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Film poster
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A film poster is a poster used to promote and advertise a film. Studios often print several posters that vary in size and content for various domestic and they normally contain an image with text. Todays posters often feature photographs of the main actors, prior to the 1990s, illustrations instead of photos were far more common. The text on film posters usually contains the title in large lettering. It may also include a tagline, the name of the director, names of characters, film posters are displayed inside and on the outside of movie theaters, and elsewhere on the street or in shops. The same images appear in the film exhibitors pressbook and may also be used on websites, DVD packaging, flyers, advertisements in newspapers and magazines, film posters have been used since the earliest public exhibitions of film. They began as outside placards listing the programme of films to be shown inside the hall or movie theater, by the early 1900s, they began to feature illustrations of a film scene or an array of overlaid images from several scenes. Other posters have used artistic interpretations of a scene or even the theme of the film, as an economy measure, the NSS regularly recycled posters that were returned, sending them back out to be used again at another theater. During this time, a film could stay in circulation for several years and those posters which were not returned were often thrown away by the theater owner, but some found their way into the hands of collectors. Today there is a thriving market in film posters, some have become very valuable. The record price for a poster was set on November 15,2005 when $690,000 was paid for a poster of Fritz Langs 1927 film Metropolis from the Reel Poster Gallery in London. The 1931 Frankenstein six-sheet poster, of only one copy is known to exist, is considered to be the most valuable film poster in the world. Over the years, old Bollywood posters, especially with hand-painted art, have become collectors items, occasionally, rare film posters have been found being used as insulation in attics and walls. In 2011,33 film posters, including a Dracula Style F one-sheet, from 1930-1931 were discovered in an attic in Berwick, Pennsylvania, as a result of market demand, some of the more popular older film posters have been reproduced either under license or illegally. Although the artwork on reproductions is the same as originals, reproductions can often be distinguished by size, printing quality, several websites on the Internet offer authentication tests to distinguish originals from reproductions. Original film posters distributed to theaters and other venues by the movie studios are never sold directly to the public. However, most modern posters are produced in quantities and often become available for purchase by collectors indirectly through various secondary markets such as eBay. Accordingly, most modern posters are not as valuable, however some recent posters, such as the recalled Pulp Fiction Lucky Strike U. S. one sheet poster, are quite rare
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Reynold Brown
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Reynold Brown was an American realist artist who painted many Hollywood film posters. He attended Alhambra High School and refined his drawing under his teacher Lester Bonar, a talented artist, Brown met cartoonist Hal Forrest around 1936-37. Forrest hired Brown to ink Forrests comic strip Tailspin Tommy, norman Rockwells sister was a teacher at Alhambra High, and Brown later met Rockwell who advised him to leave cartooning if he wanted to be an illustrator. Brown subsequently won a scholarship to the Otis Art Institute, during World War II he worked as a technical artist at North American Aviation. There he met his wife, fellow artist Mary Louise Tejeda, following the war Brown drew numerous advertisements and illustrations for magazines such as Argosy, Popular Science, Saturday Evening Post, Boys Life, Outdoor Life, and Popular Aviation. Brown also drew paperback book covers, Brown taught at the Art Center College of Design where he met Misha Kallis, then an art director at Universal Pictures. Godzilla War of the Zombies Shenandoah Browns original painting for the poster of The Alamo hung for years at the actual Alamo in San Antonio. He suffered a stroke in 1976 that left his left side paralyzed and ended his commercial work. Brown and his moved to Dawes County, Nebraska, with his wifes help. In 1994, Mel Bucklins documentary about Reynold Brown entitled The Man Who Drew Bug-Eyed Monsters was broadcast on US public television, a book reproducing many of Browns artworks, Reynold Brown, A Life in Pictures, was published in 2009. Masters of Illustration Art - Reynold Brown, an appreciation of Browns work on the occasion of the publication of Reynold Brown, A Life In Pictures, Horberg is a film producer
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John Ford
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John Ford was an American film director. His four Academy Awards for Best Director remain a record, one of the films for which he won the award, How Green Was My Valley, also won Best Picture. In a career spanned more than 50 years, Ford directed more than 140 films and he is widely regarded as one of the most important. Fords work was held in regard by his colleagues, with Orson Welles. Ford made frequent use of shooting and long shots, in which his characters were framed against a vast, harsh. Ford was born John Martin Jack Feeney in Cape Elizabeth, Maine to John Augustine Feeney and Barbara Abbey Curran and his father, John Augustine, was born in Spiddal, County Galway, Ireland in 1854. Barbara Curran had been born in the Aran Islands, in the town of Kilronan on the island of Inishmore, John A. Feeneys grandmother, Barbara Morris, was said to be a member of a local gentry family, the Morrises of Spiddal. John Augustine and Barbara Curran arrived in Boston and Portland respectively in May and they married in 1875 and became American citizens five years later on September 11,1880. John Augustine lived in the Munjoy Hill neighborhood of Portland, Maine with his family, and would try farming, fishing, working for the gas company, running a saloon, and being an alderman. Feeney attended Portland High School, Portland, Maine, where he was a successful fullback and he earned the nickname Bull because of the way he would lower his helmet and charge the line. A Portland pub is named Bull Feeneys in his honor and he later moved to California and in 1914 began working in film production as well as acting for his older brother Francis, adopting Jack Ford as a professional name. In addition to credited roles, he appeared uncredited as a Klansman in D. W. Griffiths 1915 The Birth of a Nation and he married Mary McBride Smith on July 3,1920, and they had two children. His daughter Barbara was married to singer and actor Ken Curtis from 1952 to 1964, what difficulty was caused by the two marrying is unclear as the level of John Fords commitment to the Catholic faith is disputed. A strain would have been Fords many extramarital relationships, John Ford began his career in film after moving to California in July 1914. He followed in the footsteps of his older brother Francis Ford, twelve years his senior. John Ford started out in his brothers films as an assistant, handyman, stuntman and occasional actor, frequently doubling for his brother, Francis gave his younger brother his first acting role in The Mysterious Rose. Despite an often combative relationship, within three years Jack had progressed to become Francis chief assistant and often worked as his cameraman, by the time Jack Ford was given his first break as a director, Francis profile was declining and he ceased working as a director soon after. One notable feature of John Fords films is that he used a company of actors
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Henry Hathaway
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Henry Hathaway was an American film director and producer. He is best known as a director of Westerns, especially starring Randolph Scott and he directed Gary Cooper in seven films. Hathaway served in the United States Army during World War I, in 1925, Hathaway began working in silent films as an assistant to notable directors such as Victor Fleming and Josef von Sternberg and made the transition to sound with them. He was the assistant director to Fred Niblo in the 1925 version of Ben-Hur starring Francis X. Bushman, Henry Hathaway made his directorial debut with a Western film production, Heritage of the Desert. Based on a Zane Grey novel, Hathaway gave Randolph Scott his first starring role in film led to a lengthy career for Scott as a cowboy star. Hathaway, too, was a fan of stories of the settling of the American West, Bengal Lancer is among the five films he directed in the 1930s with Gary Cooper. The five—Now And Forever, Peter Ibbetson, Lives Of A Bengal Lancer, Souls at Sea and he followed Bengal Lancers with Go West, Young Man, starring Mae West, based on Lawrence Rileys Broadway hit Personal Appearance. Once again, he used Randolph Scott in this film, during the 1940s, Hathaway began making films in a semidocumentary vein, often using the film noir style. His film noir thriller Niagara starred Marilyn Monroe, in Hathaways From Hell to Texas, Dennis Hopper attempted to assert himself artistically on the set. After the shoot, Hathaway reportedly told the actor that his career in Hollywood was over. In the 1960s, Hathaway directed John Wayne in several films, Wayne asked Hathaway to cast John Smith in the role of Steve McCabe in the film, Smith from 1959 to 1963 had played the part of rancher Slim Sherman on NBCs Laramie series. According to Smiths Internet biography, Hathaway developed a dislike for Smith. Hathaway also directed Wayne in his Oscar-winning performance in True Grit, Hathaway was one of three directors on the epic Cinerama Western, How the West Was Won, directing the bulk of the film, including the river, prairie, and train robbery sequences. He directed Nevada Smith, a Western starring Steve McQueen that was extrapolated from a section of Harold Robbins novel The Carpetbaggers. He may have stepped in for George Seaton in directing some winter outdoor scenes for the all-star Airport, Martin had been in Hathaways Western films The Sons of Katie Elder with John Wayne and 5 Card Stud with Robert Mitchum. Hathaways 65th and final film was Hangup, Hathaway died from a heart attack in 1985 in Hollywood and is interred at Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, California. His body of work earned him a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1638 Vine Street, Henry Hathaway at the Internet Movie Database Henry Hathaway at Find a Grave
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George Marshall (director)
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George E. Marshall was an American actor, screenwriter, producer, film and television director, active through the first six decades of movie history. Relatively few of Marshalls films are well-known today, with Destry Rides Again, The Blue Dahlia, The Sheepman, Marshall co-directed How the West Was Won with John Ford and Henry Hathaway, handling the railroad segment, which featured a celebrated buffalo stampede sequence. While Marshall worked on almost all kinds of films imaginable, he started his career in the silent period doing mostly Westerns. In the 1930s he established a reputation for comedy, directing Laurel, later in his career, he was particularly sought after for comedies. He did around half a dozen films each with Bob Hope and Jerry Lewis, fields, Jackie Gleason, and Will Rogers. Lucille Ball chose George Marshall to direct episodes of her Heres Lucy television series in 1969. Marshall is buried in Holy Cross Cemetery in Culver City, Los Angeles, for his contribution to the film industry, George Marshall has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 7048 Hollywood Boulevard. A Message to Garcia Love Under Fire Can This Be Dixie, eight on the Lam Hook, Line & Sinker George Marshall at the Internet Movie Database
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Carroll Baker
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Carroll Baker is a former American film, stage, and television actress. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s, Bakers range of roles from naive ingenues to brash, while performing on Broadway in 1954, she was recruited by director Elia Kazan to play the lead in the film of Tennessee Williamss Baby Doll. Other early roles included Giant and But Not for Me, as well as such as The Big Country, How the West Was Won. In the mid-1960s, Baker became a sex symbol for her roles in The Carpetbaggers, Sylvia and she formally retired from acting in 2002. In addition to acting, Baker is also the author of three books, Carroll Baker was born and raised in Johnstown, Pennsylvania, in a Roman Catholic family, the daughter of Edith Gertrude and William Watson Baker, who was a traveling salesman. She is of Polish descent, which has given rise to a rumor that her name was Karolina Piekarski. However, this currently cannot be substantiated by known records, Bakers parents separated when she was eight years old, and she moved with her mother and younger sister, Virginia, to Turtle Creek, Pennsylvania. According to Baker, her mother struggled as a parent. Baker attended Greensburg Salem High School in Greensburg, Pennsylvania, where she was a team member and active in the marching band. At eighteen, she moved with her family to St. Petersburg, Florida, after her first year in college, Baker began working as a magicians assistant on the vaudeville circuit and joined a dance company, working as a professional dancer. In 1949, Baker won the title of Miss Florida Fruits, in 1951, Baker moved to New York City, where she rented a dirt floor basement apartment in Queens. She worked as a dancer and also took stint jobs as a chorus girl in traveling vaudeville shows, which took her to Windsor, Detroit. In 1952, Baker enrolled at the Actors Studio and studied under Lee Strasberg, there, she was a classmate of Mike Nichols, Rod Steiger, Shelley Winters, and Marilyn Monroe, she also became a close friend of James Dean for the rest of his life. The following year, she made her debut with a small walk-on part in the musical Easy to Love. In 1955, she tested and auditioned for the lead role in Picnic. She was also considered for the lead in Rebel Without a Cause after James Dean recommended her for the part to director Nicholas Ray, which she turned down. Bakers first major role was the supporting part of Luz Benedict II in Giant, opposite Elizabeth Taylor, Rock Hudson. And this was a town that had one paved street, they had one hotel, simultaneously, Baker was cast as the title character in Elia Kazans Baby Doll, a role initially intended for Marilyn Monroe
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Walter Brennan
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Walter Andrew Brennan was an American actor. He won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor in 1936,1938 and 1940, Brennan was born in Lynn, Massachusetts, less than two miles from his familys home in Swampscott. He was the second of three born to William John Brennan and the former Margaret Elizabeth Flanagan (June 4,1869 in Charlestown, Massachusetts – February 1,1955. His parents were both of Irish descent, the elder Brennan was an engineer and inventor, and young Walter studied engineering at Rindge Technical High School in Cambridge, Massachusetts. While in school, Brennan became interested in acting and he began to perform in vaudeville at the age of 15. While working as a clerk, he enlisted in the United States Army. After the war, he moved to Guatemala and raised pineapples before settling in Los Angeles, during the early 1920s, he made a fortune in the real estate market, but he lost most of his money during the 1925 real estate slump. Brennan also had bit parts in The Invisible Man, Girl Missing, the Three Stooges short Woman Haters, in the 1930s, he began appearing in higher-quality films and received more substantial roles as his talent was recognized. This culminated with his receiving the first Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role as Swan Bostrom in the period film Come, two years later, he portrayed town drunk and accused murderer Muff Potter in The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Throughout his career, Brennan was frequently called upon to play characters older than he was. The loss of teeth in a 1932 accident, rapidly thinning hair, thin build. He used these features to great effect, in many of his film roles, Brennan wore dentures, in Northwest Passage – a film set in the late 18th century – he wore a dental prosthesis which made him appear to have rotting and broken teeth. Brennan played the lead in Swamp Water, the first American film by the director Jean Renoir. In Sergeant York, he played a preacher and dry-goods store owner who advised the title character. Brennan and Cooper appeared in six films together, in 1942, he played the reporter Sam Blake, who befriended and encouraged Lou Gehrig in Pride of the Yankees. He was particularly skilled in playing the sidekick of the protagonist or the old man in films such as To Have and Have Not. From 1957 to 1963, he starred in the ABC television series The Real McCoys, after five years on ABC, The Real McCoys switched to CBS for a final season. Brennan joined with the creator, Irving Pincus, to form Brennan-Westgate Productions
8.
Lee J. Cobb
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Lee J. Cobb was an American actor. He is best known for his performances in 12 Angry Men, On the Waterfront and he also played the role of Willy Loman in the original Broadway production of Arthur Millers 1949 play Death of a Salesman under the direction of Elia Kazan. On television, Cobb co starred in the first four seasons of the Western series The Virginian and he typically played arrogant, intimidating, and abrasive characters, but often had roles as respectable figures such as judges and police officers. Cobb was born Leo Jacoby in New York City, to a Jewish family of Russian and Romanian extraction and he grew up in the Bronx, New York, on Wilkins Avenue, near Crotona Park. His parents were Benjamin Jacob, a compositor for a foreign-language newspaper, Cobb studied at New York University before making his film debut in The Vanishing Shadow. He joined the Manhattan-based Group Theatre in 1935, Cobb performed summer stock with the Group Theatre in 1936, when they summered at Pine Brook Country Club in Nichols, Connecticut. During World War II, Cobb served in the First Motion Picture Unit of the United States Army Air Forces, Cobb entered films in the 1930s, successfully playing middle-aged and even older men while he was still a youth. He was cast as the Kralahome in the 1946 nonmusical film Anna and he also played the sympathetic doctor in The Song of Bernadette and appeared as James Coburns supervisor in the spy spoofs In Like Flint and Our Man Flint. He reprised his role of Willy Loman in the 1966 CBS television adaptation of Death of a Salesman, which included Gene Wilder, James Farentino, Bernie Kopell, Cobb was nominated for an Emmy Award for the performance. Mildred Dunnock, who had costarred in both the stage version and the 1951 film version, again repeated her role as Linda. In 1957, he appeared in Sidney Lumets 12 Angry Men as the abrasive Juror #3. In 1959, on CBS DuPont Show of the Month, he starred in the roles of Miguel de Cervantes and Don Quixote in the play I, Don Quixote. Cobb also appeared as Wyoming ranch owner Judge Henry Garth in the first four seasons of the long-running NBC Western television series The Virginian and his costars were James Drury, Doug McClure, Roberta Shore, Gary Clarke, Randy Boone, Clu Gulager, and Diane Roter. In 1968, his performance as King Lear with Stacy Keach as Edmund, René Auberjonois as the Fool, one of his final film roles was that of police detective Lt. Kinderman in the 1973 horror film The Exorcist. He appeared alongside British actor Kenneth Griffiths in an ABC television documentary on the American Revolution called Suddenly an Eagle, Cobb was accused of being a Communist in 1951 testimony before the House Un-American Activities Committee by Larry Parks, himself a former Communist Party member. Later, Cobb explained why he named names, saying, When the facilities of the government of the United States are drawn on an individual it can be terrifying, the blacklist is just the opening gambit—being deprived of work. But not being able to move without being tailed is something else, after a certain point it grows to implied as well as articulated threats, and people succumb. My wife did, and she was institutionalized, the HUAC did a deal with me
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Andy Devine
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Andrew Vabre Andy Devine was an American character actor and comic cowboy sidekick known for his distinctive whiny voice. Devine was born in Flagstaff, Arizona, on October 7,1905 and he grew up in Kingman, Arizona, where his family moved when he was a year old. His father was Thomas Devine Jr. born in 1869 in Kalamazoo County, Andys grandfather Thomas Devine Sr. was born in 1842 in County Tipperary, Ireland, and emigrated to the United States in 1852. Andys mother was Amy Ward, a granddaughter of Commander James H. Ward and he attended St. Mary and St. Benedicts College and Northern Arizona State Teachers College and was a star football player at Santa Clara University. He also played football under the pseudonym Jeremiah Schwartz. His football experience led to his first sizable film role, in The Spirit of Notre Dame, Devine had an ambition to act, so after college he went to Hollywood, where he worked as a lifeguard at Venice Beach, in easy distance of the studios. While filming Doctor Bull at Fox Studios in 1933, he met Dorothy House and they were married on October 28,1933, in Las Vegas, Nevada, and remained united until his death, on February 18,1977. They had five children, Andrew Devine, Jr. Patrick Gabriel Devine, Susanna Rachel Devine, Arthur Matthew Devine, Andy Jr. and Patrick are actors, the other children have pursued other careers. It was first thought that his peculiar wheezy voice would prevent him moving to the talkies. When he was able to again, he had a labored, scratchy. A biographer, however, indicated that this was one of several stories Devine fabricated about his voice and his son Tad related in an interview for Encore Westerns Channel that there indeed had been an accident, but he was uncertain if it resulted in his fathers unusual voice. When asked if he had strange nodes on his vocal cords, Devine replied, Ive got the same nodes as Bing Crosby, but his are in tune. Devine appeared in more than 400 films and shared with Walter Brennan, another character actor and his notable roles included Cookie, Roy Rogerss sidekick, in ten films, a role in Romeo and Juliet, and Danny in A Star Is Born. He appeared in films with John Wayne, including Stagecoach, Island in the Sky. He was a contract player with Universal, which in 1939 paired him with Richard Arlen for a series of fast-paced B-pictures that mixed action and comedy. When Arlen left in 1941, the series continued for two years, teaming Devine with various actors, often Leo Carrillo. Devine was generally known for his roles, but Jack Webb cast him as a police detective in Pete Kellys Blues. His film appearances in his later years included roles in Zebra in the Kitchen, The Over-the-Hill Gang, and Myra Breckinridge
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Henry Fonda
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Henry Jaynes Fonda was an American film and stage actor with a career spanning more than five decades. Fonda made his mark early as a Broadway actor and he also appeared in 1938 in plays performed in White Plains, New York, with Joan Tompkins. Throughout six decades in Hollywood, Fonda cultivated a strong, appealing screen image in such classics as The Ox-Bow Incident, Fonda was the patriarch of a family of famous actors, including daughter Jane Fonda, son Peter Fonda, granddaughter Bridget Fonda, and grandson Troy Garity. His family and close friends called him Hank, in 1999, he was named the sixth-Greatest Male Star of All Time by the American Film Institute. Fondas ancestors from Genoa, Italy, migrated to the Netherlands in the 15th century, in 1642, a branch of the Fonda family immigrated to the Dutch colony of New Netherland on the East Coast of North America. They were among the first Dutch population to settle in what is now upstate New York, establishing the town of Fonda, by 1888, many of their descendants had relocated to Nebraska. Henry Fonda was born in Grand Island, Nebraska, to advertising-printing jobber William Brace Fonda, Fonda was brought up as a Christian Scientist, though he was baptized an Episcopalian at St. Stephens Episcopal Church in Grand Island. He said, My whole damn family was nice and they were a close family and highly supportive, especially in health matters, as they avoided doctors due to their religion. Despite having a background, he later became an agnostic. Fonda was a bashful, short boy who tended to avoid girls, except his sisters, and was a skater, swimmer. He worked part-time in his fathers print plant and imagined a career as a journalist. Later, he worked after school for the phone company, Fonda was active in the Boy Scouts of America, Teichmann reports that he reached the rank of Eagle Scout. When he was about 14, his father took him to observe the lynching of a black man accused of rape. This enraged the young Fonda and he kept a keen awareness of prejudice for the rest of his life, by his senior year in high school, Fonda had grown to more than six feet tall, but remained shy. He attended the University of Minnesota, where he majored in journalism and he took a job with the Retail Credit Company. He was fascinated by the stage, learning everything from set construction to stage production, Fonda decided to quit his job and go East in 1928 to seek his fortune. He arrived on Cape Cod and played a role at the Cape Playhouse in Dennis. A friend took him to Falmouth, MA where he joined and quickly became a member of the University Players
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Carolyn Jones
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Carolyn Sue Jones was an American actress. Her film career continued for another 20 years, in 1964, she began playing the role of Morticia Addams, in the television series The Addams Family, receiving a Golden Globe Award nomination for her work. Jones was born in Amarillo, Texas, the daughter of Cloe Jeanette Southern, a housewife, and Julius Alfred Jones, in 1934, her father abandoned the family and her mother moved with her two children to her parents home in Amarillo. In 1935, Carolyn, her younger sister Bette, her mother, and her grandparents were living in Des Moines, Iowa, Carolyn suffered from severe asthma that often restricted her childhood activities. She was a reader, and loved Hollywood magazines. When her condition permitted she loved to go to the movies and she enrolled at the Pasadena Playhouse in California, although at 15 she was still three years under the minimum age, her grandfather agreed to pay her tuition. After being spotted by a talent scout at the Playhouse, Jones secured a contract with Paramount Pictures and made her first film, The Turning Point, in 1953, she married aspiring film-maker Aaron Spelling. In 1954, she played Beth in Shield for Murder, earning $500 per day for playing the role, Jones was cast in the 1953 film From Here to Eternity in the role of Alma Lorene Burke, which was written for her. However, a bout with pneumonia forced her to withdraw, the role earned Donna Reed the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, Jones made her TV debut on the DuMont series Gruen Playhouse in 1952. She appeared in two Rod Cameron syndicated series, City Detective and State Trooper, as Betty Fowler in the 1956 episode and she guest-starred in Ray Millands CBS sitcom, Meet Mr. McNutley. She made five appearances on the drama series Dragnet, starring Jack Webb. In 1956, Jones appeared in Invasion of the Body Snatchers, in 1957, she had the lead in the episode The Girl in the Grass on CBSs Schlitz Playhouse, with once again Ray Milland and Nora Marlowe. In 1959, she played opposite Frank Sinatra in Frank Capras A Hole in the Head, Dean Martin in Career, and Anthony Quinn and Kirk Douglas in Last Train from Gun Hill. In 1960, she guest-starred with James Best and Jack Mullaney in the episode Love on Credit of CBSs anthology series The DuPont Show with June Allyson, in the 1962-1963 season, Jones guest-starred on CBSs The Lloyd Bridges Show, which Spelling created. While married to Spelling, she appeared on the NBC program Heres Hollywood, in the epic 1963 Western, How The West Was Won, she played the role of Sheriff Jeb Rawlings wife. She appears with Peppard and Debbie Reynolds in the last speaking/singing scenes of the film and she guest-starred on the 1960s TV series Batman, playing Marsha, the Queen of Diamonds, and in 1976 appeared as the title characters mother, Hippolyta, on the Wonder Woman TV series. During her occasional absences, veteran actress Marla Adams subbed for her and her acting career declined after The Addams Family ended in 1966. Sporadic roles in the 1970s included that of Mrs. Moore, Jones landed the role of the power-driven political matriarch Myrna Clegg in the CBS daytime television soap opera Capitol in 1981
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Karl Malden
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Karl Malden was an American actor. Malden was also President of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts, Karl Malden, the eldest of three sons, was born Mladen Sekulovich in Chicago, Illinois on March 22,1912, he was born on his mothers 20th birthday and was raised in Gary, Indiana. His Bosnian Serb father, Petar Sekulović, worked in the mills and as a milkman. The Sekulovich familys roots trace back to Podosoje near Bileća, Bosnia, Malden only spoke Serbian until he was in kindergarten and was fluent in the language until his death. Maldens father had a passion for music, and organized a choir, as a teenager, Malden joined the Karageorge Choir at Saint Sava Serbian Orthodox Church. His father then produced Serbian plays at his church and taught acting, a young Malden took part in many of these plays, which included a version of Jack and the Beanstalk but mostly centered on the communitys Serbian heritage. In high school, he was a student and the star of the basketball team. He participated in the department and was narrowly elected senior class president. Among other roles, he played Pooh-Bah in The Mikado, from 1931 until 1934, he worked in the steel mills, as had his father. He changed his name from Mladen Sekulovich to Karl Malden at age 22 and he anglicized his first name by swapping its letters l and a and used it as his last and taking his grandfathers first name as his own. This was because the first theatre company he was in wanted him to shorten his name for its marquee. He thought that they wanted to him and were using his name as an excuse, although that was not the case. Malden often found ways to say Sekulovich in films and television shows in which he appeared, for example, as General Omar Bradley in Patton, as his troops slog their way through enemy fire in Sicily, Malden says Hand me that helmet, Sekulovich to another soldier. In Dead Ringer, as a detective in the squad room, Malden tells another detective, Sekulovich. In Fear Strikes Out, Malden, playing Jimmy Piersalls father John, in Birdman of Alcatraz, as a prison warden touring the cell block, Malden recites a list of inmates names, including Sekulovich. In On the Waterfront, in which Malden plays the priest, among the names of the officers of Local 374 called out in the scene is Mladen Sekulovich. Perhaps the most notable usage of his name, however, was in the television series The Streets of San Francisco. In September 1934, Malden decided to leave his home in Gary, Indiana, to pursue formal training at the Goodman School
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Agnes Moorehead
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Agnes Robertson Moorehead was an American actress whose career of six decades included work in radio, stage, film, and television. She is chiefly known for her role as Endora on the television series Bewitched and she was also notable for her film roles in Citizen Kane, The Magnificent Ambersons, All That Heaven Allows, Show Boat, and Hush… Hush, Sweet Charlotte. Mooreheads transition to television won acclaim for drama and comedy and she could play many different types, but often portrayed haughty, arrogant characters. Moorehead later shaved six years off her age by claiming to have born in 1906. Moorehead recalled her first public performance was at the age of three, reciting The Lords Prayer in her fathers church, the family moved to St. Louis, Missouri, and Mooreheads ambition to become an actress grew very strong. Her mother indulged her active imagination, often asking, Who are you today, while Moorehead and her sister would often engage in mimicry, often coming to the dinner table and imitating parishioners. Moorehead noted and was encouraged by her fathers amused reactions and she joined the chorus of the St. Louis Municipal Opera Company, known as The Muny. Moorehead always said she graduated from Central High School in St. Louis in 1918, however, she appears in no Central High School yearbook while she does appear in the yearbook of Soldan High School. She lived near Soldan High School, on Union Boulevard, she did not live near Central High School on Grand Avenue, although her father did not discourage her acting ambitions, he insisted that she obtain a formal education. In 1923, Moorehead earned a degree, with a major in biology, from Muskingum College in New Concord, Ohio, while there. She later received a doctorate in literature from Muskingum and served for a year on its board of trustees. She then pursued studies at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. Moorehead received a doctoral degree from Bradley University in Peoria. Mooreheads early career was unsteady, and, although she was able to stage work. She later recalled going four days without food, and said that it had taught her the value of a dollar and she found work in radio and was soon in demand, often working on several programs in a single day. She believed that it offered her excellent training and allowed her to develop her voice to create a variety of characterizations, Moorehead met the actress Helen Hayes, who encouraged her to try to enter films, but her first attempts were met with failure. Rejected as not being the type, Moorehead returned to radio. Moorehead met Orson Welles, and by 1937 was one of his principal Mercury Players and she performed in his The Mercury Theatre on the Air radio adaptations, and had a regular role opposite Welles in the serial The Shadow as Margo Lane
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Harry Morgan
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Harry Morgan was an American actor and director whose television and film career spanned six decades. Morgan appeared in more than 100 films, Morgan was born in Detroit, Michigan, in 1915, the son of Hannah and Henry Bratsberg, who were of Swedish and Norwegian ancestry. In his interview with the Archive of American Television, Morgan spelled his Norwegian family surname as Bratsberg, many sources, however, including some family records, list the spelling as Bratsburg. According to one source, when Morgans father Henry registered at junior high school, Morgan was raised in Muskegon, Michigan, and graduated from Muskegon High School in 1933, where he achieved distinction as a statewide debating champion. He originally aspired to a J. D. degree, and he began acting on stage under his birth name, in 1937, joining the Group Theatre in New York City formed by Harold Clurman, Cheryl Crawford, and Lee Strasberg in 1931. Morgan also did summer stock at the Pine Brook Country Club located in the countryside of Nichols, Morgan made his screen debut in the 1942 movie To the Shores of Tripoli. His screen name later became Henry Harry Morgan and eventually Harry Morgan, in the same year, Morgan appeared in the movie Orchestra Wives as a young man pushing his way to the front of a ballroom crowd with his date to hear Glenn Millers band play. A few years later, still credited as Henry Morgan, he was cast in the role of pianist Chummy MacGregor in the 1954 biopic The Glenn Miller Story. In his later career, he appeared in Inherit the Wind, How the West Was Won, John Goldfarb, Please Come Home, Frankie and Johnny, The Flim Flam Man. Snowball Express, The Shootist, The Wild Wild West Revisited, Morgan hosted the NBC radio series Mystery in the Air starring Peter Lorre in 1947. On CBS, he played Pete Porter in Pete and Gladys, Pete and Gladys was a spin-off of December Bride, starring Spring Byington, a show in which Morgan had a popular recurring role. In 1950, Morgan appeared as an obtrusive, alcohol-addled hotel clerk in the Dragnet radio episode The Big Boys and that same year, he played the mobster Bugs Moran in an episode of ABCs The Untouchables, with Robert Stack. In 1963, he was cast as Sheriff Ernie Backwater on Richard Boones Have Gun - Will Travel Western series on CBS, in the 1964–1965 season, Morgan co-starred as Seldom Jackson in the 26-week NBC comedy/drama Kentucky Jones, starring Dennis Weaver, formerly of Gunsmoke. Morgan is even more widely recognized as Officer Bill Gannon, Joe Fridays partner in the version of Dragnet. Morgan later worked on two shows for Webb, 1971s The D. A. and the 1972–1974 Western series. Morgan also appeared in at least one episode of Gunsmoke, the following season, Morgan joined the cast of M*A*S*H as Colonel Sherman T. Potter. A fan of the sitcom, Morgan replaced McLean Stevenson, who left the show at the end of the previous season, unlike Stevensons character Henry Blake, Potter was a career Army officer who was a firm yet good-humored, caring father figure to those under his command. In 1980, Morgan won an Emmy award for his performance on M*A*S*H, when asked if he was a better actor after working with the shows talented cast, Morgan responded, I dont know about that, but its made me a better human being
15.
Gregory Peck
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Eldred Gregory Peck was an American actor who was one of the most popular film stars from the 1940s to the 1960s. Peck continued to major film roles until the late 1980s. His performance as Atticus Finch in the 1962 film To Kill a Mockingbird earned him the Academy Award for Best Actor and he had also been nominated for an Oscar for the same category for The Keys of the Kingdom, The Yearling, Gentlemans Agreement and Twelve OClock High. Other notable films he appeared in include Spellbound, Roman Holiday, Moby Dick, The Guns of Navarone, Cape Fear, How the West Was Won, The Omen, President Lyndon Johnson honored Peck with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1969 for his lifetime humanitarian efforts. In 1999, the American Film Institute named Peck among Greatest Male Stars of Classic Hollywood cinema and he was named to the International Best Dressed List Hall of Fame in 1983. His father was of English and Irish heritage and his mother of English and she converted to her husbands religion, Roman Catholicism, when she married his father, and Peck was raised as a Catholic. Pecks parents divorced when he was five and he was brought up by his maternal grandmother, at the age of 10 he was sent to a Catholic military school, St. Johns Military Academy in Los Angeles. While he was a student there, his grandmother died, at 14, he moved back to San Diego to live with his father, attended San Diego High School, and after graduating enrolled for one year at San Diego State Teachers College. While there he joined the team, took his first theatre and public-speaking courses. Peck however had ambitions to be a doctor and the following year gained admission to the University of California, Berkeley, as an English major, standing 6 ft 3 in, he rowed on the university crew. Although his tuition fee was only $26 per year, Peck still struggled to pay, at Berkeley, encouraged by the acting coach, who saw in him perfect material for university theatre, Peck became more and more interested in acting. He was recruited by Edwin Duerr, director of the universitys Little Theater, Peck would later say about Berkeley that, it was a very special experience for me and three of the greatest years of my life. It woke me up and made me a human being, in 1997, Peck donated $25,000 to the Berkeley rowing crew in honor of his coach, the renowned Ky Ebright. He was often broke and sometimes slept in Central Park and he worked at the 1939 Worlds Fair and as a tour guide for NBCs television broadcasting. In 1940, Peck learned more of the craft, working in exchange for food, at the Barter Theatre in Abingdon, Virginia, appearing in five plays including Family Portrait. His stage career began in 1941 when he played the secretary in a Katharine Cornell production of George Bernard Shaws play The Doctors Dilemma, unfortunately, the play opened in San Francisco just one week before the attack on Pearl Harbor. He made his Broadway debut as the lead in Emlyn Williams The Morning Star in 1942 and his second Broadway performance that year was in The Willow and I with Edward Pawley. Twentieth Century Fox claimed he had injured his back while rowing at university, ive been trying to straighten out that story for years
16.
George Peppard
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George Peppard Jr. was an American film and television actor. Peppard secured a role when he starred alongside Audrey Hepburn in Breakfast at Tiffanys. On television, he played the role of millionaire insurance investigator. He played Col. John Hannibal Smith, the leader of a renegade commando squad. George Peppard, Jr. was born in Detroit, Michigan and he graduated from Dearborn High School in Dearborn, Michigan. Peppard enlisted in the United States Marine Corps July 8,1946, during 1948 and 1949, he studied Civil Engineering at Purdue University where he was a member of the Purdue Playmakers theatre troupe and Beta Theta Pi fraternity. He then transferred to Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and he also trained at the Pittsburgh Playhouse. In addition to acting, Peppard was a pilot and he spent a portion of his 1966 honeymoon training to fly his Learjet in Wichita, Kansas. Peppard made his debut in 1949 at the Pittsburgh Playhouse. After moving to New York City, Peppard enrolled in the Actors Studio and he worked in summer stock in New England and appeared at the open air Shakespeare Festival in Ashland, Oregon. He made his debut in The Strange One. Peppard had signed to play a role on Broadway in The Pleasure of His Company when he auditioned successfully for MGMs Home from the Hill and he ended up appearing in Pleasure of His Company for six months before making Home from the Hill. Part of the arrangement of the latter involved signing with MGM for a term contract. Home from the Hill was a film directed by Vincente Minnelli and starring Robert Mitchum. It was a success at the box office, although the high cost meant that it was not profitable. Peppards next film for MGM was The Subterraneans, an adaptation of the novel by Jack Keruoac and it flopped and Peppard said I couldnt get arrested afterwards. His good looks, elegant manner and superior acting skills landed Peppard his most famous role as Paul Varjak in Breakfast at Tiffanys with Audrey Hepburn. This 1961 role boosted him briefly to a film star
17.
Robert Preston (actor)
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Preston collaborated twice with filmmaker Blake Edwards, first in S. O. B. and again in Victor Victoria. For portraying Carroll Toddy Todd in the latter, he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor at the 55th Academy Awards. Preston was born Robert Preston Meservey in Newton, Massachusetts, the son of Ruth L. and Frank Wesley Meservey, a garment worker, after attending Abraham Lincoln High School in Los Angeles, he studied acting at the Pasadena Community Playhouse. At the end of the war in Europe, the 386th and Captain Robert Meservey, meserveys job had been receiving intelligence reports from 9th Air Force headquarters and briefing the bomber crews on what to expect in accomplishing their missions. When he began appearing in films, the studio ordered Meservey to stop using his family name. As Robert Preston, the name by which he would be known for his professional career, he appeared in many Hollywood films, predominantly Westerns. He was Digby Geste in the remake of Beau Geste with Gary Cooper and Ray Milland. He played an LAPD detective in the noir This Gun for Hire, Preston is, however, probably best remembered for his performance as Professor Harold Hill in Meredith Willsons musical The Music Man. He had already won a Tony Award for his performance in the original Broadway production in 1957. When Willson adapted his story for the screen, he insisted on Prestons participation over the objections of Jack L. Warner, Preston appeared on the cover of Time magazine on July 21,1958. In 1965 he was the part of a duo-lead musical. I Do. with Mary Martin, for which he won his second Tony Award, in 1974, he starred alongside Bernadette Peters in Jerry Hermans Broadway musical Mack & Mabel as Mack Sennett, the famous silent film director. That same year the version of Mame, another famed Jerry Herman musical, was released with Preston starring, alongside Lucille Ball. In the film, which was not a success, Preston sang Loving You. In 1961, Preston was asked to make a recording as part of a program by the Presidents Council on Physical Fitness to get schoolchildren to do more daily exercise, the song later became a surprise novelty hit and part of many baby-boomers childhood memories. Also in 1962, he played an important supporting role opposite Debbie Reynolds, as wagon master Roger Morgan, in 1979 and 1980, Preston portrayed determined family patriarch Hadley Chisholm in the CBS western miniseries, The Chisholms. Rosemary Harris played his wife, Minerva, Prestons character died in the ninth of the 13 episodes which also included co-stars Ben Murphy, Brian Kerwin, Brett Cullen, and James Van Patten. The story chronicled how the Chisholm family lost their land in Virginia by fraud, although he was not known for his singing voice, Preston appeared in several other stage and film musicals, notably Mame and Victor Victoria, for which he received an Academy Award nomination
18.
Debbie Reynolds
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Mary Frances Debbie Reynolds was an American actress, singer, businesswoman, film historian, and humanitarian. In 1959, she released her first pop album, titled Debbie. She starred in How the West Was Won, and The Unsinkable Molly Brown and her performance as Brown earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress. Her other films include The Singing Nun, Divorce American Style, Charlottes Web, Mother, and In & Out. Reynolds was also a cabaret performer, in 1979 she founded the Debbie Reynolds Dance Studio in North Hollywood, which still operates today. In 1969 she starred on television in the The Debbie Reynolds Show, in 1973 Reynolds starred in a Broadway revival of the musical Irene and was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Lead Actress in a Musical. She was also nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for her performance in A Gift of Love, at the turn of the millennium, Reynolds reached a new younger generation with her role as Aggie Cromwell in Disneys Halloweentown series. In 1988 she released her autobiography titled, Debbie, My Life, in 2013, she released a second autobiography, Unsinkable, A Memoir. She served as president of The Thalians, a dedicated to mental health causes. Reynolds continued to perform successfully on stage, television, and film into her eighties, in January 2015, Reynolds received the Screen Actors Guild Life Achievement Award. In 2016, she received the Academy Awards Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award, on December 28,2016, Reynolds was hospitalized at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center following a medical emergency, which her son Todd Fisher later described as a severe stroke. She died from the stroke that afternoon, one day after the death of her daughter Carrie Fisher. Reynolds was born on April 1,1932, in El Paso, Texas, to Maxene Minnie and Raymond Francis Ray Reynolds and she was of Scottish-Irish and English ancestry and was raised in a strict Nazarene church. She had a two years her senior. Reynolds was a Girl Scout, once saying that she wanted to die as the worlds oldest living Girl Scout and her mother took in laundry for income, while they lived in a shack on Magnolia Street in El Paso. And Im trying to inculcate in my children the same sense of values and her family moved to Burbank, California in 1939. When Reynolds was a student at Burbank High School in 1948. Soon after, she had a contract with Warner Bros and acquired the nickname Debbie via Jack L. Warner, One of her closest high school friends said that she rarely dated during her teenage years in Burbank
19.
Thelma Ritter
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Thelma Ritter was an American actress, best known for her comedic roles as working class characters and her strong New York accent. She received six Academy Award nominations for Best Supporting Actress, Ritter was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1902. After appearing in school plays and stock companies, she trained as an actress at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts. She established a career but took a hiatus to raise her two children by her husband, Joseph Moran, an actor turned advertising executive. Ritter did stock theater and radio shows early in her career, ritters first movie role was in Miracle on 34th Street. She made an impression in a brief uncredited part, as a frustrated mother unable to find the toy that Kris Kringle has promised her son. Her second role, in writer-director Joseph L. Mankiewiczs A Letter to Three Wives, left a mark, mankiewicz kept Ritter in mind, and cast her as Birdie in All About Eve, which earned her an Oscar nomination. A second nomination followed for her work in Mitchell Leisens classic ensemble screwball comedy The Mating Season starring Gene Tierney and she enjoyed steady film work for the next dozen years. She appeared in many of the episodic drama TV series of the 1950s, such as Alfred Hitchcock Presents, General Electric Theater, other film roles were as James Stewarts nurse in Rear Window and as Doris Days housekeeper in Pillow Talk. Although best known for roles, she played the occasional dramatic role, most notably in With a Song in My Heart, Pickup on South Street, Titanic. Her last work was an appearance on The Jerry Lewis Show on January 23,1968, Ritter died of a heart attack in New York City, nine days before her 67th birthday. During her career, Ritter was nominated for an Oscar six times, the current record for all actors is Peter OToole with eight nominations without a win, followed by Richard Burton with seven nominations. Both Kerr and OToole received honorary awards from the Academy, however, in 1954, Thelma Ritter co-hosted the Oscar ceremony, notably trading wisecracks with Bob Hope. Nominated for Best Supporting Actress for, All About Eve The Mating Season Boeing Boeing Awarded Best Actress in a Musical for New Girl in Town in a rare tie, Thelma Ritter at the Internet Broadway Database Thelma Ritter at the Internet Movie Database
20.
James Stewart
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James Maitland Stewart, also known as Jimmy Stewart, was an American actor and military officer who is among the most honored and popular stars in film history. A major Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract player, Stewart was known for his distinctive drawl and down-to-earth persona, many of the films he starred in have become enduring classics. Stewart was nominated for five Academy Awards, winning one in competition for The Philadelphia Story, in 1999, Stewart was named the third greatest male screen legend of the Golden Age of Hollywood by the American Film Institute, behind Humphrey Bogart and Cary Grant. The American Film Institute has also named five of Stewarts films to its list of the 100 best American films ever made. Stewart was born on May 20,1908, in Indiana, Pennsylvania, the son of Elizabeth Ruth Jackson and Alexander Maitland Stewart, Stewart was mainly of Scottish ancestry and was raised as a Presbyterian. He was descended from veterans of the American Revolution, the War of 1812, the eldest of three children, he was expected to continue his fathers business, which had been in the family for three generations. His mother was an excellent pianist but his father discouraged Stewarts request for lessons, when his father accepted a gift of an accordion from a guest, young Stewart quickly learned to play the instrument, which became a fixture offstage during his acting career. As the family grew, music continued to be an important part of family life, Stewart attended Mercersburg Academy prep school, graduating in 1928. He was active in a variety of activities and he played on the football and track teams, was art editor of the KARUX yearbook, and a member of the choir club, glee club, and John Marshall Literary Society. Over the following two summers, he took a job as an assistant with a professional magician and he made his first appearance onstage at Mercersburg, as Buquet in the play The Wolves. A shy child, Stewart spent much of his time in the basement working on model airplanes, mechanical drawing. However, he abandoned visions of being a pilot when his father insisted that instead of the United States Naval Academy he attend Princeton University, Stewart enrolled at Princeton in 1928 as a member of the class of 1932. His acting and accordion talents at Princeton led him to be invited to the University Players, the company had been organized in 1928 and would run until 1932, with Joshua Logan, Bretaigne Windust and Charles Leatherbee as directors. Stewart performed in bit parts in the Players productions in Cape Cod during the summer of 1932, the troupe had previously included Henry Fonda and Margaret Sullavan. Stewart and Fonda became close friends over the summer of 1932 when they shared an apartment with Joshua Logan, the New Yorker commented, Mr. James Stewarts chauffeur. Comes on for three minutes and walks off to a round of spontaneous applause, the play was a moderate success, but times were hard. Many Broadway theaters had been converted to houses and the Depression was reaching bottom. From 1932 through 1934, Stewart later recalled, Id only worked three months, every play I got into folded
21.
Eli Wallach
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Eli Herschel Wallach was an American film, television and stage actor whose career spanned more than six decades, beginning in the late 1940s. Trained in stage acting, which he enjoyed doing most, he one of the greatest character actors ever to appear on stage and screen states TCM. On stage, he often co-starred with his wife, Anne Jackson, as a stage and screen character actor, Wallach had one of the longest careers in show business, spanning 62 years from his Broadway debut to his last major Hollywood studio movie. Wallach initially studied method acting under Sanford Meisner, and later became a member of the Actors Studio. His versatility gave him the ability to play a variety of different roles throughout his career. For his debut performance in Baby Doll, he won a BAFTA Award for Best Newcomer. Among his other most famous roles are Calvera in The Magnificent Seven, Guido in The Misfits, and Tuco in The Good, the Bad and the Ugly. Other notable portrayals include outlaw Charlie Gant in How The West Was Won, Don Altobello in The Godfather Part III, Cotton Weinberger in The Two Jakes, and Arthur Abbott in The Holiday. One of Americas most prolific screen actors, Wallach remained active well into his nineties, with roles as recently as 2010 in Wall Street, Money Never Sleeps and The Ghost Writer. Wallach received BAFTA Awards, Tony Awards and Emmy Awards for his work, in March,2017, the Harry Ransom Center announced the acquisition of Wallachs papers, along with that of his wife. It will be made public when cataloging is complete, Wallach was born in Red Hook, Brooklyn, at 156 Union Street, a son of Jewish immigrants Abraham and Bertha Wallach, both from Poland. He had a brother and two sisters, with his family being the only Jews in an otherwise Italian American neighborhood and his parents owned Berthas Candy Store. Wallach graduated in 1936 from the University of Texas at Austin with a degree in history, while at the university, he performed in a play with fellow students Ann Sheridan and Walter Cronkite. In a later interview, Wallach said that he learned to ride horses while in Texas and he explained, You could rely on people. If they gave you their word, that was it, Two years later he received a master of arts degree in education from the City College of New York. He gained his first method acting experience at the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre in New York City, there, according to Wallach, actors were forced to unlearn all their physical and vocal mannerisms, while traditional stage etiquette and singsong deliveries were utterly excised from his classroom. Wallachs education was cut short when he was drafted into the United States Army in January 1941 and he served as staff sergeant in a military hospital in Hawaii and later sent to Officer Candidate School in Abilene, Texas to train as a medical administrative officer. Commissioned a second lieutenant, he was ordered to Casablanca, later, when he was serving in France, a senior officer noticed his acting career and asked him to create a show for the patients
22.
John Wayne
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Marion Mitchell Morrison, known professionally as John Wayne and nicknamed Duke, was an American actor and filmmaker. An Academy Award-winner for True Grit, Wayne was among the top box office draws for three decades, born in Winterset, Iowa, Wayne grew up in Southern California. He found work at film studios when he lost his football scholarship to the University of Southern California as a result of a bodysurfing accident. Initially working for the Fox Film Corporation, he appeared mostly in bit parts. His first leading role came in Raoul Walshs The Big Trail, Waynes career took off in 1939, with John Fords Stagecoach making him an instant star. He went on to star in 142 pictures, biographer Ronald Davis said, John Wayne personified for millions the nations frontier heritage. Eighty-three of his movies were Westerns, and in them he played cowboys, cavalrymen and he is also remembered for his roles in The Quiet Man, Rio Bravo, and The Longest Day. In his final performance, he starred as an aging gunfighter battling cancer in The Shootist. He appeared with many important Hollywood stars of his era, Wayne was born Marion Robert Morrison on May 26,1907 at 224 South Second Street in Winterset, Iowa. The local paper, Winterset Madisonian, reported on page 4 of the edition of May 30,1907 that Wayne weighed 13 pounds at birth and his middle name was soon changed from Robert to Mitchell when his parents decided to name their next son Robert. Waynes father, Clyde Leonard Morrison, was the son of American Civil War veteran Marion Mitchell Morrison, Waynes mother, the former Mary Molly Alberta Brown, was from Lancaster County, Nebraska. Waynes ancestry included English, Irish, Scots-Irish, and Scottish, Waynes family moved to Palmdale, California, and then in 1916 to Glendale, California, where his father worked as a pharmacist. A local fireman at the station on his route to school in Glendale started calling him Little Duke because he never went anywhere without his huge Airedale Terrier and he preferred Duke to Marion, and the nickname stuck. Wayne attended Wilson Middle School in Glendale, as a teen, he worked in an ice cream shop for a man who shod horses for Hollywood studios. He was also active as a member of the Order of DeMolay and he played football for the 1924 league champion Glendale High School team. Wayne applied to the U. S. Naval Academy, and he instead attended the University of Southern California, majoring in pre-law. He was a member of the Trojan Knights and Sigma Chi fraternities, Wayne also played on the USC football team under coach Howard Jones. A broken collarbone injury curtailed his career, Wayne later noted that he was too terrified of Jones reaction to reveal the actual cause of his injury
23.
Richard Widmark
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Richard Weedt Widmark was an American film, stage and television actor and producer. He was nominated for an Academy Award for his role as the villainous Tommy Udo in his film, Kiss of Death. For his contribution to the picture industry, Widmark has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6800 Hollywood Boulevard. In 2002, he was inducted into the Western Performers Hall of Fame at the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum in Oklahoma City, Widmark was born in Sunrise Township, Minnesota, the son of Ethel Mae and Carl Henry Widmark. His father was of Swedish descent and his mother of English and Scottish ancestry, Widmark grew up in Princeton, Illinois, and also lived in Henry, Illinois for a short time, moving frequently because of his fathers work as a traveling salesman. He attended Lake Forest College, where he studied acting and also taught acting after he graduated, Widmark made his debut as a radio actor in 1938 on Aunt Jennys Real Life Stories. The story of a newspaperman and his wife, the story of David. Farrell was a top reporter for the Brooklyn Eagle, when the series moved to NBC, Widmark turned the role over to Carleton G. Young and Staats Cotsworth. During the 1940s, Widmark was also heard on network radio programs as Gang Busters, The Shadow, Inner Sanctum Mysteries, Joyce Jordan, M. D. Molle Mystery Theater, Suspense and Ethel. In 1952 he portrayed Cincinnatus Shryock in an episode of Cavalcade of America titled Adventure on the Kentucky and he returned to radio drama decades later, performing on CBS Radio Mystery Theater, and was also one of the five hosts on Sears Radio Theater from 1979–81. Widmark appeared on Broadway in 1943 in F and he was unable to join the military during World War II because of a perforated eardrum. He was in Chicago appearing in a production of Dream Girl with June Havoc when 20th Century Fox signed him to a seven-year contract. Widmarks first movie appearance was in Kiss of Death, as the giggling, in his most notorious scene Udo pushed a wheelchair-bound woman down a flight of stairs to her death. He said, The director, Henry Hathaway, didnt want me, I have a high forehead, he thought I looked too intellectual. Hathaway was overruled by studio boss Darryl F. Zanuck, Hathaway gave me kind of a bad time, recalled Widmark. Widmark played Dude in the Western film Yellow Sky, with Gregory Peck and his name was billed third, above the title. They are considered examples of film noir. Around the same time, Widmark starred with Sidney Poitier in the gripping racial melodrama No Way Out, in 1952, Widmark had his handprints cast in cement at Graumans Chinese Theatre
24.
Spencer Tracy
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Spencer Bonaventure Tracy was an American actor, noted for his natural style and versatility. One of the stars of Hollywoods Golden Age, Tracy was nominated for nine Academy Awards for Best Actor. Tracy first discovered his talent for acting while attending Ripon College and he spent seven years in the theatre, working in a succession of stock companies and intermittently on Broadway. Tracys breakthrough came in 1930, when his performance in The Last Mile caught the attention of Hollywood. After a successful debut in Up the River, Tracy was signed to a contract with Fox Film Corporation. His five years with Fox were unremarkable, and he remained unknown to audiences after 25 films. In 1935 Tracy joined Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, at the time Hollywoods most prestigious studio and his career flourished with a series of hit films, and in 1937 and 1938 he won consecutive Oscars for Captains Courageous and Boys Town. By the 1940s, Tracy was one of the top stars. In 1942 he appeared with Katharine Hepburn in Woman of the Year, Tracy left MGM in 1955 and continued to work regularly as a freelance star, despite an increasing weariness as he aged. His personal life was troubled, with a struggle against alcoholism. Tracy became estranged from his wife in the 1930s, but never divorced, towards the end of his life, Tracy worked almost exclusively for director Stanley Kramer. It was for Kramer that he made his last film, Guess Whos Coming to Dinner in 1967, during his career, Tracy appeared in 75 films and developed a reputation among his peers as one of the screens greatest actors. In 1999 the American Film Institute ranked Tracy as the 9th greatest male star of Classic Hollywood Cinema, Tracy was born on April 5,1900, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. He was the son of Caroline and John Edward Tracy. His mother was a Presbyterian from a wealthy Midwestern family, and his one brother, Carroll, was four years older. Spencer was a difficult and hyperactive child with poor school attendance, raised as a Catholic, at nine years old he was placed in the care of Dominican nuns in the hope of transforming his behavior. Later in life he remarked, I never would have back to school if there had been any other way of learning to read the subtitles in the movies. He became fascinated with motion pictures, watching the same ones repeatedly and then re-enacting scenes to his friends, Tracy attended several Jesuit academies in his teenage years, which he claimed took the badness out of him and helped him improve his grades
25.
William Daniels (cinematographer)
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William H. Daniels, A. S. C. was a film cinematographer who was Greta Garbos personal lensman. Early in his career he worked regularly with director Erich von Stroheim and he is not to be confused with the stage and TV actor of the same name. Daniels was born in Cleveland, Ohio in 1901 and he graduated from the Heinrich VonGerkenstein school of the culinary Sciences in 1920, and started his film career in 1919. His career as a cinematographer extended fifty years from the silent film Foolish Wives to Move and his major films included The Naked City filmed in the streets of New York. He also was associate producer of a few films in the 1960s and was President of American Society of Cinematographers, on his death in 1970 in Los Angeles, California, William H. Daniels was interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park Cemetery in Glendale, California. Source, Wins Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, nominated Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, for Anna Christie,1930. Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Color, for Cat on a Hot Tin Roof,1959, Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Color, How the West Was Won, shared with, Milton R. Krasner, Charles Lang, Joseph LaShelle,1964. William H. Daniels at the Internet Movie Database, William H. Daniels at Film Reference
26.
Milton Krasner
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Milton R. Krasner, A. S. C. was a cinematographer who won an Academy Award for Three Coins in the Fountain. His last film was Beneath the Planet of the Apes, some of his memorable films include A Double Life, The Set-Up, All About Eve and The Seven Year Itch. Source, Wins Cannes Film Festival, Best Cinematography, for The Set-Up,1949, Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Color Cinematography, for, Three Coins in the Fountain,1955. Nominations Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Color Cinematography, for Arabian Nights, shared with, William V. Skall, milton R. Krasner at the Internet Movie Database. Photo of Krasner at Find a Grave
27.
Charles Lang
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For the Champion jockey, see Charles Chick Lang. Charles Bryant Lang, Jr. A. S. C. was an American cinematographer, early in his career, he worked with the Akeley camera, a gyroscope-mounted pancake camera designed by Carl Akeley for outdoor action shots. Langs first credits were as co-cinematographer on the silent films The Night Patrol, after completing Tom Sawyer for Paramount Pictures in 1930, he continued working at the studio for more than twenty years. In 1951, he began the phase of his career. Her mother is Langs daughter, actress Judy Lang, Charles Lang at the Internet Movie Database Charles Lang at Find a Grave Charles Lang at the Directory of Great Cinematographers
28.
Joseph LaShelle
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Joseph LaShelle, A. S. C. was a Los Angeles born film cinematographer. He won an Academy Award for Laura, and was nominated on eight additional occasions, laShelles first job in the film industry was as an assistant in the Paramount West Coast Studio lab in 1920. Instead of going to college as planned he remained in the industry after a promotion to supervisor of the printing department. In 1925 Charles G. Clarke convinced him he should be a cameraman and he went to work with Clarke and after 3 months he was promoted to 2nd cameraman and he worked for various cinematographers at the Hollywood Metropolitan Studios. LaShalle was transferred from Metropolitan to Pathé where he began a 14 years association with Arthur C. Miller and he later went with Miller to Fox Films. After working as an operator on such Fox productions as How Green Was My Valley and The Song of Bernadette he was promoted. He was a member of the A. S. C, some of his well-known works are the film noirs, Laura, for which he won an Oscar, Fallen Angel, and Road House. He is remembered for his work with Otto Preminger, source, LaShelle also worked in television, such as the first episode of The Twilight Zone in 1959. Wins Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, for Laura,1945, nominations Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, for Come to the Stable,1949. Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, for My Cousin Rachel,1952, Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, for Marty,1956. Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, for Career,1960, Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, for The Apartment,1961. Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Color for, Irma la Douce,1964, Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Color, for How the West Was Won,1964. Shared with, William H. Daniels, Milton R. Krasner, Academy Awards, Oscar, Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, for The Fortune Cookie,1967. Joseph LaShelle at the Internet Movie Database Joseph LaShelle at Find a Grave
29.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer
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Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. is an American media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of feature films and television programs. Its headquarters are in Beverly Hills, California and it is one of the worlds oldest film studios. In 1971, it was announced that MGM would merge with 20th Century Fox, over the next thirty-nine years, the studio was bought and sold at various points in its history until, on November 3,2010, MGM filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. MGM Resorts International, a Las Vegas-based hotel and casino company listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol MGM, is not currently affiliated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In 1966, MGM was sold to Canadian investor Edgar Bronfman Sr. whose son Edgar Jr. would later buy Universal Studios, the studio continued to produce five to six films a year that were released through other studios, mostly United Artists. Kerkorian did, however, commit to increased production and a film library when he bought United Artists in 1981. MGM ramped up production, as well as keeping production going at UA. It also incurred significant amounts of debt to increase production, the studio took on additional debt as a series of owners took charge in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1986, Ted Turner bought MGM, but a few later, sold the company back to Kerkorian to recoup massive debt. The series of deals left MGM even more heavily in debt, MGM was bought by Pathé Communications in 1990, but Parretti lost control of Pathé and defaulted on the loans used to purchase the studio. The French banking conglomerate Crédit Lyonnais, the major creditor. Even more deeply in debt, MGM was purchased by a joint venture between Kerkorian, producer Frank Mancuso, and Australias Seven Network in 1996, the debt load from these and subsequent business deals negatively affected MGMs ability to survive as an independent motion picture studio. In 1924, movie theater magnate Marcus Loew had a problem and he had bought Metro Pictures Corporation in 1919 for a steady supply of films for his large Loews Theatres chain. With Loews lackluster assortment of Metro films, Loew purchased Goldwyn Pictures in 1924 to improve the quality, however, these purchases created a need for someone to oversee his new Hollywood operations, since longtime assistant Nicholas Schenck was needed in New York headquarters to oversee the 150 theaters. Mayer, Loew addressed the situation by buying Louis B. Mayer Pictures on April 17,1924, Mayer became head of the renamed Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, with Irving Thalberg as head of production. MGM produced more than 100 feature films in its first two years, in 1925, MGM released the extravagant and successful Ben-Hur, taking a $4.7 million profit that year, its first full year. Marcus Loew died in 1927, and control of Loews passed to Nicholas Schenck, in 1929, William Fox of Fox Film Corporation bought the Loew familys holdings with Schencks assent. Mayer and Thalberg disagreed with the decision, Mayer was active in the California Republican Party and used his political connections to persuade the Justice Department to delay final approval of the deal on antitrust grounds
30.
Western (genre)
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Cowboys and gunslingers typically wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, cowboy boots and buckskins. Other characters include Native Americans, bandits, lawmen, bounty hunters, outlaws, mounted cavalry, settlers, Westerns often stress the harshness of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape of deserts and mountains. Often, the vast landscape plays an important role, presenting a. mythic vision of the plains, specific settings include ranches, small frontier towns, saloons, railways and isolated military forts of the Wild West. Many Westerns use a plot of depicting a crime, then showing the pursuit of the wrongdoer, ending in revenge and retribution. The Western was the most popular Hollywood genre, from the early 20th century to the 1960s, Western films first became well-attended in the 1930s. John Fords landmark Western adventure Stagecoach became one of the biggest hits in 1939, Westerns were very popular throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Many of the most acclaimed Westerns were released during this time – including High Noon, Shane, The Searchers, the Western depicts a society organized around codes of honor and personal, direct or private justice–frontier justice–dispensed by gunfights. These honor codes are played out through depictions of feuds or individuals seeking personal revenge or retribution against someone who has wronged them. The popular perception of the Western is a story that centers on the life of a semi-nomadic wanderer, a showdown or duel at high noon featuring two or more gunfighters is a stereotypical scene in the popular conception of Westerns. In some ways, such protagonists may be considered the descendants of the knight errant which stood at the center of earlier extensive genres such as the Arthurian Romances. And like knights errant, the heroes of Westerns frequently rescue damsels in distress, similarly, the wandering protagonists of Westerns share many characteristics with the ronin in modern Japanese culture. The Western typically takes these elements and uses them to tell simple morality tales, Westerns often stress the harshness and isolation of the wilderness and frequently set the action in an arid, desolate landscape. Apart from the wilderness, it is usually the saloon that emphasizes that this is the Wild West, it is the place to go for music, women, gambling, drinking, brawling and shooting. The American Film Institute defines western films as those set in the American West that embodies the spirit, the struggle, the term Western, used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World Magazine. Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th century popular Western fiction and were firmly in place before film became an art form. Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds, Western films were enormously popular in the silent film era. With the advent of sound in 1927-28, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns, leaving the genre to smaller studios and these smaller organizations churned out countless low-budget features and serials in the 1930s. Released through United Artists, Stagecoach made John Wayne a mainstream star in the wake of a decade of headlining B westerns
31.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year
32.
Pacific Ocean
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The Pacific Ocean is the largest and deepest of the Earths oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic Ocean in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south and is bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, the Mariana Trench in the western North Pacific is the deepest point in the world, reaching a depth of 10,911 metres. Both the center of the Water Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere are in the Pacific Ocean, the oceans current name was coined by Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan during the Spanish circumnavigation of the world in 1521, as he encountered favourable winds on reaching the ocean. He called it Mar Pacífico, which in both Portuguese and Spanish means peaceful sea, important human migrations occurred in the Pacific in prehistoric times. Long-distance trade developed all along the coast from Mozambique to Japan, trade, and therefore knowledge, extended to the Indonesian islands but apparently not Australia. By at least 878 when there was a significant Islamic settlement in Canton much of trade was controlled by Arabs or Muslims. In 219 BC Xu Fu sailed out into the Pacific searching for the elixir of immortality, from 1404 to 1433 Zheng He led expeditions into the Indian Ocean. The east side of the ocean was discovered by Spanish explorer Vasco Núñez de Balboa in 1513 after his expedition crossed the Isthmus of Panama and he named it Mar del Sur because the ocean was to the south of the coast of the isthmus where he first observed the Pacific. Later, Portuguese explorer Ferdinand Magellan sailed the Pacific East to West on a Castilian expedition of world circumnavigation starting in 1519, Magellan called the ocean Pacífico because, after sailing through the stormy seas off Cape Horn, the expedition found calm waters. The ocean was often called the Sea of Magellan in his honor until the eighteenth century, sailing around and east of the Moluccas, between 1525 and 1527, Portuguese expeditions discovered the Caroline Islands, the Aru Islands, and Papua New Guinea. In 1542–43 the Portuguese also reached Japan, in 1564, five Spanish ships consisting of 379 explorers crossed the ocean from Mexico led by Miguel López de Legazpi and sailed to the Philippines and Mariana Islands. The Manila galleons operated for two and a half centuries linking Manila and Acapulco, in one of the longest trade routes in history, Spanish expeditions also discovered Tuvalu, the Marquesas, the Cook Islands, the Solomon Islands, and the Admiralty Islands in the South Pacific. In the 16th and 17th century Spain considered the Pacific Ocean a Mare clausum—a sea closed to other naval powers, as the only known entrance from the Atlantic the Strait of Magellan was at times patrolled by fleets sent to prevent entrance of non-Spanish ships. On the western end of the Pacific Ocean the Dutch threatened the Spanish Philippines, Spain also sent expeditions to the Pacific Northwest reaching Vancouver Island in southern Canada, and Alaska. The French explored and settled Polynesia, and the British made three voyages with James Cook to the South Pacific and Australia, Hawaii, and the North American Pacific Northwest, one of the earliest voyages of scientific exploration was organized by Spain in the Malaspina Expedition of 1789–1794. It sailed vast areas of the Pacific, from Cape Horn to Alaska, Guam and the Philippines, New Zealand, Australia, and the South Pacific. Growing imperialism during the 19th century resulted in the occupation of much of Oceania by other European powers, and later, Japan, in Oceania, France got a leading position as imperial power after making Tahiti and New Caledonia protectorates in 1842 and 1853 respectively. After navy visits to Easter Island in 1875 and 1887, Chilean navy officer Policarpo Toro managed to negotiate an incorporation of the island into Chile with native Rapanui in 1888, by occupying Easter Island, Chile joined the imperial nations
33.
Cinerama
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Cinerama is a widescreen process that originally projected images simultaneously from three synchronized 35 mm projectors onto a huge, deeply curved screen, subtending 146° of arc. The trademarked process was marketed by the Cinerama corporation and it was the first of a number of novel processes introduced during the 1950s, when the movie industry was reacting to competition from television. Cinerama was presented to the public as an event, with reserved seating and printed programs. The display is accompanied by a high-quality, seven-track discrete, directional, the original system involved shooting with three synchronized cameras sharing a single shutter. This process was abandoned in favor of a system using a single camera. The latter system lost the 146° field of view of the original three-strip system, three-strip Cinerama did not use anamorphic lenses, although two of the systems used to produce the 70mm prints did employ anamorphics. Later, 35mm anamorphic reduction prints were produced for exhibition in theatres with anamorphic CinemaScope-compatible projection lenses, Cooper, produced a commercially viable demonstration of Cinerama which opened on Broadway on September 30,1952. The film, titled This is Cinerama, was received with enthusiasm and it was the outgrowth of many years of development. Waller had earlier developed an 11-projector system called Vitarama at the Petroleum Industry exhibit in the 1939 New York Worlds Fair, a five-camera version, the Waller Gunnery Trainer, was used during the Second World War. The word Cinerama combines cinema with panorama, the origin of all the -orama neologisms, the photographic system used three interlocked 35 mm cameras equipped with 27 mm lenses, approximately the focal length of the human eye. The three cameras were mounted as one unit, set at 48 degrees to each other, a single rotating shutter in front of the three lenses assured simultaneous exposure on each of the films. The image was photographed six sprocket holes high, rather than the four used in other 35 mm processes. The picture was photographed and projected at 26 frames per second rather than the usual 24 and he further comments on the unreliability of numerous websites and other resources that will tell you that Cinerama had an aspect ratio of up to 3,1. In theaters, Cinerama film was projected from three projection booths arranged in the same pattern as the cameras. This was a big-ticket, reserved-seats spectacle, and the Cinerama projectors were adjusted carefully, great care was taken to match color and brightness when producing the prints. Nevertheless, the seams between panels were usually noticeable, optical limitations with the design of the camera itself meant that if distant scenes joined perfectly, closer objects did not. A nearby object might split into two as it crossed the seams, to avoid calling attention to the seams, scenes were often composed with unimportant objects such as trees or posts at the seams, and action was blocked so as to center actors within panels. This gave a distinctly triptych-like appearance to the composition even when the seams themselves were not obvious and it was often necessary to have actors in different sections cheat where they looked in order to appear to be looking at each other in the final projected picture
34.
American Film Institute
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The American Film Institute is an American film organization that educates filmmakers and honors the heritage of the moving picture arts in America. AFI is supported by funding and public membership. The institute is composed of leaders from the film, entertainment, business, a board of trustees chaired by Sir Howard Stringer and a board of directors chaired by Robert A. Daly guide the organization, which is led by President and CEO Bob Gazzale. Prior leaders were founding director George Stevens, Jr. and Jean Picker Firstenberg. <ref>AFI Board of Trustees etc. American Film Institute. October 2014. Retrieved December 24,2014. </ref>Two years later, in 1967, AFI was established, supported by the National Endowment for the Arts, the Motion Picture Association of America and the Ford Foundation. The institute established a program for filmmakers known then as the Center for Advanced Film Studies. The institute moved to its current eight-acre Hollywood campus in 1981, the film training program grew into the AFI Conservatory, an accredited graduate school. AFI educates audiences and recognizes excellence through its awards programs and 10 Top 10 Lists. In 1969, the established the AFI Conservatory for Advanced Film Studies at Greystone. The first class included filmmakers Terrence Malick, Caleb Deschanel and Paul Schrader, mirroring a professional production environment, Fellows collaborate to make more films than any other graduate level program. Admission to AFI Conservatory is highly selective, with a maximum of 140 graduates per year, in 2013, Emmy and Oscar-winning director, producer and screenwriter James L. Brooks joined AFI as Artistic Director of the AFI Conservatory where he provides leadership for the film program. Brooks artistic role at the AFI Conservatory has a legacy that includes Daniel Petrie, Jr. Robert Wise. Award-winning director Bob Mandel served as Dean of the AFI Conservatory for nine years, jan Schuette took over as Dean in 2014. AFI Conservatorys alumni have careers in film, television and on the web and they have been recognized with all of the major industry awards – Academy Award, Emmy Award, guild awards, and the Tony Award. The AFI Catalog, started in 1968, is a web-based filmographic database, early print copies of this catalog may also be found at your local library. Each year the AFI Awards honor the ten outstanding films and ten outstanding television programs, the awards are a non-competitive acknowledgement of excellence. The Awards are announced in December and a luncheon for award honorees takes place the following January. The juries consisted of over 1,500 artists, scholars, critics and historians, with movies selected based on the films popularity over time, historical significance, citizen Kane was voted the greatest American film twice. AFI operates two film festivals, AFI Fest in Los Angeles, and AFI Docs in Silver Spring, Maryland, AFI Fest is the American Film Institutes annual celebration of artistic excellence
35.
National Film Registry
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The National Film Registry is the United States National Film Preservation Boards selection of films for preservation in the Library of Congress. The NFPB, established by the National Film Preservation Act of 1988, was reauthorized by acts of Congress in 1992,1996,2005, and again in October 2008. The NFPBs mission, to which the NFR contributes, is to ensure the survival, conservation, the 1996 law also created the non-profit National Film Preservation Foundation which, although affiliated with the NFPB, raises money from the private sector. To be eligible for inclusion, a film must be at least ten years old, for the first selection in 1989, the public nominated almost 1,000 films for consideration. Members of the NFPB then developed individual ballots of possible films for inclusion, the ballots were tabulated into a list of 25 films which was then modified by Librarian of Congress James H. Billington and his staff at the Library for the final selection. Since 1997, members of the public have been able to nominate up to 50 films a year for the NFPB, the NFR includes films ranging from Hollywood classics to orphan films. A film is not required to be feature-length, nor is it required to have been released in the traditional sense. As of the 2016 listing, there are 700 films preserved in the Registry, currently, the earliest listed film is Newark Athlete, and the most recent is 13 Lakes. Counting the 11 multi-year serials in the NFR once each by year of completion, the years with the most films selected are 1928,1939, the time between a films debut and its selection varies greatly. The longest span is 119 years, Newark Athlete was originally released in 1891, the shortest span is the minimum 10 years, this distinction is shared by Raging Bull, Do the Right Thing, Goodfellas, Toy Story, Fargo and 13 Lakes. For purposes of this list, multi-year serials are counted once by year of completion
36.
Library of Congress
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The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center. The Library of Congress claims to be the largest library in the world and its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in other than English. The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for years in the temporary national capitals of New York. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s, most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books. After a period of growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection. The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and it included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks. Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books, the Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate. James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress. And for fitting up an apartment for containing them. Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol, as president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books and these volumes had been left in the Senate wing of the Capitol. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and it was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government in 1940. Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his library as a replacement
37.
Raft
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A raft is any flat structure for support or transportation over water. It is the most basic of boat design, characterized by the absence of a hull, traditional or primitive rafts are constructed of wood or reeds. Modern rafts may also use pontoons, drums, or extruded polystyrene blocks, inflatable rafts use durable, multi-layered rubberized fabrics. Depending on its use and size, it may have a superstructure, masts, timber rafting is used by the logging industry for the transportation of logs, by tying them together into rafts and drifting or pulling them down a river. This method was common up until the middle of the 20th century but is now used only rarely. Large rafts made of logs and using sails for navigation were important in maritime trade on the Pacific Ocean coast of South America from pre-Columbian times until the 19th century. The type of raft used for recreational rafting is almost exclusively an inflatable boat, in biology, particularly in island biogeography, non-manmade rafts are an important concept. g. They stay afloat by its buoyancy and can travel for hundreds, even thousands of miles and ultimately are destroyed by wave action and decomposition. Rafting events are important means of dispersal for non-flying animals. World of Boats Collection ~ Australian Reed Raft World of Boats Collection ~ Brazilian Jangada Homemade Raft Plans and Photos of Rafts Neutrino Raft – vessels made from scrap
38.
Rapids
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Rapids are sections of a river where the river bed has a relatively steep gradient, causing an increase in water velocity and turbulence. Rapids are hydrological features between a run and a cascade, rapids are characterised by the river becoming shallower with some rocks exposed above the flow surface. As flowing water splashes over and around the rocks, air bubbles become mixed in with it and portions of the surface acquire a white colour, forming what is called whitewater. Rapids occur where the bed material is resistant to the erosive power of the stream in comparison with the bed downstream of the rapids. Very young streams flowing across solid rock may be rapids for much of their length, rapids cause water aeration of the stream or river resulting in better water quality. Rapids are categorized in classes, generally running from I to VI, a Class 5 rapid may be categorized as Class 5. 1-5.9. While class I rapids are easy to negotiate and require no maneuvering, river rafting sports is carried out where many rapids are there in the course
39.
Erie Canal
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The Erie Canal is a canal in New York that is part of the east–west, cross-state route of the New York State Canal System. Originally, it ran about 363 miles from Albany, on the Hudson River, to Buffalo and it was built to create a navigable water route from New York City and the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes. First proposed in the 1780s, then re-proposed in 1807, a survey was authorized, funded, proponents of the project gradually wore down opponents, its construction began in 1817. The canal has 35 numbered locks, plus the Federal Black Rock Lock, and it opened on October 26,1825. In a time when bulk goods were limited to pack animals and it was faster than carts pulled by draft animals, and cut transport costs by about 95%. The canal fostered a population surge in western New York and opened regions farther west to settlement and it was enlarged between 1834 and 1862. The canals peak year was 1855, when 33,000 commercial shipments took place. In 1918, the part of the canal was enlarged to become part of the New York State Barge Canal, which ran parallel to the eastern half of the Erie Canal. Mainly used by recreational watercraft since the retirement of the last large ship, the Day Peckinpaugh in 1994. This was not unique to the Americas, and the still exists in those parts of the world where muscle power provides a primary means of transportation within a region. An equally ancient solution was implemented in many cultures — things in the water weighed far less, passengers and freight had to travel overland, a journey made more difficult by the rough condition of the roads. In 1800, it typically took 2.5 weeks to travel overland from New York to Cleveland, the principal exportable product of the Ohio Valley was grain, which was a high-volume, low-priced commodity, bolstered by supplies from the coast. Frequently it was not worth the cost of transporting it to far-away population centers and this was a factor leading to farmers in the west turning their grains into whiskey for easier transport and higher sales, and later the Whiskey Rebellion. In time, projects were devised in Virginia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, the successes of the Canal du Midi in France, Bridgewater Canal in Britain, and Eiderkanal in Denmark spurred on what was called in Britain canal mania. Two men, Gouverneur Morris and Elkanah Watson, were proponents of a canal along the Mohawk River. Their efforts led to the creation of the Western and Northern Inland Lock Navigation Companies in 1792, by 1788, Washingtons Potomac Company was successful in constructing five locks which took boats 4,500 feet past the Potomac Great Falls. However, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal superseded the Potomac Canal in 1823, christopher Colles surveyed the Mohawk Valley, and made a presentation to the New York state legislature in 1784, proposing a shorter canal from Lake Ontario. The proposal drew attention and some action, but was never implemented, jesse Hawley finally got the canal built
40.
Ohio River
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The Ohio River, which streams westward from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Cairo, Illinois, is the largest tributary, by volume, of the Mississippi River in the United States. The 981-mile river flows through or along the border of six states, through its largest tributary, the Tennessee River, the basin includes many of the states of the southeastern U. S. It is the source of drinking water for three million people and it is named in Iroquoian or Seneca, Ohi, yó, lit. Good River or Shawnee, Pelewathiipi and Spelewathiipi, the river had great significance in the history of the Native Americans, as numerous civilizations formed along its valley. For thousands of years, Native Americans used the river as a major transportation, in 1669, René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle led a French expedition to the Ohio River, becoming the first Europeans to see it. After European-American settlement, the served as a border between present-day Kentucky and Indian Territories. It was a transportation route for pioneers during the westward expansion of the early U. S. In his Notes on the State of Virginia published in 1781–82, Thomas Jefferson stated and its current gentle, waters clear, and bosom smooth and unbroken by rocks and rapids, a single instance only excepted. During the 19th century, the river was the boundary of the Northwest Territory. Where the river was narrow, it was the way to freedom for thousands of slaves escaping to the North, many helped by free blacks and whites of the Underground Railroad resistance movement. The Ohio River is a transition area, as its water runs along the periphery of the humid subtropical. It is inhabited by fauna and flora of both climates, in winter, it regularly freezes over at Pittsburgh but rarely further south toward Cincinnati and Louisville. At Paducah, Kentucky, in the south, near the Ohios confluence with the Mississippi, Paducah was founded there because it is the northernmost ice-free reach of the Ohio. The Ohio River is formed by the confluence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers at Point State Park in Pittsburgh, from there, it flows northwest through Allegheny and Beaver counties, before making an abrupt turn to the south-southwest at the West Virginia–Ohio–Pennsylvania triple-state line. From there, it forms the border between West Virginia and Ohio, upstream of Wheeling, West Virginia, the river then follows a roughly southwest and then west-northwest course until Cincinnati, before bending to a west-southwest course for most of its length. The course forms the borders of West Virginia and Kentucky. The Ohio drains parts of 15 states in four regions, northeast New York, a small area of the southern border along the headwaters of the Allegheny. Pennsylvania, a corridor from the corner to north central border
41.
Battery Rock
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Battery Rock is a limestone bluff located at Mile 860 of the Ohio River in Hardin County, Illinois, across from Caseyville, Kentucky. The bluff is a prominent navigational landmark along the river, the site played a role in several conflicts during the Civil War. The bluff also played a role in Confederate general Stovepipe Johnsons attack on riverboats in 1864, during the attack, boats used the landing at Battery Rock as a safe harbor and a place to monitor the situation. The bluff was used as a location for the film How the West Was Won in the 1960s. Battery Rock was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 5,1998
42.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
43.
Pittsburgh
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Pittsburgh is a city in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania in the United States, and is the county seat of Allegheny County. The city proper has a population of 304,391. The metropolitan population of 2,353,045 is the largest in both the Ohio Valley and Appalachia, the second-largest in Pennsylvania, and the 26th-largest in the U. S. The city features 30 skyscrapers, two inclines, a fortification and the Point State Park at the confluence of the rivers. Aside from steel, Pittsburgh has led in manufacturing of aluminum, glass, shipbuilding, petroleum, foods, sports, transportation, computing, autos, and electronics. For part of the 20th century, Pittsburgh was behind only New York and Chicago in corporate headquarters employment, Americas 1980s deindustrialization laid off area blue-collar workers and thousands of downtown white-collar workers when the longtime Pittsburgh-based world headquarters moved out. The area has served also as the federal agency headquarters for cyber defense, software engineering, robotics, energy research. The area is home to 68 colleges and universities, including research and development leaders Carnegie Mellon University, the region is a hub for Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, sustainable energy, and energy extraction. Pittsburgh was named in 1758 by General John Forbes, in honor of British statesman William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham. The current pronunciation, which is unusual in English speaking countries, is almost certainly a result of a printing error in some copies of the City Charter of March 18,1816. The error was repeated commonly enough throughout the rest of the 19th century that the pronunciation was lost. After a public campaign the original spelling was restored by the United States Board on Geographic Names in 1911. The area of the Ohio headwaters was long inhabited by the Shawnee, the first known European to enter the region was the French explorer/trader Robert de La Salle from Quebec during his 1669 expedition down the Ohio River. European pioneers, primarily Dutch, followed in the early 18th century, Michael Bezallion was the first to describe the forks of the Ohio in a 1717 manuscript, and later that year European fur traders established area posts and settlements. In 1749, French soldiers from Quebec launched an expedition to the forks to unite Canada with French Louisiana via the rivers, during 1753–54, the British hastily built Fort Prince George before a larger French force drove them off. The French built Fort Duquesne based on LaSalles 1669 claims, the French and Indian War, the North American front of the Seven Years War, began with the future Pittsburgh as its center. British General Edward Braddock was dispatched with Major George Washington as his aide to take Fort Duquesne, the British and colonial force were defeated at Braddocks Field. General John Forbes finally took the forks in 1758, Forbes began construction on Fort Pitt, named after William Pitt the Elder while the settlement was named Pittsborough
