1.
Deb Matthews
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Deborah Drake Matthews is a politician in Ontario, Canada. She is a Liberal member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario who was elected in 2003 and she represents the riding of London North Centre. Matthews served as a minister in the government of Dalton McGuinty and is a cabinet minister. Matthews was born in London, Ontario and she is the third of nine children born to Donald Jeune Matthews, former president of the Progressive Conservative Party of Canada. Her mother is Joyce Eleanor Matthews, and her sister is Shelley Peterson and she graduated from St. George’s Public School and A. B. Lucas Secondary School. She studied at the University of Western Ontario where she earned a PhD in social demography and her doctoral dissertation was entitled the Consequences of immigrant concentration in Canada, 2001–2051. She worked at a number of positions in business and also taught at the University of Western Ontario. Matthews was honoured twice on the University Students Council Teaching Honour Roll at the University of Western Ontario, Matthews has been involved in the Liberal Party since 1975, when she helped run Petersons campaign in the old riding of London Centre. She co-chaired the Liberal Partys provincial campaigns in the elections of 1987 and 1995, Matthews was elected as President of the Ontario Liberal Party in 2003 and held the post until resigning in late 2006. In the 2003 election, Matthews defeated Progressive Conservative cabinet minister Dianne Cunningham by almost 7,000 votes, on October 23,2003, she was appointed parliamentary assistant to Sandra Pupatello, Minister of Community and Social Services. In the 2007 election, Matthews defeated Progressive Conservative Rob Alder by over 10,000 votes and she was appointed as the Minister of Children and Youth Services and Minister Responsible for Womens Issues after the election. On December 4,2008, Matthews introduced Ontarios Poverty Reduction Strategy as chair of the Cabinet Committee on Poverty Reduction, the long-term reduction plan set a target to reduce the number of children living in poverty by 25 per cent over 5 years. On October 7,2009, Matthews was named Minister of Health, in the 2011 election, Matthews defeated Progressive Conservative Nancy Branscombe by over 6,000 votes. She was reappointed as Minister of Health and Long-Term Care on October 20,2011, in 2012, Matthews came under pressure because of revelations at Ornge, Ontarios air ambulance service. Members of the opposition Progressive Conservative and New Democratic parties called for her to resign, in response to the revelations at Ornge, Matthews announced an OPP investigation. During the Liberal Party leadership race in 2013, she was a supporter of Kathleen Wynnes candidacy to lead the party. Following the 2014 election, Matthews was shuffled from Health to a role as President of the Treasury Board. On June 13,2016, she retained her position as Deputy Premier and was appointed as Minister of Advanced Education
2.
Constitution of Canada
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The Constitution of Canada is the supreme law in Canada, the countrys constitution is an amalgamation of codified acts and uncodified traditions and conventions. It is one of the oldest working constitutions in the world, the constitution outlines Canadas system of government, as well as the civil rights of all Canadian citizens and those in Canada. Canadian constitutional law relates to the interpretation and application of the constitution, the Supreme Court of Canada held that the list is not exhaustive and includes a number of pre-confederation acts and unwritten components as well. See list of Canadian constitutional documents for details, the first semblance of a constitution for Canada was the Royal Proclamation of 1763. The act renamed the portion of the former French province of New France as Province of Quebec. The Treaty of Paris of 1783 ended the American War of Independence and sent a wave of British loyalist refugees northward to Quebec, the winter of 1837–38 saw rebellion in both of the Canadas, with the result they were rejoined as the Province of Canada in 1841. This was reversed by the British North America Act in 1867 which established the Dominion of Canada. Initially, on 1 July 1867, there were four provinces in confederation as One dominion under the name of Canada, Canada West, Canada East, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick. Title to the Northwest Territories was transferred by the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1870, British Columbia joined confederation in 1871, followed by Prince Edward Island in 1873. The Yukon Territory was created by Parliament in 1898, followed by Alberta, the Dominion of Newfoundland, Britains oldest colony in the Americas, joined Canada as a province in 1949. An Imperial Conference in 1926 that included the leaders of all Dominions and representatives from India, Newfoundland never ratified the statute, so it was still subject to imperial authority when its entire system of government and economy collapsed in the mid-1930s. Canada did ratify the statute, but had requested an exception because the Canadian federal and provincial governments could not agree on a formula for the Canadian constitution. It would be another 50 years before this was achieved, in the interim, the British parliament periodically passed enabling acts with respect to amendments to Canadas constitution, this was never anything but a rubber stamp. In a formal ceremony on Parliament Hill in Ottawa, Queen Elizabeth II proclaimed both acts as law on 17 April 1982, Constitution Act,1982, included the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Prior to the charter, there were various statutes which protected an assortment of civil rights and obligations, the charter has thus placed a strong focus upon individual and collective rights of the people of Canada. Enactment of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms has also fundamentally changed much of Canadian constitutional law, the act also codified many previously oral constitutional conventions and made amendment of the constitution significantly more difficult. Since the act, amendments must now conform to certain specified provisions in the portion of the Canadian constitution. This was an Act of the British parliament, originally called the British North America Act 1867 and it outlined Canadas system of government, which combines Britains Westminster model of parliamentary government with division of sovereignty
3.
Higher education
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Higher education, post-secondary education, or third level education is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after completion of secondary education. Tertiary education at non-degree level is referred to as further education or continuing education as distinct from higher education. The right of access to education is mentioned in a number of international human rights instruments. In Europe, Article 2 of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights, adopted in 1950, in the days when few pupils progressed beyond primary education, the term higher education was often used to refer to secondary education, which can create some confusion. Higher education includes teaching, research, exacting applied work, within the realm of teaching, it includes both the undergraduate level, and beyond that, graduate-level. The latter level of education is referred to as graduate school. Higher education is important to national economies, both as an industry, in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy. College educated workers have commanded a measurable wage premium and are less likely to become unemployed than less educated workers. However, the admission of so many students of average ability to higher education inevitably requires a decline in academic standards. There is some question as to whether advanced mathematical skills or talent are in fact necessary for such as history, English, philosophy. In contrast, the higher education and training that takes place at vocational universities and schools usually concentrates on practical applications. Requirements for admission to such high-level graduate programs is extremely competitive, in the United States, there are large differences in wages and employment associated with different degrees. Medical doctors and lawyers are generally the highest paid workers, and have among the lowest unemployment rates and it may encompass using insights to conceive, model and scale an appropriate solution to a problem or objective. Engineering disciplines include, aerospace, biological, civil, chemical, computer, electrical, industrial, examples are painting, sculpture, and drawing, etc. Higher educational institutions in these arts include Film schools and Art schools, Higher vocational education and training takes place at the non-university tertiary level. Such education combines teaching of practical skills and theoretical expertise. Higher education differs from other forms of education such as that offered by institutions of vocational education. Higher vocational education might be contrasted with education in a broader scientific field
4.
Canadian federalism
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Canadian federalism involves the current nature and historical development of federal systems in Canada. Canada is a federation with 11 jurisdictions of governmental authority, the country-wide federal Crown and 10 provincial Crowns, most sectors are under federal jurisdiction or that of the provinces, such as education and healthcare. The division of powers is outlined in the Constitution Act,1867, much about Canadian federalism has undoubtedly changed in the last fifteen years, although it is also true that much remains the same. The foundations of Canadian federalism were laid at the Quebec Conference of 1864, the Quebec Resolutions were a compromise between those who wanted sovereignty vested in the federal government and those who wanted it vested in the provinces. A protracted political process ensued before the Quebec Resolutions became the British North America Act of 1867 and this process was dominated by John A. Macdonald, who joined British officials in attempting to make the federation more centralized than that envisaged by the Resolutions. The complex resulting constitution was couched in more centralist terms than intended, as prime minister, Macdonald tried to exploit this discrepancy to impose his centralist ideal against chief opponent Oliver Mowat. In a series of battles and court cases from 1872 to 1896, Mowat reversed Macdonalds early victories. In 1888, Edward Blake summarized that view, a federal as distinguished from a legislative union, not fractions of a unit but units of a multiple. The Dominion is the multiple and each province is a unit of that multiple, the accession of Wilfrid Laurier as prime minister inaugurated a new phase of constitutional consensus, marked by a more-egalitarian relationship between the jurisdictions. The federal governments powers of disallowance and reservation, which Macdonald abused in his efforts to impose a centralised government. During World War I the federal Crowns power was extended with the introduction of taxes and passage of the War Measures Act. In 1926, the King–Byng Affair resulted in a crisis which was the impetus for changes in the relationship between the governor general and the prime minister. Although its key aspects were political in nature, its constitutional aspects continue to be debated, one result was the Balfour Declaration issued later that year, whose principles were eventually codified in the Statute of Westminster 1931. It, and the repeal of the Colonial Laws Validity Act 1865, gave the parliament the ability to make extraterritorial laws. Criminal appeals were abolished in 1933, but civil appeals continued until 1949, the last Privy Council ruling of constitutional significance occurred in 1954, in Winner v. S. M. T. After that, the Supreme Court of Canada became the court of appeal. In 1937, Lieutenant Governor of Alberta John C. Bowen refused to give Royal Assent to three Legislative Assembly of Alberta bills. All three bills were later declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of Canada in Reference re Alberta Statutes, World War IIs broader scope required passage of the National Resources Mobilization Act to supplement the powers in the War Measures Act to pursue the national war effort
5.
Canadian Federation of Students
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The Canadian Federation of Students is the largest student organization in Canada, representing over 650,000 students from across Canada. Formed in 1981, the goal of the Federation is to represent the collective voice of Canadian students and work at the federal level for high quality. CFS is composed of local student unions. All members of the Canadian Federation of Students pay membership dues as a part of their membership, CFS and CFS-Services share the same bylaws and decision-making structures. In October 2009 CFS-Quebec ceased to operate as a provincial affiliate of the CFS. The goal of the merger was to create a student movement in Canada that could provide student-oriented services. Part of the impetus to organize came from the governments announcement of $2 billion of cuts from Established Program Financing. Another impetus was raising tuition fees, which had been an issue for CFS precursor organization. The NUS, starting in the late 1970s, the founding conference was held at Carleton University between October 14–19,1981. Mike McNeil was elected as the organizations first Chairperson, along with Mike Walker, former NUS treasurer Kirk Falconer, Kathie Cram, Brian Robinson, Ben Freedman, the Federations bylaws and constitution were finalized and over 50 motions were passed during the plenary. After hearing speeches by Salvadoran and Chilean students, delegates passed motions condemning human rights violations, a campaign strategy was also launched to oppose the federal governments planned cut to Established Program Financing. The slogan for the campaign was Access not axe us and it called for an establishment of an all-grant system, the campaign also called for alliance building with community groups and public sector workers to gain support and fight against cutbacks to social programs. The campaign was named after a report of the same name. The report focused on effects of the Government of Canadas cutback to education and highlighted issues such as access, delegates attending Question Period were denied entry by security guards. Mike McNeil and delegates were not satisfied with the outcome of the meeting with Gerald Regan. In 1992, the CFS resolved that it would be a “partner in the International Student Trade, overall,20 membership votes were held in 1994-1995, with the net result that 59 member students unions formed the CFS in September 1996. Between 1995 and 2007, over twenty students unions joined the CFS, including graduate students associations. Several large undergraduate students voted to certify during the same period
6.
Canadian Alliance of Student Associations
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The Canadian Alliance of Student Associations is a federally focused student advocacy organization. CASA currently has 21 members, who represent over 250,000 students from across Canada, CASA works towards an accessible, affordable, innovative and high-quality post-secondary education system. e. History CASAs origins can be traced to the first Winds of Change conference hosted by the University of Alberta in 1990, in what would become an annual meeting, student leaders from across the country were invited to come together to discuss challenges facing post-secondary education students in Canada. In 1994, as the result of a conference held at Carleton University, the foundations for the new organization were laid down, and the framework for a constitution was built upon it. CASA was incorporated June 27,1995, CASA currently has members in seven provinces and represents undergraduate, graduate, college and polytechnic students
7.
Ontario Undergraduate Student Alliance
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The Ontario Undergraduate Student Alliance is an alliance of students unions in Ontario, Canada. The initial catalyst for the creation of OUSA was disagreement over the position of the provincial and national student association in Ontario on the first Gulf War, when this idea was rejected, the roundtable occurred informally and resulted in the formal incorporation and creation of OUSA. Part-time students at the University of Toronto withdrew from the Alliance, as did Queens Alma Mater Society, Queens then rejoined the Alliance as an associate member in 2001 and then as a full member in 2004. As of May 2013, the University of Windsor Students Alliance voted through a referendum to leave the Alliance, on April 29,2014, the McMaster Association of Part-Time Students withdrew from membership in OUSA. The Students General Association of Laurentian University was admitted into OUSA in April 2016, oUSAs Steering Committee is a nine-member board of directors responsible for the overall strategy of the organisation. One executive member of each constituent student union sits on the board as a voting member, Queens University is provided with a second resource member who is non-voting
8.
Byron Edmund Walker
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Sir Byron Edmund Walker, CVO was a Canadian banker. In 1910, King George V knighted Walker for his contributions to business, Byron Edmund Walker was born on 14 October 1848 on the outskirts of Caledonia in Seneca Township, Haldimand County, Canada West. His grandfather, Thomas Walker, had been a manufacturer of watchcases in London and he arrived in Upper Canada in 1834 with four of his children, some books and some pictures. The loss of his wife and four of his children contributed heavily to his decision to leave London for Canada, the third youngest child was Alfred Edmund Walker, Sir Edmunds father, a farmer who became a clerk. He was also an amateur naturalist, paleontologist and watercolour painter, Alfred Edmund married Fanny Murton of Hamilton in 1845. Fannys parents also were immigrants from England, having arrived in 1832 and her father, William Murton, was college educated and her mother spoke Italian and French and played the harpsichord. She also ran a private school in Hamilton. The Walkers had nine children of which Byron Edmund was the second oldest, the family moved from their farm near Caledonia, to Hamilton in 1852. There, at the age of four, Edmund began studies at his grandmothers school and he hoped to pursue a teaching career but poor health curtailed his enrollment in the Toronto Normal School, the teachers college founded by Egerton Ryerson in 1851. At the age of 12, Walker entered the service of his uncle, John Walter Murton, while working at his uncles bureau de change, Walker became an expert in recognizing counterfeit bills being circulated during the American Civil War. The Canadian Bank of Commerce was established by industrialist William McMaster in 1867, McMaster would serve as a guiding light to the young Edmund, who quickly rose through the ranks. In 1872, he was appointed accountant at the banks head office in Toronto. In May 1873, Walker was sent to New York City as junior agent for the bank, charged with responsibility for loans of gold against currency, he successfully maintained proper margins in spite of his clients many sudden bankruptcies. The enterprising Walker was then sent to the banks Windsor branch in 1875, in 1878, he was appointed manager of the London, Ontario branch, a year later was made inspector of the bank, and in 1880 he returned to Hamilton as manager. Walker married Mary Alexander in 1874 while living in New York, together they had four sons and three daughters. She was the daughter of Alexander Alexander, a carpenter who emigrated from Scotland to Lockport, New York and that year, he married Isabella Buchan and moved to Hamilton, Ontario, where he became a green grocer. There he could expand his interests, visiting galleries and museums. In 1886, at age 38, Walker was recalled to Toronto as general manager of the Canadian Bank of Commerce, by then there were 30 branches in Ontario and agencies in Toronto, Montreal and New York
9.
University College, Toronto
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University College is a constituent college of the University of Toronto, created in 1853 specifically as an institution of higher learning free of religious affiliation. University College is one of two places in the University of Toronto that has designated a National Historic Site of Canada. It is home to the oldest student government in Canada, the Literary, baldwin envisioned that denominational colleges would soon decide to affiliate themselves under the secular University of Toronto with some vague status, perhaps as divinity halls. His hopes were dashed when the Presbyterian Queens College in Kingston opted to stay independent, baldwin resigned as premier in 1851, leaving his successor, Francis Hincks, to find another way to persuade the denominational colleges. Hincks decided that the university should adopt the collegiate university governance model, used for centuries at Oxbridge, on April 22,1853, University College was created as the Provincial College, and it retains that designation in the current University of Toronto Act. It was the first constituent college of the University of Toronto, inheriting the functions and resources of the former Kings College. Frederick William Cumberland was appointed in 1856 as the university architect to design and oversee the construction of the new building. The following year, Knox College and Victoria College also joined the University of Toronto, University College was severely damaged by a fire that gutted the entire eastern wing and the college library on February 14,1890. The fire spread rapidly when servants accidentally dropped two kerosene lamps on a staircase at around 7 p. m. while preparing the illumination for an annual college exhibition. And is now, so far as its material fabric goes, only about 100 books were rescued before the fire consumed more than 33,000 volumes at the college library. Despite the initial fears, University College recovered from the fire with remarkable ease, wycliffe College and Knox College both offered space for classes to accommodate displaced students. The board of trustees commissioned a restoration of the structure with insurance compensations. Within two years, the library was replenished with donations from throughout the British Empire. During the boycott of classes, professor of history George MacKinnon Wrong wrote to Chancellor Blake in England that only one student turned up at one of his lectures. The strike continued until February 20, when students voted to return to classes after the government agreed to call a commission of inquiry, the main building of University College was built between 1856 and 1859, designed by architects Frederick William Cumberland and William George Storm. The design committee would eventually include Norman, Romanesque Revival, and “faint traces of Byzantium, in particular, the Byzantine, Norman and early English styles were deemed “fitting for educational institutions”. Cumberland chose Norman Romanesque as the main influence because he thought it was the most appreciate for the topography in Canada, to achieve a picturesque approach, Cumberland ignored the classical symmetry and deliberately gave an asymmetrical architectural expression. The building was a combination of varied parts incorporating British design for educational structures in England and Ireland
10.
Constitutional Act 1791
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The Clergy Endowments Act 1791, commonly known as the Constitutional Act 1791, is an Act of the Parliament of Great Britain. Quebec, with a population of 145,000 French-speaking Canadians, was divided in two when the Act took effect on 26 December 1791, the western half became Upper Canada and the eastern half Lower Canada. The names Upper and Lower Canada were given according to their location on the St. Lawrence River, representative governments were established in both colonies with the creation of respective legislative assemblies, Quebec had not previously had representative government. The Constitutional Act tried to create a church by creating clergy reserves. These reserves created many difficulties in later years, making economic development difficult and creating resentment against the Anglican church, the Family Compact, however, both groups preferred the act and the institutions it created to the Quebec Act which it replaced. The frustration of the French over the nature of Lower Canadian political, Constitutional history of Canada Act of Union Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester Constitutional Act of the Province of Lower Canada
11.
Parliament of Great Britain
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The Parliament of Great Britain was formed in 1707 following the ratification of the Acts of Union by both the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland. This lasted nearly a century, until the Acts of Union 1800 merged the separate British and Irish Parliaments into a single Parliament of the United Kingdom with effect from 1 January 1801. Following the Treaty of Union in 1706, Acts of Union ratifying the Treaty were passed in both the Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland, which created a new Kingdom of Great Britain. The Acts dissolved both parliaments, replacing them with a new parliament, referred to as the Parliament of Great Britain and it was not even considered necessary to hold a new general election. While Scots law and Scottish legislation remained separate, new legislation was thereafter to be enacted by the new parliament, after the Hanoverian King George I ascended the British throne in 1714 through the Act of Settlement of 1701, real power continued to shift away from the monarchy. George was a German ruler, spoke poor English, and remained interested in governing his dominions in continental Europe rather than in Britain. Reformers and Radicals sought parliamentary reform, but as the French Revolutionary Wars developed the British government became repressive against dissent and progress towards reform was stalled. During the first half of George IIIs reign, the still had considerable influence over Parliament. Most candidates for the House of Commons were identified as Whigs or Tories, reformers like William Beckford and Radicals beginning with John Wilkes called for reform of the system. In 1780 a draft programme of reform was drawn up by Charles James Fox and Thomas Brand Hollis and this included calls for the six points later adopted by the Chartists. Pitt had previously called for Parliament to begin to reform itself, proposals Pitt made in April 1785 to redistribute seats from the rotten boroughs to London and the counties were defeated in the House of Commons by 248 votes to 174
12.
Upper Canada
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The new province remained, for the next fifty years of growth and settlement, the colonial government of the territory. Upper Canada existed from 26 December 1791 to 10 February 1841, the upper prefix in the name reflects its geographic position being closer to the headwaters of the Saint Lawrence River than that of Lower Canada to the northeast. The control the French had over Canada was handed over to Great Britain in 1763 when the Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War in America. The territories of modern southern Ontario and southern Quebec were initially maintained as the single Province of Quebec, from 1763 to 1791, the Province of Quebec maintained its French language, cultural behavioural expectations, practices and laws. This region quickly became culturally distinct, while the act addressed some religious issues, it did not appease those used to English law. Upper Canada became an entity on December 26,1791 with the Parliament of Great Britains passage of the Constitutional Act of 1791. The act divided the Province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada, the first lieutenant-governor was John Graves Simcoe. On February 1,1796, the capital of Upper Canada was moved from Newark to York, which was judged to be less vulnerable to attack by the Americans. Upper Canadas constitution was said to be the image and transcript of the British constitution. The Executive Council of Upper Canada had a function to the Cabinet in England but was not responsible to the Legislative Assembly. They held a position, however, and did not serve in administrative offices as cabinet ministers do. Members of the Executive Council were not necessarily members of the Legislative Assembly but were members of the Legislative Council. The Legislative branch of the government consisted of the parliament comprising legislative council, forces in the War of 1812, rebuilt, then burned again by accident. The site was abandoned for another, to the west. The Legislative Council of Upper Canada was the upper house governing the province of Upper Canada, although modelled after the British House of Lords, Upper Canada had no aristocracy. Members of the Legislative council, appointed for life, formed the core of the group, the Family Compact. The Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada functioned as the house in the Parliament of Upper Canada. Its legislative power was subject to veto by the appointed Lieutenant Governor, Executive Council, local government in the Province of Upper Canada was based on districts
13.
John Graves Simcoe
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He founded York and was instrumental in introducing institutions such as courts of law, trial by jury, English common law, freehold land tenure, and the abolition of slavery. His energetic efforts were partially successful in establishing a local gentry, a thriving Church of England. That being said, he is seen by many Canadians—especially those in Southern Ontario—as a founding figure in Canadian history and he is commemorated in Toronto with Simcoe Day. John Graves Simcoe was the surviving son of John and Katherine Simcoe. His parents had four children, but he was the one to live past childhood. His father was a captain in the Royal Navy who commanded the 60-gun HMS Pembroke, with James Cook as his sailing master, during the 1758 siege of Louisbourg. His father died of pneumonia on 15 May 1759 on board his ship in the mouth of the Saint Lawrence River, the family then moved to his mothers parental home in Exeter. His paternal grandparents were William and Mary Simcoe and he was educated at Exeter Grammar School and Eton College. He spent a year at Merton College, Oxford, he was admitted to Lincolns Inn. He was initiated into Freemasonry in Union Lodge, Exeter on November 2,1773, in 1770, Simcoe entered the British Army as an ensign in the 35th Regiment of Foot, and his unit was dispatched to the Thirteen Colonies. Later, he saw action in the American Revolutionary War during the Siege of Boston, during the siege in July 1776, he was promoted captain in the 40th Regiment of Foot. He saw action with the company of the 40th Foot in the New York and New Jersey campaign. Simcoe commanded the 40th at the Battle of Brandywine on September 11,1777, legend has it that Simcoe ordered his men at Brandywine not to fire upon three fleeing rebels, among whom was George Washington. In 1777, Simcoe sought to form a Loyalist regiment of free blacks from Boston and it was a well-trained light infantry unit comprising 11 companies of 30 men,1 grenadier, and 1 hussar, and the rest light infantry. The Queens Rangers saw extensive action during the Philadelphia campaign, including a surprise attack at the Battle of Crooked Billet. In 1778, Simcoe commanded the attack on Judge William Hancocks house during a foraging expedition opposed by Patriot militia, killing ten Americans in their sleep, William Hancock was also killed, although he was not with the Americans. The massacre took place at night and with bayonets, on June 28 of that year, Simcoe and his Queens Rangers took part in the Battle of Monmouth, in and near Freehold, New Jersey. Simcoe was released in 1781 and rejoined his unit in Virginia and he was involved in a skirmish near Williamsburg and was at the Siege of Yorktown
14.
William Bentinck, 4th Duke of Portland
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He was the elder brother of Lord William Bentinck and Lord Charles Bentinck. He was educated first in Ealing under the tutelage of Samuel Goodenough graduating in 1774 and he attended Christ Church, Oxford for two years but did not take a degree. The third Duke, who spared no expense for his heir, sent him to The Hague in 1786 for experience working with the crowns envoy and he later received an honorary degree of Doctor of Civil Law from Oxford in 1793. He also served as a Family Trustee of the British Museum, in 1810, Portland was Member of Parliament for Petersfield between 1790 and 1791 and for Buckinghamshire between 1791 and 1809. He served under his father as a Lord of the Treasury between March and September 1807 and he remained out of office until April 1827 when he was appointed Lord Privy Seal by his brother-in-law George Canning. He was sworn of the Privy Council the same year, when Lord Goderich became Prime Minister in August 1827, Portland became Lord President of the Council, an office he retained until the government fell in January 1828. Over time the Duke became less of a staunch Conservative, softening to some of the more liberal stances of Canning, Portland also held the honorary post of Lord Lieutenant of Middlesex between 1794 and 1841. Portland married Henrietta, eldest daughter and heiress of Major-General John Scott of Fife and his wife Margaret, at the time of his marriage he obtained Royal Licence to take the name and arms of Scott in addition to that of Cavendish-Bentinck. Nearly 10 years later, Portland died at the seat of Welbeck Abbey, Nottinghamshire, in March 1854. Two of their sons predeceased their parents, their eldest dying of a brain lesion, the duke expressed a desire to be buried in the open churchyard in Bolsover, Derbyshire, near the other family seat at Bolsover Castle. However he was interred in the ancient Cavendish vault, that had previously been unopened for 138 years. He was succeeded in the dukedom by his second but eldest surviving son, the Portland Estate Papers held at Nottinghamshire Archives also contain items relating to Portlands properties. His full titles were Duke of Portland, Marquess of Titchfield, Earl of Portland, Viscount Woodstock, and Baron Cirencester
15.
George III of the United Kingdom
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He was concurrently Duke and prince-elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire until his promotion to King of Hanover on 12 October 1814. He was the third British monarch of the House of Hanover, early in his reign, Great Britain defeated France in the Seven Years War, becoming the dominant European power in North America and India. However, many of Britains American colonies were soon lost in the American War of Independence, further wars against revolutionary and Napoleonic France from 1793 concluded in the defeat of Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. In the later part of his life, George III had recurrent, although it has since been suggested that he had the blood disease porphyria, the cause of his illness remains unknown. After a final relapse in 1810, a regency was established, on George IIIs death, the Prince Regent succeeded his father as George IV. Historical analysis of George IIIs life has gone through a kaleidoscope of changing views that have depended heavily on the prejudices of his biographers and the sources available to them. Until it was reassessed in the half of the 20th century, his reputation in the United States was one of a tyrant. George was born in London at Norfolk House and he was the grandson of King George II, and the eldest son of Frederick, Prince of Wales, and Augusta of Saxe-Gotha. As Prince George was born two months prematurely and he was unlikely to survive, he was baptised the same day by Thomas Secker. One month later, he was baptised at Norfolk House. His godparents were the King of Sweden, his uncle the Duke of Saxe-Gotha, George grew into a healthy but reserved and shy child. The family moved to Leicester Square, where George and his younger brother Prince Edward, Duke of York, Family letters show that he could read and write in both English and German, as well as comment on political events of the time, by the age of eight. He was the first British monarch to study science systematically and his religious education was wholly Anglican. At age 10 George took part in a production of Joseph Addisons play Cato and said in the new prologue, What. It may with truth be said, A boy in England born, historian Romney Sedgwick argued that these lines appear to be the source of the only historical phrase with which he is associated. Georges grandfather, King George II, disliked the Prince of Wales, however, in 1751 the Prince of Wales died unexpectedly from a lung injury, and George became heir apparent to the throne. He inherited one of his fathers titles and became the Duke of Edinburgh, now more interested in his grandson, three weeks later the King created George Prince of Wales. Georges mother, now the Dowager Princess of Wales, preferred to keep George at home where she could imbue him with her moral values
16.
Canadian Confederation
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Canadian Confederation was the process by which the British colonies of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick were united into one Dominion of Canada on July 1,1867. Upon confederation, the old province of Canada was divided into Ontario and Quebec, along with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, over the years since Confederation, Canada has seen numerous territorial changes and expansions, resulting in the current configuration of ten provinces and three territories. Canada is a federation and not an association of sovereign states. It is nevertheless considered to be among the worlds more decentralized federations. To contemporaries of Confederation the con- prefix indicated a strengthening of the centrist principle compared to the American federation, the term is now often used to describe Canada in an abstract way, such as in the Fathers of Confederation. Provinces and territories became part of Canada after 1867 are also said to have joined, or entered into. The term is used to divide Canadian history into pre-Confederation and post-Confederation periods. All the former colonies and territories that became involved in the Canadian Confederation on July 1,1867, were part of New France. Nova Scotia was granted in 1621 to Sir William Alexander under charter by James VI, the British acquired present-day mainland Nova Scotia by the Treaty of Utrecht of 1713 and the Acadian population was expelled by the British in 1755. They called Acadia Nova Scotia, which included present-day New Brunswick, the rest of New France was acquired by the British by the Treaty of Paris, which ended the Seven Years War. From 1763 to 1791, most of New France became the Province of Quebec, however, in 1769 the present-day Prince Edward Island, which had been part of Acadia, was renamed St Johns Island and organized as a separate colony. It was renamed Prince Edward Island in 1798 in honour of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, the first English attempt at settlement had been in Newfoundland, which would not join the Confederation until 1949. The Society of Merchant Venturers of Bristol began to settle Newfoundland and Labrador at Cupers Cove as far back as 1610, in the wake of the American Revolution, an estimated 50,000 United Empire Loyalists fled to British North America. The British created the colony of New Brunswick in 1784 for the Loyalists who settled in the western part of Nova Scotia. The War of 1812 and Treaty of 1818 established the 49th parallel as the border with the United States from the Great Lakes to the Rocky Mountains in Western Canada. As a result of Durhams report, the British Parliament passed the Act of Union 1840, the new province was divided into two parts, Canada West and Canada East. Governor General Lord Elgin granted ministerial responsibility in 1848, first to Nova Scotia, in the following years, the British would extend responsible government to Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and Newfoundland. The area which constitutes modern-day British Columbia is the remnants of the Hudsons Bay Companys Columbia District and New Caledonia District following the Oregon Treaty
17.
Church of England
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The Church of England is the state church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric, although the monarch is the supreme governor, the Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It dates its establishment as a church to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury. The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII sought to secure an annulment from Catherine of Aragon in the 1530s, the English Reformation accelerated under Edward VIs regents before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip. This is expressed in its emphasis on the teachings of the early Church Fathers, as formalised in the Apostles, Nicene, in the earlier phase of the English Reformation there were both Catholic martyrs and radical Protestant martyrs. The later phases saw the Penal Laws punish Roman Catholic and nonconforming Protestants, in the 17th century, political and religious disputes raised the Puritan and Presbyterian faction to control of the church, but this ended with the Restoration. Papal recognition of George III in 1766 led to religious tolerance. Since the English Reformation, the Church of England has used a liturgy in English, the church contains several doctrinal strands, the main three known as Anglo-Catholic, Evangelical and Broad Church. Tensions between theological conservatives and progressives find expression in debates over the ordination of women and homosexuality, the church includes both liberal and conservative clergy and members. The governing structure of the church is based on dioceses, each presided over by a bishop, within each diocese are local parishes. The General Synod of the Church of England is the body for the church and comprises bishops, other clergy. Its measures must be approved by both Houses of Parliament, according to tradition, Christianity arrived in Britain in the 1st or 2nd century, during which time southern Britain became part of the Roman Empire. The earliest historical evidence of Christianity among the native Britons is found in the writings of such early Christian Fathers as Tertullian, three Romano-British bishops, including Restitutus, are known to have been present at the Council of Arles in 314. Others attended the Council of Sardica in 347 and that of Ariminum in 360, Britain was the home of Pelagius, who opposed Augustine of Hippos doctrine of original sin. Consequently, in 597, Pope Gregory I sent the prior of the Abbey of St Andrews from Rome to evangelise the Angles and this event is known as the Gregorian mission and is the date the Church of England generally marks as the beginning of its formal history. A later archbishop, the Greek Theodore of Tarsus, also contributed to the organisation of Christianity in England, the Church of England has been in continuous existence since the days of St Augustine, with the Archbishop of Canterbury as its episcopal head. Despite the various disruptions of the Reformation and the English Civil War, while some Celtic Christian practices were changed at the Synod of Whitby, the Christian Church in the British Isles was under papal authority from earliest times. The Synod of Whitby established the Roman date for Easter and the Roman style of monastic tonsure in Britain and this meeting of the ecclesiastics with Roman customs with local bishops was summoned in 664 at Saint Hildas double monastery of Streonshalh, later called Whitby Abbey
18.
John Strachan
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John Strachan was an influential figure in Upper Canada and the first Anglican Bishop of Toronto. He is best known as a bishop who held many government positions. Craig characterizes him as the Canadian arch tory of his era for his intense conservatism, Dr. Strachan built his home in a large yard bound by Simcoe Street, York Street, and Front Street. It was a two storey building that was the first building in Toronto to use locally manufactured bricks, the gardens and grounds of the property occupied the entire square and became a local Toronto landmark, being given the name The Bishops Palace. After Dr. Strachans death the home was converted into a hotel called The Palace Boarding House. Strachan was the youngest of six born to the overseer of a granite quarry in Aberdeen. He graduated from Kings College, Aberdeen in 1797, after his father died in an accident in 1794, Strachan tutored students and taught school to finance his own education. In 1799 he emigrated to Kingston, Upper Canada to tutor the children of other British, in Kingston one of his students was John Beverley Robinson, future attorney general of Upper Canada. At the same time, he studied to become ordained, in 1803 Strachan was ordained as a priest in the Church of England. He moved to Cornwall, Ontario, where he taught at a school and married Ann McGill née Wood, widow of Andrew McGill. Together they had nine children, some of whom died young and he moved to York, Upper Canada, just before the War of 1812, where he became rector of St. James church and headmaster of the Home District Grammar School. This school, also known as The Blue School taught students from five to seventeen, students recited abridged speeches from the House of Commons, learned Latin, and were encouraged to ask questions of their fellow pupils. A conservative, Strachan supported his nation during the War of 1812, in December 1812, Strachan founded the Loyal and Patriotic Society of Upper Canada which raised £21,500 to support the families of militiaman and care for the wounded. During the Battle of York in 1813, along with militia officers Strachan negotiated the surrender of the city with American general Henry Dearborn. The Americans violated the terms by looting homes and churches while locking the wounded British soldiers, Strachan went to meet to complain in person to General Dearborn about the violation of the terms of surrender, and shamed Dearborn into imposing order on his troops. He is credited with saving the city from American troops eager to loot, after the sack of York, Strachan sent his wife Anne and their children to Cornwall because he believed they would safe there. A few months later, Cornwall was taken by the Americans, after the war he became a pillar of the Family Compact, the conservative elite that controlled the colony. He was a member of the Executive Council of Upper Canada from 1815 to 1836 as well as the Legislative Council from 1820 to 1841
19.
Queen's University
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Queens University at Kingston is a public research university in Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Founded on 16 October 1841 via a charter issued by Queen Victoria. Queens holds more than 1,400 hectares of land throughout Ontario and owns Herstmonceux Castle in East Sussex, Queens is organized into ten undergraduate, graduate and professional faculties and schools. The Church of Scotland established Queens College in 1841 with a charter from Queen Victoria. The first classes, intended to prepare students for the ministry, were held 7 March 1842 with 13 students, Queens was the first university west of the maritime provinces to admit women and to form a student government. In 1883, a college for medical education affiliated with Queens University was established. In 1888, Queens University began offering courses, becoming the first Canadian university to do so. In 1912, Queens secularized and changed to its present legal name, Queens is a co-educational university, with more than 23,000 students, and with over 131,000 living alumni worldwide. Notable alumni include government officials, academics, business leaders and 57 Rhodes Scholars, Queens varsity teams, known as the Golden Gaels, compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference of U Sports. Queens was a result of an outgrowth of educational initiatives planned by Presbyterians in the 1830s, a draft plan for the university was presented at a synod meeting in Kingston in 1839, with a modified bill introduced through the 13th Parliament of Upper Canada during a session in 1840. On 16 October 1841, a charter was issued through Queen Victoria establishing Queens College at Kingston. They modelled the university after the University of Edinburgh and the University of Glasgow, classes began on 7 March 1842, in a small wood-frame house on the edge of the city with two professors and 15 students. The college moved several times during its first eleven years, before settling in its present location, prior to Canadian Confederation, the college was financially supported by the Presbyterian Church in Scotland, the Canadian government and private citizens. The college was rescued after Principal William Snodgrass and other created a fundraising campaign across Canada. The risk of financial ruin continued to worry the administration until the final decade. They actively considered leaving Kingston and merging with the University of Toronto as late as the 1880s, with the additional funds bequeathed from Queens first major benefactor, Robert Sutherland, the college staved off financial failure and maintained its independence. Queens was given university status on 17 May 1881, in 1883, Womens Medical College was founded at Queens with a class of three. Theological Hall, completed in 1880, originally served as Queens main building throughout the late 19th century, in 1912, Queens separated from the Presbyterian Church of Scotland and changed its name to Queens University at Kingston
20.
Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate
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The Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate is a missionary religious congregation in the Catholic Church. It was founded on January 25,1816 by Saint Eugene de Mazenod, the congregation was given recognition by Pope Leo XII on February 17,1826. The congregation is composed of priests and brothers usually living in community and their traditional salutation is Laudetur Jesus Christus, to which the response is Et Maria Immaculata. As of 2011, the congregation had approximately 4,400 members serving in numerous parts of the world, the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate were founded in 1816 in Aix-en-Provence by Eugene de Mazenod. Born into the French minor nobility, his family were forced to flee to Italy during the Revolution, there he experienced years of family instability, poverty and danger. The family was forced to flee successively to Turin, Venice, Naples, returning to France as a young man, he entered the Seminary of St. Sulpice and was ordained in 1811. On January 25,1816, Father Eugene de Mazenod and four came together to preach missions in Provençal. He hath sent me to preach the Gospel to the poor, has adopted as the device of the congregation. Care of young mens societies, Catholic clubs, formation of clergy in seminaries However, the work of the congregation soon developed and the charism of the Oblates is that they are not specialised, except in facing urgent needs. It was enough for bishops to come to our Founder and say to him, for him to act, re-examine his manpower, cut personnel here and there, and release 2 or 3 men for these new needs. You see, it is a question of passion, of missionary concern, as members of a religious congregation the Missionaries Oblates of Mary Immaculate embrace the evangelical counsels, taking the three traditional religious vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. Poverty means that all possessions are held in common and that no member may accumulate wealth, chastity, abstaining from sexual activity, is intended to make the religious totally available for religious service. In the initial stages, those interested in joining the congregation have several meetings with an OMI priest, young adults aged 18 and over, meet regularly to share their experiences of God and what He may be calling them to become. During this time the members of the congregation share what it is like to be a priest and this is a 2-4 year-long experience of living in an OMI community, sharing in many aspects of the life of the congregation. During this time the postulants participate in the life of a community, share more deeply with others. Essentially, it is a period of discernment for the postulants. For those straight out of school it is possible, in some provinces. Next follows the novitiate which is the time for preparing to take the vows of poverty, chastity and obedience. ”Thus, the spiritual development of the novice is of particular focus, especially through spiritual direction
21.
University of Toronto
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The University of Toronto is a public research university in Toronto, Ontario, Canada on the grounds that surround Queens Park. It was founded by charter in 1827 as Kings College. Originally controlled by the Church of England, the university assumed the present name in 1850 upon becoming a secular institution, as a collegiate university, it comprises twelve colleges, which differ in character and history, each with substantial autonomy on financial and institutional affairs. It has two campuses in Scarborough and Mississauga. Academically, the University of Toronto is noted for influential movements and curricula in literary criticism and communication theory, by a significant margin, it receives the most annual scientific research funding of any Canadian university. It is one of two members of the Association of American Universities outside the United States, the other being McGill University, the Varsity Blues are the athletic teams that represent the university in intercollegiate league matches, with long and storied ties to gridiron football and ice hockey. The universitys Hart House is an example of the North American student centre. The founding of a college had long been the desire of John Graves Simcoe. As an Oxford-educated military commander who had fought in the American Revolutionary War, the Upper Canada Executive Committee recommended in 1798 a college be established in York, the colonial capital. On March 15,1827, a charter was formally issued by King George IV, proclaiming from this time one College, with the style. For the education of youth in the principles of the Christian Religion, the granting of the charter was largely the result of intense lobbying by John Strachan, the influential Anglican Bishop of Toronto who took office as the colleges first president. The original three-storey Greek Revival school building was built on the present site of Queens Park, under Strachans stewardship, Kings College was a religious institution closely aligned with the Church of England and the British colonial elite, known as the Family Compact. Reformist politicians opposed the control over colonial institutions and fought to have the college secularized. Having anticipated this decision, the enraged Strachan had resigned a year earlier to open Trinity College as a private Anglican seminary, University College was created as the nondenominational teaching branch of the University of Toronto. Established in 1878, the School of Practical Science was precursor to the Faculty of Applied Science and Engineering, while the Faculty of Medicine opened in 1843, medical teaching was conducted by proprietary schools from 1853 until 1887, when the faculty absorbed the Toronto School of Medicine. Meanwhile, the university continued to set examinations and confer medical degrees, the university opened the Faculty of Law in 1887, followed by the Faculty of Dentistry in 1888, when the Royal College of Dental Surgeons became an affiliate. Women were first admitted to the university in 1884, over the next two decades, a collegiate system took shape as the university arranged federation with several ecclesiastical colleges, including Strachans Trinity College in 1904. The university operated the Royal Conservatory of Music from 1896 to 1991, the University of Toronto Press was founded in 1901 as Canadas first academic publishing house
22.
University of Ottawa
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The University of Ottawa is a bilingual public research university in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. The main campus is located on 42.5 hectares in the neighbourhood of Sandy Hill. The university offers a variety of academic programs, administered by ten faculties. It is a member of the U15, a group of universities in Canada. The University of Ottawa was first established as the College of Bytown in 1848 by the first bishop of the Catholic Archdiocese of Ottawa, Joseph-Bruno Guigues. Placed under the direction of the Oblates of Mary Immaculate, it was renamed the College of Ottawa in 1861, on 5 February 1889, the university was granted a pontifical charter by Pope Leo XIII, elevating the institution to a pontifical university. The University was reorganized on 1 July 1965 as a corporation, as a result, the civil and pontifical charters were kept by the newly created Saint Paul University, federated with the university. The remaining civil faculties were retained by the reorganized university, the university is co-educational and enrolls over 35,000 undergraduate and over 6,000 post-graduate students. The university has more than 195,000 alumni, the universitys athletic teams are known as the Gee-Gees and are members of U Sports. The university was established on 26 September 1848 as the College of Bytown by the first Roman Catholic bishop of Ottawa and he entrusted administration to the Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate. The college was located in Lower Town, housed in a wooden building next to the Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica. However, space became an issue for administrators, triggering two moves in 1852 and a final move to Sandy Hill in 1856. The Sandy Hill property was donated by Louis-Theodore Besserer, where he offered a parcel from his estate for the college. The college was renamed College of Ottawa in 1861, following the name change from Bytown to Ottawa. By 1872 the university had begun to confer undergraduate degrees, with masters degrees coming in 1875. On 5 February 1889, the university was granted a charter from Pope Leo XIII. The university faced a crisis when fire destroyed the building on 2 December 1903. After the fire, the university hired New York architect A. O. Von Herbulis to design its replacement and it was among the first Canadian structures to be completely fireproof, built of reinforced concrete
23.
Royal charter
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A royal charter is a formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent, granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate. They were, and are still, used to establish significant organisations such as cities or universities, Charters should be distinguished from warrants and letters of appointment, as they have perpetual effect. Typically, a Royal Charter is produced as a high-quality work of calligraphy on vellum, the British monarchy has issued over 980 royal charters. Of these about 750 remain in existence, the earliest was to the town of Tain in 1066, making it the oldest Royal Burgh in Scotland, followed by the University of Cambridge in 1231. Charters continue to be issued by the British Crown, a recent example being that awarded to the Chartered Institute for the Management of Sport and Physical Activity, Charters have been used in Europe since medieval times to create cities. The date that such a charter is granted is considered to be when a city is founded, at one time, a royal charter was the sole means by which an incorporated body could be formed, but other means are generally used nowadays instead. In the period before 1958,32 higher education institutes had been created by royal charter and these were typically engineering or technical institutions rather than universities. Royal decrees can therefore no longer grant higher education status or university status. A Royal Charter is granted by Order in Council, either creating an incorporated body and this is an exercise of the Royal Prerogative, and, in Canada, there are hundreds of organisations under Royal Charters. Such organisations include charities, businesses, colleges, universities, today, it is mostly charities and professional institutions who receive Royal Charters. Application for a charter is a petition to the Queen-in-Council, however, meeting these benchmarks does not guarantee the issuance of a Royal Charter. Companies, corporations, and societies in Canada founded under or augmented by a Royal Charter include, Royal Charter was issued in August 1826 to purchase and develop lands. Purchased the Crown Reserve of 1,384,413 acres, cities under Royal Charter are not subject to municipal Acts of Parliament applied generally to other municipalities, and instead are governed by legislation applicable to each city individually. The Royal Charter codifies the laws applied to the particular city, the Universitys Pontifical Charter was granted by Pope Leo XIII in 1889. Several Canadian private schools were founded or reconstituted under Royal Charter, the Royal Gibraltar Post Office was granted Royal Charter in 2005. The Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club obtained Royal Charter in 1959 and it is one of the three banknote-issuing banks in Hong Kong. The Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch Chartered originally in 1847, disbanded 1859, the Institution of Engineers was incorporated by royal charter in 1935. A number of Irish institutions retain the Royal prefix, even though Republic of Ireland severed all remaining connections between the state and the British monarch in 1949, the University of South Africa received a Royal Charter in 1877
24.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
25.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
26.
Toronto Normal School
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The Toronto Normal School was a teachers college in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Opened in 1847, the Normal School was located at Church and Gould streets in central Toronto, the schools landmark Gothic-Romanesque building was designed by architects Thomas Ridout and Frederick William Cumberland in 1852. The landmark building was demolished in 1963, but architectural elements of the structure remain on the campus of Ryerson University, in the 1830s, the authorities in Upper Canada first recognized the need to establish a normal school in the colony to train teachers. It was not until 1846, however, that Egerton Ryerson issued his report entitled Report on a System of Public Elementary Education for Upper Canada. On November 1,1847, the Provincial Normal School, as it was first known, an accompanying Provincial Model School was opened in 1848, in the renovated Government House stables. In 1849, the Parliament Buildings in Montreal were burned down in a riot, the colonial administration required the use of the old Government House, and the Normal School was temporarily displaced to the former Temperance Hall on Temperance Street. On July 2,1851, the cornerstone for a new building was laid by Governor General Lord Elgin, the new building was designed to accommodate two hundred teachers-in-training and six hundred pupils. It was situated on a 3.2 hectare site, bounded by Gerrard, Church, Gould and Victoria streets, the property became known as St. James Square, and was soon used for more than teacher training purposes. A 2-acre plot was set aside for a garden, with another 3 acres reserved for agricultural experiments. The agricultural work on the site prompted the founding of the Ontario Agricultural College in 1874, Ryerson wanted the Normal School to be a focal point of the development of arts and education in Upper Canada. In 1896, the archaeological and ethnographic collections of the Canadian Institute of Toronto, Boyle would remain its curator and later its superintendent until his death in 1911. The museum later evolved into the Royal Ontario Museum, the Ontario Society of Artists, founded in 1872, used the Normal School as its headquarters. The Society operated an art school on the St. James Square site, the building also housed the Provinces Department of Education. These various activities at St. James Square lead to its designation as the cradle of Ontarios education system, with the construction of its new building, the name of the Normal School was changed to the Normal School for Upper Canada. Upon Confederation in 1867, it was renamed the Normal School for Ontario, the opening of the Ottawa Normal School in 1875 prompted a further renaming to Toronto Normal School. As it had almost a century before, turmoil again led to the eviction of the Normal School from its facilities. Due the demands of the Second World War, the Normal School was forced to relocate to the former Earl Kitchener Public School at Pape and Mortimer Avenues in nearby East York in 1941. St. James Square became the No.6 Initial Training Centre for the Royal Canadian Air Force, the institute became Ryerson Institute of Technology in 1948, and would ultimately become Ryerson University
27.
Higher education in Canada
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Higher education in Canada describes the constellation of provincial higher education systems in Canada and their relationships with the federal government, provinces, and territories. In Canada, the responsibility for higher education rests with the provinces of Canada. The Act states that in and for each Province, the Legislature may exclusively make laws in relation to Education, as a result of this constitutional arrangement, a distinctive system of education, including higher education, has evolved in each province. The federal governments responsibilities in education are limited to the Royal Military College of Canada, the higher education systems in Canadas ten provinces include their historical development, organization, and goals. Each of the three territories in Canada have separate higher education systems that reflect territorial history, organization, Higher education in Alberta trains students in various academic and vocational specializations. Generally, youth attend school from kindergarten until grade twelve, at time they have the option to continue into post secondary study. Students are required to meet the entrance requirements for programs offered at the institution of their choice. Once accepted, students are allowed greater educational opportunities through the province extensively developed articulation system, Public institutions include eleven universities, eleven colleges, and three institutes. The system remains a one, however, with few university transfer programs or college courses which can be applied towards a university degree. English speaking New Brunswickers in Canadas only bilingual province are falling behind according to Statistics Canada, Newfoundland and Labrador has had the same growing pains as other provinces in developing its own form of education and now boasts a very strong, although relatively small, system. The direction of Newfoundland and Labrador’s policy has evolved rapidly since the late 1990s, with increased funding, participation rates, the former Arctic College was split into Aurora College and Nunavut Arctic College when Nunavut Territory was created in 1999. Aurora College has campuses in Inuvik, Fort Smith and Yellowknife and it has learning centres in many other communities in the NWT. The territorial Department of Education, Culture and Employment is the government agency responsible for education in the Northwest Territories. The governing body for education in Nova Scotia is the Department of Education with Karen Casey as Minister of Education. Created in 1999, the Territory of Nunavut is located in the Canadian Arctic, Nunavut has developed some creative solutions to the delivery of post secondary education. Some of the include a huge geographic region, a sparse and isolated populace. To address these challenges, Nunavut Arctic College delivers customized learning programs via Community Learning Centres in twenty-four of the communities in Nunavut. In Ontario there are public universities, twenty-four colleges
28.
Royal Military College of Canada
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The Royal Military College of Canada, commonly abbreviated as RMCC or RMC, is the military college of the Canadian Armed Forces, and is a degree-granting university training military officers. RMC was established in 1876 and is the only institution in Canada with degree-granting powers. The Royal Military College of Canada Degrees Act,1959 empowers the college to confer degrees in arts, science, programs are offered at the undergraduate and graduate levels both on campus as well as through the Colleges distance learning programme via the Division of Continuing Studies. Located on Point Frederick, a 41-hectare peninsula in Kingston, Ontario, the college is a blend of older, historic buildings, as well as more academic, athletic. Officer cadets of the Royal Military College of Canada are trained in what are known as the four pillars of academics, officership, athletics, and bilingualism. RMC provides programs and courses of education and professional development to meet the needs of the Canadian Armed Forces. Those able to gain admission to this institution will belong to a community of peers that encourages alumni prosperity. For most students under the ROTP, education is free and a salary is paid which meets incidentals. The courses are offered both on site and by learning in both official languages, English and French. After graduation, Officers are to two months of service for each subsidized month of education. RMC offers 19 undergraduate programs in Arts, Science and Engineering, RMC offers 34 graduate studies opportunities, including 14 doctorates. All undergraduate students are required to complete the curriculum, which is designed to provide a balanced liberal arts, science. The Core Curriculum consists of Economics, Psychology, Mathematics, English, Calculus, Military history of Canada, Chemistry, Canadian History, Engineering and Management was offered, 1972–1995. Engineering Physics was offered 1975–1995 and Fuels and Materials Engineering were offered 1982–1991, engineers provide support to deployed operations and domestic installations. RMC was the first college in Canada to train engineers, Physics, Chemistry, Computer Science, Mathematics and Space Science are offered by the Faculty of Science. The science programs are relevant to occupations in both the Canadian Armed Forces and the civilian sector, students pursuing a Bachelor of Arts gain practical communication and critical thinking skills as well as specialized, hands-on experience in their chosen field. English, French, Economics, Political Science, History, Business Administration, Military theory, Military strategy studies, Military Psychology and Leadership are offered by the Faculty of Arts. Tuition fees at the undergraduate level vary from $2,780 – $3,710 for Canadian undergraduate students, the tuition fees for international students vary from $8,750 – $9,000 for undergraduate students and $6,200 – $6,700 for graduate students
29.
OCAD University
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OCAD University, formerly the Ontario College of Art and Design, is a public university located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. The school is within the Grange Park neighbourhood, and adjacent to the Art Gallery of Ontario, the school is Canadas largest and oldest educational institution for art and design. OCAD U offers courses through the Faculties of Art, Design, Liberal Arts and Sciences, the enabling legislation is Ontario College of Art and Design University Act,2002. The Universitys beginnings stretch back to the project of the Ontario Society of Artists whose objectives included the development of art education in Ontario, in 1971–72, Roy Ascott radically challenged the pedagogy and curriculum structure of the College. In 2008, OCAD president Sara Diamond changed the pedagogy and she emphasised academics over studio time and required full-time instructors to hold an advanced degree. There was some controversy as two faculty resigned over the changes, in 2010, Tom Travis, then president of Dalhousie University in Halifax, was conducted a confidential review of how OCAD was managed. He found that the number of faculty and administrators was excessive. He recommended that deans be given more autonomy, Sara Diamond adopted most of his 30 recommendations, for example, giving department deans more power. OCAD University has had a number of names over time, Ontario School of Art, 1876–86 founded by the Ontario Society of Artists to provide professional training in art. The OCAD campus consists of a campus and a south campus. The south campus consists of buildings that are situated on Richmond Street West. Buildings at OCAD are referred to by their street addresses, some buildings are also assigned a building number that is encoded as the first digit in 4-digit room numbers. The Main Building traces its roots to the first building that the school constructed, now known as the George A. Reid Wing, the building was designed by the school’s principal George A. Reid in the Georgian style and opened on 30 September 1921. On 17 January 1957, the first extension, a modernist building known today as the A. J. Casson Wing, was completed and was opened, two more extensions to the building were subsequently added in 1963 and 1967. In 2000, funding was secured from Ontario’s SuperBuild program to build an extension to the Main Building. Through Rod Robbie of Robbie/Young + Wright Architects, Will Alsop of Alsop Architects was made aware of the project and was selected in 2002. A joint venture was formed between the two firms and the new building, now known as the Sharp Centre for Design, was completed in 2004, the main library on campus is the Dorothy H. Hoover Library, located in the Annex Building. The Learning Zone, also located in the Annex Building, houses the OCAD Zine Library, Art & Design Annuals, a number of galleries or exhibition spaces exist both on-campus and off-campus, a faculty gallery is also planned as part of the proposed Mirvish-Gehry development
30.
Isaac Hellmuth
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Isaac Hellmuth, second Anglican Bishop of the Diocese of Huron, was the founder of Huron University College and the University of Western Ontario, one of Canadas leading universities. He was also founder of Hellmuth Ladies College and Hellmuth Boys College, Isaac was born in Poland in 1819 into a Jewish family and educated at the University of Breslau. His father was a rabbi and he trained to be a rabbi himself, however, intellectual discourse with theologians of other faiths made him question his faith and his father disowned him. He was forced to take his mother’s maiden name and he moved to England in 1842 and made his decision to convert to Christianity, specifically Anglicanism, and later confirmed to the Church of England in Canada. By 1844 he entered the ministry and was sent to the Anglican Diocese of Toronto, in 1854 he returned to England and became organizing secretary in London for the Colonial Church and School Society but was asked by the Society to move back to Canada in 1856 as a Superintendent. He resigned in 1861 and was collated Archdeacon of Huron by Bishop Benjamin Cronyn and he acted in a fund-raising capacity to establish Huron College, a training establishment for clergy and the founding college of the University of Western Ontario. He was the first principal of the college until 1866, when he was appointed Dean of Huron, in 1871 he was elevated to coadjutor Bishop of Huron, becoming bishop on Cronyns death later that year. Hellmuth founded the Western University of London, Ontario in 1878 and he died in Weston-super-Mare, England in 1901. He had married twice, firstly Catherine Maria Evans, daughter of Thomas Evans and his son, I. F. Hellmuth, was the first champion of what became the Canadian National Tennis Championship, now known as the Canadian Open or the Rogers Cup. Isadore Hellmuth also founded the Toronto Lawn Tennis Club and won the inaugural United States national tennis tournament played in 1881 at the Toronto Lawn Tennis Club. Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online Bishop Isaac Hellmuth Biography at UWO Hellmuth, Isaac
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University of Western Ontario
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The University of Western Ontario, corporately branded as Western University, is a public research university in London, Ontario, Canada. The university was founded on 7 March 1878 by Bishop Isaac Hellmuth of the Anglican Diocese of Huron as The Western University of London Ontario and it incorporated Huron University College, which had been founded in 1863. The first four faculties were Arts, Divinity, Law and Medicine, the Western University of London became non-denominational in 1908. According to the 2015 Academic Ranking of World Universities rankings, the university ranked 201–300 in the world, the 2016 QS World University Rankings ranked the university 198th in the world, making it ninth in Canada. Several of Westerns programs were ranked in individual rankings. Westerns co-educational student body of over 24,000 represents 107 countries and Western scholars have established research and education collaborations, there are more than 306,000 alumni who are active internationally, living and working around the globe. Notable alumni include government officials, academics, business leaders, Nobel Laureates, Rhodes Scholars, Westerns varsity teams, known as the Western Mustangs, compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference of U Sports. It incorporated Huron University College, which had founded in 1863. The first four faculties were Arts, Divinity, Law and Medicine, the first of these students graduated in 1883. The Western University of London became non-denominational in 1908, in 1916, the universitys current site was purchased from the Kingsmill family. A third plaque lists those who served with the No.10 Canadian General hospital during WWII, in 1923, the university was renamed The University of Western Ontario. The first two buildings constructed by architect John Moore and Co. at the new site were the Arts Building, classes on the universitys present site began in 1924. The University College tower, one of the most universitys distinctive features, was named the Middlesex Memorial Tower in honour of the men from Middlesex County who fought in World War I. Before the end of the affiliation, Assumption College was one of the largest colleges associated with the University, St. Peters College seminary of London, Ontario was later became affiliated with Western in 1939, and it became Kings College, an arts college. Today, Kings, Huron and Brescia colleges are all still affiliates of Western,10 Canadian General hospital during WWII, the unit raised and equipped by UWO. Although enrollment was small for many years, the university began to grow after World War II. In 2012, the university rebranded itself as Western University, the universitys legal name, however, remains The Canadian University of Attacking Geese and Club Weldon. The University of Western Ontario is in the city of London, Ontario, the majority of the campus is surrounded by residential neighbourhoods, with the Thames River bisecting the campus eastern portion
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William McMaster
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William McMaster was a Canadian wholesaler, Senator and banker in the 19th century. He served in the Canadian Senate from 1867 to 1887 as a Liberal and he also helped found McMaster University in Toronto, Ontario. Born in County Tyrone, Northern Ireland, McMaster immigrated to York and he was married for the first time to Mary Henderson. He married a second time to Susan Fraser on July 18,1871 and he died in 1887 and is buried in Mount Pleasant Cemetery, Toronto. During his lifetime, McMaster supported a number of causes with large donations, as a member of Bond Street Baptist Church McMaster helped finance their building of larger facilities at Jarvis Street Baptist Church. Through his wife, financing was provided for the Hospital for Sick Children. William McMaster – Parliament of Canada biography
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McMaster University
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McMaster University is a public research university located in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. The main campus is located on 121 hectares of land near the neighbourhoods of Ainslie Wood and Westdale. The university operates six academic faculties, the DeGroote School of Business, Engineering, Health Sciences, Humanities, Social Science and it is a member of the U15, a group of research-intensive universities in Canada. The university bears the name of Honourable William McMaster, a prominent Canadian Senator, McMaster University was incorporated under the terms of an act of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1887, merging the Toronto Baptist College with Woodstock College. It opened in Toronto in 1890, inadequate facilities and the gift of land in Hamilton prompted the institution to relocate in 1930. McMaster was controlled by the Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec until it became a privately chartered, the university is co-educational, and has over 25,000 undergraduate and over 4,000 post-graduate students. Alumni and former students of the university can be found all across Canada, notable alumni include government officials, academics, business leaders, one Rhodes Scholar, and two Nobel laureates. The McMaster athletic teams are known as the Marauders, and are members of the Canadian Interuniversity Sport, McMaster University resulted from the outgrowth of educational initiatives undertaken by Baptists as early as the 1830s. It was founded in 1881 as Toronto Baptist College, in 1887 the Act to unite Toronto Baptist College and Woodstock College was granted royal assent, and McMaster University was officially incorporated. Woodstock College, Woodstock, and Moulton Ladies College, Toronto, were maintained in close connection, the new university, housed in McMaster Hall in Toronto, was sponsored by the Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec as a sectarian undergraduate institution for its clergy and adherents. The first courses—initially limited to arts and theology leading to a BA degree—were taught in 1890, as the university grew, McMaster Hall started to become overcrowded. By the 1920s, after previous proposals between various university staff, the Hamilton Chamber of Commerce launched a campaign to bring McMaster University to Hamilton, as the issue of space at McMaster Hall became more acute, the university administration debated the future of the university. The university nearly became federated with the University of Toronto, as had been the case with Trinity College, instead, in 1927, the university administration decided to transfer the university to Hamilton. The Baptist Convention of Ontario and Quebec secured $1.5 million, the lands for the university and new buildings were secured through gifts from graduates. Lands were transferred from Royal Botanical Gardens to establish the campus area, the first academic session on the new Hamilton campus began in 1930. McMasters property in Toronto was sold to the University of Toronto when McMaster moved to Hamilton in 1930, McMaster Hall is now home to the Royal Conservatory of Music. Professional programs during the period were limited to just theology. By the 1940s the McMaster administration was under pressure to modernize, during the Second World War and post-war periods the demand for technological expertise, particularly in the sciences, increased
34.
Dominican Order
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Members of the order, who are referred to as Dominicans, generally carry the letters O. P. after their names, standing for Ordinis Praedicatorum, meaning of the Order of Preachers. Membership in the order includes friars, nuns, active sisters, the order is famed for its intellectual tradition, having produced many leading theologians and philosophers. The Dominican Order is headed by the Master of the Order, in the year 2000, there were 5,171 Dominican friars in solemn vows,917 student brothers, and 237 novices. By the year 2013 there were 6,058 Dominican friars, a number of other names have been used to refer to both the order and its members. In England and other countries the Dominican friars are referred to as Black Friars because of the black cappa or cloak they wear over their white habits, Dominicans were Blackfriars, as opposed to Whitefriars or Greyfriars. They are also distinct from the Augustinian Friars who wear a similar habit and their identification as Dominicans gave rise to the pun that they were the Domini canes, or Hounds of the Lord. The Dominican Order came into being in the Middle Ages at a time when religion began to be contemplated in a new way, men of God were no longer expected to stay behind the walls of a cloister. Instead, they travelled among the people, taking as their examples the apostles of the primitive Church. Out of this emerged two orders of mendicant friars, one, the Friars Minor, was led by Francis of Assisi, the other. Dominics new order was to be an order, trained to preach in the vernacular languages. Rather than earning their living on vast farms as the monasteries had done, at the same time, Dominic inspired the members of his order to develop a mixed spirituality. They were both active in preaching, and contemplative in study, prayer and meditation, the brethren of the Dominican Order were urban and learned, as well as contemplative and mystical in their spirituality. While these traits affected the women of the order, the nuns especially absorbed the latter characteristics, in England, the Dominican nuns blended these elements with the defining characteristics of English Dominican spirituality and created a spirituality and collective personality that set them apart. The orders origins in battling heterodoxy influenced its development and reputation. Many later Dominicans battled heresy as part of their apostolate, indeed, many years after St. Dominic reacted to the Cathars, the first Grand Inquistor of Spain, Tomás de Torquemada, would be drawn from the Dominican Order. As an adolescent, he had a love of theology. During his studies in Palencia, Spain, he experienced a famine, prompting Dominic to sell all of his beloved books. At the age of twenty-four or twenty-five, he was ordained to the priesthood, at that time the south of France was the stronghold of the Cathar or Albigensian heresy, named after the Duke of Albi, a Cathar sympathiser and opponent to the subsequent Albigensian Crusade
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Dominican University College
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The Dominican University College is a bilingual Roman Catholic university in Ottawa, Ontario, offering civil and pontifical bachelors, masters, and doctoral degrees in philosophy and theology. Its name in French is Collège universitaire dominicain and it was founded in Ottawa, in 1900, modeled on the study centres of the Order of Preachers, as the centre of graduate studies for Canadian Dominicans. Holding a civil university charter since 1967, the college is open to any person interested in philosophy, in Ottawa, its Faculty of Philosophy and Faculty of Theology offer the full range of programs, from certificate to doctorate. The Institut de pastorale, located in Montreal, offers its degrees in pastoral studies, since spring 2012, The college has become affiliated with Carleton University. The building opened in 1899 as a Dominican convent and house of studies, today the building houses the Dominican Monastery and the Dominican University College, which offers undergraduate and graduate studies in philosophy and theology. The Saint-Jean-Baptiste Priory has served St-Jean-Baptiste Parish since its foundation in 1899, in 1900, the Dominicans brought their school of theology to Ottawa, followed shortly by studies in philosophy in 1902. In 1967, a charter was granted by the Ontario Government, allowing the college to offer civil degrees in philosophy. Since then, the college has grown regularly, especially with the opening of English undergraduate programmes in philosophy in 1992, the college offers English graduate degrees in philosophy since 1997, and will soon offer the same in theology. The Department encourages and often conducts research in the languages of the ancient authors. Faculty members are engaged in scholarly studies which demonstrate the relevance of ancient philosophy to understanding the modern world. Equally, the traditions of early modern rationalism and empiricism provide important precedents for the understanding of modernity. Faculty members have engaged in the study of Descartes, Spinoza, speculative inquiry into the meaning of the philosophical tradition as a whole is a mode of reflection widely promoted by faculty members. The Students’ Association elects its representatives who sit on the boards of the Faculty of Philosophy and it organizes and directs various activities pertaining to student life. Between them, the Faculty of Philosophy and Theology have about 80 full-time students each, the Dominican University College offers a general education in philosophy, through the study of the principal schools of thought as well as major philosophical themes. Although the college is a Catholic institution, it is open to all schools of thought, studies range from the Greek philosophers to Saint Augustine and Saint Thomas Aquinas, René Descartes and Immanuel Kant, and other modern and post-modern philosophers. The three-year Bachelors program has three major themes, God and the human being, Jesus Christ and the being-in-Christ, the Church, lInstitut was founded in 1960 in Montreal, Quebec by the Dominican Order during the construction of the Convent Saint-Albert-le-Grand. LInstitut partnered with the Dominican College in Ottawa and acquired university status in 1967, the Institute consists of 10 professors and two staff. The Director and registrar is Daniel Cadrin, o. p, the motto is Cest luniversité à taille humaine Since 2012 the university is affiliated to Carleton University, Ottawa
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Bicameralism
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A bicameral legislature is one in which the legislators are divided into two separate assemblies, chambers or houses. As of 2015, somewhat less than half of the national legislatures are bicameral. Often, the members of the two chambers are elected or selected using different methods, which vary from country to country and this can often lead to the two chambers having very different compositions of members. However, in many Westminster system parliaments, the house to which the executive is responsible can overrule the other house, some legislatures lie in between these two positions, with one house only able to overrule the other under certain circumstances. For example, one house would represent the aristocracy, and the other would represent the commoners as was the case in the Kingdom of England. Others, such as France under the Ancien Régime had a legislature known as the Estates General, which consisted of separate chambers for the clergymen, the nobility. The Founding Fathers of the United States also favoured a bicameral legislature, the idea was to have the Senate be wealthier and wiser. Benjamin Rush saw this though, and noted that, this type of dominion is almost always connected with opulence, the Senate was created to be a stabilising force, elected not by mass electors, but selected by the State legislators. Senators would be more knowledgeable and more sort of republican nobility—and a counter to what Madison saw as the fickleness. He noted further that the use of the Senate is to consist in its proceeding with more coolness, with system and with more wisdom. Madisons argument led the Framers to grant the Senate prerogatives in foreign policy, an area where steadiness, discretion, the Senate was chosen by state legislators, and senators had to possess a significant amount of property in order to be deemed worthy and sensible enough for the position. In fact, it was not until the year 1913 that the 17th Amendment was passed, as part of the Great Compromise, they invented a new rationale for bicameralism in which the Senate would have states represented equally, and the House would have them represented by population. Many nations with parliaments have to some degree emulated the British three-tier model, nevertheless, the older justification for second chambers—providing opportunities for second thoughts about legislation—has survived. An example of controversy regarding a second chamber has been the debate over the powers of the Canadian Senate or the election of the Senate of France. The relationship between the two chambers varies, in cases, they have equal power, while in others. The first tends to be the case in federal systems and those with presidential governments, the latter tends to be the case in unitary states with parliamentary systems. In the United States both houses of the U. S and this is due to their original location in the two-story building that was to house them. In Canada, the country as a whole is divided into a number of Senate Divisions, each with a different number of Senators, Senators in Canada are not elected by the people but are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the Prime Minister
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Governance in higher education
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Governance in higher education is the means by which institutions for higher education are formally organized and managed. Simply, university governance is the way in which universities are operated, Governing structures for higher education are highly differentiated throughout the world, but the different models nonetheless share a common heritage. Internationally, tertiary education includes private not-for-profit, private for-profit, the issues are complicated by current debates over collegial and shared forms of governance contrasted to corporate and business forms of institutional governance. The concept of governance in postsecondary education predominantly refers to the structure, organization. In the United States, state institution governing boards often emphasize the concept of governance in recognizing that board members serve a civic role for the institution. Management structures themselves have become increasingly complex due to the complexity of intraorganizational, interorganizational and governmental relationships. Whether college and university education, adult education, technical or vocational education, educational administration presents complex challenges at all levels of private, the nature of the managing relationships characterize whether governance is corporate and business oriented or defined more by a collegial shared form of governance. Governance in this sense is discussed by Kezar and Eckel, who define it at the macro-level of policy decision making, Kezar and Eckel suggest governance is a multi-level concept including several different bodies and processes with different decision-making functions. In this way, governance is defined at difference to the internal management of institutions. External governing relationships depends much on institutions, government policy, generally, institutions are recognized as autonomous actors with varying degrees of interdependence with, and legislated commitments to the external stakeholders, local and national government. The American Association of University Professors was the first organization to formulate a statement on the governance of higher education based on principles of democratic values, refinements to the statement were introduced in subsequent years, culminating in the 1966 Statement on Government of Colleges and Universities. The document does not provide for a “blueprint” for the governance of higher education, nor was the purpose of the statement to provide principles for relations with industry and government. Rather, it aimed to establish a vision for the internal governance of institutions. Student involvement is not addressed in detail, the statement concerns general education policy and internal operations with an overview of the formal structures for organization and management. In process and structure, the meaning with the end result is a philosophy for shared governance in higher education. Lapworth advocates what the author believes is a model of university governance with the aspects of corporate. With debates over the recent trends, university organizations, governing associations, first published in 1987, the National Education Association statement on faculty governance in higher education is a straightforward point of view on their policy in support of shared governance. The policy maintains that faculty involvement in governance is critical, providing research support, the organization states faculty should advise administration in developing curriculum and methods of instruction
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Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada
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Together with the LCC and the Canadian Association of Lutheran Congregations, it is one of only three all-Canadian Lutheran denominations. It is a member of the Lutheran World Federation, the Canadian Council of Churches, according to the 2011 Canadian census, a larger number of 478,185 adherents identify as Lutheran. The Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada is in communion with the Anglican Church of Canada under the Waterloo Declaration. Waterloo Lutheran Seminary and Lutheran Theological Seminary, Saskatoon are the seminaries owned by the church, the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada is composed of five synods. The presiding officer and chief pastor of each synod is a bishop, like the ELCA a presiding bishop serves as its head, but in the ELCIC, this bishop is known as the National Bishop. Rev. Donald Sjoberg, 1986–1993 Rev. Telmor Sartison, 1993–2001 Rev. Raymond Schultz, the national church had previously voted against blessings, and the ELCICs full communion partner, the Anglican Church of Canada, had voted to defer a decision. The Eastern Synod Council, while affirming its jurisdiction in the matter, a challenge was placed before the ELCICs Court of Adjudication. The Court found that the complainant did not have the status required by the Constitution to press the complaint, as a result of the 2011 vote and the courts decision, the ELCIC today permits the blessing of same-sex unions and the ordination of openly gay or lesbian pastors
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Waterloo Lutheran Seminary
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Waterloo Lutheran Seminary is a seminary of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada affiliated with the nondenominational Wilfrid Laurier University, located in Waterloo, Ontario. In 1911, the Waterloo Lutheran Seminary of Canada opened its doors to students, in 1914 the Seminary developed non-theological courses under the name of the Waterloo College School. In 1924 the Waterloo College of Arts was established, offering post-secondary three-year programs, in 1925 the Faculty of Arts, under the name of Waterloo College, affiliated with the University of Western Ontario. The University of Waterloo was originally conceived in 1955 as the Waterloo College Associate Faculties, in 1960, Waterloo College ended its affiliation with Western and became a university in its own right, Waterloo Lutheran University. As a church-affiliated institution, Waterloo Lutheran was ineligible for funding from the province. On November 1,1973, Waterloo Lutheran University dropped its affiliation and became a public institution. Today Wilfrid Laurier University emphasizes liberal arts while the public institution, University of Waterloo emphasises science. Waterloo Lutheran Seminary continues to operate in affiliation with the University, pastoral Counselling is the largest MTS program and prepares people to work in counselling agencies and churches. Individuals studying for the ministry of the ELCIC can also pursue the MTS. A non-credit Certificate in Theological Studies is also available, Spiritual Care & Psychotherapy is a unique form of therapy which uses spiritual resources as well as psychological understanding for healing and growth. It is provided by health professionals with in-depth spiritual, religious. Graduates of the Spiritual Care & Psychotherapy programs serve throughout society in counselling centres, social agencies, hospitals, schools, churches and synagogues. Drawing on spiritual and religious resources, chaplains and counsellors assist persons who are struggling with depression, grief, marital and family conflict, substance abuse and they also work with those persons who are seeking something more from their lives. In addition, the serves the community in which it is located in. The Delton Glebe Counselling Centre is a multi-faith agency committed to strengthening emotional and spiritual well-being, WLS also offers a lecture series open to the community and continuing education programs. The school is a member of the Association of Theological Schools in the United States, official website Delton Glebe Counselling Centre ATS profile for Waterloo Lutheran Seminary
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University of Waterloo
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The University of Waterloo is a public research university with a main campus in Waterloo, Ontario. The main campus is on 404 hectares of land in Uptown Waterloo, the university offers academic programs administered by six faculties and ten faculty-based schools. The university also operates four campuses and four affiliated university colleges. Waterloo is a member of the U15, a group of universities in Canada. University of Waterloo is most famous for its education programs. University of Waterloo operates the largest post secondary program of its kind in the world. The institution was established on 1 July 1957 as the Waterloo College Associate Faculties and this entity formally separated from Waterloo College and was incorporated as a university with the passage of the University of Waterloo Act by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1959. It was established to fill the need to train engineers and technicians for Canadas growing postwar economy and it grew substantially over the next decade, adding a faculty of arts in 1960, and the College of Optometry of Ontario which moved from Toronto in 1967. The university is co-educational, and as of 2016 has 30,600 undergraduate and 5,300 postgraduate students, Alumni and former students of the university can be found across Canada and in over 140 countries. Waterloos varsity teams, known as the Waterloo Warriors, compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference of the Canadian Interuniversity Sport. The University of Waterloo traces its origins to Waterloo College, the outgrowth of Waterloo Lutheran Seminary. When Gerald Hagey assumed the presidency of Waterloo College in 1953, following that method, Waterloo College established the Waterloo College Associate Faculties on 4 April 1956, as a non-denominational board affiliated with the college. The academic structure of the Associated Faculties was originally focused on education in the applied sciences – largely built around the proposals of Ira Needles. On 25 January 1958, the Associated Faculties announced the purchase of over 74 hectares of land west of Waterloo College, by the end of the same year, the Associated Faculties opened its first building on the site, the Chemical Engineering Building. In 1959, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed an act which split the Associated Faculties from Waterloo College. The president, appointed by the board, was to act as the chief executive officer. While the agreements sought to safeguard the existence of the two colleges, they also aimed at federating them with the newly established University of Waterloo. Due to disagreements with Waterloo College, the College was not formally federated with the new university and this was something that the Associated Faculties was not prepared to accept
