1.
Newspaper
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A newspaper is a serial publication containing news about current events, other informative articles about politics, sports, arts, and so on, and advertising. A newspaper is usually, but not exclusively, printed on relatively inexpensive, the journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. As of 2017, most newspapers are now published online as well as in print, the online versions are called online newspapers or news websites. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly, News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news, typically the paper is divided into sections for each of those major groupings. Papers also include articles which have no byline, these articles are written by staff writers, a wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies, most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded, their reliance on advertising revenue, the editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high quality. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world, circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-7, then plunged during the financial crisis of 2008-9. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet has also challenged the business models of the era by crowdsourcing both publishing in general and, more specifically, journalism. In addition, the rise of news aggregators, which bundle linked articles from online newspapers. Increasing paywalling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects, the oldest newspaper still published is the Gazzetta di Mantova, which was established in Mantua in 1664. While online newspapers have increased access to newspapers by people with Internet access, literacy is also a factor which prevents people who cannot read from being able to benefit from reading newspapers. Periodicity, They are published at intervals, typically daily or weekly. This ensures that newspapers can provide information on newly-emerging news stories or events, currency, Its information is as up to date as its publication schedule allows
2.
Broadsheet
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A broadsheet is the largest newspaper format and is characterized by long vertical pages. The term derives from types of popular prints usually just of a sheet, sold on the streets and containing various types of material. The first broadsheet newspaper was the Dutch Courante uyt Italien, Duytslandt, other common newspaper formats include the smaller Berliner and tabloid/compact formats. Many broadsheets measure approximately 29 1⁄2 by 23 1⁄2 inches per full broadsheet spread, australian and New Zealand broadsheets always have a paper size of A1 per spread. South African broadsheet newspapers have a spread sheet size of 820 by 578 mm or 32.3 by 22.8 in. Others measure 22 inches or 560 millimetres vertically, in the United States, the traditional dimensions for the front page half of a broadsheet are 15 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long. However, in efforts to save newsprint costs many U. S. newspapers have downsized to 12 inches wide by 22 3⁄4 inches long for a folded page. Many rate cards and specification cards refer to the size with dimensions representing the front page half of a broadsheet size, rather than the full. Some quote actual page size and others quote the area size. The two versions of the broadsheet are, Full broadsheet – The full broadsheet typically is folded vertically in half so that it forms four pages, the four pages are called a spread. Half broadsheet – The half broadsheet is usually a page that is not folded vertically and just includes a front. In uncommon instances, an entire newspaper can be a two-page half broadsheet or four-page full broadsheet, totally self-contained advertising circulars inserted in a newspaper in the same format are referred to as broadsheets. Broadsheets typically are also folded horizontally in half to accommodate newsstand display space, the horizontal fold however does not affect the page numbers and the content remains vertical. The most important newspaper stories are placed above the fold and this contrasts with tabloids which typically do not have a horizontal fold. The broadsheet has since emerged as the most popular format for the dissemination of printed news, historically, broadsheets developed after the British in 1712 placed a tax on newspapers based on the number of their pages. The original purpose of the broadsheet, or broadside, was for the purpose of posting royal proclamations, acts, eventually the people began using the broadsheet as a source for political activism by reprinting speeches, ballads or narrative songs originally performed by bards. With the early mechanization of the 19th century came an increase in production of printed materials including the broadside as well as the penny dreadful. In this period all over Europe began to print their issues on broadsheets
3.
Italian language
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By most measures, Italian, together with Sardinian, is the closest to Latin of the Romance languages. Italian is a language in Italy, Switzerland, San Marino, Vatican City. Italian is spoken by minorities in places such as France, Montenegro, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Crimea and Tunisia and by large expatriate communities in the Americas. Many speakers are native bilinguals of both standardized Italian and other regional languages, Italian is the fourth most studied language in the world. Italian is a major European language, being one of the languages of the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe. It is the third most widely spoken first language in the European Union with 65 million native speakers, including Italian speakers in non-EU European countries and on other continents, the total number of speakers is around 85 million. Italian is the working language of the Holy See, serving as the lingua franca in the Roman Catholic hierarchy as well as the official language of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. Italian is known as the language of music because of its use in musical terminology and its influence is also widespread in the arts and in the luxury goods market. Italian has been reported as the fourth or fifth most frequently taught foreign language in the world, Italian was adopted by the state after the Unification of Italy, having previously been a literary language based on Tuscan as spoken mostly by the upper class of Florentine society. Its development was influenced by other Italian languages and to some minor extent. Its vowels are the second-closest to Latin after Sardinian, unlike most other Romance languages, Italian retains Latins contrast between short and long consonants. As in most Romance languages, stress is distinctive, however, Italian as a language used in Italy and some surrounding regions has a longer history. What would come to be thought of as Italian was first formalized in the early 14th century through the works of Tuscan writer Dante Alighieri, written in his native Florentine. Dante is still credited with standardizing the Italian language, and thus the dialect of Florence became the basis for what would become the language of Italy. Italian was also one of the recognised languages in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Italy has always had a dialect for each city, because the cities. Those dialects now have considerable variety, as Tuscan-derived Italian came to be used throughout Italy, features of local speech were naturally adopted, producing various versions of Regional Italian. Even in the case of Northern Italian languages, however, scholars are not to overstate the effects of outsiders on the natural indigenous developments of the languages
4.
Trieste
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Trieste is a city and seaport in northeastern Italy. It is situated towards the end of a strip of Italian territory lying between the Adriatic Sea and Slovenia, which lies almost immediately south and east of the city. It is also located near Croatia some further 30 kilometres south, Trieste is located at the head of the Gulf of Trieste and throughout history it has been influenced by its location at the crossroads of Latin, Slavic, and Germanic cultures. In 2009, it had a population of about 205,000 and it is the capital of the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trieste was one of the oldest parts of the Habsburg Monarchy. In the 19th century, it was the most important port of one of the Great Powers of Europe, as a prosperous seaport in the Mediterranean region, Trieste became the fourth largest city of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. In the fin de siècle period at the end of the 19th century it emerged as an important hub for literature, Trieste underwent an economic revival during the 1930s, and Trieste was an important spot in the struggle between the Eastern and Western blocs after the Second World War. Today, the city is in one of the richest regions of Italy, Roman authors also transliterated the name as Tergestum. Modern names of the city include, Italian, Trieste, Slovene, Trst, German, Triest, Hungarian, Trieszt, Croatian, Trst, Serbian, Трст/Trst, Trieste lies in the northernmost part of the high Adriatic in northeastern Italy, near the border with Slovenia. The city lies on the Gulf of Trieste, built mostly on a hillside that becomes a mountain, Triestes urban territory lies at the foot of an imposing escarpment that comes down abruptly from the Karst Plateau towards the sea. The karst landforms close to the city reach an elevation of 458 metres above sea level and it lies on the borders of the Italian geographical region, the Balkan Peninsula, and the Mitteleuropa. The territory of Trieste is composed of different climate zones depending on the distance from the sea. The average temperatures are 5.4 °C in January and 23.3 °C in July, the climatic setting of the city is humid subtropical climate. On average, humidity levels are low, while only two months receive slightly less than 60 mm of precipitation. Trieste along with the Istrian peninsula has evenly distributed rainfall above 1,000 mm in total, snow occurs on average 0 –2 days per year. Temperatures are very mild - lows below zero are somewhat rare, winter maxima are lower than in typical Mediterranean zone with quite high minima. Summer is very warm with maxima about 28 °C and lows above 20 °C, the absolute maximum of the last fifty years is 37.2 °C in 2003, whereas the absolute minimum is −14.6 °C in 1956. Since the second millennium BC, the location was an inhabited site, originally an Illyrian settlement, the Veneti entered the region in the 10th-9th c. BC and seem to have given the town its name, Tergeste, still later, the town was later captured by the Carni, a tribe of the Eastern Alps, before becoming part of the Roman republic in 177 BC during the Istrian War
5.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world
6.
Right-wing politics
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Hierarchy and inequality may be viewed as natural results of traditional social differences or the competition in market economies. The term right-wing can generally refer to the conservative or reactionary section of a party or system. The original Right in France was formed as a reaction against the Left, and comprised those politicians supporting hierarchy, tradition, the use of the expression la droite became prominent in France after the restoration of the monarchy in 1815, when it was applied to the Ultra-royalists. The people of English-speaking countries did not apply the terms right, from the 1830s to the 1880s, there was a shift in the Western world of social class structure and the economy, moving away from nobility and aristocracy towards capitalism. This general economic shift toward capitalism affected centre right movements such as the British Conservative Party, in the United States, the Right includes both economic and social conservatives. The nobility, members of the Second Estate, generally sat to the right, in the successive legislative assemblies, monarchists who supported the Ancien Régime were commonly referred to as rightists because they sat on the right side. A major figure on the right was Joseph de Maistre, who argued for a form of conservatism. Throughout the 19th century, the line dividing Left and Right in France was between supporters of the republic and supporters of the monarchy. In British politics, the right and left came into common use for the first time in the late 1930s in debates over the Spanish Civil War. The meaning of right-wing varies across societies, historical epochs, and political systems, according to The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics, in liberal democracies, the political Right opposes socialism and social democracy. Right-wing parties include conservatives, Christian democrats, classical liberals, nationalists and, on the far Right, Roger Eatwell and Neal OSullivan divide the Right into five types, reactionary, moderate, radical, extreme, and new. Chip Berlet argues that each of these styles of thought are responses to the left, including liberalism and socialism, the reactionary right looks toward the past and is aristocratic, religious and authoritarian. Often the moderate right promotes nationalism and social welfare policies, radical right is a term developed after World War II to describe groups and ideologies such as McCarthyism, the John Birch Society, Thatcherism, and the Republikaner Party. Eatwell stresses that use has major typological problems and that the term has also been applied to clearly democratic developments. The radical right includes right-wing populism and various other subtypes, Eatwell argues that the extreme right has four traits, 1) anti-democracy, 2) nationalism, 3) racism, and 4) the strong state. The New Right consists of the conservatives, who stress small government, free markets. Other authors make a distinction between the centre-right and the far right, parties of the centre-right generally support liberal democracy, capitalism, the market economy, private property rights, and a limited welfare state. They support conservatism and economic liberalism, and oppose socialism and communism, typical examples of leaders to whom the far right label is often applied are Francisco Franco in Spain and Augusto Pinochet in Chile
7.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany
8.
World War II
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World War II, also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although related conflicts began earlier. It involved the vast majority of the worlds countries—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing alliances, the Allies and the Axis. It was the most widespread war in history, and directly involved more than 100 million people from over 30 countries. Marked by mass deaths of civilians, including the Holocaust and the bombing of industrial and population centres. These made World War II the deadliest conflict in human history, from late 1939 to early 1941, in a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany conquered or controlled much of continental Europe, and formed the Axis alliance with Italy and Japan. Under the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union partitioned and annexed territories of their European neighbours, Poland, Finland, Romania and the Baltic states. In December 1941, Japan attacked the United States and European colonies in the Pacific Ocean, and quickly conquered much of the Western Pacific. The Axis advance halted in 1942 when Japan lost the critical Battle of Midway, near Hawaii, in 1944, the Western Allies invaded German-occupied France, while the Soviet Union regained all of its territorial losses and invaded Germany and its allies. During 1944 and 1945 the Japanese suffered major reverses in mainland Asia in South Central China and Burma, while the Allies crippled the Japanese Navy, thus ended the war in Asia, cementing the total victory of the Allies. World War II altered the political alignment and social structure of the world, the United Nations was established to foster international co-operation and prevent future conflicts. The victorious great powers—the United States, the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival superpowers, setting the stage for the Cold War, which lasted for the next 46 years. Meanwhile, the influence of European great powers waned, while the decolonisation of Asia, most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards economic recovery. Political integration, especially in Europe, emerged as an effort to end pre-war enmities, the start of the war in Europe is generally held to be 1 September 1939, beginning with the German invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany two days later. The dates for the beginning of war in the Pacific include the start of the Second Sino-Japanese War on 7 July 1937, or even the Japanese invasion of Manchuria on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian A. J. P. Taylor, who held that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously and this article uses the conventional dating. Other starting dates sometimes used for World War II include the Italian invasion of Abyssinia on 3 October 1935. The British historian Antony Beevor views the beginning of World War II as the Battles of Khalkhin Gol fought between Japan and the forces of Mongolia and the Soviet Union from May to September 1939, the exact date of the wars end is also not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 14 August 1945, rather than the formal surrender of Japan
9.
Fascism
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Fascism /ˈfæʃɪzəm/ is a form of radical authoritarian nationalism that came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe. The first fascist movements emerged in Italy during World War I, opposed to liberalism, Marxism, and anarchism, fascism is usually placed on the far-right within the traditional left–right spectrum. Fascists saw World War I as a revolution that brought changes to the nature of war, society, the state. The advent of war and the total mass mobilization of society had broken down the distinction between civilians and combatants. A military citizenship arose in which all citizens were involved with the military in some manner during the war, Fascism rejects assertions that violence is automatically negative in nature, and views political violence, war, and imperialism as means that can achieve national rejuvenation. Fascists advocate a mixed economy, with the goal of achieving autarky through protectionist and interventionist economic policies. Since the end of World War II in 1945, few parties have openly described themselves as fascist, the descriptions neo-fascist or post-fascist are sometimes applied more formally to describe parties of the far right with ideologies similar to, or rooted in, 20th century fascist movements. The Italian term fascismo is derived from fascio meaning a bundle of rods and this was the name given to political organizations in Italy known as fasci, groups similar to guilds or syndicates. According to Mussolinis own account, the Fascist Revolutionary Party was founded in Italy in 1915, in 1919, Mussolini founded the Fasci Italiani di Combattimento in Milan, which became the Partito Nazionale Fascista two years later. The symbolism of the fasces suggested strength through unity, a rod is easily broken. Similar symbols were developed by different fascist movements, for example, historians, political scientists, and other scholars have long debated the exact nature of fascism. Each interpretation of fascism is distinct, leaving many definitions too wide or narrow, according to many scholars, fascism—especially once in power—has historically attacked communism, conservatism and parliamentary liberalism, attracting support primarily from the far right. Roger Griffin describes fascism as a genus of political ideology whose mythic core in its various permutations is a form of populist ultranationalism. Griffin describes the ideology as having three components, the rebirth myth, populist ultra-nationalism and the myth of decadence. Fascism is a revolutionary, trans-class form of anti-liberal, and in the last analysis. Fascist Philosophies vary by application, but remain distinct by one theoretic commonality, all traditionally fall into the far-right sector of any political spectrum, catalyzed by afflicted class identities over conventional social inequities. John Lukacs, Hungarian-American historian and Holocaust survivor, argues there is no such thing as generic fascism. He claims that National Socialism and Communism are essentially manifestations of populism, Fascism was influenced by both left and right, conservative and anti-conservative, national and supranational, rational and anti-rational
10.
Monfalcone
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Monfalcone is a town and comune of the province of Gorizia, located on the coast of the Gulf of Trieste. Monfalcone means Mount of Falcon in Italian and it is a major industrial centre for manufacturing ships, airplanes, textiles, chemicals and refined oil. It is the home of Fincantieri Cantieri Navali Italiani, Monfalcone is the fifth most populous town in Friuli - Venezia Giulia and the main centre of Bisiacaria territory. Joined to its neighbourhoods, it reaches about 50,000 inhabitants, the town lies between the Carso hills and the Adriatic Sea, being the northernmost port of the Mediterranean Sea. In prehistoric times the area of Monfalcone housed several fortified villages called castellieri, after the foundation of the Roman city of Aquileia, some thermal buildings were created on the hills, known as Insulae Clarae. After the Ostrogoth, Byzantine, Lombard and Frank domination, Monfalcone was controlled by the Patriarch of Aquileia starting from 967, the Venetians conquered it in 1420 after three days of siege, keeping it until 1511, when it fell to the French. Conquered back by Venice, it was ravaged by the troops of emperor Maximilian I in 1513, in 1521 it was returned to Venice, under which it remained until 1797. It was controlled by France until the fall of Napoleon, after which it part of the Austrian Empire. During World War I, the town was captured by Italy in 1915 and it was briefly recaptured by Austria in 1917, after the battle of Caporetto. Monfalcone returned to Italy in 1918, of medieval origin, its current appearance dates to the Venetian restorations in the early 16th century. The interior houses a speleology exhibition, park of World War I Karst area Cathedral of SantAmbrogio Monfalcone railway station, opened in 1860, is a junction between the Venice–Trieste railway and the Udine–Trieste railway. The construction and design records of the ships produced in Monfalcone Shipyard Number 1 from 1909 -1967 have been preserved in the Fondo Egone Missio Archives
11.
Gorizia
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Gorizia listen is a town and comune in northeastern Italy, in the autonomous region of Friuli Venezia Giulia. It is located at the foot of the Julian Alps, bordering Slovenia and it is the capital of the Province of Gorizia and a local center of tourism, industry, and commerce. Since 1947, a town of Nova Gorica has developed on the other side of the modern-day Italian–Slovenian border. Taken together, the two towns constitute a conurbation, which includes the Slovenian municipality of Šempeter-Vrtojba. Since May 2011, these three towns are joined in a common trans-border metropolitan zone, administered by a joint administration board, Gorizia is located at the confluence of the Isonzo and Vipava Valleys. It lies on a plain overlooked by the Gorizia Hills, sheltered from the north by a mountain ridge, Gorizia is protected from the cold Bora wind that affects most of the neighbouring areas. The town thus enjoys a mild Mediterranean climate throughout the year, the name of the town comes from the Slovene word gorica meaning little hill, which is a very common toponym in Slovene-inhabited areas. The document referred to Gorizia as the known as Goriza in the language of the Slavs. From the 11th century, the town had two different layers of development, the castle district and the village beneath it. The first played a role and the second a rural-commercial role. In 1500, the dynasty of the Counts of Gorizia died out and their County passed to Austrian Habsburg rule, under Habsburg dominion, the town spread out at the foot of the castle. Many settlers from northern Italy moved there and started their commerce, Gorizia developed into a multi-ethnic town, in which Friulian, Venetian, German and Slovene language was spoken. In mid-16th century, Gorizia emerged as a centre of Protestant Reformation, the prominent Slovene Protestant preacher Primož Trubar also visited and preached in the town. By the end of the century, however, Catholic Counter-Reformation had gained force in Gorizia, led by the local dean Janez Tavčar, Tavčar was also instrumental in bringing the Jesuit order to the town, which played a role in the education and cultural life in Gorizia thereafter. Gorizia was at first part of the County of Görz and since 1754, a new town quarter developed around the Cathedral where many treasures from the Basilica of Aquileia were transferred. Many new villas were built conveying to the town the typical late Baroque appearance, a synagogue was built within the town walls, too, which was another example of Gorizias relatively tolerant multi-ethnic nature. During the Napoleonic Wars, Gorizia was incorporated to the French Illyrian Provinces between 1809 and 1813, after the restoration of the Austrian rule, the Gorizia and its County were incorporated in the administrative unit known as the Kingdom of Illyria. During this period, Gorizia emerged as a summer residence of the Austrian nobility
12.
Istria
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Istria, formerly Histria, is the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea. The peninsula is located at the head of the Adriatic between the Gulf of Trieste and the Kvarner Gulf and it is shared by three countries, Croatia, Slovenia, and Italy. Istria lies in three countries, Croatia, Slovenia and Italy, by far the largest portion lies in Croatia. Croatian Istria is divided into two counties, the larger being Istria County in western Croatia, important towns in Istria County include Pula/Pola, Poreč/Parenzo, Rovinj//Rovigno, Pazin//Pisino, Labin/Albona, Umag/Umago, Motovun//Montona, Buzet/Pinguente, and Buje/Buie. Smaller towns in Istria County include Višnjan, Roč, and Hum, northwards of Slovenian Istria, there is a tiny portion of the peninsula that lies in Italy. This smallest portion of Istria consists of the comunes of Muggia and San Dorligo della Valle, central Istria has a Continental climate. North-Slovenian coast of Istria has a Sub-Mediterranean climate, west and south coast has a Mediterranean climate. East coast has a Sub-Mediterranean climate with Oceanic climate influences, the warmest places are Pula, Rovinj, while the coldest is Pazin. Precipitation is moderate, with between 640 and 1,020 mm falling in the areas, and up to 1,500 mm in the hills. The name is derived from the Histri tribes, which Strabo refers to as living in the region, the Histri are classified in some sources as a Venetic Illyrian tribe, with certain linguistic differences from other Illyrians. The Romans described the Histri as a tribe of pirates. It took two military campaigns for the Romans to finally subdue them in 177 BC, the region was then called together with the Venetian part the X. Roman Region of Venetia et Histria, the ancient definition of the northeastern border of Italy. Dante Alighieri refers to it as well, the border of Italy per ancient definition is the river Arsia. The eastern side of river was settled by people whose culture was different than Histrians. Earlier influence of the Iapodes was attested there, while at some time between the 4th and 1st century BC, the Liburnians extended their territory and it became a part of Liburnia, on the northern side, Histria went much further north and included the Italian city of Trieste. Some scholars speculate that the names Histri and Istria are related to the Latin name Hister, ancient folktales reported — inaccurately — that the Danube split in two or bifurcated and came to the sea near Trieste as well as at the Black Sea. The story of the Bifurcation of the Danube is part of the Argonaut legend, there is also a suspected link to the commune of Istria in Constanţa, Romania. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the region was pillaged by the Goths, the Eastern Roman Empire, and it was subsequently annexed to the Lombard Kingdom in 751, and then annexed to the Frankish kingdom by Pepin of Italy in 789
13.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
14.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network
15.
Imperial Free City of Trieste
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Trieste was part of the Holy Roman Empire and, later, of the German Confederation and the Austrian Littoral. The city administration and economy were dominated by the citys Italian population element, in the later 19th and early 20th century, the city attracted the immigration of workers from the citys hinterlands, many of whom were speakers of Slovene. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476, Trieste was a Byzantine military outpost, in 567 AD the city was destroyed by the Lombards, in the course of their invasion of northern Italy. In 788 it became part of the Frankish kingdom, under the authority of their count-bishop, from 1081 the city came loosely under the Patriarchate of Aquileia, developing into a free commune by the end of the 12th century. After two centuries of war, Trieste came with the signing of a treaty on 30 October 1370 in front of St. Bartholomews Church in the village of Šiška under the Republic of Venice. The Venetians retained the town until 1378, when it became the property of the Patriarchate of Aquileia. Discontent with the rule, the main citizens of Trieste in 1382 petitioned Leopold III of Habsburg, Duke of Austria to become part of his domains. This united Charlemagnes southern marches under Habsburg rule, subsequently consolidated as the Austrian Littoral, the Habsburg Empire recovered Trieste a little over a year later, however, when conflict resumed. Austro-Venetian rivalry over the Adriatic weakened each states efforts to repel the Ottoman Empires expansion into the Balkans, on the Habsburgs annexation, Trieste had a patriciate, a bishop and his chapter, two municipal chapters totalling 200 people, armed forces and institutions of higher education. Trieste became an important port and trade hub, from June 1734, Charles VI began assembling a navy in the city. In 1768, the German art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann was murdered by a robber in Trieste, Trieste was occupied by French troops three times during the Napoleonic Wars, in 1797,1805 and in 1809. The restoration of Istria to the Austrian Empire was confirmed at the Congress of Vienna, following the Napoleonic Wars, Trieste continued to prosper as the free imperial city of Trieste, a status that granted economic freedom, but limited its political self-government. By 1913, Austrian Lloyd had a fleet of 62 ships comprising a total of 236,000 tons, however, the Austrian monarch Franz Josef I gently rejected this idea. The modern Austro-Hungarian Navy used Triestes shipbuilding facilities for construction and as a base, the importance of Trieste as a trading and shipbuilding city to the Empire is testified by the expenditure made. The construction of Porto Nuovo cost 29 million crowns over 15 years, up until 1914, over 14 million crowns of subsidies were paid to Austrian shipping companies using Trieste. The city was the port of the Austrian Riviera. Viennese architecture and coffeehouses dominate the streets of Trieste to this day. Together with Trento, Trieste was a focus of the irredentist movement
16.
Morgan Line
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The Morgan Line was the line of demarcation set up after World War II in the region known as Julian March which prior to the war belonged to the Kingdom of Italy. The Morgan Line was the border between two administrations in the region, the Yugoslav on the east, and that of the Allied Military Government on the west. The line was named after the British representative at the negotiations in Duino that resulted in the demarcation, the demarcation divided the Julian March into two zones, Zone A under Allied military administration and Zone B under the administration of the Yugoslav Peoples Army. The Istrian coastal town of Pula was also under Allied administration, the village of Opatje Selo on the north-western edge of the Kras plateau formed a small enclave of Zone B within the territory of Zone A. The Morgan Line ceased to exist on 15 September 1947, when the Treaty of Peace with Italy came into effect, Allied troops along the Morgan Line withdrew several miles to a parallel French Line, part of which ran along sections of the former Morgan Line. The Free Territory was divided into two zones, and the demarcation line between the two zones ran along the Morgan line. Only a very small part still serves as a border between Italy and Slovenia, dividing the Italian municipality of San Dorligo della Valle from the Slovenian municipality of Koper
17.
Free Territory of Trieste
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The new State exists since 15 September 1947. Until 1954, its regime of Government was exercised in the form of temporary military administration. The administration became of civil nature in 1954, and it was handed over to the Italian and it bordered the new Italian Republic to the north, and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia to the south and to the east. The rivers of the territory included the Rižana/Risano, the Dragonja/Dragogna, the Timavo/Timava, the Val Rosandra/Glinščica, the Territorys highest point was at Monte Cocusso/Kokoš. Since 1992, it corresponds with the province of Trieste an autonomous body of the Free Territory of Trieste itself, since 1382, Trieste had been part of the Habsburg Monarchy, whilst Istria had been divided for centuries between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Republic of Venice. The population of the territory has been diverse and mixed, with different, the countryside of the territory was mostly Slovene or Croatian in the southernmost portion of the area. There was also a number of Istro-Romanians, Greeks, Albanians. An example of this mix is the Triestine dialect. Its base is derived from Venetian, influenced by a Friulian substrate, mainly due to the existence of the now defunct Tergestine dialect, some of the Triestine words are of German and Slovene origin and also came from other languages, such as Greek. The variations of spoken Slovenian and Croatian in the territory were also largely dialectal, sharing words with the Triestine, in the southernmost part of the territory the Croatian-based dialects were of the Chakavian type, while the Venetian-based Istrian is also commonly used. In 1921, after World War I, Italy annexed Trieste, Istria and part of modern-day western Slovenia, in 1924, Italy annexed the Free State of Fiume, now the city of Rijeka in Croatia. During the 1920s and 1930s, the Slavic population was subjected to forced Italianization and discrimination under the Italian fascist regime. They were also exposed to violence by fascist party mobs, including the burning of the Slovene National Hall in Trieste on July 13,1920. Italy fought with the Axis powers in World War II, the Yugoslav 4th Army and the Slovenian 9th Corps entered Trieste on May 1,1945, after a battle in the town of Opicina. An uneasy truce developed between Allied and Yugoslav troops occupying the area until British Gen, sir William Morgan proposed a partition of the territory and the removal of Yugoslav troops from the area occupied by the Allies. Yugoslav leader Josip Broz Tito agreed in principle on May 23, an agreement was signed in Duino on June 10, creating the Morgan Line. The Yugoslav troops withdrew by June 12,1945, in January 1947, the United Nations Security Council approved Resolution 16 under Article 24 of its charter calling for the creation of a free state in Trieste and the region surrounding it. A permanent statute codifying its provisions was to become recognized under international law upon the appointment of an international governor approved by the Quatripartite Powers, on September 15,1947, the peace treaty between the United Nations and Italy was ratified, establishing the Free Territory of Trieste
18.
Province of Trieste
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The Province of Trieste is a province in the autonomous Friuli-Venezia Giulia region of Italy. Its capital is the city of Trieste and it has an area of 212 square kilometres and a total population of 236,520. It has a length of 48.1 kilometres. There are 6 communes in the province, after the dissolution of the Western Roman Empire, the area of the province of Trieste was ruled by the Ostrogoths, Eastern Romans, Lombards and by the Franks. With the advent of the Habsburgs the territory was divided between the lords of Duino, Trieste, San Dorligo della Valle and Muggia, during the reign of Maria Theresa of Austria and, subsequently, Joseph II, the maritime trades were increased with institution of the free port. In 1809, the area was ceded to France after the defeat of Austria in that year, San Dorligo della Valle and Muggia became part of Istria. World War I left the territory of the province almost untouched, the whole area was occupied by Italy in November 1918, in the aftermath of Austrias defeat in World War I. It was officially annexed to Italy with the treaty of Rapallo of 1920, the Province of Trieste was first established in 1920. It comprised the current territory of the province, as well as significant portions of the Kras plateau, after the end of World War II, the Free Territory of Trieste was established as a free state on 15 September 1947. On 26 October 1954, Italy and Yugoslavia came to an understanding whereby the territory de facto was divided between the two states, Zone A of the free state became the new Province of Trieste and Zone B was to be administered by Yugoslavia. The Province of Trieste formally became a part of Italy on 11 October 1977, the Italian language is spoken within the whole province. In the city of Trieste, many people speak Triestine, a dialect of Venetian, the Tergestine, an archaic dialect of the Friulian language was spoken in Trieste and in Muggia, but became completely extinct by the mid 19th century. An estimated 8% of the population belongs to the Slovene ethnic community. Besides standard Slovene, which is taught in Slovene-language schools, three different Slovene dialects are spoken in the Province of Trieste. The Kras dialect is spoken in the municipalities of Duino-Aurisina and Sgonico, as well as in several settlements in the municipality of Trieste, Barcola, Prosecco, and Contovello. The Inner Carniolan dialect is spoken in the municipality of Monrupino and in settlements of the municipality of Trieste, namely Opicina, Trebiciano, Padriciano. The Istrian dialect is spoken in the municipalities of San Dorligo della Valle and in the areas of Muggia. The following is a list of the six communes of the Province of Trieste, Italy
19.
Gulf of Trieste
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The Gulf of Trieste is a very shallow bay of the Adriatic Sea, in the extreme northern part of the Adriatic Sea. It is part of the Gulf of Venice and is shared by Italy and it is closed to the south by the peninsula of Istria, the largest peninsula in the Adriatic Sea, shared between Croatia and Slovenia. The entire Slovenian sea is part of the Gulf of Trieste, the gulf is limited by an imaginary line connecting the Punta Tagliamento on the Italian and Savudrija on the Croatian coast. Its area is approximately 550 square kilometres, its depth is 18.7 metres. With the exception of flat islets blocking the entrance to Laguna di Grado and its eastern coasts, with Trieste and the Slovenian Littoral, have more rugged relief. The sea current in the gulf flows counterclockwise and its average speed is 0.8 knots. Tides in the gulf are among the largest in the Adriatic Sea, the average salinity is 37-38‰, but in the summer it falls under 35‰. The entire Slovenian coastline is located on the Gulf of Trieste, towns along the coastline include Koper/Capodistria, Izola/Isola, and Piran/Pirano. Slovenian Riviera Free Territory of Trieste Treaty of Osimo Barcolana regatta Media related to Gulf of Trieste at Wikimedia Commons Gulf of Trieste on Geopedia
20.
Duino Castle
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Duino Castle is a fourteenth-century fortification located in Duino, near Trieste, Italy, on the cliffs overlooking the Gulf of Trieste. Building commenced in 1389 at the order of the Wallsee family, the ruins of an older castle built in the eleventh century by the Patriarch of Aquileia are located on the grounds. In the nineteenth century, it one of two residences for Prince Alexander von Thurn und Taxis and his wife Princess Marie of the Czech branch of the House of Thurn und Taxis. While not the wealthiest of the Thurn und Taxis line, Alexander and Marie supported artists and writers, among these included Bohemian-Austrian poet Rainer Maria Rilke. While a guest of Princess Marie in early 1912, Rilke began to write his Duino Elegies, Rilke dedicated his work to Princess Marie when they were completed in February 1922 and published the following year. Duino Castle remains property of the Thurn und Taxis family, and is owned by Prince Alexander and Princess Maries great-grandson, Prince Carlo Alessandro della Torre e Tasso, the castle has been opened to the public as a museum and park. Near the castle are the ruins of the Old Castle which dates back to the 11th century and it belonged to the patriarchy of Aquileia. The castle dates back to 1389, when the Wallsee family commanded the construction of a strong fortress, over time, the Wallsee family disappeared and the castle, after having been used as a prison, became the residence of the Luogar and Hofer. At the end of the 19th century it became the property of Prince Alexander Johann Vincenz Rudolf Hugo Karl Lamoral Eligius von Thurn und Taxis from the Czech branch of the House of Thurn and Taxis. It remains with the family to this day with his great-grandson Prince Carlo Alessandro della Torre e Tasso, the castle has been opened to the public as a museum and park. Which he quickly wrote in his notebook, the Duino Elegies are recognized by critics and scholars as his most important work and one of the chief transitional works between the apex of German Romanticism and Modernist poetry. They are ten religious, mystical poems that weigh beauty. Mans loneliness, the perfection of the angels, life and death, love and lovers, Rilke finished the work in Switzerland after a ten-year period where depression and an existential crisis rendered him unable to continue writing. Upon publication in 1922, Rilke dedicated the work to the Princess, who he esteemed as one of his greatest patrons and closest friends
21.
Grotta Gigante
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Its central cavern is 107 m high,65 m wide and 130 m long, putting it in the 1995 Guinness Book of Records as the worlds largest tourist cave. This record was broken in 2010 when La Verna cave in the south west of France was opened to tourists, the cave contains many large stalactites and stalagmites, many of exceptional beauty. A feature of the stalagmites is their appearance, formed by water dropping from up to 80 m above. The enormous hall is 107 m high,130 m long and 65 m large and its available space and the constant temperatures throughout the year have led to the placement of two geodetic pendula and other scientific instruments. The cave was first explored by Antonio Federico Lindner in 1840, at the time, the karst behind Trieste was being searched for underground water from the Timavo River so as to be able to plan the citys aqueduct. In 1897, it was mapped by Andrea Perko, properly equipped for guided tours in 1905 by Club Touristi Triestini. After World War I, ownership went to the Julian Alpine Society, tourism only really began in 1957, when electricity was installed, unveiling new perspectives and details. Two wide parking lots are available on the outside, visits are scheduled at regular intervals throughout the day with expert guides. A guided walk through the cave takes about an hour, media related to Grotta Gigante at Wikimedia Commons Official Grotta Gigante website
22.
Sistiana
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Sistiana is a village in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, in the far northeast of Italy near the Slovene border. It is a frazione of the comune of Duino-Aurisina, the village lies north-west of Trieste, the provincial capital. The closest airport is located 7 nm west of Sistiana, average altitude,70 m above sea level. Sistiana is on time zone UTC +1, the name is derived from the Latin Sextilianum, which may represent the first Roman settlement in the region of Trieste. A Roman villa has been discovered nearby, and the quarries were exploited in the 2nd century AD. There were border clashes in the 16th century between the lords of Duino and the city of Trieste, media related to Sistiana at Wikimedia Commons
23.
Val Rosandra
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It is also included into a natural park, mostly set around the river Rosandra and the surrounding hills reach an elevation of 412 metres. The northern end of the crosses the Italian-Slovenian border. The Val Rosandra is part of the Kras geographical region, tourist attractions in the valley are a 40-metre waterfall near the village of Botazzo and the Church of Santa Maria. The hitherto known plant diversity of Val Rosandra can be summed up in just a few numbers, more than 1,000 fungi,988 vascular plants, approx. 300 lichens, about 150 bryophytes, and about 100 species of Myxomicetes, there is a lack of reliable data on cyanobacteria, algae and microfungi, with which the total number of taxa would be much higher. The Val Rosandra reflects the history of the vegetation of the karst, the valley still retains aspects of the prehistoric vegetation of the karst, especially on rocks and scree slopes. The landscape is different from that of the rest of the Trieste Karst, the species are often the same and grow in similar associations. Thus, certain sections of M. Carso are extraordinarily reminiscent of the hinterland of Rijeka in Croazia, in Val Rosandra the landscape can be read easily, because of the modest development of the reliefs and presence of only two dominant types of substrate, limestone and Flysch. The areas with Flysch have an almost Apenninic, landscape, while those with limestone give rise to a Balkan landscape, Val Rosandra on Wikivoyage Interactive flora of the Val Rosandra Plan of the Natural Park on the website of the Friuli-Venezia Giulia Government
24.
Kleines Berlin
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Kleines Berlin is the complex of underground air-raid tunnels dating to World War II, which still exists in Trieste, Italy. After annexing Trieste into the Adriatic Coast Operational Zone in 1943, the work was carried out by companies cooperating with the Organisation Todt. In particular, the German authorities wanted to build a shelter for their soldiers. To that end, the Nazi authorities had supplied the lighting installation for the municipal tunnel, the excavation of the shelter involved three different companies, each working independently from one another. German General Odilo Globocnik, the SS and Police Leader for the city, had ordered them to work in secrecy, because he had thought of creating a secret passage between his house and a court. The shelters entrance at via Fabio Severo, as well as the leading to the Court of Trieste, were built by land-surveyor Gerdols company. The underground complex is divided into two sectors, one of Italian construction and one of German construction, that are different from each other. The Italian sector consists of a series of parallel tunnels connected by other perpendiculars, the equipped with wooden benches, a first aid room. It is served by three entrances, all on via Fabio Severo, the German sector, however, consists of a set of big rooms perpendicular to a long main tunnel. It covers an area of 1,000 square meters and it had been occupied exclusively by SS troops, partly because it was used by General Globocnik to reach, from his home, offices located in the Court of Trieste, without going out into the open. It had a total of four entrances, one in the garden of the villa above Ara, one in the basement of the courthouse, use of the entrance to the German sector was forbidden to any non-German staff. No Italian was allowed to enter it, except for an electrician working for the Luigi Presel company, the Germans main concern for the management of the shelter was the high amount of humidity stagnating the tunnels. They used braziers burning coke coal in order to dry up the rooms, however, burnt gas was conveyed through an expelling fan to the municipal tunnel, causing serious problems of asphyxia for the people sheltered there. In the night of April 29,1945, Reich Defense Commissar Friedrich Rainer and General Globocnik abandoned Trieste, there, they were arrested by the Allies. On April 30,1945 an insurrection broke out in Trieste led by the Italian anti-Fascist National Liberation Committee, on May 1,1945, Yugoslav partisan troops entered the city, surrounding the last German strongholds and forcing German soldiers to surrender. The Court, connected by the tunnels to the shelter, was among these strongholds. No trace of a Yugoslav attempt to penetrate the corridor of the Court has been found, the fight for the City did not last long. German soldiers surrendered to New Zealand troops, which in the meantime had entered the City, after twenty months, the German occupation of Trieste had come to an end
25.
Miramare Castle
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Miramare Castle is a 19th-century castle on the Gulf of Trieste near Trieste, northeastern Italy. The castles grounds include an extensive cliff and seashore park of 22 hectares designed by the archduke, the grounds were completely re-landscaped to feature numerous tropical species of trees and plants. Miramare Castle and its park were built by order of Ferdinand Maximilian, of the House of Habsburg - younger brother of Franz Joseph, Emperor of Austria. In 1850, at the age of eighteen, Maximilian came to Trieste with his brother Charles and, immediately afterwards and this journey confirmed his intention to sail and to get to know the world. In 1852 he was appointed an officer and in 1854 he became Commander in Chief of the Imperial Navy and he decided to move to Trieste and to have a home built facing the sea and surrounded by a park worthy of his name and rank. The whole complex, purchased for the first time at the beginning of March 1856, was called Miramar, after the name of Prince Ferdinand of Saxony’s residence in Pena, Portugal. Designed in 1856 by Carl Junker, an Austrian architect, the structure of Miramare was finished in 1860. The style reflects the interests of the archduke, who was acquainted with the eclectic architectural styles of Austria, Germany. The craftsman Franz Hofmann and his son, Julius, were entrusted with the furnishing, Hofmann, who worked in the city of Trieste, was a skilful artisan who was willing to follow Maximilian’s suggestions. Both the artisan and his patron had a similar cultural formation, all the rooms still feature the original furnishings, ornaments, furniture and objects dating back to the middle of the 19th century. Many coats of arms of the Second Mexican Empire decorate the castle, the first floor includes guest reception areas and the Throne Room. Of note are the magnificent panelling on the ceiling and walls, of particular interest is the room decorated with paintings by Cesare Dell’Acqua, portraying events in the life of Maximilian and the history of Miramare. Currently, the rooms in the castle are mostly arranged according to the original layout decided upon by the royal couple, a valuable photographic reportage commissioned by the archduke himself made accurate reconstruction possible. After having been commissioned as an officer in the Imperial navy in 1852, Maximilian decided to move to Trieste where he stayed for increasingly longer and more frequent periods. He rented a villa on the slopes of the hill of San Vito from Niccolò Marco Lazarovich with a clause in the contract allowed him to make all the modifications he considered necessary. Modelled on eclectic forms on a base with a terrace facing the castle, the tower and the arbour entrance. On the ground there is a decoration on plaster painted to resemble wood. The Castelletto is closely linked to the history of Maximilian
26.
Savoia Excelsior Palace
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The Savoia Excelsior Palace is a 4 star hotel in Trieste, Italy owned by the Starhotels group. The hotel is located close to Piazza Unità dItalia overlooking the Gulf of Trieste and has 142 rooms, the hotel has a bar, Le Rive, and a restaurant, The Savoy, which seats up to 150 people. The hotel’s conference centre has 9 meeting rooms which can seat up to 650 people in total, the hotel was used as a venue for part of the 2009 G8 summit meeting. The Savoia Excelsior Palace was built in 1911 by the Austrian architect Ladislaus Fiedler with classical sculptures, at the time of its opening in 1912 the hotel was one of the most imposing and luxurious hotels in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Throughout its history the hotel has hosted aristocrats, artists and diplomats, emperor Franz Josef was a frequent guest and his private apartment is preserved intact. The hotel reopened in June 2009 after two and a years of renovation
27.
Trieste Astronomical Observatory
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Astronomical Observatory of Trieste is an astronomical center of studies located in the city of Trieste in northern Italy. The observatory traces its origins from the Nautical School founded in Trieste by the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria in 1753. Following the dissolution of Austria-Hungary after World War I and the annexation of Trieste by the Kingdom of Italy, today the observatory is part of Italys National Institute for Astrophysics, which includes 20 research institutions around the country. The scientific production of the Astronomical Observatory of Trieste exceeds 130 papers per year, mostly published in international peer-reviewed journals
28.
Trieste Commodity Exchange
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The Trieste Commodity Exchange was founded in 1755 by Empress Maria Theresa. It is one of the oldest commodity exchanges in the world, the rise of Trieste as a commercial center took place in the eighteenth century by the will of the Habsburg imperial government, during the reign of Charles VI. The ratification of the port and the Deputation of the Court laid the foundation for the citys economic development. In 1755, Empress Maria Theresa replaced the Deputation, dissolved a few years earlier, Theresa simultaneously instituted the Trieste Commodity Exchange, governed by a collegiate body, then called the ‘Deputation of the Stock’. This body was made up of six members and its duties included management of annuities, the commodity exchange, the plant for goods delivery, storage archive business and shareholder meetings. To deal with problems the Deputation was joined by the Consultation Exchange, consisting of forty members. In 1853, following an 1850 law that applied to the empire, the Trieste Chamber of Commerce and Industry was established. After 1920 the Trieste Commodity Exchange continued to operate separately from the Trieste Stock Exchange, active until 1996, the system allows the trading of new concept TMD securities
29.
Vittoria Light
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Vittoria Light also known as the Victory Lighthouse, is an active lighthouse in Trieste, Italy, serving the Gulf of Trieste. It is located on the hill of Gretta, off the Strada del Friuli, at a height of 223 feet it is one of the tallest lighthouses in the world. The idea to raise a monument in the vicinity arose during World War I, following capture of Kobarid in the Battles of the Isonzo, originally the lighthouse was to rise on the coast of Istria, near Pula. However, the location chosen was the hill of Gretta, due to ideal height. The lighthouse plans took shape following the end of the war and it was designed by triestine architect Arduino Berlam. One of the reasons for building such a monument was the desire to build a victory monument higher than the Berlin Victory Column. Work started only in 1923 and ended on May 24,1927 with the inauguration in the presence of King Vittorio Emanuele III. The structure celebrates the Italian victory and commemorates the fallen of the first world war, in 1979 the lighthouse was closed for restoration for seven years, and was reopened to the public May 18,1986. The large base of the lighthouse includes the earthwork of the Austrian fort, the bottom of structure is covered by stone from Carso and the top is covered by stone from Istria. It weighs about 8,000 tonnes and construction involved the use of 1,500 cubic metres of stone,2,000 cubic metres of concrete and 100 tonnes of iron. Above the column is a capital and a crows nest, in which the bronze crystal cage of the lantern is inserted. The cage is topped by a copper fome with a motif, on top of which is the 7.2 metres statue of winged victory by sculptor Giovanni Mayer, made of embossed copper. Two projectiles of the Austrian battleship SMS Viribus Unitis are placed on both sides of the lighthouse entry, the light itself is an electrical light since its first lighting. The current light is a 1000 watt halogen bulb, the site of the lighthouse is open to the public. The lighthouse itself is open Saturday and Sunday 3 pm to 7 pm, reaching the top requires climbing 285 steps. List of tallest lighthouses in the world List of lighthouses in Italy Servizio Fari Marina Militare
30.
Trieste Cathedral
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Trieste Cathedral, dedicated to Saint Justus, is a Roman Catholic cathedral and the main church of Trieste, in northern Italy. It is the seat of the Bishop of Trieste, in 1899 Pope Leo XIII granted it the status of a basilica minor. The first religious edifice on the site was built in the 6th century on some Roman propylaea, perhaps the entrance to a monument, this was commonly known as the Capitoline Temple, as a pyramidal altar with the symbols of the Capitoline Triad had been found inside it. Of the hall there remains part of the floor, integrated into the present-day floor. Soon after it was opened for worship, the church was destroyed in the Lombard invasion. Between the 9th and 11th centuries, two basilicas were erected on the ruins of the old church, the first dedicated to Our Lady of the Assumption and the second, the original design of the latter building was subsequently lengthened. The Chapel of Saint Charles Borromeo serves as the chapel for the family of the Carlist claimants to the throne of Spain. The small 14th-century church of San Giovanni, the old baptistry) on the left and San Michele al Carnale on the right, by the entrance to the museum, complete a fine medieval churchyard. Archaeological excavations carried out here in the 1930s laid bare the remains of the Roman forum, two lower-floor columns have been reconstructed. The 5 bells are tuned in scale of G major
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Temple of Monte Grisa
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The Temple of Monte Grisa is a Roman-Catholic church north of the city of Trieste. Located at an altitude of 300 metres on the edge of the Karst Plateau it is a landmark, seen by many. It was built at the initiative of Antonio Santin, since 16 May 1938 Bishop of Trieste, seeing the riots between the Nazi-German occupiers and the Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale on 30 April 1945 he made a vow to erect a church, if Trieste was saved from total destruction. The city was saved and in 1959 Santin obtained permission from Pope John XXIII to build a church dedicated to the Holy Mary as a symbol of the peace. The temple was designed by Professor Antonio Guacci, after sketches by Santin, the triangular structures should evoke the letter M as a symbol of the Holy Mary. The church was built in between 1963 and 1965, after a first stone had been laid on 19 September 1959, Santin inaugurated the church on 22 May 1966. On 1 May 1992 Pope John Paul II visited the temple, in 2010 restoration works took place, because the concrete had suffered from alkali-silica reaction. Official website, retrieved 25 January 2011
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Synagogue of Trieste
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The Synagogue of Trieste is a Jewish house of worship located in Trieste, northern Italy. It was built between 1908 and 1912, and bears the hallmark of architects Ruggero and Arduino Berlam, the Great Temple was meant to satisfy the religious need of a growing Community that, in 1938, had almost 6,000 members. For its construction an international contest was organized, but it had no results, the whole room is orientated towards a monumental aròn with copper doors, surmounted by an pink granite aedicule which sustains the tables of the law with four columns. At its sides, two big menoròt, bronze candelabra with seven branches, leaning on a balustrade with wheatsheaf. In this gallery, above the door and under a barrel vault. The synagogue was closed in 1942 following the instigation of the laws under the Fascist regime. It was devastated by fascist squads and later, during the Nazi occupation, it was used as a storehouse for works of art, the ritual silvers of the Community were preserved from the plunder thanks to a clever hiding place inside the very building. As soon as the war finished the synagogue went back into operation, today it is recognised as one of the largest and most important places of worship for Jews in Europe. Different architectural styles have successfully blended into this building, whose essence is represented by four marble pillars supporting an imposing central dome. Jews in the Holy Land and throughout the Roman Empire had used Roman forms, syria was near enough to the Holy Land to incorporate design elements used by Jews. A synagogue in this style could suggest the geographic distribution of Jews. It could suggest the proximity of Jews to others within the ancient and it could suggest the Jews Middle Eastern origin without making them look too close to Byzantine Christians or to Moslems. Jewish Community of Trieste Official website Synagogues of Europe, P.372, Carole Herselle Krinsky
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Saint Spyridon Church, Trieste
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Saint Spyridon Church is a Serbian Orthodox church in Trieste, Italy. In 1781, the community split into two, the first was Greek community and second, from which there is todays Serbian parish, was the community which embraced the Orthodox South Slavic nations. From 1994 up to changes within the dioceses of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Today it is part of the jurisdiction of the Diocese of Central Europe, emilio Bisi produced sculptures for the facade
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Politeama Rossetti
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Politeama Rossetti is an Italian theatre situated in the city of Trieste. With over 60 shows scheduled each season, running from October to June, its stage shows include plays, musicals, ballet, dance and it is the home of Teatro Stabile del Friuli Venezia Giulia, one of Italys major public theatres. The artistic director is Antonio Calenda, the theatre was built in 1878 and designed by Nicolò Bruno. It was heavily restored in 1928,1969 and 1999, while the original capacity was over 5,000, it can now sit 1,531. In the recent years the theatre has specialised in the presentation of major West End and Broadway musicals, including the productions of Cats in 2008. The Rocky Horror Show and Chicago in 2009, in 2010 the theatre staged We Will Rock You, featuring the music of Queen, the acclaimed 50th anniversary production of West Side Story and Andrew Lloyd Webber’s Evita. In 2011 the theatre hosted the Italian premieres of the musicals Chess and Spamalot
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Risiera di San Sabba
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SS members Odilo Globocnik and Karl Frenzel, and Ivan Marchenko are all said to have participated in the killings at this camp. The cremation facilities, the ones built inside a concentration camp in Italy, were installed by Erwin Lambert. Today, the concentration camp operates as a civic museum. The building was erected in 1913 and first used as a rice-husking facility, during World War II, German occupation forces in Trieste used the building to transport, detain and exterminate prisoners. Many occupants of Risiera di San Sabba were transported to the German Nazi concentration camp at Auschwitz-Birkenau in Occupied Poland, historians estimate that over 3,000 people were killed at the Risiera camp and thousands more imprisoned and transported elsewhere. The majority of prisoners came from Friuli, the Julian March, boris Pahor was also held at the camp before being transported to the concentration camps of Dachau and Natzweiler. After the war, the served as a refugee center
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Revoltella Museum
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The Revoltella Museum is a modern art gallery founded in Trieste in 1872 by Baron Pasquale Revoltella. The baron, after he left his house to the city and all the works, furniture, the main building, designed by Friedrich Hitzig, was built in 1858. In order to expand the collection in 1907 the city acquired the Brunner palace located nearby. However, this building was put to full use in 1963. The museum today is composed of three buildings with an exhibition area of 4,000 square meters and the main entrance from Via Diaz. In addition to the works bequeathed by baron Revoltella, the city acquired additional artworks over the years. On permanent display today are about 350 paintings and sculptures, notable Italian and European artists whose works are exhibited in the gallery include, Augusto Tominz Alfredo Tominz Piero Sticotti Edgardo Sambo Giulio Montenero Maria Masau Dan Official website
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Museo Sartorio
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The Civico Museo Sartorio is a museum in Trieste, northern Italy. Set in a villa, it exhibits ceramics, majolica, porcelain and pictures. Besides the villa itself being an interesting building architecturally, it contains drawings of Giambattista Tiepolo, painting of Giambattista Pittoni. The museum opened to the public partially in 1949 and completely 1954, in 2006, the museum reopened after a period of renovation. Currently the Museum hosts temporary exhibits and cultural events such as theatre, the villa once belonged, among the others, to the Sartorio dynasty originally from Sanremo. A branch of the family moved in 1775 to Trieste as part of its business expansion, pietro Sartorio moved from Sanremo to Trieste with his family and bought the house, which had previously belonged to the merchant family Faraon, originary from Alexandria of Egypt. The last heir of the Sartorio family, Baroness Anna Segrè Sartorio, left the villa and all its furniture to Triestes city council with the explicit wish to make it a public museum. The villa was used by the Allies, as their headquarters after WW2, as can be seen by the marks on the tiles and walls where the telephone and electric leads were brought through
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Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi
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The Teatro Lirico Giuseppe Verdi is an opera house located in Trieste, Italy and named after the composer Giuseppe Verdi. Initially, the Nuovo had 1,400 seats, in 1821, it became known as the Teatro Grande. By the end of the 18th century, the need for a new theatre in Trieste became evident and its main theatre, the Teatro di San Pietro, had become increasingly inadequate and finally closed its doors in 1800. Gian Antonio Selva, the architect of the La Fenice in Venice, was engaged, the Nuovo became a mixture of La Fenice on the inside and La Scala on the exterior. A further name change followed in 1861 due to a change from private to public ownership, thus it became the Teatro Comunale and existed as such throughout the latter years of the 19th century. Within hours of his death in January 1901, the theatre was again renamed. It was extensively restored between 1992 and 1997 and re-opened with about 1,300 seats and with a Viva Verdi concert which included excerpts from many of the composers operas. ISBN 0-8108-5359-0 Plantamura, Carol, The Opera Lovers Guide to Europe, New York, ISBN 0-8065-1842-1 Teatro Verdis official website with photographs
