1.
Single (music)
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In music, a single or record single is a type of release, typically a song recording of fewer tracks than an LP record, an album or an EP record. This can be released for sale to the public in a variety of different formats, in most cases, a single is a song that is released separately from an album, although it usually also appears on an album. Typically, these are the songs from albums that are released separately for promotional uses such as digital download or commercial radio airplay and are expected to be the most popular, in other cases a recording released as a single may not appear on an album. As digital downloading and audio streaming have become prevalent, it is often possible for every track on an album to also be available separately. Nevertheless, the concept of a single for an album has been retained as an identification of a heavily promoted or more popular song within an album collection. Despite being referred to as a single, singles can include up to as many as three tracks on them. The biggest digital music distributor, iTunes, accepts as many as three tracks less than ten minutes each as a single, as well as popular music player Spotify also following in this trend. Any more than three tracks on a release or longer than thirty minutes in total running time is either an Extended Play or if over six tracks long. The basic specifications of the single were made in the late 19th century. Gramophone discs were manufactured with a range of speeds and in several sizes. By about 1910, however, the 10-inch,78 rpm shellac disc had become the most commonly used format, the inherent technical limitations of the gramophone disc defined the standard format for commercial recordings in the early 20th century.26 rpm. With these factors applied to the 10-inch format, songwriters and performers increasingly tailored their output to fit the new medium, the breakthrough came with Bob Dylans Like a Rolling Stone. Singles have been issued in various formats, including 7-inch, 10-inch, other, less common, formats include singles on digital compact cassette, DVD, and LD, as well as many non-standard sizes of vinyl disc. Some artist release singles on records, a more common in musical subcultures. The most common form of the single is the 45 or 7-inch. The names are derived from its speed,45 rpm. The 7-inch 45 rpm record was released 31 March 1949 by RCA Victor as a smaller, more durable, the first 45 rpm records were monaural, with recordings on both sides of the disc. As stereo recordings became popular in the 1960s, almost all 45 rpm records were produced in stereo by the early 1970s
2.
Sam & Dave
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Sam & Dave were an American soul and R&B duo who performed together from 1961 until 1981. The tenor voice was Sam Moore and the voice was Dave Prater. According to the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, Sam & Dave were the most successful soul duo and brought the sounds of the black gospel church to pop music with their call-and-response records. Except for Aretha Franklin, no soul act during Sam & Daves Stax years had more consistent R&B chart success, Soul Man was featured as the soundtrack and title for a 1986 film and also a 1997–1998 television series, and Soul Men was a 2008 feature film. Nicknamed Double Dynamite, The Sultans of Sweat, and The Dynamic Duo for their gritty, gospel-infused performances, Sam & Dave are considered one of the greatest live acts of the 1960s. Sam Moore and Dave Praters early musical backgrounds involved listening to and singing gospel music in their homes and churches, Dave later sang with his older brother JT Prater in the gospel group The Sensational Hummingbirds, who recorded Lord Teach Me in the 1950s. Sam recorded Nitey-Nite/Caveman Rock in 1954 with the doo-wop group The Majestics, Moore and Prater listed Jackie Wilson and Sam Cooke as influences on their styles, and Moore was also influenced by Little Willie John, whom he and Dave opened for often in the early 1960s. Sam & Dave met working the gospel circuit, and later in small clubs in Miami during amateur nights in 1961 according to Dave. They sang together one night at the King of Hearts club, Soul singer and record producer Steve Alaimo discovered them while performing during the same show with them at the King of Hearts nightclub in Miami and signed them to Marlin Records. After two singles in early 1962 were released on the local Marlin label owned by Miamis Henry Stone, Stone helped sign them to Roulette Records in New York City and they released six 45s from 1962–1964 with Roulette, and one single on Stone and Alaimos Alston Label. A few of the singles received airplay, but did not achieve national chart success. The songs, some of which were produced by Steve Alaimo and some of which were produced by Henry Glover, were similar in ways to R&B recordings by Sam Cooke, Jackie Wilson. Prater was the lead vocalist on most of singles, with Moore singing harmony. In summer 1964, Stone introduced the duo to Atlantic Records Jerry Wexler, Wexler asked Memphis, Tennessee-based Stax Records, which Atlantic distributed nationally, to work with Sam & Dave. Wexler wanted the Southern roots and gospel style of their performances, so the pair were loaned to Stax to record. According to Wexlers autobiography Rhythms & Blues, Their live act was filled with animation, harmony, I put Sam in the sweet tradition of Sam Cooke or Solomon Burke, while Dave had an ominous Four Tops Levi Stubbs-sounding voice, the preacher promising hellfire. The duo then moved to relative newcomer writers and producers Isaac Hayes, Hayes and Porter wrote and produced the duos biggest hits. Sam & Daves Stax records also benefited from the musicians and engineering at Stax, the Stax house band, Booker T. & the M. G
3.
Hold On, I'm Comin'
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Hold On, Im Comin is the 1966 debut album by Atlantic Records soul duo Sam and Dave, issued on the Atlantic-distributed Stax label in 1966. The album reached number one on the Billboard Black Albums chart and number 45 on the Billboard 200, launching two charting singles. The title track peaked at one on the Billboard Hot Black Singles chart. An Allmusic review refers to Hold On, Im Comin as epitomizing Memphis soul in all its unpretentious, down-home glory. According to Steve Cropper, lead guitarist for Booker T and the MGs, Stax Records was an old Movie Theater located at 926 East McLemore Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee. The mens restroom in the studio had tile walls and tile floors. This arrangement produced both the reverb and echo heard on Stax Records, the Song was written by Isaac Hayes and David Porter. They had been working for a while when Porter went to the restroom, Hayes grew impatient yelled for Porter to get back to the writing session. Porter replied, “Hold on, I’m comin’. ”They both recognized the sexual overtone and completed the song within an hour, except where otherwise noted, all tracks written by Isaac Hayes and David Porter. & the MGs and the Mar-Key Horns – instrumentation, Booker T. Jones – keyboards Steve Cropper – guitar Donald Duck Dunn – bass guitar Al Jackson, another cover version was recorded by Cliff Bennett and the Rebel Rousers in 1966. Tom Jones covered it on the 1967 album 13 Smash Hits, Hold On, Im Comin was featured during a scene in the film The Blues Brothers, along with the song Soothe Me, also performed by Sam and Dave. It was also featured in the 2007 film American Gangster,2009 videogame Skate 2, the cover by The Neville Brothers was featured in commercials for the film Toy Story 2. A goof/errata was created in the film We Were Soldiers where one of the characters sang it during a going away party for their unit, the time period of the scene was at least five months prior to the song actually being released. UFC Welterweight Champion Robbie Lawler used the song as his entrance song, list of number-one R&B albums of 1966
4.
A-side and B-side
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The terms A-side and B-side refer to the two sides of 78,45, and 33 1/3 rpm phonograph records, whether singles, extended plays, or long-playing records. Creedence Clearwater Revival had hits with both A-side and B-side releases, others took the opposite approach, producer Phil Spector was in the habit of filling B-sides with on-the-spot instrumentals that no one would confuse with the A-side. With this practice, Spector was assured that airplay was focused on the side he wanted to be the hit side, the earliest 10-inch,78 rpm, shellac records were single sided. Double-sided recordings, with one song on side, were introduced in Europe by Columbia Records. There were no record charts until the 1930s, and radio stations did not play recorded music until the 1950s, in this time, A-sides and B-sides existed, but neither side was considered more important, the side did not convey anything about the content of the record. The term single came into use with the advent of vinyl records in the early 1950s. At first, most record labels would randomly assign which song would be an A-side, under this random system, many artists had so-called double-sided hits, where both songs on a record made one of the national sales charts, or would be featured on jukeboxes in public places. As time wore on, however, the convention for assigning songs to sides of the record changed. By the early sixties, the song on the A-side was the song that the company wanted radio stations to play. It was not until 1968, for instance, that the production of albums on a unit basis finally surpassed that of singles in the United Kingdom. In the late 1960s stereo versions of pop and rock songs began to appear on 45s. The majority of the 45s were played on AM radio stations, by the early 1970s, double-sided hits had become rare. Album sales had increased, and B-sides had become the side of the record where non-album, non-radio-friendly, with the advent of cassette and compact disc singles in the late 1980s, the A-side/B-side differentiation became much less meaningful. With the decline of cassette singles in the 1990s, the A-side/B-side dichotomy became virtually extinct, as the dominant medium. However, the term B-side is still used to refer to the tracks or coupling tracks on a CD single. With the advent of downloading music via the Internet, sales of CD singles and other media have declined. B-side songs may be released on the record as a single to provide extra value for money. There are several types of material released in this way, including a different version, or, in a concept record
5.
Phonograph record
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The groove usually starts near the periphery and ends near the center of the disc. The phonograph disc record was the medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century. It had co-existed with the cylinder from the late 1880s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact cassette were mass-marketed, by the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991. The phonograph record has made a resurgence in the early 21st century –9.2 million records were sold in the U. S. in 2014. Likewise, in the UK sales have increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014, as of 2017,48 record pressing facilities remain worldwide,18 in the United States and 30 in other countries. The increased popularity of vinyl has led to the investment in new, only two producers of lacquers remains, Apollo Masters in California, USA, and MDC in Japan. Vinyl records may be scratched or warped if stored incorrectly but if they are not exposed to heat or broken. The large cover are valued by collectors and artists for the space given for visual expression, in the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008, along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound. In 1877, Thomas Edison invented the phonograph, unlike the phonautograph, it was capable of both recording and reproducing sound. Despite the similarity of name, there is no evidence that Edisons phonograph was based on Scotts phonautograph. Edison first tried recording sound on a paper tape, with the idea of creating a telephone repeater analogous to the telegraph repeater he had been working on. The tinfoil was wrapped around a metal cylinder and a sound-vibrated stylus indented the tinfoil while the cylinder was rotated. The recording could be played back immediately, Edison also invented variations of the phonograph that used tape and disc formats. A decade later, Edison developed a greatly improved phonograph that used a wax cylinder instead of a foil sheet. This proved to be both a better-sounding and far more useful and durable device, the wax phonograph cylinder created the recorded sound market at the end of the 1880s and dominated it through the early years of the 20th century. Berliners earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 12.5 cm in diameter, both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality
6.
Soul music
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Soul music is a popular music genre that originated in the United States in the late 1950s and early 1960s. It combines elements of African-American gospel music, rhythm and blues, Soul music became popular for dancing and listening in the United States, where record labels such as Motown, Atlantic and Stax were influential during the Civil Rights Movement. Soul also became popular around the world, directly influencing rock music, catchy rhythms, stressed by handclaps and extemporaneous body moves, are an important feature of soul music. Other characteristics are a call and response between the lead vocalist and the chorus and a tense vocal sound. The style also occasionally uses improvisational additions, twirls and auxiliary sounds, Soul music reflected the African-American identity and it stressed the importance of an African-American culture. The new-found African-American consciousness led to new styles of music, which boasted pride in being black, Soul music dominated the U. S. R&B chart in the 1960s, and many recordings crossed over into the pop charts in the U. S. By 1968, the music genre had begun to splinter. Some soul artists developed funk music, while other singers and groups developed slicker, more sophisticated, by the early 1970s, soul music had been influenced by psychedelic rock and other genres, leading to psychedelic soul. The United States saw the development of neo soul around 1994, there are also several other subgenres and offshoots of soul music. The term soul had been used among African-American musicians to emphasize the feeling of being an African-American in the United States, according to another source, Soul music was the result of the urbanization and commercialization of rhythm and blues in the 60s. The phrase soul music itself, referring to music with secular lyrics, is first attested in 1961. The term soul in African-American parlance has connotations of African-American pride, gospel groups in the 1940s and 1950s occasionally used the term as part of their name. The jazz style that derived from gospel came to be called soul jazz, important innovators whose recordings in the 1950s contributed to the emergence of soul music included Clyde McPhatter, Hank Ballard, and Etta James. Ray Charles is often cited as popularizing the genre with his string of hits starting with 1954s I Got a Woman. Singer Bobby Womack said, Ray was the genius and he turned the world onto soul music. Charles was open in acknowledging the influence of Pilgrim Travelers vocalist Jesse Whitaker on his singing style, little Richard and James Brown were equally influential. Sam Cooke and Jackie Wilson are also acknowledged as soul forefathers. Cooke became popular as the singer of gospel group The Soul Stirrers
7.
Rhythm and blues
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Rhythm and blues, often abbreviated as R&B or RnB, is a genre of popular African-American music that originated in the 1940s. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy. Lyrics focus heavily on the themes of triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, freedom, economics, aspirations, the term rhythm and blues has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s it was applied to blues records. This tangent of RnB is now known as British rhythm and blues, by the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues changed again and was used as a blanket term for soul and funk. In the 1980s, a style of R&B developed, becoming known as Contemporary R&B. It combines elements of rhythm and blues, soul, funk, pop, hip hop, popular R&B vocalists at the end of the 20th century included Michael Jackson, R. Kelly, Stevie Wonder, Whitney Houston, and Mariah Carey. Although Jerry Wexler of Billboard magazine is credited with coining the term rhythm and blues as a term in the United States in 1948. It replaced the term race music, which came from within the black community. The term rhythm and blues was used by Billboard in its chart listings from June 1949 until August 1969, before the Rhythm and Blues name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term race music with sepia series. In 2010 LaMont Robinson founded the Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame Museum, writer and producer Robert Palmer defined rhythm & blues as a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans. He has used the term R&B as a synonym for jump blues, however, AllMusic separates it from jump blues because of its stronger, gospel-esque backbeat. Lawrence Cohn, author of Nothing but the Blues, writes that rhythm, according to him, the term embraced all black music except classical music and religious music, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts. Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use to music made by black musicians. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, while singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, an associated with the modern popular music that rhythm. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords, there was also increasing emphasis on the electric guitar as a lead instrument, as well as the piano and saxophone
8.
Stax Records
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Stax Records is an American record label, originally based in Memphis, Tennessee. Founded in 1957 as Satellite Records, the changed its name to Stax Records in 1961. It was a factor in the creation of Southern soul. Stax also released gospel, funk, jazz, and blues recordings, while renowned for its output of African-American music, the label was founded by two white siblings and business partners, Jim Stewart and his sister Estelle Axton. It featured several popular ethnically integrated bands and an integrated team of staff and artists unprecedented in that time of racial strife and tension in Memphis. Over the next five years, Bell expanded the labels operations significantly, in order to compete with Staxs main rival, Motown Records in Detroit. During the mid-1970s, a number of factors, including a distribution deal with CBS Records, caused the label to slide into insolvency. In 1977, Fantasy Records acquired the post-1968 Stax catalogue and selected pre-1968 recordings, beginning in 1978, Stax began signing new acts and issuing new material, as well as reissuing previously recorded Stax material. However, by the early 1980s no new material was being issued on the label, after Concord Records acquired Fantasy in 2004, the Stax label was reactivated, and is today used to issue both the 1968–1975 catalog material and new recordings by current R&B and soul performers. Atlantic Records continues to hold the rights to the vast majority of the 1959–1968 Stax material, Stax Records, originally named Satellite Records, was founded in Memphis in 1957 by Jim Stewart, initially operating in a garage. Satellites early releases were country music, rockabilly records or straight pop numbers, in 1958, Stewarts sister Estelle Axton began her financial interest in the company. Taking a considerable risk, she mortgaged her family home to invest $2500 in the company. The company set up a recording studio in Brunswick, Tennessee. Around this time, Stewart was introduced to rhythm and blues music by staff producer Chips Moman. In the summer of year, Satellite released its first record by a rhythm and blues act, Fool in Love, by the Veltones. However, Satellite remained primarily a country and pop label for the year or so. While promoting Fool in Love, Stewart met with Memphis disc jockey and R&B singer Rufus Thomas and it went on to sell between thirty and forty thousand copies, becoming Satellites biggest hit to that time. With the success of Cause I Love You, Stewart made a deal giving Atlantic first choice on releasing Satellite recordings
9.
Atlantic Records
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Atlantic Recording Corporation is an American major record label founded in October 1947 by Ahmet Ertegün and Herb Abramson. In 2004, Atlantic Records and its sister label Elektra Records merged into Atlantic Records Group, craig Kallman is currently the chairman of Atlantic Records. Ahmet Ertegün served as founding chairman until his death on December 14,2006, the brothers had become ardent fans of jazz and rhythm & blues music, amassing a collection of over 15,00078 RPM records. He convinced the family dentist, Dr Vahdi Sabit, to invest $10,000 and recruited Herb Abramson, Abramson had worked as a part-time A&R manager/producer for the jazz label National Records, signing Big Joe Turner and Billy Eckstine. He founded Jubilee Records in 1946, but had no interest in its most successful artists, so, in September 1947, he sold his share in Jubilee to his partner, Jerry Blaine, and invested $2500 in the new Atlantic label. When interviewed in 2009 she attributed her reputation to the companys chronic cash-flow shortage, most of the problems we had with artists were that they wanted advances, and that was very difficult for us. We were undercapitalized for a long time, the labels original office in the Ritz Hotel, Manhattan proved too expensive so they relocated to an $85 per month room in the Hotel Jefferson. In its early years Atlantic focused principally on modern jazz although it released some country and western and spoken word recordings. The union action forced Atlantic to use almost all its capital to cut and stockpile enough recordings to last through the ban, Ertegun and Abramson spent much of the late 1940s and early 1950s scouring nightclubs in search of talent. Ertegun composed many songs under the alias A, in early 1949 a New Orleans distributor phoned Ertegun trying to obtain Stick McGhees Drinking Wine, Spo-Dee-O-Dee, which was unavailable due to the closure of McGhees previous label. Ertegun knew Sticks younger brother Brownie McGhee, with whom Stick happened to be staying, so he contacted the McGhee brothers, Ertegun asked about artists royalties, which he paid, which surprised Columbia executives, who did not, which scuttled the deal. On the recommendation of broadcaster Willis Conover, Ertegun and Abramson went to see Ruth Brown at the Crystal Caverns club in Washington and she was badly injured in a car accident en route to New York but Atlantic supported her for nine months and then signed her. Her first release for the label So Long, cut at her second Atlantic session on May 25,1949 with the Eddie Condon band, was a major hit, reaching #6 on the R&B chart. Brown went on to more than eighty songs for the label, becoming the most prolific. So significant was Browns success to Atlantics fortunes that the label became known colloquially as The House That Ruth Built. The Clovers Dont You Know I Love You became the labels first R&B #1 in September 1951 and she hit #1 again in March–April 1952 with 5-10-15 Hours. After she left the label in 1961 Browns fortunes declined rapidly - within a few years was reduced to working as a cleaner and bus-driver to support her children. Brown eventually received a payment of $20,000 and founded a charity
10.
Songwriter
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A songwriter is an individual who writes the lyrics, melodies and chord progressions for songs, typically for a popular music genre such as rock or country music. A songwriter can also be called a composer, although the term tends to be used mainly for individuals from the classical music genre. The pressure from the industry to produce popular hits means that songwriting is often an activity for which the tasks are distributed between a number of people. For example, a songwriter who excels at writing lyrics might be paired with a songwriter with a gift for creating original melodies, pop songs may be written by group members from the band or by staff writers – songwriters directly employed by music publishers. Some songwriters serve as their own publishers, while others have outside publishers. The old-style apprenticeship approach to learning how to write songs is being supplemented by university degrees and college diplomas, a knowledge of modern music technology, songwriting elements and business skills are necessary requirements to make a songwriting career in the 2010s. Several music colleges offer songwriting diplomas and degrees with music business modules, the legal power to grant these permissions may be bought, sold or transferred. This is governed by international copyright law, song pitching can be done on a songwriters behalf by their publisher or independently using tip sheets like RowFax, the MusicRow publication and SongQuarters. Skills associated with song-writing include entrepreneurism and creativity, songwriters who sign an exclusive songwriting agreement with a publisher are called staff writers. In the Nashville country music scene, there is a staff writer culture where contracted writers work normal 9-to-5 hours at the publishing office and are paid a regular salary. This salary is in effect the writers draw, an advance on future earnings, the publisher owns the copyright of songs written during the term of the agreement for a designated period, after which the songwriter can reclaim the copyright. In an interview with HitQuarters, songwriter Dave Berg extolled the benefits of the set-up, unlike contracted writers, some staff writers operate as employees for their respective publishers. Under the terms of work for hire agreements, the compositions created are fully owned by the publisher. In Nashville, young writers are often encouraged to avoid these types of contracts. Staff writers are common across the industry, but without the more office-like working arrangements favored in Nashville. All the major publishers employ writers under contract, songwriter Allan Eshuijs described his staff writer contract at Universal Music Publishing as a starter deal. His success under the arrangement eventually allowed him to found his own publishing company, so that he could. keep as much as possible, songwriters are also often skilled musicians. In addition to selling their songs and musical concepts for other artists to sing, songwriters need to create a number of elements for a song
11.
Isaac Hayes
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Isaac Lee Hayes Jr. was an American singer-songwriter, actor, voice actor and producer. Hayes was also a 2002 inductee into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The song Soul Man, written by Hayes and Porter and first performed by Sam & Dave, has recognized as one of the most influential songs of the past 50 years by the Grammy Hall of Fame. It was also honored by The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, by Rolling Stone magazine, during the late 1960s, Hayes also began a career as a recording artist. He had several successful albums such as Hot Buttered Soul. In addition to his work in music, he worked as a composer of musical scores for motion pictures. He was well known for his score for the film Shaft. For the Theme from Shaft, he was awarded the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1972 and he became the third African-American, after Sidney Poitier and Hattie McDaniel, to win an Academy Award in any competitive field covered by Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. He also won two Grammy Awards for that same year, later, he was given his third Grammy for his music album Black Moses. In recognition of his work there Hayes was crowned honorary king of the Ada. He acted in motion pictures and television, such as in the movies Truck Turner and Im Gonna Git You Sucka and he voiced the character Chef from the animated Comedy Central series South Park from its debut in 1997 until 2005. On August 5,2003, Hayes was honored as a BMI Icon at the 2003 BMI Urban Awards for his influence on generations of music makers. Throughout his songwriting career, Hayes received five BMI R&B Awards, as of 2008, his songs generated more than 12 million performances. Isaac Hayes, Jr. was born in Covington, Tennessee and he was the second child of Eula and Isaac Hayes, Sr. After his mother died young and his father abandoned his family, Isaac, Jr. was raised by his grandparents, Mr. and Mrs. Willie Wade. The child of a family, he grew up working on farms in Shelby County, Tennessee. At age five Hayes began singing at his church, he taught himself to play the piano, the Hammond organ, the flute. Hayes dropped out of school, but his former teachers at Manassas High School in Memphis encouraged him to complete his diploma
12.
David Porter (musician)
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David Porter is an American record producer, songwriter, singer, entrepreneur and philanthropist. Porter was a 2005 inductee into the Songwriters Hall of Fame, in 2015, Rolling Stone listed him among the 100 Greatest Songwriters of All Time. He is best known for songwriting, having written Sam & Daves Soul Man, Mariah Careys Dreamlover, Will Smiths Get Jiggy Wit It, Sam and Daves Hold On, Im Comin, and Biggie Smallss Who Shot Ya. He is also the founder of the Memphis-based Consortium MMT, an organization seeking to develop the music industry in Memphis. Porter was the ninth of twelve born to James and Corean Porter in Memphis, his second oldest brother was COGIC Bishop W. L. Porter. Porters career began in music after singing in church, school, Memphis venues and competitions, often with friend and classmate Maurice White. Porter graduated from Booker T. Washington High in 1961 and later attended LeMoyne College, while still a high-school student working at a grocery across from Satellite Records, he went over to find if the label would consider recording soul music. After meetings with Chips Moman, Porter became active at Satellite as a songwriter, with this role, Porter arranged for his friends and classmates to record for the Satellite label, including Booker T. Jones, William Bell, and Andrew Love. Soon after, Satellite rebranded as Stax Records and redefined their focus to become a music label. Porter was the first staff songwriter at Stax Records and developed his skills in A&R, in Porters A&R capacity, he signed acts including The Emotions, Homer Banks, The Soul Children and was a catalyst for bringing in Isaac Hayes as a writing partner. As house composers for Stax Records, Porter and Hayes penned most of Sam & Daves hits, including Soul Man, I Thank You, When Something Is Wrong with My Baby and Hold On, Im Comin. They also wrote material for Carla Thomas, Johnnie Taylor, starting in the late 1960s, Hayes became increasingly focused on his own recording career, eventually leading to the end of the songwriting partnership. The Hayes-Porter duo composed 200 songs during their collaboration, Porter then began recording his own albums for Stax. He did a single for Stax itself in 1965, Cant See You When I Want To and he cut several albums for Stax in the early 1970s, including a concept LP, Victim of the Joke. which includes an upbeat cover of The Beatles Help. Also, he released on other labels under the pseudonyms Little David and he and Hayes received Pioneer Awards from the Rhythm and Blues Foundation in 1999. On June 9,2005, Porter was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame alongside Bill Withers, Steve Cropper, Sherman, Richard M. Sherman, John Fogerty, and his longtime writing partner Isaac Hayes. In 2012, Porter founded The Consortium MMT, a 501 non-profit with the goal of developing a music industry in Memphis through structured teaching, experience. Porter was awarded the 2013 Governors Arts Award for his achievements including the founding, heres a previously published story on Porters early experiences establishing The Consortium MMT, http, //www. huffingtonpost. com/timarnold/heart-and-soul-memphis-gets_b_7186486. html
13.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
14.
Restroom
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A public toilet is a room or small building containing one or more toilets which is available for use by the general public, or by customers or employees of certain businesses. Public toilets are commonly separated into male and female facilities, although some can be unisex, increasingly, public toilets are accessible to people with disabilities. Public toilets may either be used free of charge or the user may be charged a fee, in the latter case they are also called pay toilets and sometimes have of a coin-operated turnstile. Public toilets may be provided by the authority or by a commercial business. They may be unattended or be staffed by a janitor or attendant, in many cultures, it is customary to tip the attendant, especially if they provide a grooming service, such as at upscale nightclubs or restaurants. Portable toilets are provided at large outdoor events. In many Asian, African and Muslim countries, public toilets are of the squat type, Public toilets are known by many names in different varieties of English. One of the more formal circumlocutions is public convenience, as in the Guilford Place public conveniences, in American English, restroom usually denotes a toilet facility designed for use by the public. However, bathroom is also commonly used, comfort station sometimes refers to a visitor welcome center such as those found in national parks. In Canadian English, public facilities are always called washrooms, the word toilet generally denotes the fixture itself rather than the room. The word washroom is never used to mean utility room or mud room as it is in parts the United States. Bathroom is generally used to refer to the room in the home contains a bath or shower. In Britain, Australia, Hong Kong, Singapore, and New Zealand, the terms in use are public toilet, public lavatory and more informally, public loo. A bathroom is a room containing a bath, a washroom is a room for washing hands, as public toilets were traditionally signed as Gentlemen or Ladies, the colloquial terms the Gents and the Ladies indicates the facility itself. The British Toilet Association, sponsor of the Loo of the Year Award, in Philippine English, comfort room, or C. R. is the most common term in use. In continental Europe, both toilet, a translation of the French les toilettes, and WC are common, mosques, madrassas and other places Muslims gather, have public sex-segregated wash rooms since Islam requires specific procedures for cleansing parts of the body before prayer. These rooms normally adjoin the toilets, which are subject to Muslim hygienical jurisprudence. Many public toilets are permanent small buildings visible to passersby on the street, others are underground, including older facilities in Britain and Canada
15.
Billboard (magazine)
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Billboard is an American entertainment media brand owned by the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group, a division of Eldridge Industries. It publishes pieces involving news, video, opinion, reviews, events and it is also known for its music charts, including the Billboard Hot 100 and Billboard 200, tracking the most popular singles and albums in different genres. It also hosts events, owns a publishing firm, and operates several TV shows, Billboard was founded in 1894 by William Donaldson and James Hennegan as a trade publication for bill posters. Donaldson later acquired Hennegens interest in 1900 for $500, in the 1900s, it covered the entertainment industry, such as circuses, fairs and burlesque shows. It also created a service for travelling entertainers. Billboard began focusing more on the industry as the jukebox, phonograph. Many topics it covered were spun-off into different magazines, including Amusement Business in 1961 to cover outdoor entertainment so that it could focus on music. After Donaldson died in 1925, Billboard was passed down to his children and Hennegans children, until it was sold to investors in 1985. The first issue of Billboard was published in Cincinnati, Ohio, on November 1,1894 by William Donaldson, initially, it covered the advertising and bill posting industry and was called Billboard Advertising. At the time, billboards, posters and paper advertisements placed in public spaces were the means of advertising. Donaldson handled editorial and advertising, while Hennegan, who owned Hennegan Printing Co. managed magazine production, the first issues were just eight pages long. The paper had columns like The Bill Room Gossip and The Indefatigable, a department for agricultural fairs was established in 1896. The title was changed to The Billboard in 1897, after a brief departure over editorial differences, Donaldson purchased Hennegans interest in the business in 1900 for $500, to save it from bankruptcy. That May, Donaldson changed it from a monthly to a paper with a greater emphasis on breaking news. He improved editorial quality and opened new offices in New York, Chicago, San Francisco, London and he also re-focused the magazine on outdoor entertainment like fairs, carnivals, circuses, vaudeville and burlesque shows. A section devoted to circuses was introduced in 1900, followed by more prominent coverage of events in 1901. Billboard also covered topics including regulation, a lack of professionalism, economics and it had a stage gossip column covering the private lives of entertainers, a tent show section covering traveling shows and a sub-section called Freaks to order. According to The Seattle Times, Donaldson also published articles attacking censorship, praising productions exhibiting good taste
16.
Billboard Hot 100
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The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for singles, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales, radio play and online streaming, the weekly sales period was originally Monday to Sunday, when Nielsen started tracking sales in 1991, but was changed to Friday to Thursday in July 2015. Radio airplay, which, unlike sales figures and streaming data, is available on a real-time basis. A new chart is compiled and officially released to the public by Billboard on Tuesdays, as of the issue for the week ending on April 15,2017, the Hot 100 has had 1,061 different number one hits. The current number one song is Shape of You by Ed Sheeran, prior to 1955, Billboard did not have a unified, all-encompassing popularity chart, instead measuring songs by individual metrics. At the start of the era in 1955, three such charts existed, Best Sellers in Stores was the first Billboard chart, established in 1936. This chart ranked the biggest selling singles in retail stores, as reported by merchants surveyed throughout the country, Most Played by Jockeys was Billboards original airplay chart. It ranked the most played songs on United States radio stations, as reported by radio disc jockeys, Most Played in Jukeboxes ranked the most played songs in jukeboxes across the United States. On the week ending November 12,1955, Billboard published The Top 100 for the first time, the Top 100 combined all aspects of a singles performance, based on a point system that typically gave sales more weight than radio airplay. The Best Sellers In Stores, Most Played by Jockeys and Most Played in Jukeboxes charts continued to be published concurrently with the new Top 100 chart. The week ending July 28,1958 was the publication of the Most Played By Jockeys and Top 100 charts. On August 4,1958, Billboard premiered one main all-genre singles chart, the Hot 100 quickly became the industry standard and Billboard discontinued the Best Sellers In Stores chart on October 13,1958. The Billboard Hot 100 is still the standard by which a songs popularity is measured in the United States, the Hot 100 is ranked by radio airplay audience impressions as measured by Nielsen BDS, sales data compiled by Nielsen Soundscan and streaming activity provided by online music sources. There are several component charts that contribute to the calculation of the Hot 100. Charts are ranked by number of gross audience impressions, computed by cross-referencing exact times of radio airplay with Arbitron listener data. Hot Singles Sales, the top selling singles compiled from a sample of retail store, mass merchant and internet sales reports collected, compiled. The chart is released weekly and measures sales of commercial singles. With the decline in sales of singles in the US
17.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
18.
Edwin Edwards
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Edwin Washington Edwards is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party who served as the U. S. Representative for Louisianas 7th congressional district from 1965 to 1972 and as the 50th Governor of Louisiana for four terms and he served a total of sixteen years in office, the sixth-longest serving gubernatorial tenure in post-Constitutional U. S. history at 5,784 days. A colorful, powerful and legendary figure in Louisiana politics, Edwards, in 2001, he was found guilty of racketeering charges and sentenced to ten years in Federal prison. Edwards began serving his sentence in October 2002 in Fort Worth, Texas, Edwards was released from federal prison in January 2011, after serving eight years. He entered into home confinement at his daughters Denham Springs, Louisiana home through the supervision of a halfway house, following that, Edwards was placed on parole. In February 2013, Edwards was granted release from parole. His wife Trina made the announcement on her Facebook page, without a pardon, Edwards remains ineligible to seek the governorship until 15 years have passed from the end of his sentence. In 2013, Edwards co-starred, alongside his third wife Trina, in an A&E reality show, in 2014, Edwards ran in the 2014 election to represent Louisianas 6th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. He placed first in the primary, but was defeated by nearly 25 points in the runoff election. Edwin Washington Edwards was born in rural Avoyelles Parish, near Marksville and his father, Clarence Edwards, was a half-French Creole Presbyterian sharecropper, while his mother, the former Agnès Brouillette, was a French-speaking Catholic. Edwards ancestors were among early Louisiana colonists from France who eventually settled in Avoyelles Parish, Edwards, like many 20th century politicians from Avoyelles, assumed that he had Cajun ancestry, when in fact he may have had none. His father was descended from a family in Kentucky, who came to Louisiana during the American Civil War and his great-great-grandfather, William Edwards, was killed in Marksville at the beginning of the American Civil War because of his pro-Union sentiment. The young Edwards had planned on a career as a preacher, as a young man, he did some preaching for the Marksville Church of the Nazarene. He served briefly in the U. S. Navy Air Corps near the end of World War II. After his return from the military, he graduated at the age of twenty-one from Louisiana State University Law Center and began practicing law in Crowley, the seat of Acadia Parish. He relocated there in 1949 after his sister, Audrey E. Isbell, Edwards career was thus helped by his being bilingual and articulate in both English and Cajun French. He learned to cultivate the goodwill of the media, working reporters, one of his favorites was Adras LaBorde, longtime managing editor of the Alexandria Daily Town Talk in Alexandria. LaBorde even influenced Edwards in regard to environmental policy, in 1949, Edwards married Elaine Schwartzenburg, whom he had met at Marksville High School
19.
Dave Prater
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Primarily recorded at Stax Records in Memphis, Tennessee, from 1965 through 1968, these songs included Soul Man, Hold On, Im Coming, I Thank You, and other Southern soul classics. Other than Aretha Franklin, no soul act during Sam & Daves hitmaking Stax years had more consistent R&B chart success. Soul Man was used as the soundtrack and title for both a 1986 film and a 1997–1998 television series. Nicknamed Double Dynamite for their energetic and sweaty, gospel-infused performances, the duo has been cited as a musical influence by numerous artists, including Bruce Springsteen, Michael Jackson, Phil Collins, and Stevie Winwood. Dave Prater met his partner, Sam Moore, in the King of Hearts Club in Miami in 1961. Sam & Dave released six singles for Roulette, including two songs that Prater co-wrote with Moore, Prater was typically featured as the lead vocalist on these records, with Moore typically singing harmony and alternate verses. They were signed in late 1964 by Jerry Wexler to Atlantic Records, starting with Hold On, Im Comin, Moore was typically given the lead vocal on most of their recordings. Prater sang the lead first verse on their only ballad to become a hit single, When Something Is Wrong with My Baby. All of their biggest hits were written and produced by Isaac Hayes and David Porter, who worked as songwriters for Stax. Sam & Daves Stax records also benefited greatly from the backing of the Stax house band, Booker T. & the M. G. s, and the Stax horn section and these highly regarded musicians co-wrote and contributed greatly to the recordings. Sam & Daves Stax recordings through 1967 were engineered by Stax founder and co-owner Jim Stewart, the combination of all of these respected talents contributed to the unique sound and commercial success of Sam & Daves Stax recordings. Stax and Atlantic severed their distribution agreement in 1968, and as a result Sam & Dave became Atlantic recording artists and were no longer able to work with Hayes, Porter and the Stax musicians. The records made by Atlantic did not have the sound and feel as the Stax recordings. The ending of their association with the Stax record label and their frequently volatile relationship contributed to the break-up of the duo in June 1970, Sam & Dave reunited in August 1971 and performed throughout most of the decade through 1981. They enjoyed a resurgence in popularity due to the Blues Brotherss 1979 recording of Soul Man. Sam & Dave also recorded Come On, Come Over, which appeared on the debut LP of jazz bassist Jaco Pastorius, Dave also appeared in the Paul Simon movie One Trick Pony as part of Sam & Dave. Their last performance together was on December 31,1981, at the Old Waldorf in San Francisco, in 1982, Prater started touring with Sam Daniels. This duo was also billed as Sam & Dave and they performed together until Praters death in 1988
20.
Sam Moore
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Samuel David Sam Moore is an American Southern soul and R&B singer, musician, and songwriter who was the tenor vocalist for the soul vocal duo Sam & Dave from 1961 to 1981. Moore is a member of the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame, the Grammy Hall of Fame, the Vocal Group Hall of Fame, and a Grammy Award, Sam & Dave were the most successful and critically acclaimed duo in soul music history. Moore has also achieved a distinguished 25-year career as a performing and recording artist. In 2008, based on a poll of other musicians, Rolling Stone named Moore one of the 100 greatest singers of the rock era, Moore performed at the inaugural concert in Washington D. C. on January 19,2017. Moore is best known for his work as Sam of the music duo Sam & Dave. Moore has performed in concerts, ranging from the Atlantic Records 40th anniversary party in 1988, to the New Orleans Jazz Festival and the SXSW Music Industry conference in 2006. Music critic Dave Marsh, a friend of Moore and the editor and co-writer of Moores book. In 2006, Moore received a MOBO lifetime achievement award in the UK, Sam Moore and Dave Prater were both experienced gospel music singers, having performed individually with groups the Sensational Hummingbirds and The Melionaires. They met in The King of Hearts Club in Miami in 1961, where they were discovered by regional producer Henry Stone, who signed them to Roulette Records. After modest success at Roulette, they were signed by Jerry Wexler to Atlantic Records in 1964, then being loaned out to Stax Records to produce, record and release their records. The duos November 1965 single, You Dont Know Like I Know, Im Comin, You Got Me Hummin, When Something Is Wrong with My Baby, Soul Man, and I Thank You. Most of their hits were penned by Isaac Hayes and David Porter, in most recordings, they were also backed by Hayes on piano with Booker T and the MGs and The Memphis Horns. The ending of their association with the Stax record label and their frequently volatile relationship contributed to their first break-up in 1970. Sam & Dave performed throughout most of the 1970s through 1981 and their last performance together was on December 31,1981, at the Old Waldorf in San Francisco. On 9 April 1988, Prater died in a car crash in Sycamore, Moore began his solo career after breaking up with Prater in June 1970, and was offered to record several singles with Atlantic Records in 1970 and 1971. These singles, along with recordings made during that period, were to be released on an album produced by King Curtis. However, in August 1971, King Curtis was murdered, Moore got back together with Prater in August 1971 and the two performed and recorded together over the next decade. Moore toured with soul artists including Wilson Pickett in Europe in the spring of 1982
21.
Booker T. & the M.G.'s
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Booker T. & the M. G. s is an instrumental R&B/funk band that was influential in shaping the sound of Southern soul and Memphis soul. The original members of the group were Booker T. Jones, Steve Cropper, Lewie Steinberg and they also released instrumental records under their own name, of which the best known is the 1962 hit single Green Onions. As originators of the unique Stax sound, the group was one of the most prolific, respected, by the mid-1960s, bands on both sides of the Atlantic were trying to sound like Booker T. & the M. G. s. In 1965, Steinberg was replaced by Donald Duck Dunn, who played with the group until his death in 2012. Al Jackson, Jr. was murdered in 1975, after which Dunn, Cropper and Jones reunited on numerous occasions using various drummers, including Willie Hall, Anton Fig, Steve Jordan and Steve Potts. The band was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1992, the Musicians Hall of Fame and Museum in Nashville, Tennessee, in 2008, and the Memphis Music Hall of Fame in 2012. Booker T. & the M. G. s formed as the band of Stax Records, providing backing music for numerous singers, including Wilson Pickett. During downtime, the four started playing around with an organ riff. Jim Stewart, the president of Stax Records, was in the control booth and he liked what he heard, and he recorded it. Cropper remembered a riff that Jones had come up with weeks earlier, Stewart wanted to release the single with the first track, Behave Yourself, as the A-side and the second track as the B-side. Cropper and radio disc jockeys thought otherwise, soon, Stax released Booker T. & the M. G. s Green Onions backed with Behave Yourself, the single went to number 1 on the US Billboard R&B chart and number 3 on the pop chart. It sold over one million copies and was certified a gold disc and it has been used in numerous movies and trailers, including a pivotal scene in the motion picture American Graffiti. Later in 1962, the released a all-instrumental album, Green Onions. Aside from the track, a sequel and Behave Yourself. Booker T. & the M. G. s continued to issue instrumental singles and albums throughout the 1960s. The group was a successful recording combo in its own right, in the mid-1960s Jones was often away from Memphis while studying music full-time at Indiana University. Stax writer and producer Isaac Hayes usually stepped in when Jones was unavailable for work, and on several sessions Jones and Hayes played together with one on organ. Their second album, Soul Dressing, was released in 1965, whereas the Green Onions album contained mostly covers, every composition but one on Soul Dressing was an original
22.
Art Blakey
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Arthur Art Blakey was an American jazz drummer and bandleader. He was known as Abdullah Ibn Buhaina after he became a Muslim, Blakey made a name for himself in the 1940s in the big bands of Fletcher Henderson and Billy Eckstine. He worked with bebop musicians Thelonious Monk, Charlie Parker and Dizzy Gillespie, in the mid-1950s Horace Silver and Blakey formed the Jazz Messengers, a group that the drummer was associated with for the next 35 years. The Biographical Encyclopedia of Jazz calls the Jazz Messengers the archetypal hard bop group of the late 50s and he was inducted into the Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame, the Grammy Hall of Fame, and was awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award in 2005. He was inducted into the Modern Drummer Hall of Fame in 1991, Blakey was born on October 11,1919 in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania to a single mother, who died shortly after his birth. According to Leslie Gourses biography, the mother figure was Annie Peron. The stories related by family and friends, and by Blakey himself, are contradictory as to how long he spent with the Peron family, equally clouded by contradiction are stories of Blakeys early music career. He switched from piano to drums at a date in the early 1930s. An oft-quoted account of the event states that Blakey was forced at gunpoint to move from piano to drums by a club owner, the veracity of this story is called into question in the Gourse biography, as Blakey himself gives other accounts in addition to this one. The style Blakey assumed was the swing style of Chick Webb, Sid Catlett. From 1939-44, Blakey played with fellow Pittsburgh native Mary Lou Williams, while sources differ on the timing, most agree that he traveled to New York with Williams in 1942 before joining Henderson a year later. While playing in Hendersons band, Blakey got into a scuffle with Georgia police and he then led his own band at the Tic Toc Club in Boston for a short time. From 1944-47, Blakey worked with Billy Eckstines big band, after the Eckstine band broke up, Blakey states that he traveled to Africa for a time, In 1947, after the Eckstine band broke up, we -- took a trip to Africa. I was supposed to stay three months and I stayed two years because I wanted to live among the people and find out just how they lived. Blakey is known to have recorded in 1947,1948 and 1949, Blakey toured with Buddy DeFranco from 1951 to 1953 in a band that also included Kenny Drew. On December 17,1947, Blakey led a group known as Art Blakeys Messengers in his first recording session as a leader, the records were released as 78 rpm records at the time, and two of the songs were released on the New Sounds 10 LP compilation. The octet included Kenny Dorham, Sahib Shihab, Musa Kaleem, around the same time, or 1949 he led a big band called Seventeen Messengers. The band proved to be unstable and broke up soon after
23.
Brian May
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Brian Harold May, CBE is an English musician, singer, songwriter and astrophysicist, best known as the lead guitarist of the rock band Queen. He uses an electric guitar, called the Red Special. His compositions for the band include We Will Rock You, Tie Your Mother Down, I Want It All, Fat Bottomed Girls, Flash, Hammer to Fall, Save Me, Who Wants to Live Forever and The Show Must Go On. May was a co-founder of Queen with lead singer Freddie Mercury and drummer Roger Taylor, having performed with Taylor in the band Smile. As a member of Queen, May became regarded as a virtuoso musician, following the death of Mercury in 1991, Queen were put on hiatus for several years but were eventually reconvened by May and Taylor for further performances featuring other vocalists. In 2005, a Planet Rock poll saw May voted the 7th greatest guitarist of all time and he was ranked at No.26 on Rolling Stone magazines list of the 100 Greatest Guitarists of All Time. In 2012, May was ranked the 2nd greatest guitarist of all time by a Guitar World magazine readers poll and he was appointed a Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire in 2005 for services to the music industry and for charity work. May attained a PhD in astrophysics from Imperial College London in 2007 and was Chancellor of Liverpool John Moores University from 2008 to 2013 and he was a science team collaborator with NASAs New Horizons Pluto mission. He is also a co-founder of the campaign, Asteroid Day. Asteroid 52665 Brianmay was named after him, may is also an animal rights activist, campaigning against the hunting of foxes and the culling of badgers in the UK. Brian Harold May, the child of Harold and Ruth May, was born in Hampton, London on 19 July 1947. He is of English and Scottish descent, with his mother being Scots, during this time, he formed his first band, named 1984 after George Orwells novel of the same name, with vocalist and bassist Tim Staffell. At Hampton Grammar School, he attained ten GCE Ordinary Levels and he studied Mathematics and Physics at Imperial College London, graduating with a BSc. in Physics with honours. In 2007, May obtained his PhD in astrophysics from Imperial College London, may formed the band Smile in 1968. The group included Tim Staffell as the singer and bassist, and later, drummer Roger Taylor. The band lasted for two years, from 1968 to 1970, as Staffell departed in 1970, leaving the band with a catalogue of nine songs. Smile would reunite for several songs on 22 December 1992, Taylors band The Cross were headliners, and he brought May and Staffell on to play Earth and If I Were a Carpenter. May also performed other songs that night
24.
Tom Jones (singer)
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Sir Thomas John Woodward OBE is a Welsh singer known by his stage name Tom Jones. Joness powerful voice has been described as a full-throated, robust baritone and his performing range has included pop, rock, R&B, show tunes, country, dance, soul and gospel. In 2008, the New York Times called Jones a musical shape shifter, who could slide from soulful rasp to pop croon, with a voice as husky as it was pretty. Jones received a Grammy Award for Best New Artist in 1966, an MTV Video Music Award in 1989, Jones was awarded an OBE in 1999 and in 2006 he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for services to music. Jones was born Thomas John Woodward, at 57 Kingsland Terrace, Treforest, Pontypridd, in Glamorgan and his parents were Thomas Woodward, a coal miner, and Freda Jones. His maternal grandfather, Albert Jones, was Welsh, and his grandmother, Ada Jones, was born in Pontypridd, to parents from Somerset. Jones attended Wood Road Infants School, Wood Road Junior School and he began singing at an early age, He would regularly sing at family gatherings, weddings and in his school choir. Jones did not like school or sports, but gained confidence through his singing talent, at 12 he was diagnosed with tuberculosis. Many years later he said, I spent two years in bed recovering and it was the worst time of my life. During convalescence he could do little else but listen to music, Joness bluesy singing style developed out of the sound of American soul music. His early influences included blues and R&B singers Little Richard, Solomon Burke, Jackie Wilson and Brook Benton, as well as Elvis Presley, in March 1957 Jones married his high school girlfriend, Linda Trenchard when they were expecting a child together, both aged 16. The couples son, Mark, was born in the month following their wedding, to support his young family Jones took a job working in a glove factory and was later employed in construction. Joness voice has been described as a full-throated, robust baritone and he became the frontman in 1963 for Tommy Scott and the Senators, a Welsh beat group. They soon gained a following and reputation in South Wales. In 1964, the group recorded several tracks with producer Joe Meek, who took them to various labels. Later that year, Decca producer Peter Sullivan saw Tommy Scott and the Senators performing in a club and directed them to manager Phil Solomon, the group continued to play gigs at dance halls and working mens clubs in South Wales. One night at the Top Hat in Cwmtillery, Wales, Jones was spotted by Gordon Mills, Mills became Joness manager and took the young singer to London, and also renamed him Tom Jones, to exploit the popularity of the Academy Award-winning 1963 film. Eventually, Mills got Jones a recording contract with Decca and his first single, Chills and Fever, was released in late 1964
25.
Maxine Brown (soul singer)
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Maxine Ella Brown is an American soul and R&B singer. Maxine Brown began singing as a child, performing with two New York based gospel groups called the Angelairs and the Royaltones when she was a teenager. In 1960, she signed with the small Nomar record label, the single became a hit, climbing to number two on the US R&B charts, and it was quickly followed by Funny, which peaked at number three. Brown recorded a string of hits for Wand over the next three years. Among these were the Carole King/Gerry Goffin songs Oh No Not My Baby, which reached number 24 on the pop charts in 1964, and Its Gonna Be Alright, which peaked at #26 the following year. She also recorded duets with label-mate Chuck Jackson, including a version of an Alvin Robinson hit, Something You Got. However, the company turned its focus to other bigger-selling acts, All backing vocals for Maxines records were performed by Cissy Houston and the Sweet Inspirations, plus emerging writer-producers Nick Ashford and Valerie Simpson. Hoping to increase the line of hits for Maxine and her partner, Chuck Jackson, Ashford. When they were turned down, the couple approached Berry Gordy at Motown Records who immediately hired them. Songs that were penned for Maxine and Chuck became blockbuster hits for Ray Charles, such as Lets Go Get Stoned, as well as Marvin Gaye and Tammi Terrells Aint No Mountain High Enough. In 1969 Maxine left Wand for Commonwealth United, where she recorded two singles, the first Well Cry Together reached #10 in the Billboard R&B chart and also made the lower reaches of the Hot 100. A spell with Avco Records followed, but her later recordings met with little commercial success. Despite her seeming lack of visibility, Brown is acknowledged as one of the finer R&B vocalist of her time, able to handle soul, jazz, and pop with equal aplomb
26.
Chuck Jackson
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Chuck Jackson is an American R&B singer, who was one of the first artists to record material by Burt Bacharach and Hal David successfully. He has performed with success since 1961. His hits include I Dont Want to Cry, Any Day Now, I Keep Forgettin, as a songwriter, he is known for writing Whitney Houstons number one hit Where Do Broken Hearts Go. He was born in Latta, South Carolina, but was raised in Pittsburgh, between 1957 and 1959, he was a member of The Del-Vikings, singing lead on the 1957 release Willette. After leaving them, he was discovered by Luther Dixon when he opened for soul legend Jackie Wilson at the Apollo Theater and he signed a recording contract with Scepter Records subsidiary Wand Records. His first single, I Dont Want to Cry, which he co-wrote, was his first hit, the song charted on both the R&B and pop charts. In 1962, Jacksons recording of the Burt Bacharach-Bob Hilliard song Any Day Now became a huge hit and his popularity in the 1960s prompted him to buy up the time on his contract from Scepter and move to Motown Records. There he recorded a number of singles, including Honey Come Back. He later recorded for All Platinum and other labels, but with minimal success, after meeting producer/composer Charles Wallert at the Third Annual Beach Music Awards, the two collaborated to record How Long Have You Been Loving Me on Carolina Records. In 1998 Jackson teamed with longtime friend Dionne Warwick to record If I Let Myself Go, the recording received critical acclaim and charted at number 19 on the Gavin Adult Contemporary Charts. Jackson followed with What Goes Around, Comes Around, another Wallert production and composition, I Keep Forgettin was also covered by David Bowie in his album Tonight. Jackson was close friends with political strategist Lee Atwater and he appears in the documentary, Boogie Man, The Lee Atwater Story. Australian pop-rock band Big Pig recorded a cover to I Cant Break Away, simply titled Breakaway, the song was also covered in 2007 by house music singer Inaya Day. On 4 October 2015, Chuck Jackson was inducted into the Official Rhythm, albums 1962, I Dont Want to Cry. 1962, Any Day Now 1963, Encore,1964, Chuck Jackson on Tour 1965, Mr
27.
Bill Cosby
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William Henry Bill Cosby, Jr. is an American stand-up comedian, actor, author, and singer. Cosbys start in comedy began at the hungry i in San Francisco and was followed by his landing a starring role in the 1960s television show I Spy. He was also a regular on the television series The Electric Company during the shows first two seasons. Throughout the 1970s, Cosby starred in a number of films, after attending Temple University in the 1960s, he received his bachelors degree there in 1971. In 1973, he received a degree from the University of Massachusetts Amherst. His dissertation discussed the use of Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids as a tool in elementary schools. The sitcom highlighted the experiences and growth of an affluent African-American family, Cosby has been the subject of publicized sexual assault allegations since about 2000. He surrendered to authorities on December 30,2015, and was released on $1 million bail, Cosby is scheduled to go on trial on or before June 5,2017. Cosby was born on July 12,1937 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and he is one of four sons of Anna Pearl, a maid, and William Henry Cosby Sr. who served as a mess steward in the U. S. Navy. During much of Cosbys early childhood, his father was away in the U. S. armed forces, as a student, he described himself as a class clown. Cosby was the captain of both the team and the track and field team at Mary Channing Wister Public School in Philadelphia. Early on, though, teachers noted his propensity for clowning around rather than studying, at FitzSimons Junior High School, Cosby began acting in plays as well as continuing his devotion to playing sports. Cosby went on to Philadelphias Central High School, a magnet and academically rigorous university prep school where he played football, basketball, baseball, and ran track. In addition, Cosby was working before and after school, selling produce, shining shoes and he transferred to Germantown High School, but failed the tenth grade. Instead of repeating, he got a job as an apprentice at a repair shop, which he liked. In 1956, Cosby enlisted in the Navy, serving at the Marine Corps Base Quantico, Virginia, Naval Station Argentia, Newfoundland and at the Bethesda Naval Hospital in Maryland. During his four years in the Navy, Cosby served as a Hospital Corpsman working in therapy with Navy. He finished his equivalency diploma via correspondence courses and was awarded a track, there, he studied physical education while running track and playing fullback on the universitys football team
28.
Herbie Mann
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Herbert Jay Solomon, known by his stage name Herbie Mann, was an American jazz flautist and important early practitioner of world music. Early in his career, he played tenor saxophone and clarinet. His most popular single was Hijack, which was a Billboard No.1 dance hit for three weeks in 1975, Mann emphasized the groove approach in his music. Mann felt that from his repertoire, the epitome of a record was Memphis Underground or Push Push. Herbie Mann was born in Brooklyn, New York, to Jewish parents, Solomon, who was of Russian descent, and Ruth Rose Solomon, who was born in Bukovina, Austria-Hungary but immigrated to the United States with her family at the age of 6. Both of his parents were dancers and singers, as well as dance instructors later in life and he attended Lincoln High School in Brighton Beach. His first professional performance was playing the Catskills resorts at age 15, in the 1950s Mann was primarily a bop flutist, playing in combos with artists such as Phil Woods, occasionally playing bass clarinet, tenor saxophone and solo flute. Mann was a pioneer of the fusion of jazz and world music. In 1959, following a State Department sponsored tour of Africa, in 1961 Mann toured Brazil, returning to the United States to record with Brazilian musicians, including Antonio Carlos Jobim and guitarist Baden Powell. These albums helped popularize bossa nova in the US and Europe and he often worked with Brazilian themes. In the mid-1960s Mann hired a young Chick Corea to play in some of his bands, in the late 1970s and early 1980s Mann played duets at New York Citys The Bottom Line and Village Gate clubs, with Sarod virtuoso Vasant Rai. and Bernard Purdie. In this period Mann had a number of pop hits — rare for a jazz musician, according to a 1998 interview Mann had made at least 25 albums that were on the Billboard 200 pop charts, success denied most of his jazz peers. Mann provided the music for the 1978 National Film Board of Canada animated short Afterlife, in the early 1970s he founded his own label, Embryo Records, distributed by Cotillion Records, a division of Atlantic Records. He later set up Kokopelli Records after difficulty with established labels, in 1996, Mann collaborated with Stereolab on the song One Note Samba/Surfboard for the AIDS-Benefit album Red Hot + Rio produced by the Red Hot Organization. Mann also played horns on the Bee Gees album Spirits Having Flown and he died in his home in Pecos, New Mexico, leaving his wife, Susan Janeal Arison, and four children, Paul Mann, Claudia Mann, Laura Mann-Lepik and Geoffrey Mann. Bio Further discography and biography National Public Radios Jazz Profiles, Herbie Mann Herbie Mann Official Website
29.
Memphis Underground
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Memphis Underground is a 1969 album by jazz flautist Herbie Mann, that fuses the genres of jazz and rhythm and blues. While Mann and the principal soloists were leading jazz musicians, the album was recorded in Chips Momans American Studios in Memphis. The rhythm section was the band at American Studios. The recording was engineered and produced by Tom Dowd, three of the five songs on the album were covers of songs originally released by soul artists. Hold On, Im Comin, who recorded at Stax records, two members of the rhythm section on Franklins recording perform on Memphis Underground. A third song, New Orleans, was released by R&B artist. This unique sound appealed to a large audience, the record is one of the best-selling Jazz albums of all time. Rolling Stone said Memphis Underground is a piece of musical alchemy, Memphis Underground was a favorite album of writer Hunter S. Thompson, who mentions it positively in several chapters of his book Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail. In the article The Battle of Aspen, Thompson states that his Freak Power campaign used Manns recording of Battle Hymn of the Republic as the music for their commercials. Another writer, the British author Stewart Home, as a tribute to this Mann album, in the novel, Home makes multiple references to soul, northern soul and jazz soul music. 1969 in music Herbie Mann discography
30.
George Benson
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George Benson is an American musician, guitarist and singer-songwriter. He began his career at 21 as a jazz guitarist. Benson uses a rest-stroke picking technique similar to that of jazz players such as Django Reinhardt. A former child prodigy, Benson first came to prominence in the 1960s, playing jazz with Jack McDuff. He then launched a solo career, alternating between jazz, pop, R&B singing, and scat singing. His album Breezin was certified triple-platinum, hitting no.1 on the Billboard album chart in 1976 and his concerts were well attended through the 1980s, and he still has a large following. He has received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, Benson was born and raised in the Hill District in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. At the age of seven, he first played the ukulele in a drug store. At the age of eight, he played guitar in a nightclub on Friday and Saturday nights. At the age of 10, he recorded his first single record, She Makes Me Mad, with RCA-Victor in New York, Benson attended and graduated from Schenley High School. As a youth he learned how to play straight-ahead instrumental jazz during a relationship performing for years with organist Jack McDuff. One of his early guitar heroes was country-jazz guitarist Hank Garland. At the age of 21, he recorded his first album as leader, The New Boss Guitar, Bensons next recording was Its Uptown with the George Benson Quartet, including Lonnie Smith on organ and Ronnie Cuber on baritone saxophone. Benson followed it up with The George Benson Cookbook, also with Lonnie Smith and Ronnie Cuber on baritone, Miles Davis employed Benson in the mid-1960s, featuring his guitar on Paraphernalia on his 1968 Columbia release, Miles in the Sky before going to Verve Records. Benson then signed with Creed Taylors jazz label CTI Records, where he recorded albums, with jazz heavyweights guesting, to some success. His 1974 release, Bad Benson, climbed to the top spot in the Billboard jazz chart, while the follow-ups, Good King Bad and Benson and Farrell, both reached the jazz top-three sellers. Benson played on sessions for other CTI artists during this time, including Freddie Hubbard and Stanley Turrentine. By the mid- to late-1970s, as he recorded for Warner Bros, Records, a whole new audience began to discover Benson
31.
Bryan Ferry
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Bryan Ferry CBE is an English singer and songwriter. His voice has been described as an elegant, seductive croon and he also established a distinctive image and sartorial style, according to The Independent, Ferry and his contemporary David Bowie influenced a generation with both their music and their appearance. Their singles included Virginia Plain, Street Life, Love is the Drug, Dance Away, Angel Eyes, Over You, Oh Yeah, Jealous Guy, Ferry began his solo career in 1973. His solo hits included A Hard Rains a-Gonna Fall, Lets Stick Together, Ferry disbanded Roxy Music following the release of their best-selling album Avalon to concentrate on his solo career, releasing further singles such as Slave to Love and Dont Stop the Dance. When his sales as a solo artist and as a member of Roxy Music are combined, Ferry was born in Washington, County Durham, into a working-class family, Ferry attended Washington Grammar-Technical School on Spout Lane from 1957. Ferry spent one year at Durham University, then studied art at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne from 1964–68. His contemporaries included Tim Head and Nick de Ville, during this period Ferry was a member of the student band the City Blues. Ferry became a teacher at Holland Park School in London. Ferry formed the band the Banshees and, later, together with Graham Simpson and John Porter, Ferry moved to London in 1968 with the intention of pursuing a career in music. Ferry formed Roxy Music with a group of friends and acquaintances, beginning with Graham Simpson, the line-up expanded to include saxophonist/oboist Andy Mackay and his acquaintance Brian Eno, who owned tape recorders and played Mackays synthesiser. Other early members included timpanist Dexter Lloyd and ex-Nice guitarist David OList, after their second album, Brian Eno left Roxy Music, leaving Ferry its undisputed leader. In 1976 Ferry covered a song by the Beatles, Shes Leaving Home for the musical documentary All This. He went on to three solo albums during this period, Lets Stick Together, In Your Mind and The Bride Stripped Bare. All three albums reached the UK Top 20, but by time his career had begun to wane. Roxy Music reconvened in 1979, with Ferry, Manzanera, Thompson, the band recorded the albums Manifesto, Flesh + Blood and Avalon, the latter two reaching number one in the UK album charts. The band also achieved their first and only UK number one single, Jealous Guy and it was the only one of their singles not to be written or co-written by Ferry. After lengthy tours to promote the Avalon album in 1982, Ferry decided to put Roxy Music on hold, Ferry continued to record as a solo artist, and released his sixth solo album, Boys and Girls, in 1985. The album reached number one in the UK, his first and only recording to do so
32.
Roxy Music
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Roxy Music were an English rock band formed in 1971 by Bryan Ferry, who became the bands lead vocalist and chief songwriter, and bassist Graham Simpson. Alongside Ferry, the longtime members were Phil Manzanera, Andy Mackay and Paul Thompson, and other former members include Brian Eno, Eddie Jobson. Ferry frequently enlisted members of Roxy Music as session musicians for his solo releases, Roxy Music attained popular and critical success in Europe and Australia during the 1970s and early 1980s, beginning with their debut album, Roxy Music. The band was influential as pioneers of the more experimental, musically sophisticated elements of glam. They also provided a model for new wave acts and the experimental electronic groups of the early 1980s. The group was distinguished by their visual and musical sophistication and their preoccupation with style, Ferry and co-founding member Eno have also had influential solo careers, the latter becoming one of the most significant record producers and collaborators of the late 20th century. Rolling Stone magazine ranked Roxy Music No.98 on its The Immortals –100 The Greatest Artists of All Time list, the bands final studio album was Avalon, which became platinum-certified in the United States. The album ultimately became Ferrys 2010 album Olympia, Roxy Music played a series of 40th anniversary shows in 2011, but has since become inactive as a performing entity. In early 1970 Ferry had auditioned as lead singer for King Crimson, Andy Mackay replied to Ferrys advertisement, not as a keyboard player but a saxophonist and oboist, though he did have a VCS3 synthesizer. Mackay had already met Brian Eno during university days, as both were interested in avant-garde and electronic music, although Eno was a non-musician, he could operate a synthesizer and owned a Revox reel-to-reel tape machine, so Mackay convinced him to join the band as a technical adviser. Before long Eno was an member of the group. When founding drummer Dexter Lloyd, a classically trained timpanist, left the band, Paul Thompson responded to the advertisement and joined the band in June 1971. The groups name was partly an homage to the titles of old cinemas and dance halls, Ferry had named the band Roxy originally, but after learning of an American band with the same name he changed the name to Roxy Music. In October 1971 Roxy advertised in Melody Maker seeking the Perfect Guitarist, Manzanera also knew other well-known musicians, such as David Gilmour, who was a friend of his older brother, and Soft Machines Robert Wyatt. However, Manzanera did not initially make the band as a guitarist, the group were impressed enough with Manzanera that he was invited to become Roxy Musics roadie, an offer which he accepted. The bands fortunes were greatly increased by the support of broadcaster John Peel and this line-up of Roxy Music recorded a BBC session shortly thereafter. In early February 1972, guitarist OList quit the group abruptly after an altercation with Paul Thompson, when OList didnt show up for the next rehearsal, Manzanera was asked to come along, on the pretext of becoming the bands sound mixer. When he arrived he was invited to play guitar and quickly realised that it was an informal audition
33.
The Bride Stripped Bare (album)
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The Bride Stripped Bare is a 1978 solo album by Bryan Ferry and is his fifth album released independent of Roxy Music. It was recorded after his girlfriend Jerry Hall left him for Mick Jagger in 1977, the album peaked at number 13 on the albums chart in the United Kingdom. Although critically acclaimed, the album didnt achieve the success it was expected as it was released in the peak of punk rock, the albums title is taken from the Marcel Duchamp artwork The Bride Stripped Bare by Her Bachelors, Even. Ferry had been introduced to the work as an art school student by Richard Hamilton, a subtext of Duchamps piece is masculine and feminine relationships. And he added that The Los Angeles musicians dont hurt either--the conjunction of his style of stylization makes for interesting expressive tension, greil Marcus listed it as his number one record in The Pazz and Jop Critics Poll of 1978. Backed by American session men, Ferry acts out The Revenge of Lust, a tale that leaves all parties free to indulge their cruelest, most self-pitying instincts, as always, Ferry sings in the voice of Dracula risen from the grave—risen to tell us how much he cares. Still, Bride suggests that Ferrys solo work still has much-underdeveloped potential, mark Coleman in his three and half star review stated The Bride Stripped Bare is more adventurous, many listeners thought it was foolhardy. Bryan Ferry recording in L. A. with session veterans, well, guitarist Waddy Wachtel pulls out some surprisingly ripe riffs, while Ferry croons both Al Greens Take Me to the River and the Velvet Undergrounds What Goes On without showing signs of strains. Recent Roxy Music converts might begin their Ferry appreciation course with this undervalued, rob Sheffield in another three and half star review wrote The Bride Stripped Bare was a real puzzle, slicking over some potentially great songs with a hack L. A. studio band
34.
Burton Cummings
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Burton Lorne Cummings, OC OM is a Canadian musician, singer and songwriter. Burton is the lead singer and keyboardist for the Canadian rock band The Guess Who. His solo career includes many hit singles, including Stand Tall, My Own Way to Rock, Fine State of Affairs, Cummings was born and raised in Winnipeg, Manitoba, as were all of the other original members of The Guess Who. Burton was brought up by his mother Rhoda and her parents, he never knew his father, Burton attended St. Johns High School. He dropped out of school, due to grades, when he was sixteen. Forty-five years later, in 2010, his high school awarded him an honorary diploma. His first band was a local Winnipeg R&B group, The Deverons, the Deverons with Cummings released two singles on the tiny REO Records label. The first single, Blue Is The Night / Shes Your Lover, was cut at a Winnipeg radio station, the second single, Lost Love / Feel Alright, was recorded at Kay Bank Studios in Minneapolis, where The Guess Who frequently recorded. In January 1966 he was asked by the The Guess Who to join the band, by May 1966 Cummings had assumed the role of lead singer, a position recently vacated by original front man Chad Allan who left the group that April. Between 1966 and 1968 The Guess Who were one of the bands in Canada. That year, The Guess Who scored a hit with These Eyes, co-written by Cummings. It was followed up by the hit Laughing, again written by Cummings, another Guess Who song, Undun, written by Bachman, featured Cummings on a jazzy flute solo. In 1970, the band hit No.1 in both Canada and the U. S. with the Bachman-Cummings-Kale-Peterson composition American Woman, ultimately, conflict between Cummings and bandmate Randy Bachman—partially ignited by Bachmans then-deepening Mormon religious beliefs—caused a rift in the band. Bachman left and went on to form the band Brave Belt with former Guess Who mate Chad Allan, in 1975 Cummings left The Guess Who after 10 years to become a solo artist, and the group disbanded. One of his first projects was providing back-up vocals on Eric Carmens second solo LP, Boats Against the Current, in 1977 he was presented with a Juno Award as best male vocalist. Cummings subsequent hits in Canada included Stand Tall, which was his greatest American solo hit, peaking at #10 on the Billboard Hot 100, other hits included Im Scared, Break it to Them Gently, and Fine State of Affairs. Cummings charted outside Canada with Stand Tall and You Saved My Soul, as well as I Will Play a Rhapsody and his Dream of a Child album, released in 1978, was the biggest Canadian album in history at that time. Cummings released a total of eight albums and collections from 1976 to 1990
35.
Boney M.
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Boney M. is a Euro-Caribbean vocal group created by German record producer Frank Farian. The group was formed in 1976 and achieved popularity during the era of the late 1970s. Since the 1980s, various line-ups of the band have performed with different personnel, German singer-songwriter Frank Farian recorded the dance track Baby Do You Wanna Bump in December 1974. Farian sang the repeated line Do you do you wanna bump. in a voice as well as performing the high falsetto chorus. When the record was released as a single, it was credited to Boney M. a pseudonym Farian had created for himself after watching the Australian detective show Boney, I turned on the TV one day and it was the end of a detective series. I just caught the credits and it said Boney, nice name, I thought – Boney, Boney, Boney. Boney M. Boney, Boney, Boney M, after a slow start, the song became a hit in the Netherlands and Belgium. It was then that Farian decided to hire performers to front the group for TV performances, the Katja Wolfe booking agency found model-turned-singer Maizie Williams and her Jamaican singer friend Sheyla Bonnick for him, along with a dancer known only as Mike for the first gigs. Also during 1975, a girl named Nathalie joined but was replaced by Jamaica-born Claudja Barry. Then Bonnick and Mike left, and Maizie Williams brought in Bobby Farrell, singer Marcia Barrett joined the group, which then went through another change in line-up when Claudja Barry left in February 1976 to pursue a solo career as a disco singer. Finally Liz Mitchell, former member of the Les Humphries Singers, the line-up was finalised with Liz Mitchell, Maizie Williams, Marcia Barrett, and Bobby Farrell. Boney M. s first album, Take the Heat off Me, was released in 1976. It contained tracks that Marcia Barrett had already recorded with Farian, including the track and Lovin or Leavin. The albums commercial performance was initially lukewarm, however, the group rigorously toured discos, clubs and even country fairs to earn a reputation for themselves. The groups big break came when, at the end of summer 1976, Boney M. appeared on the live music show on 18 September 1976, after 10 pm and in their daring stage costumes, where they performed the song Daddy Cool. The song quickly went to no.1 in Germany, with the following the success of the single. Another single, Sunny gave the group their second no.1 hit, the groups popularity had also grown throughout Europe, with Daddy Cool reaching no.1 in Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, and Austria. Both singles were also Top 10 hits in the UK, which would one of their biggest markets
36.
Oceans of Fantasy
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The album had been preceded in the spring of 1979 by the single Hooray. Its a Holi-Holiday, one of the bands biggest hits and this was not included on Oceans of Fantasy but the B-side, Ribbons of Blue was, albeit in a heavily edited form. The original length of the track is 4,02 and songs like Gotta Go Home, as with the groups previous album, Nightflight to Venus, the original Hansa Records pressings of the album also included a range of different edits of certain tracks. The same pressing also features Let It All Be Music and Gotta Go Home segued into a medley, the Argentinian pressing omitted El Lute in favour of Hooray. Maizie Williams and Bobby Farrell did not take any part in the studio sessions, no More Chain Gang was covered by Turkish singer Tarkan as Çok Ararsın Beni on his debut album Yine Sensiz in 1992. Side A, Let It All Be Music Arranged by Christian Kolonovits Featuring Special Guest Star Precious Wilson. Germany, Hansa Records 200 888-320, 24x24 double gatefold sleeve Germany, Hansa 383392 Germany, Hansa 200 919-424, picture disc UK, Atlantic Records K50610 Germany 1994, EU & US2007, Sony-BMG 88697-08263-2. Rate Your Music, detailed discography Discogs. com, detailed discography
37.
8-track tape
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The 8-track tape is a magnetic tape sound-recording technology that was popular in the United States from the mid-1960s to the late 1970s, when the Compact Cassette format took over. The format is regarded as a technology, and was relatively unknown outside the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia. Stereo 8 was created in 1964 by a led by Bill Lear of Lear Jet Corporation, along with Ampex, Ford Motor Company, General Motors, Motorola. It was a development of the similar Stereo-Pak four-track cartridge introduced by Earl Madman Muntz. A later quadraphonic version of the format was announced by RCA in April 1970 and first known as Quad-8, to eliminate the nuisance of tape-threading, various manufacturers introduced cartridges that held the tape inside a metal or plastic housing to eliminate handling. Most were intended only for low-fidelity voice recording in dictation machines, the first tape cartridge designed for general consumer use, including music reproduction, was the Sound Tape or Magazine Loading Cartridge, introduced in 1958 by RCA. Prerecorded stereophonic music cartridges were available, and blank cartridges could be used to make recordings at home, program starts and stops were signaled by a one-inch-long metal foil that activates the track-change sensor. Inventor George Eash invented a design in 1953, called the Fidelipac cartridge. Fidelipac cartridges were used by radio stations for commercials, jingles. Eash later formed Fidelipac Corporation to manufacture and market tapes and recorders, as did several others, there were several attempts to sell music systems for cars, beginning with the Chrysler Highway Hi-Fi of the late 1950s. Entrepreneur Earl Madman Muntz of Los Angeles, California, however, in 1962 he introduced his Stereo-Pak four-track cartridge stereo system and tapes, mostly in California and Florida. The four tracks were divided into two programs, typically corresponding to the two sides of an LP record, with each comprising two tracks read simultaneously for stereo playback. He licensed popular music albums from the record companies and duplicated them on these four-track cartridges, or CARtridges. The Lear Jet Stereo 8 track cartridge was designed by Richard Kraus while working under Bill Lear and for his Lear Jet Corporation in 1963. The major change was to incorporate a neoprene rubber and nylon pinch roller into the cartridge itself, rather than to make the roller a part of the tape player. Lear also eliminated some of the parts of the Eash cartridge, such as the tape-tensioning mechanism. By doubling the number of tracks from 4 to 8, the recording length doubled to 80 minutes, in 1964, Lears aircraft company constructed 100 demonstration Stereo 8 players for distribution to executives at RCA and the auto companies. The popularity of both four-track and eight-track cartridges grew from the automobile industry
