1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
3.
Oregon
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Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. Oregon is bordered on the west by the Pacific Ocean, on the north by Washington, on the south by California, on the east by Idaho, the Columbia River delineates much of Oregons northern boundary, and the Snake River delineates much of the eastern boundary. The parallel 42° north delineates the boundary with California and Nevada. Oregon was inhabited by indigenous tribes before Western traders, explorers. An autonomous government was formed in the Oregon Country in 1843 before the Oregon Territory was created in 1848, Oregon became the 33rd state on February 14,1859. Today, at 98,000 square miles, Oregon is the ninth largest and, with a population of 4 million, the capital of Oregon is Salem, the second most populous of its cities, with 164,549 residents. Portland is Oregons most populous city, with 632,309 residents, Portlands metro population of 2,389,228 ranks the 23rd largest metro in the nation. The Willamette Valley in western Oregon is the states most densely populated area, the tall conifers, mainly Douglas fir, along Oregons rainy west coast contrast with the lighter-timbered and fire-prone pine and juniper forests covering portions to the east. Abundant alders in the west fix nitrogen for the conifers, stretching east from central Oregon are semi-arid shrublands, prairies, deserts, steppes, and meadows. At 11,249 feet, Mount Hood is the states highest point, Oregons only national park, Crater Lake National Park, comprises the caldera surrounding Crater Lake, the deepest lake in the United States. The state is home to the single largest organism in the world, Armillaria ostoyae. Because of its landscapes and waterways, Oregons economy is largely powered by various forms of agriculture, fishing. It is also the top timber-producer of the lower 48 states, Technology is another one of the states major economic forces, which began in the 1970s with the establishment of the Silicon Forest and the expansion of Tektronix and Intel. Sportswear company Nike, Inc. headquartered in Beaverton, is the states largest public corporation with a revenue of $30.6 billion. The earliest evidence of the name Oregon has Spanish origins and this chronicle is the first topographical and linguistic source with respect to the place name Oregon. There are also two other sources with Spanish origins such as the name Oregano which grows in the part of the region. Another early use of the name, spelled Ouragon, was in a 1765 petition by Major Robert Rogers to the Kingdom of Great Britain, the term referred to the then-mythical River of the West. By 1778 the spelling had shifted to Oregon, in his 1765 petition, Rogers wrote, The rout. is from the Great Lakes towards the Head of the Mississippi, and from thence to the River called by the Indians Ouragon
4.
Portland, Oregon
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Portland is a port and the largest city in the U. S. state of Oregon and the seat of Multnomah County. It is in the Willamette Valley region of the Pacific Northwest, at the confluence of the Willamette, the city covers 145 square miles and had an estimated population of 632,309 in 2015, making it the 26th most populous city in the United States. Approximately 2,389,228 people live in the Portland metropolitan statistical area and its Combined Statistical Area ranks 17th with a population of 3,022,178. Roughly 60% of Oregons population resides within the Portland metropolitan area, named after Portland, Maine, the Oregon settlement began to be populated in the 1830s near the end of the Oregon Trail. Its water access provided convenient transportation of goods, and the industry was a major force in the citys early economy. At the turn of the 20th century, the city had a reputation as one of the most dangerous cities in the world. After the citys economy experienced a boom during World War II. Beginning in the 1960s, Portland became noted for its liberal political values, and the city has earned a reputation as a bastion of counterculture. According to a 2009 Pew Research Center study, Portland ranks as the eighth most popular American city, the city operates with a commission-based government guided by a mayor and four commissioners as well as Metro, the only directly elected metropolitan planning organization in the United States. The city government is notable for its planning and investment in public transportation. Its climate is marked by warm, dry summers and cool and this climate is ideal for growing roses, and Portland has been called the City of Roses for over a century. Keep Portland Weird is a slogan for the city. During the prehistoric period, the land that would become Portland was flooded after the collapse of glacial dams from Lake Missoula and these massive floods occurred during the last ice age and filled the Willamette Valley with 300 to 400 feet of water. The Chinook people occupying the land which would become Portland were first documented by Meriwether Lewis, before its European settlement, the Portland Basin of the lower Columbia River and Willamette River valleys had been one of the most densely populated regions on the Pacific Coast. Large numbers of settlers began arriving in the Willamette Valley in the 1830s via the Oregon Trail. In the early 1840s a new settlement began emerging ten miles from the mouth of the Willamette River and this community was initially referred to as Stumptown and The Clearing because of the many trees cut down to allow for its growth. In 1843 William Overton saw potential in the new settlement but lacked the funds to file a land claim. For 25 cents Overton agreed to half of the 640-acre site with Asa Lovejoy of Boston
5.
Strip malls
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A strip mall is an open-air shopping mall where the stores are arranged in a row, with a sidewalk in front. Strip malls are developed as a unit and have large parking lots in front. They face major traffic arterials and tend to be self-contained with few connections to surrounding neighborhoods. In the U. S. and Canada, strip malls usually range in size from 5,000 square feet to over 100,000 square feet. The smaller variety is common and often located at the intersection of major streets in residential areas. This type of mall is found in nearly every city or town in the U. S. In the past, pharmacies were often located next to the grocery stores, gas stations, banks, and other businesses also may have their own free-standing buildings in the parking lot of the strip center. The other variety of strip mall in the U. S. is usually anchored on one end by a big box retailer, such as Wal-Mart, Kohls or Target, and/or by a large supermarket on the other. They are usually referred to as power centers in the estate development industry because they attract. The categories of retailers may vary widely, from stores to bookstores to home improvement stores, dollar stores. There are typically only a few of type of strip malls in a city. Retailers vary from center to center, ranging from three or four large retailers to a dozen or more, some strip malls are hybrids of these types. Strip malls are ubiquitous throughout the United States and outnumber traditional large shopping malls by a huge margin, as The New York Times pointed out in 2013, the United States has 685 class-A, super-regional malls and 65,840 strip malls. Strip malls vary widely in architecture, older strip malls tend to have plain architecture with the stores arranged in a straight row, though L-shaped configurations are not uncommon. Newer strip malls are built with elaborate architecture to blend in with the neighborhood. In some cases, strip malls are broken up into smaller buildings to establish an appropriate sense of scale. A current trend with the purpose of screening the parking lot from the street, some stores may allow for entrances from both the street sidewalk and the parking lot. Retail park, a UK term for a grouping of retail stores, types of retail outlets Localcenters – Commercial Strip Mall Reference Site
6.
Oregon Route 99W
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Oregon Route 99W is a state-numbered route in Oregon, United States that runs from OR99 and OR 99E in Junction City north to I-5 in southwestern Portland. Some signage continues it north to US26 near downtown, but most signage agrees with the Oregon Department of Transportations description, OR 99W is known by ODOT as the Pacific Highway West No. 1W, that continues north through downtown to the Pacific Highway No.1 in northern Portland. Until around 1972, OR 99W was U. S. Route 99W, US99 then continued north along present I-5 into Washington, the next segment still numbered 99 is WA99 south of Seattle. The Pacific Highway West begins at the interchange with I-5 and OR126 Business in eastern Eugene and it heads west through downtown Eugene along OR99 and OR126 Business, and then northwest and north to Junction City on OR99. At Junction City, OR99 ends and OR 99W begins along the Pacific Highway West, Oregon Route 18 provides a bypass for OR 99W around downtown McMinnville and Lafayette. At McMinnville, OR 99W turns northeast and it passes through the winemaking towns of Dundee and Newberg before entering the Portland suburb of Sherwood. It then skirts the city of Tualatin and passes through Tigard before entering Portland, the Pacific Highway West, however, continues northeast and north, paralleling I-5 on Barbur Boulevard. OR10 joins at Capitol Highway, which is not a state highway, south of the Ross Island Bridge approach, Oregon Highway 99W and OR10 split from Barbur Boulevard onto Naito Parkway, an arterial that once connected directly to Harbor Drive. OR10 ends at the west end of the Ross Island Bridge, which carries US26, the Mt. Hood Highway No.26. Until around 2005, US26 came off the bridge onto the Pacific Highway West north into downtown Portland, at the overpass over I-405 is the former split with Harbor Drive, which was replaced by Tom McCall Waterfront Park in 1974. The road now runs into Naito Parkway, and is state-maintained until Market Street, the Pacific Highway West continues north through downtown, locally maintained along Naito Parkway, to the state-maintained Steel Bridge. At the northeast end of the Steel Bridge, the Pacific Highway West again becomes locally maintained and this is again state-maintained north of Argyle Street. The first highway in the corridor was the Capitol Highway, from Portland to Salem via Dayton. In 1927 it was merged with the West Side Highway, which ran from Dayton to Junction City, to form the West Side Pacific Highway, still numbered 3, and a western loop of the Pacific Highway. In 1930, Highway 3 was assigned the U. S. Route 99W number, Highway 1 was similarly split in 1938, forming the Pacific Highway West - Highway 1W - and the Pacific Highway East, Highway 1E. Highway 1W was formed from Highway 3, and extended north on Interstate Avenue to just south of the Interstate Bridge, in 1957, with the assignment of I-5, the Pacific Highway was moved to its planned alignment, resulting in an extension of Highway 1W south to Eugene. US 99W however continued to terminate at Junction City, the new I-5 was designated US99 when it opened in 1961, US99 became OR99 in 1972, resulting in the renumbering of US 99W to OR 99W
7.
Southwest Hills, Portland, Oregon
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Southwest Hills is a neighborhood in the West Hills in the southwest section of Portland, Oregon, United States. The northeastern part of the neighborhood, above Goose Hollow and Downtown Portland, is known as Portland Heights, much of the western portion of the neighborhood lies outside the Portland city limits, in unincorporated Multnomah County. Neighborhood landmarks include Council Crest Park and Ainsworth Elementary School. Council Crest Park - SW Council Crest Dr. Governors Park - SW 13th Ave & Davenport St. Marquam Nature Park - SW Marquam St & Sam Jackson Park Rd. Norris House & Property -4455 SW Terwilliger Blvd, Portland Heights Park - SW Patton Rd. & Old Orchard Rd. Portland Heights is located at 45. 5056737°N122. 7031520°W /45.5056737, -122. 7031520 Council Crest is located at 45. 499007°N122. 705652°W /45.499007, -122. 705652
8.
Homestead, Portland, Oregon
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Homestead is a Southwest Portland, Oregon neighborhood in the citys West Hills. The neighborhood is home to Marquam Nature Park, which offers hiking in the form of the Marquam Trail. The neighborhood also features a scenic boulevard, SW Terwilliger Blvd, the parkway has a wide, paved path for walking, running and biking. Portland Aerial Tram connects these complexes to the South Waterfront district in the South Portland neighborhood on the Willamette River south of Downtown, the neighborhood is served by Ainsworth Elementary School, West Sylvan Middle School, and Lincoln High School
9.
South Portland, Portland, Oregon
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South Portland is a long narrow neighborhood just south of Downtown Portland, Oregon, hemmed in between the Willamette River and the West Hills. It stretches from I-405 and the Marquam Bridge on the north, to SW Canby St. the Willamette forms the eastern boundary, and SW Barbur Blvd. The neighborhood, formerly known as Corbett-Terwilliger-Lair Hill or CTLH, changed its name at a meeting of its neighborhood association on September 6,2006 to be more concise, South Portland was the name of a 19th-century community that overlapped the present day neighborhood. The neighborhood is a collection of different areas. The northeastern part of the neighborhood is the site of a large-scale, the Portland Aerial Tram links the district to the Oregon Health & Science University campus in the Homestead neighborhood to the west, across Interstate 5. The Gibbs Street Pedestrian Bridge connects South Waterfront to Lair Hill, Lair Hill is in the northwestern part of the neighborhood, bordered by I-405 on the north, SW Barbur Blvd. on the south and west, and SW Naito Parkway on the east. It is named after a person, not a hill, the lawyer, author and this area was part of historical South Portland, a district of Italian, Irish, and Jewish immigrants much of which was demolished by an urban renewal project in 1958. Vestiges remain in the form of synagogues and ethnic shops, the Corbett area takes its name from Senator Henry Winslow Corbett. It lies south of Lair Hill, bounded by I-405 on the north, SW Naito Parkway on the west and its southern boundary is marked by the SW Corbett St. bridge over I-5. Terwilliger lies south of Corbett, between SW Barbur Blvd. and SW Macadam Ave, straddling Terwilliger Boulevard, the area takes its name from the old Terwilliger Park subdivision, served by the Terwil station on the Oregon Electric Railway. The area used to be known as Fulton, more information is available on the Johns Landing webpage. Part of the Lair Hill and Corbett areas regulated to protect its historic significance, Corbett, Terwilliger, and Lair Hill Policy Plan Lair Hill Historic Conservation District Design Guidelines Goodbye Corbett-Terwilliger-Lair Hill, hello South Portland
