1.
Chicopee, Massachusetts
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Chicopee is a city located on the Connecticut River in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States of America. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area, as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 55,298, making it the second largest city in Western Massachusetts after Springfield. The current mayor is Richard Kos, Chicopee uses the nickname “Crossroads of New England” as part of a business-development marketing campaign. The name reflects the citys convenient location amongst a number of metropolitan areas, four highways run through its boundaries, I-90, I-91, I-291, and I-391. State routes such as Route 33,116, and 141, are major providers of regional linkage, the communities of Chicopee Center, Chicopee Falls, Willimansett, Fairview, Smith Highlands, Aldenville, Burnett Road, and Westover are located in the city. The city is named after the Chicopee River, whose mouth empties into the Connecticut River on in its boundaries, Chicopee is a Nipmuc word, probably from chekee and pe in most Algonquian dialects, with reference to rapids. The Nipmucs were the people of the lands that today make up the City of Chicopee. Alternatively, chikkuppee is the form of chickkup. Both Cabotville and the Falls began as manufacturing centers, according to local historian Charles J. Seaver, the area above the falls was first settled in 1660. The land purchased from the Indians was divided into districts, nayasett was the name given to Chicopee Center and Chicopee Falls. The settlement in the district was at Skipmuck, a place above the falls on the south side of the river. A sawmill was the first river industry, the mill was built at Skenungonuck Falls in 1678 by Japhet Chapin, John Hitchcock and Nathaniel Foote. The mill was the first industrial site in Chicopee Falls and this was accomplished and the business flourished. In 1823, Jonathan Dwight purchased the privilege at Skenungonuck Falls in Chicopee. Five years later the mill had 14,000 spindles and nearly 500 looms. By 1831, there were two giant dams, two canals and two manufacturing communities on the Chicopee River. In 1848, Chicopee - which, for two centuries had been a part of Springfield - was partitioned off into its own town. Political factions in Springfield wanted Springfield to remain a town, rather than become a city, before and after the partition, eight Chicopee River companies gained product recognition around the globe, Ames, Belcher, Lamb, Dwight, Stevens, Spalding, Fisk, and Duryea
2.
Hampden County, Massachusetts
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Hampden County is a non-governmental county located in the Pioneer Valley of the state of Massachusetts, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, Hampden Countys population was 463,490 and its traditional county seat is Springfield, the Connecticut River Valleys largest city, and economic and cultural capital. It was named for John Hampden, Hampden County is part of the Springfield, MA Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is the most urban county in Western Massachusetts, the Knowledge Corridor surrounding Springfield-Hartford is New Englands second most populous urban area with 1.9 million people. Like an increasing number of Massachusetts counties, Hampden County exists today only as a geographic region. All former county functions were assumed by state agencies in 1998, communities are now granted the right to form their own regional compacts for sharing services. Hampden County and Hampshire County together are part of the Pioneer Valley Planning Commission, see also, MassGov page on counties. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 634 square miles. The population density was 751.0 inhabitants per square mile, there were 192,175 housing units at an average density of 311.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 76. 5% white,9. 0% black or African American,2. 0% Asian,0. 4% American Indian,0. 1% Pacific islander,9. 2% from other races, and 2. 9% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 20. 9% of the population, the average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.09. The median age was 38.6 years, the median income for a household in the county was $47,724 and the median income for a family was $61,061. Males had an income of $50,207 versus $37,765 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,718, about 13. 2% of families and 17. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26. 5% of those under age 18 and 11. 2% of those age 65 or over. The ranking of unincorporated communities that are included on the list are reflective if the designated locations. Data is from the 2007-2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Western New Englands largest city, and Western Massachusetts economic, civic, and recreational capital is Springfield. Springfield lies on the Connecticut River, Springfield has played an important role throughout American history. Today, it features numerous sites of historic and general interest.9 miles south—forming the Knowledge Corridor metropolitan region, whereas Hartford features a post-modern skyline and relatively wider thoroughfares, Springfield has retained its human-scale, Victorian architecture and features and increasingly lively Metro Center
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Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
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Roman Catholic
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
6.
Sisters of St. Joseph
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This Congregation has approximately 14,000 members worldwide, about 7,000 in the United States,2,000 in France, and are active in fifty other countries. The Sisters of Saint Joseph comprise three international congregations and four federations, representing more than 14,000 Sisters worldwide, the Congregation of the Sisters of St Joseph of Lyons number nearly 1,000, serving in four provinces in fifteen countries. The Sisters operate many Catholic schools and hospitals in France, the United States, Canada, Japan, in India they operate hospitals, homes, and orphanages. The Congregation of the Sisters of St. Joseph was founded by Jean-Pierre Medaille, the Bishop of LePuy, France, Henri de Maupas gave the foundation canonical status. Although the Congregation celebrates October 15,1650 as its beginning, there is evidence that points to an earlier founding, all the women made ribbon and lace that gave them some income to support themselves. In turn they taught others to make lace and ribbon, the new Congregation enjoyed rapid growth, expanding into eighteen houses during the first decade. By the time of the French Revolution, almost 150 years later, the Congregation of Saint Joseph was disbanded during the French Revolution. The convents and chapels of the community were confiscated in 1793, the Sisters were forced to choose between returning to their families or leaving France to join communities in other countries. Some Sisters who remained became martyrs, three in Dauphiné and two in Haute-Loire were sent to the guillotine because they refused to take the Civil Oath. Others were imprisoned at St-Didier, Feurs and Clermont, the congregation was re-established in 1807 by Mother Saint John Fontbonne in Lyon, France. As word of the Sisters services and good deeds grew, dioceses throughout France requested the services of the restored Congregation, houses were established in the dioceses of Lyon, Chambéry, Annecy, Gap, Bourg, and Bordeaux. In 1902 many French houses of the congregation were closed by the Government, in consequence of which a number of Sisters left for Denmark, Russia. In 1996 the Congregation of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Bourg re-joined the Sisters of St. Joseph of Lyon as part of the latters European Province, the center of the Congregation is in Rome. Other Provinces and Regions are located in Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, India, Italy, Mozambique, Norway, Pakistan, Sweden, the order has approximately 1,800 sisters in 18 countries. In 1812 a colony of Sisters of St. Joseph was sent from Lyon to Chambéry, in Savoy and she in turn sent sisters to Turin and to Pignerole in the Piedmont, thus giving rise to new branches of Saint Joseph sisters. In 1843 Mother Félicité became Mother Superior, more than eighty houses rose under her direction, and when, in 1861, a state normal school was opened at Rumilly, Savoy, France. It was placed in charge of the sisters, meanwhile, the Chambéry sisters had been constituted a diocesan congregation, but as years went on a stronger administration became necessary. The rule was revised to meet the requirements of a generalate
