvian people settled on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea. The Balts established trade routes to Rome and Byzantium, trading local amber for precious metals, by 900 AD, four distinct Baltic tribes inhabited Latvia, Curonians, Latgalians, Selonians, Semigallians, as well as the Livonians speaking a Finnic language
Latvia
–
Turaida Castle near
Sigulda, built in 1214 under
Albert of Riga.
Latvia
–
Flag
Latvia
–
Kārlis Ulmanis
Latvia
–
Red Army troops enter
Riga (1940).
48.
Education in Malaysia
–
Education in Malaysia is overseen by the Ministry of Education. Although education is the responsibility of the Federal Government, each state, the main legislation governing education is the Education Act 1996. The education system is divided into preschool education, primary education, secondary education, post-secondary education, Education may be obtained from the multilingual public school system, which provides free education for all Malaysians, or private schools, or through homeschooling. By law, primary education is compulsory, as in many Asia-Pacific countries such as the Republic of Korea, Singapore and Japan, standardised tests are a common feature. Currently, there are 37 private universities,20 private university colleges, Sekolah Pondok, Madrasah and other Islamic schools were the earliest forms of schooling available in Malaysia. Early works of Malay literature such as Hikayat Abdullah mention these schools indicating they pre-date the current secular model of education, secular schools in Malaysia were largely an innovation of the British colonial government. Many of the earliest schools in Malaysia were founded in the Straits Settlements of Penang, Malacca, many English-language schools are considered quite prestigious. British historian Richard O. Winstedt worked to improve the education of the Malays and was instrumental in establishing Sultan Idris Training College with the purpose of producing Malay teachers, Richard James Wilkinson helped established the Malay College Kuala Kangsar in 1905 which aimed to educate the Malay elite. Many Malays failed to pursue additional education due to this issue and he remarked, In the fewest possible words, the Malay boy is told You have been trained to remain at the bottom, and there you must always remain. Why, I ask, waste so much money to attain this end when without any school, and without any special effort. To remedy this problem, the British established the Malay College Kuala Kangsar, most of these were single-sex schools. During the British colonial period, large numbers of immigrants from China, the Chinese and Indian communities eventually established their vernacular schools with school curricula and teachers from China and India respectively. In the 1950s, there were four initial proposals for developing the national system, the Barnes Report, Ordinance Report, the Fenn-Wu Report. The Barnes proposal was implemented through the 1952 Education Ordinance amidst Chinese protests, in 1956, the Razak Report was adopted by the Malayan government as the education framework for independent Malaya. Malay-medium schools would be known as national, while other schools would be known as national-type. Chinese secondary schools were given the options of accepting government funding and change into English national-type schools or remain Chinese, most of the schools accepted the change, although a few rejected the offer and came to be known as Chinese Independent High Schools. Shortly after the change, some of the national-type schools reestablished their Chinese independent high school branches, in the 1970s, in accordance to the national language policy, the government began to change English-medium primary and secondary national-type schools into Malay-medium national schools. The language change was made starting from the first year in primary school, then the second year in the following year
Education in Malaysia
–
Batu Pahat High School in
Johor.
Education in Malaysia
–
Education Museum in
Malacca.
Education in Malaysia
–
Malacca High School in Malacca, the second oldest recorded high school in Malaysia.
Education in Malaysia
–
Peringgit Primary School in Malacca.
49.
Education in Malta
–
Education in Malta is compulsory through age sixteen and is offered through three different providers, the state, the church, and the private sector. The objectives of education in Malta include intellectual and moral development, the arrival of the Knights Hospitaller saw the establishment of the University of Malta, around which a number of primary, secondary and post-secondary institutions were established. Education in Malta has been available at the primary level since the ejection of the Knights Hospitaller by the French in 1798. The age at which education became compulsory was lowered to five years in 1988, Maltas educational system is structured in four stages, pre-primary, primary, secondary and tertiary. Pre-primary education is optional but fully funded by the state, Secondary Education Certificate examinations are taken at age 16, and matriculation examinations are taken at age 18 to determine university entrance eligibility. In 2008,26,711 primary students,25,793 secondary students,5,719 post-secondary students,9,472 tertiary students and 6,268 vocational students were enrolled in courses in Malta. Approximately 30 per cent of Maltas primary and secondary students are enrolled in private schools. Maltas highest post-secondary institution is the University of Malta, which has operated since 1592, members of these groups were asked to serve as private tutors for the children of wealthy parents, and later moved to set up classes for instruction in Italian, Latin and numeracy. In addition to options, it was possible to hire private tutors in a number of different areas, including accounting, philosophy, navigation. During this period, however, education for those without wealth was non-existent, private schooling was banned, elementary schooling was introduced and funded by the state, and adult education was introduced. In 1799, Malta fell under the jurisdiction of the United Kingdom, on 1 February 1846 education became effectively compulsory till the age of 14. In 1847, elementary schooling was changed to the British model, schools were opened in every village, in 1878, the mode of language education delivery changed following the publication of two reports on the matter. Italian language education was replaced by instruction in the English language, however, English was the language in which education was delivered at all stages of education following primary school. Debate continued until the 1930s over which language should be used in Maltese education - Italian or English, to counteract this phenomenon, education was declared compulsory in 1946. The Faculty of Arts, Sciences and Theology at the University of Malta was also reinstated. In 2008,26,711 primary students,25,793 secondary students,5,719 post-secondary students,9,472 tertiary students and 6,268 vocational students were enrolled in courses in Malta. Approximately 30 per cent of students of age attend private schools. In 2009,34.9 per cent of the population between 18 and 24 years of age had not completed secondary school, while in 200892 per cent of the population was considered literate, Malta ranks equal eleventh in the world on the national IQ scale
Education in Malta
–
Campus of the University of Malta
Education in Malta
–
The historic Sacra Infermeria hospital, original site of the medieval University of Malta's medical school, now operates as the Mediterranean Conference Center.
Education in Malta
–
This 1903 sculpture in
Valletta 's Upper Barrakka Gardens, "Les Gavroches" by Maltese artist Antonio Sciortino, depicts the poverty children experienced in Malta in the early 20th century.
Education in Malta
–
The Catholic Church runs the majority of private schools in Malta.
50.
Education in Mexico
–
Education in Mexico has a long history. The Royal and Pontifical University of Mexico was founded by decree in 1551. By comparison, Harvard College, the oldest in Anglo-America, was founded in 1636, Education in Mexico was until relatively recently largely confined to elite males and under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church in Mexico. The Mexican state has been involved in education since the nineteenth century. Control of education was a source of ongoing conflict between the Mexican state and the Roman Catholic Church, which since the era had exclusive charge of education. The mid nineteenth-century Liberal Reform separated church and state, which had a impact on education. President Benito Juárez sought the expansion of public schools, during the lengthy tenure of president Porfirio Díaz, the expansion of education became a priority under a cabinet-level post held by Justo Sierra, Sierra also served President Francisco I. Madero in the years of the Mexican Revolution. The 1917 Constitution strengthened the Mexican states power in education, undermining the power of the Roman Catholic Church to shape the development of Mexicans. During presidency of Álvaro Obregón in the early 1920s, his Minister of Public Education José Vasconcelos implemented an expansion of access to public. This work was built on and expanded in the administration of Plutarco Elías Calles by Moisés Sáenz, in the 1930s, the Mexican government under Lázaro Cárdenas mandated socialist education in Mexico and there was considerable push back from the Roman Catholic Church as an institution. Socialist education was repealed during the 1940s, with the administration of Manuel Ávila Camacho, a number of private universities have opened since the mid twentieth century. Education in Mexico is currently regulated by the Secretariat of Public Education, Education standards are set by this Ministry at all levels except in autonomous universities chartered by the government. Accreditation of private schools is accomplished by an approval and registration with this institution. Religious instruction is prohibited in schools, however, religious associations are free to maintain private schools. In the same fashion as other systems, education has identifiable stages, Primary School, Junior High School, High School, Higher education. In Mexico, basic education is divided in three steps, primary school, comprising grades 1-6, junior high school, comprising grades 7-9. The terms Primary School or Elementary School usually corresponds to primaria, comprising grades 1-6 and it starts the basic compulsory education system
Education in Mexico
–
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México The main campus of this public university in
Mexico City.
Education in Mexico
–
Universidad Iberoamericana, a private institution founded in the early 1940s
Education in Mexico
–
ITESM Tec de Monterrey.
Education in Mexico
–
National Polytechnic Institute
