1.
Chicopee, Massachusetts
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Chicopee is a city located on the Connecticut River in Hampden County, Massachusetts, United States of America. It is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area, as of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 55,298, making it the second largest city in Western Massachusetts after Springfield. The current mayor is Richard Kos, Chicopee uses the nickname “Crossroads of New England” as part of a business-development marketing campaign. The name reflects the citys convenient location amongst a number of metropolitan areas, four highways run through its boundaries, I-90, I-91, I-291, and I-391. State routes such as Route 33,116, and 141, are major providers of regional linkage, the communities of Chicopee Center, Chicopee Falls, Willimansett, Fairview, Smith Highlands, Aldenville, Burnett Road, and Westover are located in the city. The city is named after the Chicopee River, whose mouth empties into the Connecticut River on in its boundaries, Chicopee is a Nipmuc word, probably from chekee and pe in most Algonquian dialects, with reference to rapids. The Nipmucs were the people of the lands that today make up the City of Chicopee. Alternatively, chikkuppee is the form of chickkup. Both Cabotville and the Falls began as manufacturing centers, according to local historian Charles J. Seaver, the area above the falls was first settled in 1660. The land purchased from the Indians was divided into districts, nayasett was the name given to Chicopee Center and Chicopee Falls. The settlement in the district was at Skipmuck, a place above the falls on the south side of the river. A sawmill was the first river industry, the mill was built at Skenungonuck Falls in 1678 by Japhet Chapin, John Hitchcock and Nathaniel Foote. The mill was the first industrial site in Chicopee Falls and this was accomplished and the business flourished. In 1823, Jonathan Dwight purchased the privilege at Skenungonuck Falls in Chicopee. Five years later the mill had 14,000 spindles and nearly 500 looms. By 1831, there were two giant dams, two canals and two manufacturing communities on the Chicopee River. In 1848, Chicopee - which, for two centuries had been a part of Springfield - was partitioned off into its own town. Political factions in Springfield wanted Springfield to remain a town, rather than become a city, before and after the partition, eight Chicopee River companies gained product recognition around the globe, Ames, Belcher, Lamb, Dwight, Stevens, Spalding, Fisk, and Duryea
2.
Hampden County, Massachusetts
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Hampden County is a non-governmental county located in the Pioneer Valley of the state of Massachusetts, in the United States. As of the 2010 census, Hampden Countys population was 463,490 and its traditional county seat is Springfield, the Connecticut River Valleys largest city, and economic and cultural capital. It was named for John Hampden, Hampden County is part of the Springfield, MA Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is the most urban county in Western Massachusetts, the Knowledge Corridor surrounding Springfield-Hartford is New Englands second most populous urban area with 1.9 million people. Like an increasing number of Massachusetts counties, Hampden County exists today only as a geographic region. All former county functions were assumed by state agencies in 1998, communities are now granted the right to form their own regional compacts for sharing services. Hampden County and Hampshire County together are part of the Pioneer Valley Planning Commission, see also, MassGov page on counties. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 634 square miles. The population density was 751.0 inhabitants per square mile, there were 192,175 housing units at an average density of 311.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 76. 5% white,9. 0% black or African American,2. 0% Asian,0. 4% American Indian,0. 1% Pacific islander,9. 2% from other races, and 2. 9% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 20. 9% of the population, the average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.09. The median age was 38.6 years, the median income for a household in the county was $47,724 and the median income for a family was $61,061. Males had an income of $50,207 versus $37,765 for females. The per capita income for the county was $24,718, about 13. 2% of families and 17. 2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 26. 5% of those under age 18 and 11. 2% of those age 65 or over. The ranking of unincorporated communities that are included on the list are reflective if the designated locations. Data is from the 2007-2011 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates, Western New Englands largest city, and Western Massachusetts economic, civic, and recreational capital is Springfield. Springfield lies on the Connecticut River, Springfield has played an important role throughout American history. Today, it features numerous sites of historic and general interest.9 miles south—forming the Knowledge Corridor metropolitan region, whereas Hartford features a post-modern skyline and relatively wider thoroughfares, Springfield has retained its human-scale, Victorian architecture and features and increasingly lively Metro Center
3.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days
4.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
5.
Roman Catholic
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The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church or the Universal Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.28 billion members worldwide. As one of the oldest religious institutions in the world, it has played a prominent role in the history, headed by the Bishop of Rome, known as the Pope, the churchs doctrines are summarised in the Nicene Creed and the Apostles Creed. Its central administration is located in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, the Catholic Church is notable within Western Christianity for its sacred tradition and seven sacraments. It teaches that it is the one church founded by Jesus Christ, that its bishops are the successors of Christs apostles. The Catholic Church maintains that the doctrine on faith and morals that it declares as definitive is infallible. The Latin Church, the Eastern Catholic Churches, as well as such as mendicant orders and enclosed monastic orders. Among the sacraments, the one is the Eucharist, celebrated liturgically in the Mass. The church teaches that through consecration by a priest the sacrificial bread and wine become the body, the Catholic Church practises closed communion, with only baptised members in a state of grace ordinarily permitted to receive the Eucharist. The Virgin Mary is venerated in the Catholic Church as Queen of Heaven and is honoured in numerous Marian devotions. The Catholic Church has influenced Western philosophy, science, art and culture, Catholic spiritual teaching includes spreading the Gospel while Catholic social teaching emphasises support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the corporal and spiritual works of mercy. The Catholic Church is the largest non-government provider of education and medical services in the world, from the late 20th century, the Catholic Church has been criticised for its doctrines on sexuality, its refusal to ordain women and its handling of sexual abuse cases. Catholic was first used to describe the church in the early 2nd century, the first known use of the phrase the catholic church occurred in the letter from Saint Ignatius of Antioch to the Smyrnaeans, written about 110 AD. In the Catechetical Discourses of Saint Cyril of Jerusalem, the name Catholic Church was used to distinguish it from other groups that call themselves the church. The use of the adjective Roman to describe the Church as governed especially by the Bishop of Rome became more widespread after the Fall of the Western Roman Empire and into the Early Middle Ages. Catholic Church is the name used in the Catechism of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church follows an episcopal polity, led by bishops who have received the sacrament of Holy Orders who are given formal jurisdictions of governance within the church. Ultimately leading the entire Catholic Church is the Bishop of Rome, commonly called the pope, in parallel to the diocesan structure are a variety of religious institutes that function autonomously, often subject only to the authority of the pope, though sometimes subject to the local bishop. Most religious institutes only have male or female members but some have both, additionally, lay members aid many liturgical functions during worship services
6.
Sisters of St. Joseph
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This Congregation has approximately 14,000 members worldwide, about 7,000 in the United States,2,000 in France, and are active in fifty other countries. The Sisters of Saint Joseph comprise three international congregations and four federations, representing more than 14,000 Sisters worldwide, the Congregation of the Sisters of St Joseph of Lyons number nearly 1,000, serving in four provinces in fifteen countries. The Sisters operate many Catholic schools and hospitals in France, the United States, Canada, Japan, in India they operate hospitals, homes, and orphanages. The Congregation of the Sisters of St. Joseph was founded by Jean-Pierre Medaille, the Bishop of LePuy, France, Henri de Maupas gave the foundation canonical status. Although the Congregation celebrates October 15,1650 as its beginning, there is evidence that points to an earlier founding, all the women made ribbon and lace that gave them some income to support themselves. In turn they taught others to make lace and ribbon, the new Congregation enjoyed rapid growth, expanding into eighteen houses during the first decade. By the time of the French Revolution, almost 150 years later, the Congregation of Saint Joseph was disbanded during the French Revolution. The convents and chapels of the community were confiscated in 1793, the Sisters were forced to choose between returning to their families or leaving France to join communities in other countries. Some Sisters who remained became martyrs, three in Dauphiné and two in Haute-Loire were sent to the guillotine because they refused to take the Civil Oath. Others were imprisoned at St-Didier, Feurs and Clermont, the congregation was re-established in 1807 by Mother Saint John Fontbonne in Lyon, France. As word of the Sisters services and good deeds grew, dioceses throughout France requested the services of the restored Congregation, houses were established in the dioceses of Lyon, Chambéry, Annecy, Gap, Bourg, and Bordeaux. In 1902 many French houses of the congregation were closed by the Government, in consequence of which a number of Sisters left for Denmark, Russia. In 1996 the Congregation of the Sisters of St. Joseph of Bourg re-joined the Sisters of St. Joseph of Lyon as part of the latters European Province, the center of the Congregation is in Rome. Other Provinces and Regions are located in Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, India, Italy, Mozambique, Norway, Pakistan, Sweden, the order has approximately 1,800 sisters in 18 countries. In 1812 a colony of Sisters of St. Joseph was sent from Lyon to Chambéry, in Savoy and she in turn sent sisters to Turin and to Pignerole in the Piedmont, thus giving rise to new branches of Saint Joseph sisters. In 1843 Mother Félicité became Mother Superior, more than eighty houses rose under her direction, and when, in 1861, a state normal school was opened at Rumilly, Savoy, France. It was placed in charge of the sisters, meanwhile, the Chambéry sisters had been constituted a diocesan congregation, but as years went on a stronger administration became necessary. The rule was revised to meet the requirements of a generalate
7.
Red
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Red is the color at the longer-wavelengths end of the spectrum of visible light next to orange, at the opposite end from violet. Red color has a predominant light wavelength of roughly 620–740 nanometers, light with a longer wavelength than red but shorter than terahertz radiation and microwave is called infrared. Red is one of the secondary colors, resulting from the combination of yellow. Traditionally, it was viewed as a primary colour, along with yellow and blue, in the RYB color space and traditional color wheel formerly used by painters. Reds can vary in shade from light pink to very dark maroon or burgundy. Red is the color of cyan. In nature, the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin, the red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. It also causes the red color of the planet Mars, the color of autumn leaves is caused by pigments called anthocyanins, which are produced towards the end of summer, when the green chlorophyll is no longer produced. One to two percent of the population has red hair, the color is produced by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin. Since red is the color of blood, it has historically been associated with sacrifice, danger, modern surveys in the United States and Europe show red is also the color most commonly associated with heat, activity, passion, sexuality, anger, love and joy. In China, India and many other Asian countries it is the color of symbolizing happiness, since the 19th century, red has also been associated with socialism and communism. The word red is derived from the Old English rēad, the word can be further traced to the Proto-Germanic rauthaz and the Proto-Indo European root rewdʰ-. In Sanskrit, the word means red or blood. In the Akkadian language of Ancient Mesopotamia and in the modern Inuit language of Inuit, the words for colored in Latin and Spanish both also mean red. In Portuguese the word for red is vermelho, which comes from Latin vermiculus, in the Russian language, the word for red, Кра́сный, comes from the same old Slavic root as the words for beautiful—красивый and excellent—прекрасный. Thus Red Square in Moscow, named long before the Russian Revolution, in heraldry, the word gules is used for red. Red can vary in hue from orange-red to violet-red, and for each hue there is a variety of shades and tints. Red hematite powder was found scattered around the remains at a grave site in a Zhoukoudian cave complex near Beijing
8.
Black
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Black is the darkest color resulting from the absence or complete absorption of light. Like white and grey, it is a color, literally a color without hue. It is one of the four colors in the CMYK color model, along with cyan, yellow. Black is often used to represent darkness, it is the symbolic opposite of white, Black was one of the first colors used by artists in neolithic cave paintings. In the 14th century, it began to be worn by royalty and it became the color worn by English romantic poets, businessmen and statesmen in the 19th century, and a high fashion color in the 20th century. In the Roman Empire, it became the color of mourning, according to surveys in Europe and North America, it is the color most commonly associated with mourning, the end, secrets, magic, force, violence, evil, and elegance. More distant cognates include Latin flagrare, and Ancient Greek phlegein, the Ancient Greeks sometimes used the same word to name different colors, if they had the same intensity. Kuanos could mean both dark blue and black, the Ancient Romans had two words for black, ater was a flat, dull black, while niger was a brilliant, saturated black. Ater has vanished from the vocabulary, but niger was the source of the country name Nigeria the English word Negro, old High German also had two words for black, swartz for dull black and blach for a luminous black. These are parallelled in Middle English by the terms swart for dull black, swart still survives as the word swarthy, while blaek became the modern English black. In heraldry, the used for the black color is sable, named for the black fur of the sable. Black was one of the first colors used in art, the Lascaux Cave in France contains drawings of bulls and other animals drawn by paleolithic artists between 18,000 and 17,000 years ago. They began by using charcoal, and then made more vivid black pigments by burning bones or grinding a powder of manganese oxide, for the ancient Egyptians, black had positive associations, being the color of fertility and the rich black soil flooded by the Nile. It was the color of Anubis, the god of the underworld, who took the form of a black jackal, and offered protection against evil to the dead. For the ancient Greeks, black was also the color of the underworld, separated from the world of the living by the river Acheron and those who had committed the worst sins were sent to Tartarus, the deepest and darkest level. In the center was the palace of Hades, the king of the underworld, Black was one of the most important colors used by ancient Greek artists. In the 6th century BC, they began making pottery and later red figure pottery. In black-figure pottery, the artist would paint figures with a clay slip on a red clay pot
9.
SAT
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The SAT is a standardized test widely used for college admissions in the United States. The SAT is owned and published by the College Board, a private and it is developed and administered on behalf of the College Board by the Educational Testing Service. The test is intended to assess students readiness for college, on March 5,2014, the College Board announced that a redesigned version of the SAT would be administered for the first time in 2016. Scores on the SAT range from 400 to 1600, combining test results from two 800-point sections, mathematics, and critical reading and writing. Taking the SAT, or its competitor, the ACT, is required for entry to many. The SAT is typically taken by high school juniors and seniors, the College Board states that the SAT measures literacy and writing skills that are needed for academic success in college. They state that the SAT assesses how well the test takers analyze, however, the test is administered under a tight time limit to help produce a range of scores. Various studies conducted over the lifetime of the SAT show a significant increase in correlation of high school grades. A large independent validity study on the SATs ability to predict college freshman GPA was performed by the University of California, the results of this study found how well various predictor variables could explain the variance in college freshman GPA. When high school GPA and the SAT I were combined, they explained 20. 8% of the variance in college freshman GPA, when high school GPA and the SAT II were combined, they explained 22. 2% of the variance in college freshman GPA. When SAT I was added to the combination of high school GPA and SAT II, SAT scores are intended to supplement the secondary school record and help admission officers put local data—such as course work, grades, and class rank—in a national perspective. However, independent research has shown that high school GPA is better than the SAT at predicting college grades regardless of school type or quality. SAT consists of three sections, Critical Reading, Mathematics, and Writing. Each section receives a score on the scale of 200–800, all scores are multiples of 10. Total scores are calculated by adding up scores of the three sections, each major section is divided into three parts. There are 10 sub-sections, including an additional 25-minute experimental or equating section that may be in any of the three major sections, the experimental section is used to normalize questions for future administrations of the SAT and does not count toward the final score. The test contains 3 hours and 45 minutes of actual timed sections, most administrations run for about four, the questions range from easy, medium, and hard depending on the scoring from the experimental sections. Easier questions typically appear closer to the beginning of the section while harder questions are toward the end in certain sections and this is not true for every section but it is the rule of thumb mainly for math, grammar, and the 19 sentence-completions in the reading sections
10.
Secondary school
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A secondary school is both an organization that delivers level 2 junior secondary education or level 3 secondary education phases of the ISCED scale, and the building where this takes place. Level 2 junior secondary education is considered to be the second, Secondary schools typically follow on from primary schools and lead into vocational and tertiary education. Attendance is compulsory in most countries for students between the ages 11 and 16, the systems and terminology remain unique to each country. School building design does not happen in isolation, schools need to accommodate students, staff, storage, mechanical and electrical systems, storage, support staff, ancillary staff and administration. The number of rooms required can be determined from the roll of the school. A general classroom for 30 students needs to be 55m2, or more generously 62m2, a general art room for 30 students needs to be 83m2, but 104 m2 for 3D textile work. A drama studio or a specialist science laboratory for 30 needs to be 90 m2, examples are given on how this can be configured for a 1,200 place secondary. The building providing the education has to fulfil the needs of, The students, the teachers, the support staff, the adminstrators. It has to should meet health requirements, minimal functional requirements- such as classrooms, toilets and showers, electricity, textbooks, Government accountants having read the advice then publish minimum guidelines on schools. These enable environmental modelling and establish building costs. Future plans are audited to ensure that standards are not exceeded. The UK government published this downwardly revised space formula in 2014 and it said the floor area should be 1050m² +6. 3m²/pupil place for 11- to 16-year-olds + 7m²/pupil place for post-16s. The external finishes were to be downgraded to meet a build cost of £1113/m², a secondary school, locally may be called high school, junior high school, senior high school. Sweden, gymnasium Switzerland, gymnasium, secondary school, collège or lycée Taiwan, Junior High School, Senior High School, Vocational High School, Military School, in Nigeria, secondary school starts from JSS1 until SSS3. Most students start at the age of 10 or 11 and finish at 16 or 17, Students are required to sit for the West African Senior Secondary Certificate Examination. To progress to university students must obtain at least a credit in Maths, English, in Somalia, secondary school starts from 9th grade until 12th. Students start it when they are around 14 to 15 years of age, Students are required to study Somali and Arabic, with the option of either English or Italian depending on the type of school. Religion, chemistry, physics, biology, physical education, textile, art, design, when secondary school has been completed, students are sent to national training camp before going to either college, or military training. In South Africa, high school begins at grade 8, Students study for five years, at the end of which they write a Matriculation examination
11.
Granby, Massachusetts
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Granby is a town in Hampshire County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 6,420 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Springfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area. The town partially overlaps with the place of Granby. Granby was once part of Hadley as were other towns, Granby was first settled in 1727 and was officially incorporated in 1768. The town is named in honor of John Manners, Marquess of Granby, Granby was originally part of Hadley equivalent lands, and then South Hadley, before being incorporated on June 11,1768. Old Hadley was first settled in 1659 by people from Hartford and Wethersfield and these settlers left Connecticut because of religious differences within their communities. John Pynchon was commissioned to buy land for their new community. Pynchon purchased the land from three Native American chiefs, Chickwallop, Umpanchala and Quontquont, ownership was transferred to the settlers and confirmed by the General Court. These original boundaries include part of present-day Granby, Granby is one of only three towns in Massachusetts whose local telephone service is not furnished by the former Bell System. The other two towns are Richmond and Hancock, both in Berkshire County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 28.1 square miles. Granby is bordered by South Hadley to the west, Amherst to the north, Belchertown to the east, two highways pass through the town, U. S. Route 202 runs eastward though town from South Hadley to Belchertown on East State Street and West State Street. Route 116 runs northeastward from South Hadley to Amherst along Amherst Road, the Holyoke Range is in the northern part of Granby. Major peaks within the town are Long Mountain and Mount Norwottuck, Norwottuck is the highest point in town at 1106 feet above sea level. The Metacomet-Monadnock Trail runs along this mountain range as it passes through Granby, the Horse Caves are geological ledges along this trail. The Public School system consists of West St. Elementary, East Meadow, grades Pre-k to 3 take place in West St. grades 4-6 take place in East Meadow, and grades 7-12 take place in Granby Jr/Sr High School. As of the census of 2000, there were 6,132 people,2,247 households, the population density was 220.1 people per square mile. There were 2,295 housing units at a density of 82.4 per square mile
12.
Elms College
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The College of Our Lady of the Elms, often called Elms College, is a Catholic liberal arts college located in Chicopee, Massachusetts, near Springfield. The campus is located in the Springfield Street Historic District, near the Chicopee city-center, the Sisters of St. Joseph and the Diocese of Springfield co-founded Elms as a girls preparatory academy in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, the Academy of Our Lady of the Elms, in 1897. In 1899, Rev. John McCoy and Bishop Thomas Beaven of the Springfield diocese purchased property in Chicopee, Thomas Mary OLeary as the first president. Through the efforts of the Sisters of St. Joseph and the Springfield diocesan clergy, the curriculum was expanded through the 1940s and 1950s, and in 1953, an evening program was established. To meet the needs of the community, Elms developed undergraduate programs in nursing, business management. In the late 1980s, Weekend College, paralegal studies and legal studies, the Elms College board of trustees voted 23–5 to begin admitting men, starting with the 1998–1999 school year, on October 7,1997. The campus is two miles north of Metro Center Springfield, Massachusetts. It is focused on the Keating Quadrangle, which lies at its center, in 2014, Elms College completed construction on the Center for Natural and Health Sciences, its first academic building in more than 30 years. Elms is a liberal arts college. It offers thirty-three academic majors to 814 full-time undergraduate students, in 2013, the division of nursing became the school of nursing. Traditions include Elms Night, an event in the beginning of the semester to welcome incoming first-year students. The event starts with a dinner where all Elms students. Freshmen are encouraged by seniors to sing a few lyrics from a song of choice during dinner, following dinner, everyone meets in the Berchmans Hall Rotunda. Each class is assigned a pop song and sings for the other classes, at this point in the evening, seniors toss items from the second floor balcony to the freshmen on the first floor. Traditionally, the items were beanie caps, now they vary from towels to wallets or other items. Often an Elms College student will keep this item at least until they graduate, the Elms College Blazers got their nickname from an old tradition when sophomore students would receive blazers to wear as a seniority right. Although this tradition has long since discontinued, the team name has stuck. The Elms College Blazers team colors are a green, gold, the athletics at Elms are based out of The Maguire Center
13.
Patrick Thomas O'Reilly
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Patrick Thomas OReilly was the first Roman Catholic Bishop of Springfield in Massachusetts. OReilly was born in Cavan, Ireland and he came to Boston in his boyhood. He served as assistant to Father Boyce at St. Johns Church, Worcester, till 1862, in 1864 he returned to Worcester as pastor of St. Johns. There he remained until he was appointed Bishop of Springfield, being consecrated 25 September of the same year and he ruled the Diocese of Springfield for twenty-one years and a half. During this time its population increased from 90,000 to 200,000, its priests from 43 to 196, its religious women from 12 to 321, its parishes from 43 to 96, its schools from 2 to 30. He dedicated 45 churches, and laid the cornerstones of nearly a hundred buildings consecrated either to religion or to education and he gave encouragement to works of charity. The hospital of the Sisters of Providence of Holyoke and the orphan asylums at Holyoke and this article incorporates text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia article Springfield by Thomas Cummings, a publication now in the public domain
14.
Thomas Daniel Beaven
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Thomas Daniel Beaven was the second Roman Catholic Bishop of Springfield in Massachusetts. Beaven was born in Springfield, Massachusetts, and received his education there. Beaven was ordained to the priesthood on December 18,1875 and he then served as curate in Spencer until 1879, when he became its pastor. In 1888 he was pastor of Holy Rosary Church at Holyoke. On August 9,1892, Beaven was appointed Bishop of Springfield by Pope Leo XIII, Beaven later died at age 69
15.
Thomas Michael O'Leary
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Thomas Michael OLeary was the third Roman Catholic Bishop of Springfield in Massachusetts. The third of seven children, OLeary was born in Dover, New Hampshire, to Michael and he graduated from Mungret College in Limerick, Ireland in 1892, and then studied philosophy and theology at the Grand Seminary of Montreal in Quebec, Canada. He was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Maxime Decelles on December 18,1897 and he then served in parishes at Manchester and Concord, and was named chancellor and later vicar general of the Diocese of Manchester. On June 16,1921, OLeary was appointed Bishop of Springfield by Pope Benedict XV and he received his episcopal consecration on the following September 8 from Archbishop Arthur Alfred Sinnott, with Bishops Michael Joseph Curley and George Albert Guertin serving as co-consecrators. During his tenure, he introduced the Passionists and Sisters of Providence, extended Mercy Hospital, and opened 24 new parishes and he aided the Russian War Relief following World War II. OLeary later died at age 74
16.
Christopher Joseph Weldon
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Christopher Joseph Weldon was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Springfield in Massachusetts from 1950 to 1977, christopher Weldon was born in the Bronx section of New York City to Patrick and Mary Weldon. 9 in 1918, he studied at the Grand Seminary of Montreal in Quebec, Canada until 1924. He was ordained to the priesthood on September 21,1929, Weldon completed his graduate studies at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D. C. He served as a curate at St. John the Evangelist Church in White Plains, from 1931 to 1935, Weldon was spiritual director at the Newman School in Lakewood, New Jersey. He was a curate at St. John Chrysostom Church and at Blessed Sacrament Church in New York, during World War II, he was a chaplain in the United States Navy from 1942 to 1946. He then returned to New York, where he became master of ceremonies to Cardinal Francis Spellman, serving as executive director of Catholic Charities from 1947 to 1950, he was raised to the rank of a Papal Chamberlain in 1947 and a Domestic Prelate in 1948. On January 28,1950, Weldon was appointed the fourth Bishop of Springfield in Massachusetts by Pope Pius XII and he received his episcopal consecration on the following March 24 from Cardinal Spellman, with Archbishop Richard Cushing and Bishop Stephen Joseph Donahue serving as co-consecrators. He erected 10 new parishes, and constructed 11 new churches and he established a center for the Hispanic apostolate in Springfield, and a diocesan newspaper in 1954. He attended the Second Vatican Council from 1962 to 1965, after 27 years as bishop, Weldon resigned on October 15,1977. He later died at Mercy Hospital in Springfield, aged 76
17.
Joseph Francis Maguire
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Joseph Francis Maguire was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Springfield in Massachusetts from 1977 to 1991, Maguire was born in the Roxbury section of Boston, Massachusetts, and received his early education at St. Columbkilles grammar and high schools in Brighton. He attended Boston College, where he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1941 and he then began his studies for the priesthood at St. Johns Seminary in Brighton. He was ordained a priest for the Archdiocese of Boston on June 29,1945, maguires first assignment was as a curate at St. Josephs Church in Lynn. He then served at St. Annes Church in Readville, Blessed Sacrament Church in Jamaica Plain, from 1956 to 1959, he served as a chaplain in the United States Army Reserve and the Massachusetts National Guard. He served as secretary to Cardinal Richard Cushing and his successor, Cardinal Humberto Sousa Medeiros and he was pastor of St. John the Baptist Church in Quincy from 1971 to 1972. On December 1,1971 Maguire was appointed bishop of Boston. He received his consecration on February 2,1972 from Cardinal Medeiros, with bishops Jeremiah Francis Minihan. He was named bishop of the Diocese of Springfield on April 13,1976. Upon the resignation of Bishop Christopher Joseph Weldon, Maguire succeeded him as the fifth Bishop of Springfield on October 15,1977 and he remained bishop of the diocese until his retirement, which took place on December 27,1991
18.
John Aloysius Marshall
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John Aloysius Marshall was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as Bishop of Burlington, Vermont and Bishop of Springfield, John Marshall was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, to John A. and Katherine T. Marshall. After attending St. Johns High School and Holy Cross College, he studied at the Collège de Montréal in Quebec, while in Rome, Marshall was ordained to the priesthood by Bishop Martin John OConnor on December 19,1953. After a period of work, he completed his graduate studies at Assumption College in his native Worcester. On December 14,1971, Marshall was appointed the seventh Bishop of Burlington, Vermont and he received his episcopal consecration on January 25,1972, from Bishop Robert Francis Joyce, with Bishop Bernard Joseph Flanagan and James Aloysius Hickey serving as co-consecrators. His tenure in Burlington was marked by a decline in both vocations and church attendance, but still founded Our Lady of the Mountains Parish at Sherburne in 1979 and he completed the Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception in 1977, after an arsonist had destroyed the original cathedral in 1972. From 1984 to 1990, he headed an apostolic visitation into the doctrinal orthodoxy of American seminaries, records show that he transferred a priest from a Montpelier parish to another in Milton after charges of sexual abuse surfaced against the priest. Marshall was named the sixth Bishop of Springfield, Massachusetts, on February 18,1992, Marshall even said that he was determined to take the risk of leaving in his present assignment despite the demands of. irate parents that something be done about this
19.
Timothy A. McDonnell
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Timothy Anthony McDonnell is a retired American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church who served as the eighth Bishop of the Diocese of Springfield, Massachusetts from 2004 to 2014. Timothy McDonnell was born in New York City to the late John J. and Margaret McDonnell, the eldest of two children, he has a younger brother, John, who is a member of the Marist Brothers and currently serves as vice-provincial of his orders United States Province. His father was a dockworker for Standard Oil in Brooklyn and later owned a gas station in the Bronx, McDonnell attended parochial schools in the Bronx, and was inspired by his great-uncle to pursue a vocation to the priesthood. He then studied at Cathedral College and St. Josephs Seminary in Yonkers, on June 1,1963, McDonnell was ordained a priest by Cardinal Francis Spellman at St. Patricks Cathedral. He then served as a pastor at Our Lady of Perpetual Help Parish in Ardsley. He earned a Masters in Education from Iona College in 1970 and he was then named director of the Society for the Propagation of the Faith in 1977, vice-chancellor for the Archdiocese of New York in 1980, and Monsignor in 1983. From 1984 to 1990, McDonnell was pastor of Holy Trinity Parish in Manhattan and he briefly served as Episcopal Vicar of West Manhattan. In 1990, he became Chief Operating Officer of the archdiocesan Catholic Charities, on October 30,2001, McDonnell was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of New York and Titular Bishop of Semina by Pope John Paul II. He selected as his motto, Love God and Love Neighbor. In addition to his duties as a bishop, he served as vicar general of the Archdiocese from 2002 to 2004. McDonnell was later named the eighth Bishop of Springfield in Massachusetts on March 9,2004, as Bishop, he serves as the spiritual leader for over 234,000 Catholics in Western Massachusetts. McDonnell has presided over a number of historic church closings and sales in the diocese, on June 19,2014 Pope Francis accepted McDonnells resignation as bishop of Springfield. Biography of The Most Rev. Timothy A
20.
Mitchell T. Rozanski
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Mitchell Thomas Rozanski is an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church serving as the Bishop of the Diocese of Springfield, Massachusetts. Mitchell Rozanski was born in Baltimore, Maryland and he is of Polish descent and his surname means in Polish rose. He was ordained to the priesthood by Archbishop William Borders on November 24,1984 and his parish assignments included appointments at St. Michael Church in Overlea in 1984 and the Cathedral of Mary Our Queen in 1985. He was appointed Associate Pastor at St. Anthony Church in Baltimore in 1985 and he was named administrator of Holy Cross Church and of St. Mary Star of the Sea Church in Baltimore in March 1993, before being appointed pastor there in the following October. On July 3,2004, Rozanski was appointed Auxiliary Bishop of Baltimore and he received his episcopal consecration on the following August 24 from William Cardinal Keeler, with Bishops William Newman and W. Francis Malooly serving as co-consecrators. He selected as his motto, Serve The Lord With Gladness. The United States Conference of Catholic Bishops announced on April 18,2011, kmiec, the Bishop of the Buffalo, New York, as incoming Roman Catholic Co-Chairman of the Polish National Catholic-Roman Catholic dialogue, due to Bishop Kmiecs impending retirement. He was named to the post by Archbishop Wilton Gregory of Atlanta, Georgia, Bishops Committee for Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs. On November 12,2013, he was elected to chair the USCCB Committee on Ecumenical, on June 19,2014 Pope Francis named Rozanski the ninth bishop of the Diocese of Springfield. He was installed as the Bishop of Springfield on August 12,2014, Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore website Roman Catholic Diocese of Springfield in Massachusetts
21.
St. Stanislaus Parish, Adams
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St. Stanislaus Kostka Parish is a parish designated for Polish immigrants in Adams, Massachusetts, United States. Founded in December 1902, it is one of the Polish-American Roman Catholic parishes in New England in the Diocese of Springfield in Massachusetts, on January 1,2009 was closed by decision of the Bishop Timothy A. McDonnell of the Diocese of Springfield in Massachusetts, after 1,150 days of parishioners sitting in vigil, it was announced on February 18,2012 that St. Stans would reopen on Palm Sunday 2012. The church will have one Sunday Mass, all Holy Days of Obligation, weddings, funerals, St Stans now serves as a mission of the Blessed John Paul Church in Adams. St. Stanislaus Kostka School, Adams, MA The 150th Anniversary of Polish-American Pastoral Ministry and our Lady of Czestochowa Parish - Centennial 1893-1993. The Official Catholic Directory in USA Herbermann, Charles, ed. Springfield, Diocese of Springfield in Massachusetts Keeping Faith St. Stanislaus Kostka Fights Closing Diocese Drops the Hammer in Adams, N. Adams
22.
Cathedral High School (Springfield, Massachusetts)
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Cathedral High School is a Catholic co-educational college-preparatory high school in Springfield, Massachusetts. Opened in 1883 by the Sisters of Saint Joseph at the dioceses Saint Michaels Cathedral, its current facility has been at 321 Main Street in Wilbraham, Massachusetts due to the June 1,2011 and it is one of four Catholic high schools within the Springfield Roman Catholic Diocese. In 1883, the dioceses Bishop Patrick Thomas OReilly sought a teaching staff for a school in response to the growing number of Catholic immigrants in the area. Responding to the call, two members of the Sisters of St. Joseph from Flushing, New York came to Springfield to start up the school, in the years that followed Cathedral High School flourished in facilities on Elliot Street in downtown Springfield. By the 1940s the school had grown to nearly 1600 students, the school had outgrown its facilities, so the Diocese purchased a 30-acre farm on Surrey and Wendover Roads in Springfield and built a new school. It opened on September 9,1959, in the first decade at Surrey Road student enrollment grew to more than 2600 students. Cathedral maintains a reputation in the Greater Springfield area for academic excellence and success in extracurricular. In 2002 the school was re-accredited by New England Association of Schools, from 2008 to 2009, Cathedral was extensively remodeled to accommodate the new facility, which occupied a full wing of the main school facility. On June 1,2011, Cathedral High School was severely damaged in the tornado that struck Springfield, the building was declared a total loss. The students had finished the remainder of the 2010-2011 school year at Elms College, located in Chicopee, the school has been based out of Memorial Elementary School in neighboring Wilbraham, Massachusetts since the 2011-2012 year. The schools Surrey Road campus was in Springfields East Forest Park Neighborhood on a green, the school was divided into four main sections. Most of the classrooms were in a building that, from the air, was shaped like an eight with two courtyards in the open spaces formed by the eight. A small chapel took up part of the first floor in one of the courtyards, the school offices were near the main entrance, and the cafeteria extended towards the few athletic fields. Extending north from the building was the science wing. Because of the hills the school was built in, the wings first and second floors were just above the main buildings second. The auditorium abutted the main building and was the largest high school auditorium in the area. On a lower grade than the rest of the school, were the gymnasium, a parking lot, throughout its history, Cathedral High School has predominantly served the students of the City of Springfield. However, many of its students have come from the suburbs of the city and some as far away as Sunderland, Palmer, being a Catholic school, a majority of its student have been Catholic
23.
Saint Mary High School (Westfield, Massachusetts)
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Saint Mary High School is a private, Roman Catholic high school in Westfield, Massachusetts, USA. It is located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Springfield in Massachusetts, saint Mary School was established in 1903 St. Marys Parish School - High School Campus
