1.
Duke of Westminster
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The title Duke of Westminster was created by Queen Victoria in 1874 and bestowed upon Hugh Grosvenor, 3rd Marquess of Westminster. The 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th Dukes were each his grandsons, the present holder of the title is Hugh Grosvenor, having inherited the title on 9 August 2016 following the death of his father, Gerald. The present Duke is also a godfather of Prince George of Cambridge, the Duke of Westminsters seats are at Eaton Hall, Cheshire and at Abbeystead House, Lancashire. The familys London townhouse was Grosvenor House, Park Lane, the traditional burial place of the Dukes is the Old Churchyard adjacent to St Marys Church, Eccleston. Richard Grosvenor was created Baronet of Eaton in January 1622, sir Richard Grosvenor, the 7th Baronet, was created Baron Grosvenor in 1761 and in 1784 became both Viscount Belgrave and Earl Grosvenor under George III. The title Marquess of Westminster was bestowed upon Robert Grosvenor the 2nd Earl Grosvenor at the coronation of William IV in 1831. The subsidiary titles are, Marquess of Westminster, Earl Grosvenor, Viscount Belgrave, of Belgrave in the County of Chester, the Dukedom and Marquessate are in the Peerage of the United Kingdom, the rest are in the Peerage of Great Britain. The courtesy title of the eldest son and heir to the Duke is Earl Grosvenor, Earl of Wilton Baron Ebury Baron Stalbridge An Online Gotha – Westminster
Duke of Westminster
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St Mary's Church, Eccleston, Grosvenor Chapel:
Cenotaph and
Garter banner of
Hugh Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster
Duke of Westminster
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Quarterly: 1st and 4th, Azure a Portcullis with chains pendant Or on a Chief of the last between two united Roses of York and Lancaster a Pale charged with the Arms of King Edward the Confessor (City of Westminster); 2nd and 3rd, Azure a Garb Or (Grosvenor) The shield is encircled with the
Order of the Garter, of which the 1st and 6th Dukes were members.
2.
Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster
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Major General Gerald Cavendish Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster, KG CB CVO OBE TD CD DL was a British landowner, businessman, philanthropist, Territorial Army general and hereditary peer. He was the son of Robert George Grosvenor, 5th Duke of Westminster and he was Chairman of the property company Grosvenor Group. Born in Northern Ireland, Grosvenor moved from an island in the middle of Lough Erne to be educated at Sunningdale, after a troubled education he left school with two O-levels. He joined the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst and served in the Territorial Army, the business also has interests in other parts of Europe. According to the Sunday Times Rich List 2016, the Duke was worth £9.35 billion, placing him sixth in the list, after developing the two parts of Central London, the family business expanded. During the second half of the 20th century, the business expanded into the Americas and developed Annacis Island, the family business started developing in Australia in the 1960s. They moved to Asia in the early 1990s and to continental Europe just before the millennium, in April 2000, the firm moved into new London offices. The business was headed by the 6th Duke, who was Chairman of the Trustees, the Duke was also Director of Claridges Hotel from 1981 until 1993, and of Marcher Sound from 1992 until 1997. As a child the Duke lived on an island in the middle of Lough Erne and his early education was in Northern Ireland before he attended Sunningdale and Harrow boarding schools in England. He left school with a poor academic record, obtaining only two O-levels in history and English. As the Earl Grosvenor he joined the Territorial Army in 1970, as a trooper and he was promoted to lieutenant on 13 May 1975 and to captain on 1 July 1980. He was promoted to the rank of major on 1 January 1985. Promoted to lieutenant-colonel on 1 April 1992, he commanded the North Irish Horse, the Cheshire Yeomanry Squadron, founded by his ancestors. He was promoted to colonel on 31 December 1994 and was appointed colonel of the 7th Regt Army Air Corps. Promoted to brigadier on 17 January 2000, he was also appointed Honorary Colonel of the Royal Mercian and Lancastrian Yeomanry on 14 May 2001 and he was also appointed Colonel-in-Chief of the Canadian Royal Westminster Regiment, the North Irish Horse, and as Colonel Commandant Yeomanry. The Duke was Grand Prior of the Priory of England of the Military and Hospitaller Order of St Lazarus of Jerusalem, in 2004, he was appointed to the new post of Assistant Chief of the Defence Staff, with promotion in the rank of major-general. The Duke became Deputy Commander Land Forces in May 2011 and he retired from the Armed Forces in 2012. He was Vice-President of the Royal Engineers Music Foundation 1990–94, work started on the £300m project in April 2016, and it is intended that the new facilities which are under construction for completion in 2018 will replace those at Headley Court
Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster
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Photographed by
Allan Warren in 1997
Gerald Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster
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The Duke behind his desk in 1988
3.
Eaton Hall, Cheshire
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Eaton Hall is the country house of the Duke of Westminster. It is set within a large estate 1 mile south of the village of Eccleston, in Cheshire, the house is surrounded by formal gardens, parkland, farmland and woodland. The estate covers an area of about 10,872 acres, the first substantial house was built in the 17th century. In the early 19th century it was replaced by a larger house designed by William Porden. This in turn was replaced by a larger house, with outbuildings. Building started in 1870 and concluded about 12 years later, by 1960 the fabric of the house had deteriorated and, like many other mansions during this period, it was demolished, although the chapel and many of the outbuildings were retained. A new house was built but its design was not considered to be sympathetic to the local landscape, a variety of buildings are included in the estate, some decorative, others built for the business of the estate, many of these are listed buildings. Eaton Hall has been the house of the Grosvenor family since the 15th century. There is evidence of a house on a moated site in the estate in a 17th-century estate map. A survey undertaken in 1798 showed that the building was still present, the first substantial house was built for Sir Thomas Grosvenor, 3rd Baronet. He inherited the estate at the age of 19 when he succeeded his grandfather, Sir Richard Grosvenor, 2nd Baronet, the new owner commissioned the architect William Samwell to design the house. Building started in 1675, much of the stone used was brought from the ruined Holt Castle in north Wales, by 1683 the cost of building the house had risen to over £1,000. An engraving of the shows it to have been a substantial square house with three storeys and dormers. The entrance front had nine bays and a portico, the engraving also shows the earlier moated house to the south of the new house. Grosvenor appointed William Porden to plan the improvements, building started in 1803 and Porden estimated it would take three years to build at a cost of £10,000. In the event it took just under 10 years and cost over £100,000, the previous house was encased and surrounded by every possible permutation of the gothic style, including turrets, pinnacles, arched windows, octagonal towers, and buttresses. Two new wings were added in the first stage, and in the 1820s more wings were added, the interior of the house was as lavish as the exterior, with more Gothic detailing. The hangings for the state bed included 97 yards of purple damask and 103 yards of sarsenet trimmed with gold lace, when the future Queen Victoria visited in 1832 at the age of 13, she wrote in her journal, The house is magnificent
Eaton Hall, Cheshire
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Eaton Hall from the east showing the hall and the chapel in August 2002
Eaton Hall, Cheshire
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The estate showing the Samwell Hall in 1708. The former house can be seen in the bottom right corner.
Eaton Hall, Cheshire
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The entrance front of the Samwell house
Eaton Hall, Cheshire
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Hall as designed by
William Porden
4.
United States dollar
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The United States dollar is the official currency of the United States and its insular territories per the United States Constitution. It is divided into 100 smaller cent units, the circulating paper money consists of Federal Reserve Notes that are denominated in United States dollars. The U. S. dollar was originally commodity money of silver as enacted by the Coinage Act of 1792 which determined the dollar to be 371 4/16 grain pure or 416 grain standard silver, the currency most used in international transactions, it is the worlds primary reserve currency. Several countries use it as their currency, and in many others it is the de facto currency. Besides the United States, it is used as the sole currency in two British Overseas Territories in the Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands and Turks and Caicos Islands. A few countries use the Federal Reserve Notes for paper money, while the country mints its own coins, or also accepts U. S. coins that can be used as payment in U. S. dollars. After Nixon shock of 1971, USD became fiat currency, Article I, Section 8 of the U. S. Constitution provides that the Congress has the power To coin money, laws implementing this power are currently codified at 31 U. S. C. Section 5112 prescribes the forms in which the United States dollars should be issued and these coins are both designated in Section 5112 as legal tender in payment of debts. The Sacagawea dollar is one example of the copper alloy dollar, the pure silver dollar is known as the American Silver Eagle. Section 5112 also provides for the minting and issuance of other coins and these other coins are more fully described in Coins of the United States dollar. The Constitution provides that a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and that provision of the Constitution is made specific by Section 331 of Title 31 of the United States Code. The sums of money reported in the Statements are currently being expressed in U. S. dollars, the U. S. dollar may therefore be described as the unit of account of the United States. The word dollar is one of the words in the first paragraph of Section 9 of Article I of the Constitution, there, dollars is a reference to the Spanish milled dollar, a coin that had a monetary value of 8 Spanish units of currency, or reales. In 1792 the U. S. Congress passed a Coinage Act, Section 20 of the act provided, That the money of account of the United States shall be expressed in dollars, or units. And that all accounts in the offices and all proceedings in the courts of the United States shall be kept and had in conformity to this regulation. In other words, this act designated the United States dollar as the unit of currency of the United States, unlike the Spanish milled dollar the U. S. dollar is based upon a decimal system of values. Both one-dollar coins and notes are produced today, although the form is significantly more common
United States dollar
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Series of 1917
$1 United States bill
United States dollar
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Federal Reserve Notes
United States dollar
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Spanish silver real or
peso of 1768
United States dollar
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Obverse of rare 1934 $500 Federal Reserve Note, featuring a portrait of President
William McKinley.
5.
Church of England
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The Church of England is the state church of England. The Archbishop of Canterbury is the most senior cleric, although the monarch is the supreme governor, the Church of England is also the mother church of the international Anglican Communion. It dates its establishment as a church to the 6th-century Gregorian mission to Kent led by Augustine of Canterbury. The English church renounced papal authority when Henry VIII sought to secure an annulment from Catherine of Aragon in the 1530s, the English Reformation accelerated under Edward VIs regents before a brief restoration of papal authority under Queen Mary I and King Philip. This is expressed in its emphasis on the teachings of the early Church Fathers, as formalised in the Apostles, Nicene, in the earlier phase of the English Reformation there were both Catholic martyrs and radical Protestant martyrs. The later phases saw the Penal Laws punish Roman Catholic and nonconforming Protestants, in the 17th century, political and religious disputes raised the Puritan and Presbyterian faction to control of the church, but this ended with the Restoration. Papal recognition of George III in 1766 led to religious tolerance. Since the English Reformation, the Church of England has used a liturgy in English, the church contains several doctrinal strands, the main three known as Anglo-Catholic, Evangelical and Broad Church. Tensions between theological conservatives and progressives find expression in debates over the ordination of women and homosexuality, the church includes both liberal and conservative clergy and members. The governing structure of the church is based on dioceses, each presided over by a bishop, within each diocese are local parishes. The General Synod of the Church of England is the body for the church and comprises bishops, other clergy. Its measures must be approved by both Houses of Parliament, according to tradition, Christianity arrived in Britain in the 1st or 2nd century, during which time southern Britain became part of the Roman Empire. The earliest historical evidence of Christianity among the native Britons is found in the writings of such early Christian Fathers as Tertullian, three Romano-British bishops, including Restitutus, are known to have been present at the Council of Arles in 314. Others attended the Council of Sardica in 347 and that of Ariminum in 360, Britain was the home of Pelagius, who opposed Augustine of Hippos doctrine of original sin. Consequently, in 597, Pope Gregory I sent the prior of the Abbey of St Andrews from Rome to evangelise the Angles and this event is known as the Gregorian mission and is the date the Church of England generally marks as the beginning of its formal history. A later archbishop, the Greek Theodore of Tarsus, also contributed to the organisation of Christianity in England, the Church of England has been in continuous existence since the days of St Augustine, with the Archbishop of Canterbury as its episcopal head. Despite the various disruptions of the Reformation and the English Civil War, while some Celtic Christian practices were changed at the Synod of Whitby, the Christian Church in the British Isles was under papal authority from earliest times. The Synod of Whitby established the Roman date for Easter and the Roman style of monastic tonsure in Britain and this meeting of the ecclesiastics with Roman customs with local bishops was summoned in 664 at Saint Hildas double monastery of Streonshalh, later called Whitby Abbey
Church of England
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Hereford is one of the church's 43 cathedrals; many have histories stretching back centuries
Church of England
Church of England
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Stained glass window in
Rochester Cathedral, Kent
Church of England
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Richard Hooker (1554–1600), one of the most influential figures in shaping Anglican theology and self-identity
6.
Hereditary peer
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Hereditary peers form part of the peerage in the United Kingdom. There are over eight hundred peers who hold titles that may be inherited. Formerly, most of them were entitled to sit in the House of Lords, Peers are called to the House of Lords with a writ of summons. A hereditary title is not necessarily a title of the peerage, for instance, baronets and baronetesses may pass on their titles, but they are not peers. Conversely, the holder of a title may belong to the peerage. Peerages may be created by means of letters patent, but the granting of new hereditary peerages has dwindled, with six having been created since 1965. The hereditary peerage, as it now exists, combines several different English institutions with analogous ones from Scotland and Ireland, English Earls are an Anglo-Saxon institution. Around 1014, England was divided into shires or counties, largely to defend against the Danes, each shire was led by a great man, called an earl. When the Normans conquered England, they continued to appoint earls, but not for all counties, Earldoms began as offices, with a perquisite of a share of the legal fees in the county, they gradually became honours, with a stipend of £20 a year. Like most feudal offices, earldoms were inherited, but the kings frequently asked earls to resign or exchange earldoms, William the Conqueror and Henry II did not make Dukes, they were themselves only Dukes of Normandy or Aquitaine. But when Edward III of England declared himself King of France, he made his sons Dukes, to them from other noblemen. Later Kings created Marquesses and Viscounts to make finer gradations of honour, which men were ordered to Council varied from Council to Council, a man might be so ordered once and never again, or all his life, but his son and heir might never go. Under Henry VI of England, in the 15th century, just before the Wars of the Roses, the first claim of hereditary right to a writ comes from this reign, so does the first patent, or charter declaring a man to be a Baron. The five orders began to be called Peers, holders of older peerages also began receive greater honour than Peers of the same rank just created. If a man held a peerage, his son would succeed to it, if he had no children, if he had a single daughter, his son-in-law would inherit the family lands, and usually the same Peerage, more complex cases were decided depending on circumstances. Customs changed with time, Earldoms were the first to be hereditary, after Henry II became the Lord of Ireland, he and his successors began to imitate the English system as it was in their time. A writ does not create a peerage in Ireland, all Irish peerages are by patent or charter, in the 18th century, Irish peerages became rewards for English politicians, limited only by the concern that they might go to Dublin and interfere with the Irish Government. Scotland evolved a system, differing in points of detail
Hereditary peer
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The House of Lords (old chamber, burned down in 1834) as drawn by Augustus Pugin and Thomas Rowlandson for Ackermann's Microcosm of London (1808-11).
Hereditary peer
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Charles I (pictured) attempted to withhold a
writ of summons for
John Digby, 1st Earl of Bristol in 1626.
Hereditary peer
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Letters patent granting the
Dukedom of Marlborough to Sir
John Churchill were later amended by Parliament
Hereditary peer
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In 1984 Harold Macmillan, a former Prime Minister, was the last non-royal recipient of a hereditary peerage, the
Earldom of Stockton.
7.
Mostyn House School
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Mostyn House School was a school that was originally opened in Tarvin, and moved to Parkgate, Cheshire in 1855. From 1862 until it closed in 2010, it was run by the Grenfell family, originally as a boarding school. The chapel was designed by Frederick Fraser and Warburton, with input by the headmaster of the school and it is built in red Ruabon brick with terracotta dressings, and has a red tiled roof with a finial at the east end. The chapel consists of a nave and chancel in a range, an apsidal east end. The furnishings are in style, designed by Frederick Fraser. In the windows is painted glass made by Morton and Company of Liverpool, sir Wilfred Grenfell, medical missionary to Newfoundland and Labrador, was born in Parkgate and was a pupil at the school. The 6th Duke of Westminsters children attended Mostyn House, including Hugh Grosvenor, other notable alumni include, George Ward Gunn Leonard Monk Isitt Gershom Stewart James Ward
Mostyn House School
Mostyn House School
Mostyn House School
Mostyn House School
8.
Ellesmere College
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Ellesmere College is an independent co-educational day and boarding school located near Ellesmere, in rural northern Shropshire, England. Founded in 1884, it is a school of the Woodard Corporation, the College was founded in 1879 by Canon Nathaniel Woodard as a boys school in association with the Church of England, on a 114-acre campus, with views across to the Breidden Hills. The land was provided by Lord Brownlow, originally called St Oswalds School, the College opened on 5 August 1884 with 70 boys and four masters. The building was designed by Richard Carpenter and Benjamin Ingelow, education was based on Anglo-Catholic values within a traditional public school framework. The College was intended to provide education at a low cost for the sons of families with limited finances, despite the schools Christian foundation, until 1926 there was no permanent chapel and a temporary chapel operated in the crypt beneath the Dining Hall. In 1926 a chapel was designed by Sir Aston Webb, modified plans were drawn up in 1932 by Sir Charles Nicholson and the building was completed in 1959. The newly completed Chapel and Dining Hall were destroyed by fire in 1966 and they were both reopened in 1969, and building work continued at the College throughout the 1970s, including new classrooms and additional boarding accommodation. During World War II the College stored a number of paintings from the Walker Art Gallery including Dantes Dream. In 1978 the College became the location for the filming of Absolution starring Richard Burton, though the Chapel scenes were filmed at Pinewood and it was not one of Burtons favourites, though it is notable as being the first film role for Billy Connolly. Since 1980 the College has been home to a Schulze Organ, originally installed at St Marys, Tyne Dock. Arms were granted to Saint Mary and Saint Nicholas Corporation Trustee for the use of Ellesmere College on 12 April 1954, the Grant is kept displayed in a case fastened to the wall of the Ante-Chapel. The Arms are, Shield, Per chevron Purpure and Or two Celestial Crowns fessewise of the last in chief a Cross flory also Gold in base a Raven proper holding in the beak a Golden Annulet. Crest, On a Wreath of the Colours Standing on a Mount Vert a Raven as in the Arms, the blazon means that the shield is divided per chevron, the upper part being purple and the lower gold. Celestial crowns have eight points of five are conventionally shown in the illustration. They are of the last tincture mentioned, that is, gold, and are arranged horizontally. At the top of the shield is a cross with each limb ending in a fleur de lis. The mantling represents the cloth worn over the back of the helmet, the crest is a raven, as in the Arms, standing on a green mound. The shield, crest and motto have all to do with the saintly King Oswald to whom the School is dedicated, the colours purple and gold are royal colours
Ellesmere College
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Ellesmere College
Ellesmere College
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This article is about the school in England. For the school in New Zealand, see
Ellesmere College (New Zealand).
Ellesmere College
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Owned Schools
9.
Public school (United Kingdom)
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A public school in England and Wales is an older, student selective and expensive fee-paying independent secondary school which caters primarily for children aged between 11 or 13 and 18. The term public should not be misunderstood to mean that these are public sector schools, traditionally, public schools were all-male boarding schools, although most now allow day pupils, and many have become either partially or fully co-educational. The origins of schools in the UK were primarily religious until 1640 and it was intended that by-products of this would be the publication of universal books and the setting up of schools for boys and girls. Henceforth each of these schools was to be managed by a board of governors, Public schools have had a strong association with the ruling classes. Historically they educated the sons of the English upper and upper-middle classes, the sons of officers and senior administrators of the British Empire were educated in England while their parents were on overseas postings. In 2010, over half of Cabinet Ministers had been educated at public schools, in 2014, annual fees at Canford School and Eton College were more than £33,000 for boarders. The name dates back to the time when schools founded for local children went public and it is also used to describe the some 230 girls senior schools belonging to the Girls Schools Association. Until the late medieval period most schools were controlled by the church and had specific entrance criteria, others were restricted to the sons of members of guilds, trades or livery companies. The need for professional trades in an increasingly secularised society required schools for the sons of the gentry that were independent from ecclesiastical authority, from the 16th century onward, boys boarding schools were founded or endowed for public use. Traditionally, most of public schools were all boys and full boarding. Separate preparatory schools for younger boys developed from the 1830s, with entry to the schools becoming limited to boys of at least 12 or 13 years old. The first of these was Windlesham House School, established with support from Thomas Arnold, many of the schools, including Rugby School, Harrow School and the Perse School fell into decline during the 18th century and nearly closed in the early 19th century. Protests in the local newspaper forced governors of the Perse School to keep it open, a Royal Commission, the Clarendon Commission, investigated nine of the more established schools, including seven boarding schools and two day schools. St Pauls School and the Merchant Taylors School claimed successfully that their constitutions made them private schools, in 1887 the Divisional Court and the Court of Appeal determined that the City of London School was a public school. In the first year only 12 headmasters attended, but in the following year 34 did, the Headmasters Conference has since grown steadily to over 200 schools. The Public Schools Yearbook was published for the first time in 1889, listing 30 schools, mostly boarding schools except for St Pauls School, some academically successful grammar schools were added in later editions. The 1902 edition included all schools whose principals qualified for membership of the Headmasters Conference, the Fleming Report defined a public school as a member of the Governing Bodies Association or the Headmasters Conference. Based on the recommendations of this report, the Education Act 1944 offered a new status to endowed grammar schools receiving a grant from central government
Public school (United Kingdom)
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The playing fields of
Rugby School, where according to legend the game of
rugby football was invented
Public school (United Kingdom)
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A bird's eye view of
Eton College by David Loggan, published in his Cantabrigia Illustrata of 1690
Public school (United Kingdom)
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In this 2009 photo, British Prime Minister
David Cameron (left), Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change
Chris Huhne (centre) and Deputy Prime Minister
Nick Clegg (centre right) had all attended English public schools.
10.
Combined Cadet Force
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The Combined Cadet Force is a Ministry of Defence sponsored youth organisation in the United Kingdom. As of 1 April 2014 there were 42,950 Cadets and 2,810 Cadet Force Adult Volunteers, MOD provides approximately £28M per year of funding to the CCF. The CCF was created in 1948 by the amalgamation of the Junior Training Corps, cCFs are still occasionally referred to as The Corps. On 12 May 1859, the Secretary of State for War, Jonathan Peel, sent out a letter to the public schools. The first school cadet corps was established at Rossall School in February 1860, felsted already had an armed drill contingent at the time of the War Office letter under the command of Sgt. Major Rogers RM, its claim on these grounds to be the oldest school corps was upheld by Field Marshal Earl Roberts in a letter to the Headmaster of 1904. Other corps were very quickly formed in 1860 at five schools, Eton, Harrow, Hurstpierpoint, Rugby. In February 1861 the Oxford City Rifle Cadet Corps was founded, with five companies, the first of which was composed of pupils of the Linden House School, in 1908, the units were re-titled the Officer Training Corps. A school contingent may have any combination of Royal Navy, Army, Royal Air Force and sometimes Royal Marines sections, the CCF movement is dominated by the independent sector with 200 contingents still being based in independent schools with only around 60 in state schools. It was reported in 2008 that some private school CCF detachments would be opened to pupils of state schools however there was no resultant change. In February 2014 it was announced that schools will lose millions of pounds of funding. Under the plans,100 state schools will set up cadet units by the end of 2015, a further 250 are expected to follow suit. Therefore, costs to schools involved are considerable, at over £200 per cadet per year, in July 2014 the following changes to CCF funding were proposed, From September 2015, MOD will no longer make a Contingent Grant. Schools would need to determine how best to fund those costs currently met by the grant, from September 2016, MOD will no longer fund the remuneration of adult volunteers. From September 2017, MOD will apply an additional charge to cover running costs, such as uniform, rations, in this year the charge will be about £75 per cadet per year, applied termly in arrears. From September 2018, the charge will rise to £150 per cadet per year, a Memorandum of Understanding, setting out what the MOD and each school are expected to provide, is under development. In January 2015, the proposal was shelved, and all funding was to remain in place, the Royal Navy Section wear a distinct CCF Cap Badge. The two regulation uniforms for RN cadets are No.4 working dress and No.3 parade dress and these are differentiated from regular RN uniform by the wearing of brassards and the CCF RN rank slide
Combined Cadet Force
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Logo
Combined Cadet Force
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Cadets during commemorations in
Jersey 2013. Showing the RAF Section uniform (left) and Army Section uniform (right)
Combined Cadet Force
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Army Cadets during the
Battle of Jersey commemoration in 2013
Combined Cadet Force
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Royal Navy Cadets, during a Royal Visit at
Victoria College, Jersey
11.
Newcastle University
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Newcastle University is a public research university located in Newcastle upon Tyne in the North-East of England. The university can trace its origins to a School of Medicine and Surgery, established in 1834 and these two colleges came to form one division of the federal University of Durham, with the Durham Colleges forming the other. The Newcastle colleges merged to form Kings College in 1937, in 1963, following an Act of Parliament, Kings College became the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. Newcastle University is a red brick university and is a member of the Russell Group, the university has one of the largest EU research portfolios in the UK. Newcastle attracts over 20,000 students from more than 120 different countries, in June 1851, following a dispute among the teaching staff, the School split into two rival institutions. The majority formed the Newcastle College of Medicine, and the others established themselves as the Newcastle upon Tyne College of Medicine, by 1852, the majority college was formally linked to the University of Durham. It awarded its first Licence in Medicine in 1856, and its teaching certificates were recognised by the University of London for graduation in medicine, the two colleges amalgamated in 1857 and renamed the University of Durham College of Medicine in 1870. Attempts to realise a place for the teaching of sciences in the city were met with the foundation of the College of Physical Science in 1871. By 1908, the Newcastle Division was teaching a range of subjects in the Faculties of Medicine, Arts, and Science. As the successor of Kings College, Durham, the university at its founding in 1963, in the Letters Patent authorising the transfer, the arms are blazoned Azure, a Cross of St Cuthbert Argent and in chief of the last a lion passant guardant Gules. While a Latin motto, mens agitat molem appears in the Students Union building, the university occupies a campus site close to Haymarket in central Newcastle upon Tyne. It is located to the northwest of the city centre between the spaces of Leazes Park and the Town Moor. The Armstrong building is the oldest building on the campus and is the site of the original Armstrong College. The building was constructed in three stages, the north east wing was completed first at a cost of £18,000, the south-east wing, which includes the Jubilee Tower, and south-west wings were opened in 1894. The Jubilee Tower was built with funds raised from an Exhibition to mark Queen Victorias Jubilee in 1887. The north-west front, forming the entrance, was completed in 1906. Much of the construction work was financed by Sir Isaac Lowthian Bell. In 1906 it was opened by King Edward VII, the building contains the Kings Hall, which serves as the universitys chief hall for ceremonial purposes where Congregation ceremonies are held
Newcastle University
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Newcastle University campus, looking towards the Arches with the Students' Union building on the left (2013)
Newcastle University
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Shield from the
arms of Newcastle University
Newcastle University
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The award-winning energy-efficient Devonshire Building
Newcastle University
–
Sir
Liam Donaldson robed as Chancellor of Newcastle University.
12.
Grosvenor Group
–
The Grosvenor Group is a British property corporation with offices in 18 cities operated on behalf of its owners, the Duke of Westminster and his family. The history of the Grosvenor Estate begins in 1677 with the marriage of the heiress Mary Davies to Sir Thomas Grosvenor, a few generations later, in the 1820s, their focus moved south—to what is now Belgravia—developing Eaton Square, Chester Square and other famous addresses. Later in the 19th century, the area of Pimlico was developed, many of the streets within the estate are named after the Grosvenor family and its connections. The Grosvenor family became established in England before the 15th century, on the manor of Eaton in Cheshire, many of its early members sat as Member of Parliament for Chester. In 1874 Hugh Grosvenor was created Duke of Westminster, other titles held by the Duke are, Marquess of Westminster, Earl Grosvenor, Viscount Belgrave, the Mayfair portion of the estate includes Peabody social housing around Brown Hart Gardens. International expansion began in the 1950s, in Canada and later in the United States—hence businesses in the Americas, in the 1960s the businesses expanded into Australia and, in the 1990s, into Asia Pacific. Also in the 1990s, Grosvenor expanded into Continental Europe, where most current activity relates to Grosvenors fund management business and this was formally established in 2005 and now encompasses the Americas, Asia Pacific and Europe
Grosvenor Group
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Belgrave Square, Belgravia, one of the most prestigious addresses within the Grosvenor Estate, now mainly occupied by embassies and corporations
Grosvenor Group
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Grosvenor Square, Mayfair, one of the most prestigious addresses within the Grosvenor Estate
13.
Dan Snow
–
Daniel Robert Dan Snow is a British television presenter, who presents history programmes for the BBC and other broadcasters and has a history slot on The One Show. Dan Snow is the youngest son of Peter Snow, BBC television journalist, through his mother, he is the nephew of Canadian historian Margaret MacMillan and also a great-great-grandson of British Prime Minister David Lloyd George. One of his fathers cousins is the Channel 4 news reporter Jon Snow and his paternal great-grandfather was Sir Thomas DOyly Snow, Snow was educated in London at Westfield Primary School now Barnes Primary and at St Pauls School where he was Captain of School and rowed for its VIII. He went up to Balliol College, Oxford, his fathers alma mater, Snow presented his first programme in October 2002 just after graduating from university, co-presenting the BBCs 60th anniversary special on the Battles of El Alamein with his father Peter. Father and son then collaborated to present an eight-part documentary series called Battlefield Britain, the same year Snow won a Sony award as one of the presenters on the LBC Boat Race coverage. He has made some programmes for the BBC. Snow again collaborated with his father to present BBC 2s 20th Century Battlefields and its print edition, the series covers battles all around the world and is presented in similar fashion to the first Battlefield Britain which was broadcast in various markets in 2006 and is available on DVD. The second series can also be viewed on the Military Channel, in June 2008, Snow was in a three-part series called Britains Lost World on BBC One. Along with Kate Humble and Steve Backshall, he stayed on the island of St Kilda, Scotland, to find out more about its history and wildlife. In the television programme My Family at War he explored the role of his great-grandfather General Sir Thomas DOyly Snow, despite having lain in a peat bog for 70 years the machine gun fired without a hitch after careful cleaning and with fresh ammunition. On 8 December 2012, Snow co-presented Romes Lost Empire with Dr. Sarah Parcak, in early 2013, he presented a programme on the history of railways on BBC Two, called Locomotion, Dan Snows History of Railways. Other British team members accompanied by American experts were Mike Dilger, the footage, narrated by Dougray Scott, became Operation Grand Canyon with Dan Snow which was broadcast on BBC Two in January 2014. Snow has also travelled through war zones in Congo and Syria to make programmes about the context of those conflicts. These were shown on BBC2 in 2013, Snow has released award-winning apps, the Timeline series, which include the Number 1 selling Reference app, TimelineWW2. He attracted criticism for saying in 2012 that apps are simply a vehicle than books. On 7 May 2015 Snow presented the online alternative election night broadcast unelection, on 27 November 2015 Snow presented a live-streamed Periscope broadcast from the Mary Rose. Gaining exclusive access to the conservation structure, Snow and his team were the first people. The broadcast was featured by Periscope and at the time of writing has received in excess of one hundred thousand views, Snows team pioneered the multi-camera live Periscope, inviting viewers to switch between live-streams
Dan Snow
–
Snow at Crac des Chevaliers
14.
Prince George of Cambridge
–
Prince George of Cambridge is the elder child and only son of Prince William, Duke of Cambridge, and Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge. He is third in line to succeed his paternal great-grandmother, Queen Elizabeth II, after his grandfather, Charles, Prince of Wales. On 3 December 2012, Clarence House announced that the Duke, at less than twelve weeks, the announcement was made earlier in the pregnancy than is traditional because of the Duchesss admission to hospital with hyperemesis gravidarum. During this time, a couple of Australian radio jockeys attempted to ring up the Hospital and they tried to put on fake British accents and mimicked the Queen and Prince Charles. The nurse who answered their call later committed suicide, before the birth, there was speculation the event would boost the British national economy and provide a focus for national pride. Welsh composer Paul Mealor, who composed Ubi Caritas et Amor for the wedding of the Duke and Duchess, composed a lullaby entitled Sleep On, a recording was made of it by New Zealand soprano Hayley Westenra as a gift for the baby. Commemorative coins were issued by the Royal Mint, Royal Canadian Mint, and Royal Australian Mint, the Duchess was admitted to St Marys Hospital, London, in the early stages of labour on 22 July 2013. She gave birth to a boy weighing 8 pounds 6 ounces at 16,24 BST later the same day, Queen Elizabeth IIs former gynaecologist, Marcus Setchell, delivered the baby assisted by Guy Thorpe-Beeston, Sunit Godambe and Physician to the Queen John Cunningham. The midwifery team accompanying the gynaecologists was led by Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trusts director of midwifery Professor Jackie Dunkley-Bent, William was by his wifes side when she gave birth. The Duchess and her baby, accompanied by the Duke, left hospital on 23 July, William took the full two weeks paternity leave from his job allowed by the Ministry of Defence. Julia Samuel, William van Cutsem and Zara Tindall serving as godparents, the ceremony used a font that was made for Queen Victorias first child and water from the River Jordan. The Royal Mint issued a set of coins to celebrate the christening. George, with his parents, embarked on his first royal tour in April 2014 and his first public engagement of the tour was on 9 April at a playdate at Government House, Wellington, organised by the New Zealand parenting organisation, Plunket. On 20 April, Easter Sunday, he met a bilby named after him at Taronga Zoo in Sydney, the BBC said at the end of the tour theres no doubt Prince George stole the limelight. Georges first birthday party was themed around childrens author Beatrix Potter, on 2 May 2015, George visited the hospital of his birth after the birth of his sister Charlotte, his first public appearance in the United Kingdom. In January 2016, George started his education at the Westacre Montessori School Nursery and that April, he was photographed for postage stamps to mark his great-grandmothers 90th birthday, alongside his father and grandfather. On 22 April of that year, he met President of the United States Barack Obama and he was photographed with a rocking horse that Obama had given him when he was born. The encounter later prompted Obama to joke that Prince George showed up to our meeting in his bathrobe, in March 2017, it was announced that George would begin primary school in September at the private Thomass School in Battersea
Prince George of Cambridge
–
George with his parents and the Governor-General of Australia,
Sir Peter Cosgrove, at
Admiralty House, Sydney, April 2014
Prince George of Cambridge
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George and his mother, 23 July 2013
Prince George of Cambridge
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Easel outside
Buckingham Palace, announcing: "Her Royal Highness The Duchess of Cambridge was safely delivered of a son at 4.24 p.m. today. Her Royal Highness and her child are both doing well."
Prince George of Cambridge
–
Fountain at
Trafalgar Square illuminated in blue to mark the birth of Prince George
15.
England
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England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west, the Irish Sea lies northwest of England and the Celtic Sea lies to the southwest. England is separated from continental Europe by the North Sea to the east, the country covers five-eighths of the island of Great Britain in its centre and south, and includes over 100 smaller islands such as the Isles of Scilly, and the Isle of Wight. England became a state in the 10th century, and since the Age of Discovery. The Industrial Revolution began in 18th-century England, transforming its society into the worlds first industrialised nation, Englands terrain mostly comprises low hills and plains, especially in central and southern England. However, there are uplands in the north and in the southwest, the capital is London, which is the largest metropolitan area in both the United Kingdom and the European Union. In 1801, Great Britain was united with the Kingdom of Ireland through another Act of Union to become the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. In 1922 the Irish Free State seceded from the United Kingdom, leading to the latter being renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain, the name England is derived from the Old English name Englaland, which means land of the Angles. The Angles were one of the Germanic tribes that settled in Great Britain during the Early Middle Ages, the Angles came from the Angeln peninsula in the Bay of Kiel area of the Baltic Sea. The earliest recorded use of the term, as Engla londe, is in the ninth century translation into Old English of Bedes Ecclesiastical History of the English People. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, its spelling was first used in 1538. The earliest attested reference to the Angles occurs in the 1st-century work by Tacitus, Germania, the etymology of the tribal name itself is disputed by scholars, it has been suggested that it derives from the shape of the Angeln peninsula, an angular shape. An alternative name for England is Albion, the name Albion originally referred to the entire island of Great Britain. The nominally earliest record of the name appears in the Aristotelian Corpus, specifically the 4th century BC De Mundo, in it are two very large islands called Britannia, these are Albion and Ierne. But modern scholarly consensus ascribes De Mundo not to Aristotle but to Pseudo-Aristotle, the word Albion or insula Albionum has two possible origins. Albion is now applied to England in a poetic capacity. Another romantic name for England is Loegria, related to the Welsh word for England, Lloegr, the earliest known evidence of human presence in the area now known as England was that of Homo antecessor, dating to approximately 780,000 years ago. The oldest proto-human bones discovered in England date from 500,000 years ago, Modern humans are known to have inhabited the area during the Upper Paleolithic period, though permanent settlements were only established within the last 6,000 years
England
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Stonehenge, a
Neolithic monument
England
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Flag
England
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Boudica led an uprising against the
Roman Empire
England
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Replica of a 7th-century ceremonial
helmet from the
Kingdom of East Anglia, found at
Sutton Hoo
16.
Baronet
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A baronet or the rare female equivalent, a baronetess, is the holder of a baronetcy, a hereditary title awarded by the British Crown. The practice of awarding baronetcies was originally introduced in England in the 14th century and was used by James I of England in 1611 as a means of raising funds. A baronetcy is the only British hereditary honour that is not a peerage, with the exception of the Anglo-Irish Black Knight, White Knight, Baronets are not deemed members of the nobility, but rather, titled gentry. Their social rank is equivalent to the petty nobility in some countries of continental Europe. The term baronet has medieval origins, Sir Thomas de La More, describing the Battle of Boroughbridge, mentioned that baronets took part, along with barons and knights. Edward III is known to have created eight baronets in 1328, at least one, Sir William de La Pole in 1340, was created for payment of money. Whether or not these early creations were hereditary, all have died out, in 1619 James I established the Baronetage of Ireland, Charles I in 1625 created the Baronetages of Scotland and Nova Scotia. The new baronets were each required to pay 2,000 marks or to support six settlers for two years. Over a hundred of these baronetcies, now known as Scottish baronetcies. As a result of the Union of England and Scotland in 1707, following the Union of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801, new creations were styled as baronets of the United Kingdom. Under royal warrants of 1612 and 1613, certain privileges were accorded to baronets, firstly, no person or persons should have place between baronets and the younger sons of peers. These privileges were extended to baronets of Ireland, and for baronets of Scotland the privilege of depicting the Arms of Nova Scotia as an augmentation of honour, the former applies to this day for all baronets of Great Britain and of the United Kingdom created subsequently. The title of baronet was initially conferred upon noblemen who lost the right of summons to Parliament. A similar title of rank was banneret. Like knights, baronets are accorded the style Sir before their first name, baronetesses in their own right use Dame, also before their first name, while wives of baronets use Lady followed by the husbands surname only, this by longstanding courtesy. Wives of baronets are not baronetesses, only women holding baronetcies in their own right are so styled, unlike knighthoods—which apply to the recipient only—a baronetcy is hereditarily entailed. With some exceptions granted with special remainder by letters patent, baronetcies descend through the male line, a full list of extant baronets appears in Burkes Peerage and Baronetage, which also published a record of extinct baronetcies. A baronetcy is not a peerage, so baronets like knights and junior members of families are commoners
Baronet
Baronet
–
Royal, noble and
chivalric ranks
Baronet
Baronet
17.
Victoria of the United Kingdom
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Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. From 1 May 1876, she adopted the title of Empress of India. Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her fathers three brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already a constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments, publicly, Victoria married her first cousin, Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in 1840. Their nine children married into royal and noble families across the continent, tying them together, after Alberts death in 1861, Victoria plunged into deep mourning and avoided public appearances. As a result of her seclusion, republicanism temporarily gained strength and her Golden and Diamond Jubilees were times of public celebration. Her reign of 63 years and seven months is known as the Victorian era and it was a period of industrial, cultural, political, scientific, and military change within the United Kingdom, and was marked by a great expansion of the British Empire. She was the last British monarch of the House of Hanover and her son and successor, Edward VII, belonged to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, the line of his father. Victorias father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, until 1817, Edwards niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl and Feodora —by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen and her brother Leopold was Princess Charlottes widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kents only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a. m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London. Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, on 24 June 1819 in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace and she was baptised Alexandrina, after one of her godparents, Emperor Alexander I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional names proposed by her parents—Georgina, Charlotte, and Augusta—were dropped on the instructions of the Dukes eldest brother, George, the Duke of Clarence and the Duke of Kent married on the same day in 1818, but both of Clarences daughters died as infants. Victorias father died in January 1820, when Victoria was less than a year old, a week later her grandfather died and was succeeded by his eldest son, George IV. The Duke of York died in 1827, when George IV died in 1830, he was succeeded by his next surviving brother, William IV, and Victoria became heir presumptive
Victoria of the United Kingdom
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Victoria wearing her
small diamond crown Photograph by
Alexander Bassano, 1882
Victoria of the United Kingdom
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Victoria, aged four Painting by
Stephen Poyntz Denning, 1823
Victoria of the United Kingdom
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Victoria with her spaniel Dash, 1833 Painting by
George Hayter
Victoria of the United Kingdom
–
Self-portrait, 1835
18.
Hugh Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster
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He inherited the estate of Eaton Hall in Cheshire and land in Mayfair and Belgravia, London, and spent much of his fortune in developing these properties. He developed the stud at Eaton Hall and achieved success in racing his horses, Grosvenor also took an interest in a range of charities. At his death he was considered to be the richest man in Britain and he was educated at Eton College and, until 1847, at Balliol College, Oxford. He left Oxford without taking a degree to become Member of Parliament for Chester and this seat had been held by his uncle, Robert Grosvenor, who decided to move to one of the two unopposed Middlesex seats. In 1851 he toured India and Ceylon, the following year, on 28 April, he married his first cousin, Lady Constance Sutherland-Leveson-Gower, the fourth daughter of the 2nd Duke of Sutherland, at the time of the wedding she was aged 17. The wedding was held in the Chapel Royal in St. Jamess Palace, London, constances mother had been Mistress of the Robes to Queen Victoria and a favourite of the queen. Their first child, a son, was born in 1853, by 1874 the couple had eleven children, eight of whom survived into adulthood, five sons and three daughters. In 1880 Constance died from Brights disease and they had four children, two sons and two daughters. His maiden speech in the Commons was made in 1851 in a debate on disorders in Ceylon, otherwise he took little interest in the affairs of the House of Commons until 1866 when he expressed his opposition to Gladstones Reform Bill. This played a part in Gladstones resignation, the election of the Conservative Derby government, the relationship between Grosvenor and Gladstone later improved and in Gladstones resignation honours in 1874, Grosvenor was created the 1st Duke of Westminster. When Gladstone became Prime Minister again in 1880, he appointed Grosvenor as Master of the Horse, in the 1880s Grosvenor disagreed with Gladstone again, this time about Home Rule for Ireland. During this dispute, Grosvenor sold his portrait of Gladstone that had been painted by Millais, ten years later they were again reconciled when they both opposed atrocities by the Turks against the Armenians. When Gladstone died in 1898, Grosvenor presided over a Gladstone National Memorial committee that commissioned statues of him, in 1860 Grosvenor formed the Queens Westminster Rifle Volunteers and became its Lieutenant Colonel and Honorary Colonel in 1881. He led the Cheshire Yeomanry as Colonel Commandant from 1869 and he was a member of the Council for the Promotion of Cremation, at that time cremation was unpopular with the Church. Grosvenor was chairman of the Queens Jubilee Nursing Fund, an organisation that provided district nurses for the sick poor, through which he became associated with Florence Nightingale. In 1883 he was appointed as Lord Lieutenant of Cheshire, the seat of the Grosvenor country estate is at Eaton Hall in Cheshire. When Grosvenor inherited the estate it was worth at least £152,000, in 1870 Grosvenor commissioned Alfred Waterhouse to design a new house to replace the previous hall designed by William Porden and extended by William Burn. The core of the hall was retained, parts were completely rebuilt
Hugh Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster
–
His Grace The Duke of Westminster
KG,
PC,
JP
Hugh Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster
–
Grosvenor in about 1855
Hugh Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster
–
Eaton Hall as designed by
Alfred Waterhouse
Hugh Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster
–
St Mary's Church, Eccleston as designed by
G. F. Bodley
19.
Robert Grosvenor, 5th Duke of Westminster
–
Lieutenant-Colonel Robert George Grosvenor, 5th Duke of Westminster, DSO, TD, JP, DL was a British soldier, landowner, businessman and politician. In the 1970s he was the richest man in Britain, Grosvenor was born Robert Grosvenor, the son of Lord Hugh Grosvenor, sixth son and tenth child of Hugh Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster by his second wife, the Honourable Katherine Cavendish. His mother, Lady Mabel Crichton, was the daughter of John Crichton and he was educated at Eton College, an all-boys public boarding school in Berkshire. He was a member of the contingent of the junior division of the Officer Training Corps. He reached the rank of lance corporal. On 28 June 1938, Grosvenor was commissioned into the 11th Light Anti-Aircraft Brigade and he ended World War II as a war substantive major. On 1 May 1947, he transferred to the reformed City of London Yeomanry and was promoted from his pre-war substantive rank of lieutenant to major with seniority from 24 April 1944. He transferred to the North Irish Horse on 1 May 1949, on 11 November 1949, he was awarded the Efficiency Decoration for long service with the Territorial Army. He was promoted to lieutenant colonel on 15 February 1953 and he was awarded a clasp to his Efficiency Decoration on 26 October 1954. On 14 February 1956, he moved from the Active List to the Territorial Army Reserve of Officers and he resigned his commission on 15 April 1960 and was permitted to retain the rank of lieutenant colonel. Grosvenor lived in Northern Ireland most of his life at Ely Lodge, Blaney, in 1952 he was appointed High Sheriff of Fermanagh. In the 1955 general election, he was elected to Parliament as member for Fermanagh & South Tyrone, re-elected in 1959, he retired in 1964, he was succeeded by his cousin, the Marquess of Hamilton. In parliament he stuck mainly to constituency issues, but was responsible for a bill to increase adoptions. He was described in his successors maiden speech as popular and well-liked, on 3 December 1946, he married his second cousin, Hon. They have three children and two grandsons, Gerald Cavendish Grosvenor, 6th Duke of Westminster he married Natalia Phillips on 7 October 1978. They have four children and six grandchildren, Lady Jane Meriel Grosvenor she married Guy David Innes-Ker, 10th Duke of Roxburghe on 10 September 1977 and they were divorce in 1990. They have three children and three grandchildren, in 1963, his cousin died and his brother Gerald became Duke of Westminster. A Royal Warrant of Precedence was issued to him to adopt the style of Lord Robert Grosvenor
Robert Grosvenor, 5th Duke of Westminster
–
Lieutenant Colonel His Grace The Duke of Westminster
TD JP DL
Robert Grosvenor, 5th Duke of Westminster
–
Grave of Robert Grosvenor, 5th Duke of Westminster
20.
William Cole, 3rd Earl of Enniskillen
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Hon. William Willoughby Cole, 3rd Earl of Enniskillen, FRS, known by his courtesy title of Viscount Cole from 1807 to 1840, was an Irish palaeontologist and Conservative Member of Parliament. He also served as the first Imperial Grand Master of the Orange Order from 1866 until his death and he was Grand Master of the Grand Orange Lodge of Ireland from 1846 until his death. Cole was born into the Ulster branch of the Ascendancy, the Anglo-Irish aristocracy and he was the son of John Willoughby Cole, 2nd Earl of Enniskillen and his wife, Lady Charlotte Paget. The young Lord Cole was educated at Harrow and Christ Church and this included many specimens that were described and figured by Agassiz and Egerton. This collection was acquired by the British Museum. In Dublin, he was a member of the Kildare Street Club and he died in November 1886, aged 79, and was succeeded in his titles by his second but eldest surviving son from his first marriage, Lowry. The Countess of Enniskillen died in 1896, new York, St Martins Press,1990. Leigh Rayments Peerage Pages Leigh Rayments Historical List of MPs Lundy, attribution This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. article name needed. - The geological career of the third Earl of Enniskillen, the National Trust, Heelis, Swindon,1998. Purcell, Mark, The Big House Library in Ireland, Books in Ulster Country Houses, the National Trust, Heelis, Swindon,2011. Hansard 1803–2005, contributions in Parliament by the Earl of Enniskillen
William Cole, 3rd Earl of Enniskillen
–
Contents
21.
Charles Lyttelton, 8th Viscount Cobham
–
Charles George Lyttelton, 8th Viscount Cobham, known as The Lord Lyttelton from 1876 to 1889, was a British peer and politician from the Lyttelton family. He was a Liberal Member of Parliament, Cobham was the eldest son of George William Lyttelton, 4th Baron Lyttelton, and Mary Glynne. Alfred Lyttelton was his younger brother and he was educated at Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge. He was elected to the House of Commons for East Worcestershire in 1868, apart from his parliamentary career he also served as High Sheriff of Bewdley. Cobham succeeded his father as fifth Baron Lyttelton in 1876, in 1889 he also succeeded his distant relative Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 3rd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos, as eighth Baron and Viscount Cobham. Cobham married the Hon. Mary Susan Caroline Cavendish, daughter of William George Cavendish, 2nd Baron Chesham and he died in June 1922, aged 79, and was succeeded in his titles by his eldest son John. His second son George William Lyttelton became a master at Eton and was the father of the jazz trumpeter Humphrey Lyttelton. He came from a cricketing family, his father, five brothers, his sons and his grandson all playing first-class cricket. He himself played 35 first-class matches between 1861 and 1867, mainly for Cambridge University, a right-handed batsman and wicketkeeper, he scored 1439 runs at an average of 27.15, including 2 centuries. Cobham was President of Marylebone Cricket Club in 1886, Cobham was a member of the Tennis Committee of the Marylebone Cricket Club which was responsible for framing standardized rules for the new sport of lawn tennis. These unified Laws of Lawn Tennis were published on 29 May 1875
Charles Lyttelton, 8th Viscount Cobham
–
"Cricket, Railways & Agriculture" Viscount Cobham as caricatured by Spy (
Leslie Ward) in
Vanity Fair, May 1904
22.
Viola Grosvenor, Duchess of Westminster
–
Viola Grosvenor, Duchess of Westminster was the wife of Robert Grosvenor, 5th Duke of Westminster. Born Viola Maud Lyttelton, she was the daughter of Sir John Cavendish Lyttelton, 9th Viscount Cobham and Violet Yolande Leonard, and she married Robert Grosvenor, 5th Duke of Westminster, son of Captain Hugh William Grosvenor and Lady Mabel Florence Mary Crichton, on 3 December 1946. The family had a home at Ely Lodge, just west of Enniskillen, as the Hon. Viola Maud Lyttelton she gained the rank of Flying Officer in the service of the Womens Auxiliary Air Force, during the Second World War, where she was mentioned in despatches. She famously ordered workmen to drill holes in the ceiling of Florence Court, the Duchess died in a car accident near Dungannon, County Tyrone on 3 May 1987, aged 74
Viola Grosvenor, Duchess of Westminster
–
Her Grace The Duchess of Westminster
23.
Julius Wernher
–
Sir Julius Charles Wernher, 1st Baronet was a German-born Randlord and art collector who became part of the English establishment. Born in Darmstadt, Hesse, Wernher was the son of an engineer of Protestant stock. He was educated at Frankfurt-am-Main, where he entered a merchant bank, in 1871, having served in the Franco-German War, he moved to London at the age of 21. Wernher bought up mining interests and by 1875 was a member of the Kimberley mining board, in that same year, Porgès and Alfred Beit joined him in Kimberley, and Porgès formed the Compagnie Française des Mines de Diamants du Cap. Porgès returned to London after having made Wernher and Beit partners in the firm of Jules Porgès & Co, by 1884 Wernher returned to London and traded in diamond shares, while Beit remained in Kimberley to look after their interests. On Porgès retirement in 1889, the firm was restructured and named Wernher, Wernher by now was managing over 70 South African companies from his London office, and developing a passion for collecting art. He was created a baronet in 1905, as well as being a member of the Order of the Crown of Prussia. Despite having a reputation for prudence in business, Wernher was swindled out of £64,000 in 1906 by Henri Lemoine, who claimed he could make synthetic diamonds. Beset by failing health in 1911, Wernher merged the shareholdings of Wernher, Beit & Co. with those of Central Mining and Investment Corporation, besides his interest in art, Wernher funded an extension to the National Physical Laboratory. He also bequeathed £250,000 to establishing a university in Cape Town, at the time of his death in London, he was one of the richest men in the United Kingdom with a fortune of £12 million. This accumulation of wealth was due to his level-headedness and attention to detail, in contrast, Beit was shrewd but impulsive, leading to fiascos like the Jameson Raid. Wernher kept his art collection at his London mansion, Bath House in Piccadilly, much of it is now on display at Rangers House in the London suburb of Greenwich. A large memorial to Wernher now flanks the entrance to the Royal School of Mines in London, on 12 June 1888 Julius married socialite Alice Sedgwick Mankiewicz, nicknamed Birdie, whom he described as bright-eyed, fair-haired, small, intelligent and musical. She was the daughter of Jacob James Mankiewicz from Danzig, the son of Joel Mankiewicz and her mother was Ada Susan Pigott from Colchester, who had a brother who was a General. Birdie and her mother lived in part of a big house in Bayswater. Sir Harold Augustus Wernher, 3rd Bt, X Countess Anastasia Mikhailovna de Torby, daughter of Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia and Sophie Nikolaievna von Merenberg, Countess de Torby Captain George Michael Alexander Wernher. Killed in action Georgina Wernher × London 10 October 1944 Lt. -Col, Harold Pedro Joseph Phillips, son of Colonel Joseph Harold John Phillips, xx London December 1992 Lt. -Col. Sir George Arnold Ford Kennard, 3rd Bt. son of Sir Coleridge Arthur Fitzroy Kennard, 1st Bt. and she had 5 children from her first marriage
Julius Wernher
–
Julius Wernher
Hubert von Herkomer 1912 Oil on canvas 173 x 120 cm.
Julius Wernher
–
Alice Wernher
John Singer Sargent 1902 Oil on canvas 148 x 98 cm.
24.
Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia
–
Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia was a son of Grand Duke Michael Nicolaievich of Russia and a grandson of Tsar Nicholas I of Russia. He was raised in the Caucasus, where he lived between 1862 and 1881 with his family, and was educated by private tutors, as Romanov tradition demanded, he followed a military career. He served in the Russo-Turkish War in 1877, became a Colonel and was adjutant at the Imperial court, in 1891 he contracted a morganatic marriage with Countess Sophie von Merenberg, a morganatic daughter of Prince Nicholas William of Nassau and a granddaughter of the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin. For contracting this marriage without permission, Emperor Alexander III of Russia, stripped him of his military titles, for some years he lived in Wiesbaden, Nassau and in Cannes. He settled permanently in England in 1900, leasing Keele Hall in Staffordshire and he became a prominent member of British society, one of his daughters marrying into the British aristocracy and another marrying a great-grandson of Queen Victoria. He lost his fortune with the fall of the Russian monarchy in 1918, three of his brothers were killed by the Bolsheviks, but he escaped the Russian Revolution because he was living abroad. He spent his last years living under reduced circumstances with the help of his son-in-law Sir Harold Wernher. Known in the family as Miche-Miche, he was a year old when, in 1862, Grand Duke Michael spent his youth in the Caucasus, where his family lived for twenty years. He had an upbringing that included sleeping on army cots. He was educated at home by private tutors, the relationship with his parents was troublesome. His father, occupied in military and governmental endeavors, remained a distant figure and his demanding mother was a strict disciplinarian who did not show affection towards her children. He was a disappointment to his mother, who compared him unfavorably with his more intelligent eldest brother, Michael was considered the least gifted of the seven children and his mother referred to him as stupid. During the years in the Caucasus, the Grand Duke excelled at horsemanship, as a young man, he served in the Russo-Turkish War and became a colonel. He loved the military life and served in the Egersky Regiment of the guards, in 1882, when Grand Duke Michael was twenty years old, he returned with his family to St. Petersburg upon his fathers appointment as chairman of the Council of Ministers. Michael was shallow and not particularly bright, but he was tall and he became popular on the social circuit in the capital, spending a great deal of his time on endless parties, dancing and gambling. Tsar Alexander III referred to him as a ‘fool’, the palace was built between 1885 and 1891. It was designed by architect Maximilian Messmacher in Neo-Renaissance-style with its front entrance on the Admiralty Embankment 8, the building was innovative for the end of the 19th century, having gas pipelines, electricity and a telephone. However, the duke was not destined to live there
Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia
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Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich
Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia
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Grand Duke Michael (on the right) with his eldest brother
Nicholas,
Baden, 1876.
Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia
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Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia in his youth.
Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia
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Grand Duke Michael, Countess Sofia,
Grand Duke Alexander (left) and
Grand Duke Sergei (right). c1892.
25.
Anastasia de Torby
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Like her mother, Anastasia was born of a morganatic marriage, and was ineligible to bear her fathers title or rank. Through her mother, she descended from the renowned Russian poet Alexander Pushkin, as well as from his ancestor Abram Petrovich Gannibal, on 20 July 1917 Countess Anastasia de Torby married British Major-General Sir Harold Wernher, 3rd Bt. In the following September, she was accorded the style and precedence of the daughter of an earl by Royal Warrant of George V, henceforth she was known as Lady Zia Wernher. The couple had one son and two daughters and their firstborn, Captain George Michael Alexander Wernher, was born in 1918 and was killed in action in Egypt at the age of twenty-four. He never married and had no issue and their elder daughter, Georgina Wernher, was born a year later and married and had issue with Lt. Col. The younger daughter, Myra Alice, was born in 1925, Harold Phillips Alexandra Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn Nicholas Harold Phillips Fiona Mercedes Phillips Marita Georgina Phillips Natalia Grosvenor, Duchess of Westminster Myra Alice Wernher. Zia Wernher was an owner and breeder of Thoroughbred racehorses. The best horses to run in her colours included Precipitation, Persian Gulf, Alexander, Grand Duke of Russia, Once a Grand Duke, Cassell, London,1932. Chavchavadze, David, The Grand Dukes, Atlantic,1989, ISBN 0-938311-11-5 Crawford Rosemary and Donald, Michael and Natasha, ISBN 0-380-73191-6 Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh, Burkes Guide to the Royal Family, Burkes Peerage, London,1973, ISBN 0-220-66222-3
Anastasia de Torby
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Anastasia de Torby, c. 1914
Anastasia de Torby
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Grand Duke Michael Mikailovich of Russia (right) with his children (from left to right), Nadejda, Michael and Anastasia de Torby
26.
Sophie of Merenberg
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Countess Sophie of Merenberg, Countess of Torby, was the eldest daughter of Prince Nikolaus Wilhelm of Nassau and Natalya Alexandrovna Pushkina. Sophie was born at Geneva, Switzerland, the first child of Prince Nikolaus Wilhelm of Nassau, as the marriage of her parents was considered morganatic she was ineligible to bear her fathers title or rank. Her paternal grandparents were William, Duke of Nassau and Princess Pauline of Württemberg and her maternal grandparents were the renowned Russian poet, Alexander Pushkin, and Natalya Pushkina. She married morganatically, on 10 March 1891, Grand Duke Michael Mikhailovich of Russia, grandson of Nicholas I of Russia at Sanremo, Italy. Sophia was later created Countess de Torby by her uncle, Adolphe, Grand Duke of Luxembourg and they had two daughters and one son, Countess Anastasia Mikhailovna de Torby, married, in 1917, Sir Harold Wernher, 3rd Baronet. Countess Nadejda Mikhailovna de Torby, married, in 1916, Prince George of Battenberg, count of Merenberg Genealogics - Leo van de Pas Gräfin Sophie von Merenberg, Countess Torby
Sophie of Merenberg
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Contents
Sophie of Merenberg
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Grand Duke Michael Mikailovich of Russia (right) with his children (from left to right), Nadejda, Michael and Anastasia de Torby
27.
The Daily Telegraph
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It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier, the papers motto, Was, is, and will be, appears in the editorial pages and has featured in every edition of the newspaper since April 19,1858. The paper had a circulation of 460,054 in December 2016 and its sister paper, The Sunday Telegraph, which started in 1961, had a circulation of 359,287 as of December 2016. The Daily Telegraph has the largest circulation for a newspaper in the UK. The two sister newspapers are run separately, with different editorial staff, but there is cross-usage of stories, articles published in either may be published on the Telegraph Media Groups www. telegraph. co. uk website, under the title of The Telegraph. However, critics, including an editor, accuse it of being unduly influenced by advertisers. The Daily Telegraph and Courier was founded by Colonel Arthur B, Sleigh in June 1855 to air a personal grievance against the future commander-in-chief of the British Army, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. Joseph Moses Levy, the owner of The Sunday Times, agreed to print the newspaper, the paper cost 2d and was four pages long. Nevertheless, the first edition stressed the quality and independence of its articles and journalists, however, the paper was not a success, and Sleigh was unable to pay Levy the printing bill. Levy took over the newspaper, his aim being to produce a newspaper than his main competitors in London. The same principle should apply to all other events—to fashion, to new inventions, in 1876, Jules Verne published his novel Michael Strogoff, whose plot takes place during a fictional uprising and war in Siberia. In 1937, the newspaper absorbed The Morning Post, which espoused a conservative position. Originally William Ewart Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose, bought The Morning Post with the intention of publishing it alongside The Daily Telegraph, for some years the paper was retitled The Daily Telegraph and Morning Post before it reverted to just The Daily Telegraph. As an result, Gordon Lennox was monitored by MI5, in 1939, The Telegraph published Clare Hollingworths scoop that Germany was to invade Poland. In November 1940, with Fleet Street subjected to almost daily bombing raids by the Luftwaffe, The Telegraph started printing in Manchester at Kemsley House, Manchester quite often printed the entire run of The Telegraph when its Fleet Street offices were under threat. The name Kemsley House was changed to Thomson House in 1959, in 1986 printing of Northern editions of the Daily and Sunday Telegraph moved to Trafford Park and in 2008 to Newsprinters at Knowsley, Liverpool. During the Second World War, The Daily Telegraph covertly helped in the recruitment of code-breakers for Bletchley Park, the ability to solve The Telegraphs crossword in under 12 minutes was considered to be a recruitment test. The competition itself was won by F. H. W. Hawes of Dagenham who finished the crossword in less than eight minutes, both the Camrose and Burnham families remained involved in management until Conrad Black took control in 1986
The Daily Telegraph
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The Sunday Telegraph
The Daily Telegraph
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The Daily Telegraph front page on 29 June 2015
The Daily Telegraph
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In 1882 The Daily Telegraph moved to new
Fleet Street premises, which were pictured in the
Illustrated London News.
The Daily Telegraph
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The Daily Telegraph building in 1974
28.
International Standard Serial Number
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An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial
International Standard Serial Number
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ISSN encoded in an EAN-13 barcode with sequence variant 0 and issue number 5
29.
Vanity Fair (magazine)
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Vanity Fair is a magazine of popular culture, fashion, and current affairs published by Condé Nast in the United States. The first version of Vanity Fair was published from 1913 to 1936, the imprint was revived in 1983, and came to include four European editions of the magazine. The current editor is Graydon Carter, Condé Montrose Nast began his empire by purchasing the mens fashion magazine Dress in 1913. He renamed the magazine Dress and Vanity Fair and published four issues in 1913 and it continued to thrive into the twenties. However, it became a casualty of the Great Depression and declining advertising revenues, although its circulation, Condé Nast announced in December 1935 that Vanity Fair would be folded into Vogue as of the March 1936 issue. Condé Nast Publications, under the ownership of S. I. Newhouse, the first issue was released in February 1983, edited by Richard Locke, formerly of The New York Times Book Review. After three issues, Locke was replaced by Leo Lerman, veteran features editor of Vogue and he was followed by editors Tina Brown and Graydon Carter. Regular writers columnists have included Dominick Dunne, Sebastian Junger, Michael Wolff, Maureen Orth and Christopher Hitchens. Amongst the most famous of these was the August 1991 Leibovitz cover featuring a naked, pregnant Demi Moore, in addition to its controversial photography, the magazine also prints articles on a variety of topics. In 1996, journalist Marie Brenner wrote an exposé on the tobacco industry titled The Man Who Knew Too Much, the article was later adapted into a movie The Insider, which starred Al Pacino and Russell Crowe. S. The magazine also features interviews with celebrities, including a monthly Proust Questionnaire. The magazine was the subject of Toby Youngs book, How to Lose Friends and Alienate People, about his search for success, from 1995, the book has been made into a movie, with Jeff Bridges playing Carter. There are currently five international editions of Vanity Fair being published, namely in the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Italy, the British Vanity Fair was first published in 1991. The Italian Vanity Fair was established in October 2003 and celebrated its 10th anniversary in 2013, Vanity Fair Germany launched in February 2007 at a cost of €50 million, then the most expensive new magazine in Germany in years and Condé Nasts biggest investment outside the United States. After circulation had plummeted from half a million to less than 200,000 per week, a French version started in June 2013. The Spanish version of the magazine was first published in Spain in 2008, in April 2015 Condé Nast México y Latinoamerica was to launch Vanity Fair Mexico. As a successor to a similar invitation-only event annually held by the late agent Irving Paul Lazar, during its first years, the magazines Oscar party was co-hosted by producer Steve Tisch at Mortons in West Hollywood. At first, editor Graydon Carter kept the invitation list small, between 2009 and 2013, the party was held at Sunset Tower
Vanity Fair (magazine)
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Cover of the February 2012 issue of Vanity Fair
9 August 2016 Baronet, 16th baronet, of Eaton (cr. 1621)
