1.
Home automation
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Home automation or smart home is building automation for the home. It involves the control and automation of lighting, heating, ventilation, air conditioning, wi-Fi is often used for remote monitoring and control. Home devices, when remotely monitored and controlled via the Internet, are an important constituent of the Internet of Things, while there are many competing vendors, there are very few world-wide accepted industry standards and the smart home space is heavily fragmented. Popular communications protocol for products include X10, Ethernet, RS-485, 6LoWPAN, Bluetooth LE, ZigBee and Z-Wave, manufacturers often prevent independent implementations by withholding documentation and by litigation. The home automation market was worth US$5.77 billion in 2015, early home automation began with labor-saving machines. In 1975, the first general purpose home automation network technology and it is a communication protocol for electronic devices. It primarily uses electric power transmission wiring for signalling and control, where the signals involve brief radio frequency bursts of digital data, by 1978, X10 products included a 16 channel command console, a lamp module, and an appliance module. Soon after came the wall switch module and the first X10 timer, by 2012, in the United States, according to ABI Research,1.5 million home automation systems were installed. The word domotics is a contraction of the Latin word for a home, heating, ventilation and air conditioning, it is possible to have remote control of all home energy monitors over the internet incorporating a simple and friendly user interface. Technology is still in its infancy, and consumers could invest in a system that becomes abandonware. In 2014, Google bought the company selling the Revolv Hub home automation system, integrated it with Nest and in 2016 shut down the servers Revolv Hub depended on, rendering the hardware useless. Microsoft Research found in 2011, that home automation could involve high cost of ownership, inflexibility of interconnected devices, however, there are now open source software systems which can be used with proprietary hardware. There are a variety of technology platforms, or protocols. Each one is, essentially, its own language, each language speaks to the various connected devices and instructs them to perform a function. The automation protocol transport has involved direct wire connectivity, powerline and wireless hybrid, most of the protocols below are not open. Customers may be hesitant to bet their IoT future on proprietary software or hardware devices that use proprietary protocols that may fade or become difficult to customize and interconnect. The nature of home automation devices can also be a problem for security, since patches to bugs found in the operating system often do not reach users of older. One set of researchers say that the failure of vendors to support devices with patches and updates leaves more than 87% of active devices vulnerable
2.
Philips
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Koninklijke Philips N. V. is a Dutch technology company headquartered in Amsterdam with primary divisions focused in the areas of electronics, healthcare and lighting. It was founded in Eindhoven in 1891, by Gerard Philips and it is one of the largest electronics companies in the world and employs around 105,000 people across more than 60 countries. Philips is organized into three divisions, Philips Consumer Lifestyle, Philips Healthcare and Philips Lighting. As of 2012, Philips was the largest manufacturer of lighting in the world measured by applicable revenues, Philips said it would seek damages for breach of contract in the US$200-million sale. In April 2016, the International Court of Arbitration ruled in favour of Philips, Philips has a primary listing on the Euronext Amsterdam stock exchange and is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. It has a listing on the New York Stock Exchange. The Philips Company was founded in 1891, by Gerard Philips and this first factory has been adapted and is used as a museum. In 1895, after a difficult first few years and near bankruptcy, though he had earned a degree in engineering, Anton started work as a sales representative, soon, however, he began to contribute many important business ideas. After Gerard and Anton Philips changed their business by founding the Philips corporation. In the 1920s, the company started to other products. In 1939, they introduced their electric razor, the Philishave, the Chapel is a radio with built-in loudspeaker, which was designed during the early 1930s. On 11 March 1927, Philips went on the air with shortwave radio station PCJJ which was joined in 1929 by sister station PHOHI, PHOHI broadcast in Dutch to the Dutch East Indies while PCJJ broadcast in English, Spanish and German to the rest of the world. The international program on Sundays commenced in 1928, with host Eddie Startz hosting the Happy Station show, broadcasts from the Netherlands were interrupted by the German invasion in May 1940. The Germans commandeered the transmitters in Huizen to use for pro-Nazi broadcasts, some originating from Germany, Philips Radio was absorbed shortly after liberation when its two shortwave stations were nationalised in 1947 and renamed Radio Netherlands Worldwide, the Dutch International Service. Some PCJ programs, such as Happy Station, continued on the new station, by the late 1940s, the Type 10 was ready to be handed over to Philips subsidiary Johan de Witt in Dordrecht to be produced and incorporated into a generator set as originally planned. The result, rated at 180/200 W electrical output from a bore, approximately 150 of these sets were eventually produced. However, they filed a number of patents and amassed a wealth of information. The first Philips shaver was introduced in the 1930s, and was simply called “The Philishave”, in the USA, it was called the “Norelco”, which remains a part of their product line today
3.
SCART
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SCART is a French-originated standard and associated 21-pin connector for connecting audio-visual equipment. It is also known as Péritel, 21-pin EuroSCART, Euroconector, in America, another name is EIA Multiport. In Europe, SCART used to be the most common method of connecting AV equipment, hDMI-CEC is derived from SCARTs AV. link. However, SCART Connection can also support HD signals like 480p, 720p, 1080i, 1080p, if the SCART connection of a device is designed to support YPbPr connection, the same for multichannel audio, but even this configuration remains rare, as it is not standardized. The official standard for SCART is CENELEC document number EN 50049-1, SCART is sometimes referred to as the IEC 933-1 standard. Note that there is also a Japanese version of the SCART connector and this version of SCART uses similar signals and the same connector, but it has a different pinout. It became compulsory on new TVs sold in France from January 1980, before SCART was introduced, TVs did not offer a standardised way of inputting signals other than RF antenna connectors, and these differed between countries. Assuming other connectors even existed, devices made by various companies could have different, for example, a domestic VCR could output a composite video signal through a German-originated DIN-style connector, an American-originated RCA connector, an SO239 connector or a BNC connector. The SCART system was intended to simplify connecting AV equipment, to achieve this it gathered all of the analogue signal connections into a single cable with a unique connector that made incorrect connections nearly impossible. The signals carried by SCART include both composite and RGB video, stereo audio input/output and digital signalling, the standard was extended at the end of the 1980s to support the new S-Video signals. A TV can be awakened from standby mode, and it can switch to appropriate AV channel. SCART is bi-directional regarding standard composite video and analogue audio, a TV will typically send the antenna audio and video signals to the SCART sockets all the time and watch for returned signals, to display and reproduce them. This allows transparent set-top boxes, without any tuner, which just hook and this feature is used for analogue pay TV like Canal Plus and was used for decoding teletext. A VCR will often have two SCART sockets, to connect it to the TV, and for input from a set-top box or other device. When idle or powered off, VCRs will usually forward the signals from the TV to the set-top decoder and send the processed result back to the TV. When a scrambled show is recorded, the VCR will drive the box from its own tuner. Alternatively, the VCR could use the signals from the TV, the down socket can also be used to connect other devices, such as DVD players or game consoles. As long as all devices have at least one up and down socket, while audio and video signals can travel both up to the TV and down to devices farther away from the TV, this is not true for RGB signals, which can only travel towards the TV
4.
IEC 60269
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In electrical engineering, IEC60269 is a set of technical standards for low-voltage power fuses. The standard is in four volumes, which describe general requirements, fuses for industrial and commercial applications, fuses for residential applications, the IEC standard unifies several national standards, thereby improving the interchangeability of fuses in international trade. All fuses of different technologies tested to meet IEC standards will have similar time-current characteristics, north American standards call the replaceable element only the fuse. IEC60269 unifies the electrical characteristics of fuses that are interchangeable with fuses built to earlier British, German. The standard identifies application categories which classify the time-current characteristic of type of fuse. The application category is a two-digit code, the first letter is a if the fuse is for short-circuit protection only, an associated device must provide overload protection. The first letter is g if the fuse is intended to operate even with currents as low as those that cause it to blow in one hour and these are considered general-purpose fuses for protection of wires. Fuses of the same application category can be substituted for each other provided the voltage rating of the circuit does not exceed the fuse rating and they are available in five different body sizes, with ratings from 2 A up to 200 A. The designation of a size consists of the letter D and a Roman numeral, higher-voltage types rated up to 750 V have increased clearance distances and are longer than lower-voltage-rated fuses. D0-type fuses are similar but have a smaller, cylindrical body and they are available in three different sizes with ratings from 2 A up to 100 A. In some jurisdictions, replacement of the cartridge by unskilled personnel is allowed only for fuses up to a certain maximum rating. If the fuse cartridge is inserted into the socket without the cap, fuseholders may be secured by screws to a panel, attached to bus bars, or mounted on DIN rails. For the Neozed fuses, there are also fuse bases with integrated disconnecting switches, changing fuses with the circuit off increases the safety of the user. With new versions of these load disconnecting switches, the cartridges are no longer screwed. Traditional diazed fuse holders are made as a metal envelope covered with non-conducting porcelain cover. Under mechanical stress it is possible for the cover to crack partially or fully and it may happen if a fuse holder was accidentally dropped or someone was using too much force to screw it in. Uncovered metal envelopes present a risk of shock and should be replaced immediately under extreme precautions by trained personnel. The smaller end cap has a diameter that varies with the fuse rating, the fixed part of the fuse holder contains a gauge ring, which will accept end caps up to a certain diameter
5.
19-inch rack
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A 19-inch rack is a standardized frame or enclosure for mounting multiple electronic equipment modules. Each module has a front panel that is 19 inches wide, the 19-inch dimension includes the edges, or ears, that protrude on each side which allow the module to be fastened to the rack frame with screws. Common uses include server, audio, and scientific lab equipment, the height of the electronic modules is also standardized as multiples of 1.752 inches or one rack unit or U. The industry standard rack cabinet is 42U tall, the term relay rack appeared first in the world of telephony. By 1911, the term was also being used in railroad signaling, there is little evidence that the dimensions of these early racks were standardized. The 19-inch rack format with rack-units of 1.75 inches was established as a standard by AT&T around 1922 in order to reduce the space required for repeater, the earliest repeaters from 1914 were installed in ad-hoc fashion on shelves, in wooden boxes and cabinets. Once serial production started, they were built into bespoke racks, the height of the different panels will vary, but in all cases to be a whole multiple of 1¾ inches. The 19-inch rack format has remained constant while the technology that is mounted within it has changed considerably, nineteen-inch racks in two-post or four-post form hold most equipment in modern data centers, ISP facilities, and professionally designed corporate server rooms. They allow for dense hardware configurations without occupying excessive floorspace or requiring shelving, nineteen-inch racks are also often used to house professional audio and video equipment, including amplifiers, effects units, interfaces, headphone amplifiers, and even small scale audio mixers. A third common use for rack-mounted equipment is industrial power, control, typically, a piece of equipment being installed has a front panel height 1⁄32 inch less than the allotted number of Us. Thus, a 1U rackmount computer is not 1.75 inches tall but is 1.719 inches tall, 2U would be 3.469 inches instead of 3.5 inches. This gap allows a bit of room above and below a piece of equipment so it may be removed without binding on the adjacent equipment. State-of-the-art rackmount cases are now constructed of thermo stamped composite, carbon fiber. Originally, the holes were tapped with a particular screw thread. Tapping large numbers of holes that may never be used is expensive, nonetheless tapped-hole racks are still in use, examples include telephone exchanges, network cabling panels, broadcast studios and some government and military applications. The tapped-hole rack was first replaced by clearance-hole racks, the holes are large enough to permit a bolt to be freely inserted through without binding, and bolts are fastened in place using cage nuts. In the event of a nut being stripped out or a bolt breaking, production of clearance-hole racks is less expensive because tapping the holes is eliminated and replaced with fewer, less expensive, cage nuts. The next innovation in design has been the square-hole rack
6.
IEC 60309
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IEC60309 is an international standard from the International Electrotechnical Commission for plugs, socket-outlets and couplers for industrial purposes. The highest voltage allowed by the standard is 690 V DC or AC, the highest current,125 A, the temperature range is −25 °C to 40 °C. There is a range of plugs and sockets of different sizes with differing numbers of pins, depending on the current supplied, the fittings are popular in open-air conditions, as they include IP44 weather-proofing. The blue fittings are used for providing weather-proofed exterior sockets for outdoor apparatus. In camping situations, the large 32 A blue fittings provide power to static caravans, whilst the smaller blue 16 A version powers touring caravans, the red three-phase versions are used for three-phase portable equipment. IEC 60309-1 specifies general functional and safety requirements for any form of industrial high-current power connector, IEC 60309-2 specifies a range of mains power connectors with circular housings, and different numbers and arrangements of pins for different applications. IEC 60309-3 dealt with connectors for use in explosive gas environments, the standardization was originally done by the CEE, which becale IECEE in 1985 and is now part of the IEC. The industrial sockets were standardized in the 1960s in the CEE17 series that was adopted in the UK as BS4343, IEC 60309-4 concerns switched socket-outlets and connector interlocks. In the United Kingdom, this standard was first adopted as BS4343,1968 and has since replaced by its European equivalent BS EN 60309-4. In the UK these plugs are often referred to as caravan, Commando, CEE industrial, IEC60309 connectors come in IP44 and IP67 variants. In both cases, the rating applies when detached or mated, but not during the mating process, the more common IP44 variant features a spring-loaded hinged cap over the socket. When a plug is inserted, the cap hooks over a lug on the plug, fixed connectors are usually installed angled downward to prevent water entering. The IP67 variant includes a gasket and twist-lock ring which seals the two together, the two can be intermated, at the cost of the locking mechanisms, they are only held by friction. The connectors come in four current ratings 16,32,63 or 125 A per pin, All consist of cylindrical connector pins arranged in a circle, with the earth pin 2 mm larger than the others. This is surrounded by a shroud on the male connector. The standard defines connectors with 3,4 and 5 pins, but a variant with 7 pins is commercially available. The key protrudes an additional 3 or 4 mm beyond the shroud diameter, connectors rated at 63 A and 125 A may optionally be equipped with a 6 mm pilot contact. This smaller pin in the centre of the connector is shorter than the others, designed to make all the other pins when connecting a plug and socket
7.
IEC 60320
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Different types of connector are specified for different combinations of current, temperature and earthing requirements. Unlike IEC60309 connectors, they are not coded for voltage, the first edition of IEC320 was published in 1970. Interconnection couplers allow a supply from a piece of equipment or an appliance to be made available to other equipment or appliances. Couplers described under these standards have standardized current and temperature ratings, each type of coupler is identified by a standard sheet number. Many types of coupler also have common names, the most common ones are IEC connector for the common C13 and C14, the figure-8 connector for C7 and C8, and cloverleaf connector or Mickey Mouse connector for the C5/C6. Kettle plug is a term used for the high-temperature C16 appliance inlet. Kettle plug is sometimes used to refer to regular temperature-rated C13 and C14 connectors. Detachable appliance couplers are used in equipment, measuring instruments, IT environments. Each appliances power system must be adapted to the different plugs used in different regions, instead, a country-specific power supply cord can be included in the product packaging, so that model variations are minimized and factory testing is simplified. A cord which is fitted with non-rewireable connectors at both ends is termed a cord set, appliance manufacturing may be simplified by mounting an appliance coupler directly on the printed circuit board. Assembly and handling of an appliance is easier if the cord can be removed without much effort. Appliances can be used in another country easily, with a change of the power supply cord. The power supply cord can be replaced if damaged, because it is a standardized part that can be unplugged and re-inserted. Safety hazards, maintenance expenditure and repairs are minimized, IEC60320 is divided into several parts, IEC 60320-1, General Requirements specifies two-pole and two-pole with earth couplers intended for the connection of a supply cord to electrical appliances. As from IEC 60320-1,2015 this part also applies to interconnection couplers which enable the connection and disconnection of an appliance to a cord leading to another appliance. This part of the no longer includes standard sheets which have been moved to a new part first published in 2014. IEC 60320-2-1, Sewing machine couplers specifies couplers which are not interchangeable with other couplers from IEC60320 and they are rated no higher than 2.5 amperes and 250 volts. IEC 60320-2-2 Interconnection couplers for household and similar equipment and this section was withdrawn in January 2016
8.
AES3
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AES3 is a standard for the exchange of digital audio signals between professional audio devices. AES3 was jointly developed by the Audio Engineering Society and the European Broadcasting Union, an AES3 signal can carry two channels of PCM audio over several transmission media including balanced lines, unbalanced lines, and optical fiber. It was published in 1985 and has been revised in 1992 and 2003, AES3 has been incorporated into the International Electrotechnical Commissions standard IEC60958, and is available in a consumer-grade variant known as S/PDIF. Early on, the standard was known as AES/EBU. Both AES and EBU versions of the standard exist and these variants are commonly known as S/PDIF. The standard has been revised in 1992 and 2003 and is published in AES, worldwide, it is the most commonly used method for digitally interconnecting audio equipment. The AES3 standard parallels part 4 of the international standard IEC60958, of the physical interconnection types defined by IEC60958, three are in common use. Type I connections use balanced, 3-conductor, 110-ohm twisted pair cabling with XLR connectors, Type I connections are most often used in professional installations and are considered the AES3 standard connector. The hardware interface is implemented using RS-422 line drivers and receivers. Type II connections use unbalanced, 2-conductor, 75-ohm coaxial cable with RCA connectors, Type II connections are used in most often in consumer audio installations and are often called coaxial S/PDIF connections. Type III Optical connections use optical fiber—usually plastic, but occasionally glass—with F05 connectors, like Type II, Type III Optical connections are also used in consumer audio installations and are often called optical S/PDIF connections. The AES-3id standard defines a 75-ohm BNC electrical variant of AES3 and this uses the same cabling, patching and infrastructure as analogue or digital video, and is thus common in the broadcast industry. AES3 digital audio format can also be carried over an Asynchronous Transfer Mode network, the standard for packing AES3 frames into ATM cells is AES47. For information on the synchronization of digital audio structures, see the AES11 standard, the ability to insert unique identifiers into an AES3 bit stream is covered by the AES52 standard. The precursor of the IEC60958 Type II specification was the Sony/Philips Digital Interface, the low-level protocol for data transmission in AES3 and S/PDIF is largely identical, and the following discussion applies for S/PDIF, except as noted. AES3 was designed primarily to support stereo PCM encoded audio in either DAT format at 48 kHz or CD format at 44.1 kHz. No attempt was made to use a carrier able to support both rates, instead, AES3 allows the data to be run at any rate, and encoding the clock, the basic unit of transmission is the frame. Frames contain 64 time slots and are produced once per sample time, at the highest level, each 192 consecutive frames are grouped into an audio block
9.
IEC 62196
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For example, it specifies mechanisms such that, first, power is not supplied unless a vehicle is connected and, second, the vehicle is immobilized while still connected. Pin and contact-tube vehicle couplers Every connector includes control signaling, not only allowing control of local charging, the signaling from SAE J1772 is incorporated in the standard for control purposes. All connectors can be converted with passive or simple adapters, although not with all charging modes intact. The Framatome plug by EDF conforms to, but is not incorporated in, the connection does not have extra control pins. For electrical protection, the EVSE is required to provide earth to the EV, in some countries including the USA, Mode 1 charging is prohibited. One problem is that the required earthing is not present in all domestic installations, Mode 2 was developed as a workaround for this. This is a direct, semi-active connection of the EV to the AC mains, a possible example uses an IEC60309 connector on the supply end, which is rated at 32 A. The EVSE, situated in-cable, interacts with the EV to indicate that 32 A can be drawn, the charging supply is not active by default, and requires proper communication over the control pilot to enable. The communication wire between car electronics and charging station allows for an integration into smart grids and this is an active connection of the EV to a fixed EVSE,600 V DC including earth and control pilot, at a maximum current of 400 A. The DC charging power is rectified from AC mains power in the EVSE, the 2010/2011 voting ballot of IEC 62196-2 does not contain a proposal for DC charging / Mode 4. This is to be found in IEC 62196-3 published 19 June 2014, the IEC working group for TC 23/SC 23H/PT 62196-3 has been approved for new work. Specifications on DC charging have already begun on the national level, a number of plug types are under consideration for DC charging. The Japanese Chademo plugs have been in use for a number of years already while the plug type is considered too bulky. China has adopted the Type 2 connector adding a mode that puts DC power on existing AC pins, both of the two connectors use a CAN based protocol between the car and the charging station to switch the mode. In contrast to both the American SAE and the European ACEA research concentrates on the GreenPHY PLC protocol to plug the car into a smart grid architecture. The CHAdeMO specification describes high-voltage high-current automotive fast charging via a JARI Level-3 DC fast charge connector and this connector is the current de facto standard in Japan. The SAE1772 Task Force works on a proposal for DC loading to be published in December 2011 The extension of the VDE plug will be submitted directly to the IEC 62196-2 until 2013. Both China and the SAE consider using the Type 2 Mode 4 connector for DC charging as well, similarly the SAE1772 DC L2 plan is sketched for charging up to 200 A90 kW
10.
IEC 60906-1
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IEC 60906-1 is an international standard for 230 V AC domestic power plugs and sockets. It was conceived as a common mains plug and socket standard for use in territories with 230 V mains, the standard was originally published by the International Electrotechnical Commission in 1986, the current edition is ed2.0 published in 2009. Although it looks similar to the Swiss SEV1011 plug, its dimensions are different, as of July 2014, only South Africa has introduced a standard based closely on IEC-60906-1. Brazil used it as the basis for its NBR14136 standard and this article is only about part one of IEC60906. Part two, IEC 60906-2, defines a standard plug for 100–130 V mains compatible with the NEMA 5-15 plug and receptacle used today in North America. Part three, IEC 60906-3, defines a family of low voltage connectors. IEC 60906-1 plugs and socket-outlets are rated 16 A,250 V AC and are intended for use on systems having nominal voltages between 200 V and 250 V AC. IEC 60906-1 defines both 3-pin connectors for Class I appliances and 2-pin versions for Class II appliances, the IEC 60906-1 plugs are smaller than any other European plug with 16 A rating. The sockets are small enough that two can be installed in the space taken by a single Schuko or BS1363 socket, the plugs are slightly larger than the Europlug and provide much more reliable contact. The socket has either a 10 mm deep recess or a 12 mm high rim and it ensures that the protective-earth pin establishes contact before the line and neutral pins. Sockets are required to have shutters for the line and neutral apertures, however, the IEC 60906-1 standard explicitly discourages the use of multi-standard sockets, claiming that such sockets are likely to create safety problems when used with plugs from other countries. IEC 60906-1 plugs are similar in size and shape to the Europlug and they are nominally 35.5 mm wide. The 3-pin Class I plug is 17 mm high, whereas the 2-pin Class II plug is 14 mm high, the parallel side faces are 26 mm apart, and the two pairs of side faces are orthogonal to each other. The line and neutral pin are on centres spaced at 19 mm, the pins are 19 mm in length with a diameter of 4.5 mm. In common with the Europlug there is a sleeve around the base of the line. The 3-pin version has a round protective-earth pin of the length and diameter as the line and neutral pins. The protective-earth pins center is offset 3 mm from the point between the line and neutral pin. South Africa is the country to have incorporated IEC 60906-1 plugs
11.
International Electrotechnical Commission
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The IEC also manages three global conformity assessment systems that certify whether equipment, system or components conform to its International Standards. The first International Electrical Congress took place in 1881 at the International Exposition of Electricity, at that time the International System of Electrical and Magnetic Units was agreed to. The IEC was instrumental in developing and distributing standards for units of measurement, particularly Gauss, Hertz and it also first proposed a system of standards, the Giorgi System, which ultimately became the SI, or Système International d’unités. In 1938, it published a multilingual international vocabulary to unify terminology relating to electrical, electronic and this effort continues, and the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary remains an important work in the electrical and electronic industries. The CISPR – in English, the International Special Committee on Radio Interference – is one of the groups founded by the IEC, originally located in London, the commission moved to its current headquarters in Geneva in 1948. It has regional centres in Asia-Pacific, Latin America and North America, today, the IEC is the worlds leading international organization in its field, and its standards are adopted as national standards by its members. The work is done by some 10,000 electrical and electronics experts from industry, government, academia, test labs, IEC standards have numbers in the range 60000–79999 and their titles take a form such as IEC60417, Graphical symbols for use on equipment. Following the Dresden Agreement with CENELEC the numbers of older IEC standards were converted in 1997 by adding 60000, for example IEC27 became IEC60027. Standards of the 60000 series are also preceded by EN to indicate that the IEC standard is also adopted by CENELEC as a European standard. The IEC cooperates closely with the International Organization for Standardization and the International Telecommunication Union, Standards developed jointly with ISO such as ISO/IEC26300, ISO/IEC27001, and CASCO ISO/IEC17000 series, carry the acronym of both organizations. The use of the ISO/IEC prefix covers publications from ISO/IEC Joint Technical Committee 1 - Information Technology, as well as conformity assessment standards developed by ISO CASCO, other standards developed in cooperation between IEC and ISO are assigned numbers in the 80000 series, such as IEC 82045-1. IEC standards are also being adopted by other certifying bodies such as BSI, CSA, UL & ANSI/INCITS, SABS, SAI, SPC/GB, IEC standards adopted by other certifying bodies may have some noted differences from the original IEC standard. The IEC is made up of members, called national committees, national committees are constituted in different ways. Some NCs are public sector only, some are a combination of public and private sector, about 90% of those who prepare IEC standards work in industry
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