1.
Gestational age
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Gestational age is a measure of the age of a pregnancy where the origin from womans last normal menstrual period, or the corresponding age as estimated by other methods. Such methods include adding 14 days to a known duration since fertilization, the initiation of pregnancy for the calculation of gestational age can be different from definitions of initiation of pregnancy in context of the abortion debate or beginning of human personhood. In case of in vitro fertilization, calculating days since oocyte retrieval or co-incubation, gestational age can also be estimated by calculating days from ovulation if it was estimated from related signs or ovulation tests, and adding 14 days by convention. Following are diagrams for estimating gestational age from obstetric ultrasound, by various target parameters and it usually occurs within a day of ovulation, which, in turn, occurs on average 14.6 days after the beginning of the preceding menstruation.6. In a reference group representing all women, the 95% prediction interval of the LMP-to-ovulation is 8.2 to 20.5 days. Also, vaginal bleeding occurs during 15-25% of first trimester pregnancies, a fetus born prior to the 37th week of gestation is considered to be preterm. A preterm baby is likely to be premature and consequently faces increased risk of morbidity and mortality, an estimated due date is given by Naegeles rule. The events of development usually occur at specific gestational ages. The gestational timing of a toxin exposure or infection can be used to predict the consequences to the fetus. Only if such newborns survived seven days were then classified as live births. If, however, they died within that interval, they were classified as stillbirths, if they survived that interval but died within the first 365 days they were classified as infant deaths. More recently, thresholds for fetal death continue to vary widely internationally, the gestational age for fetal viability ranges from 16 weeks in Norway, to 20 weeks in the US and Australia,24 weeks in the UK, and 26 weeks in Italy and Spain. Gestational age is sometimes used postnatally to estimate various risk factors, for example, it is a better predictor than postnatal age for risk of intraventricular hemorrhage in premature babies treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Family-based studies showed that age is partially determined by genetic factors
2.
Late termination of pregnancy
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Late termination of pregnancy is more controversial than abortion in general because it results in the demise of a fetus that is more developed and sometimes able to survive independently. A late termination of pregnancy often refers to an ending of pregnancy after the 20th week of gestation. The exact point when a pregnancy becomes late-term, however, is not clearly defined, some sources define an abortion after 16 weeks as late. Three articles published in 1998 in the issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association could not agree on the definition. Two of the JAMA articles chose the 20th week of gestation to be the point where a procedure would be considered late-term. The third JAMA article chose the third trimester, or 27th week of gestation, the point at which an abortion becomes late-term is often related to the viability of the fetus. Sometimes late-term abortions are referred to as post-viability abortions, however, viability varies greatly among pregnancies. Many pregnancies are viable after the 27th week, and no pregnancies are viable before the 21st week, everything in between is a grey area. While a single first-trimester abortion carried no more mental health risk than carrying a pregnancy to term, Australia, As of 2015, South Australia is the only Australian state or territory to keep reliable abortion statistics. During 2012, 92% of abortions were performed before 14 weeks gestation, of the 96 abortions carried out beyond 20 weeks,53 were due to actual or probable fetal abnormality. Canada, During the year 2009, 29% of induced abortions were performed before 8 weeks, 41% at 9 to 12 weeks, 7% at 13 to 16 weeks and 2% over 21 weeks. England and Wales, In 2015, 8% of abortions occurred after 12 weeks,0. 1% occurred at or over 24 weeks. New Zealand, In 2003,2. 03% of induced abortions were done between weeks 16 and 19, and 0. 56% were done over 20 weeks. Norway, In 2005,2. 28% of induced abortions were performed between 13 and 16 weeks,1. 24% of abortions between 17 and 20 weeks, and 0. 20% over 21 weeks. Between February 15,2010 and December 1,2011, a number of ten abortions were performed between 22 and 24 weeks. These have been declared illegal by The Norwegian Directorate of Health, scotland, In 2005,6. 1% of abortions were done between 14 and 17 weeks, while 1. 6% were performed over 18 weeks. Sweden, In 2005,5. 6% of abortions were carried out between 12 and 17 weeks, and 0. 8% at or greater than 18 weeks. In 1997, the Guttmacher Institute estimated the number of abortions in the U. S. past 24 weeks to be 0. 08%, in 1987, the Alan Guttmacher Institute collected questionnaires from 1,900 women in the United States who came to clinics to have abortions
3.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci
4.
Gonzales v. Carhart
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Gonzales v. Carhart,550 U. S.124, is a United States Supreme Court case that upheld the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 2003. Wade and Planned Parenthood v. Casey, in a legal sense, the case distinguished but did not overrule Stenberg v. Carhart, in which the Court dealt with related issues. The Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act was signed into law by President Bush on November 5,2003 and it was found unconstitutional in the U. S. District Courts for the Northern District of California, the Southern District of New York, and the District of Nebraska. The federal government appealed the court rulings, first bringing Carhart v. Gonzales before a three-judge panel of the U. S. Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit. The panel unanimously affirmed the ruling of the Nebraska court on July 8,2005, attorney General Gonzales petitioned the U. S. Supreme Court to review the Eighth Circuit decision on September 25,2005. Meanwhile, the Ninth Circuit also found the law unconstitutional, as did the Second Circuit, the Supreme Court agreed to hear the Carhart case on February 21,2006, and agreed to hear the companion Planned Parenthood case on June 19,2006. Oral arguments in this occurred on November 7,2006. Solicitor General Paul Clement, presented arguments for the United States, solicitor General Clement also presented arguments for the United States in the companion case of Gonzales v. Planned Parenthood. Eve Gartner presented arguments for Planned Parenthood, the Supreme Court has made available audio of the oral arguments, in both Carhart and Planned Parenthood. Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote for the Court that the respondents had failed to prove that Congress lacked authority to ban this abortion procedure, chief Justice John Roberts, Justice Samuel Alito, Justice Clarence Thomas, and Justice Antonin Scalia agreed with the Courts judgment, joining Kennedys opinion. The Court left the open for as-applied challenges, citing its recent precedent in Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood of New England. For the purposes of this opinion the principles of Roe v. Wade, in addition, the Court distinguished this case from the Stenberg case by holding that the state statute at issue in Stenberg was more ambiguous than the later federal statute at issue in Carhart. The Commerce Clause was also mentioned in the majority opinion, the concurrence also stated that Justices Thomas and Scalia joined the Courts opinion because it accurately applies current jurisprudence. In addition, the concurrence reiterated the justices view that current abortion jurisprudence has no basis in the Constitution, Wade, but the prior partial-birth abortion ban case. Referring in particular to Planned Parenthood v, in general, the dissent criticized the usurpation of medical decision-making by legislators and the minimization of the reasoned medical judgments of highly trained doctors. As preferences motivated by mere convenience, according to an ABC News poll, the majority of Americans oppose the legality of D&X or what opponents call partial-birth abortion. Some medical groups expressed concern that the Court, in supporting the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act, for the first time, the Court permits congressional judgment to replace medical judgment. Professor and academic Geoffrey R. Stone has argued that the religion of Supreme Court judges played an important role in the decision, List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 550 List of United States Supreme Court cases Ivey, Rebecca
5.
Potassium chloride
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Potassium chloride is a metal halide salt composed of potassium and chloride. It is odorless and has a white or colorless vitreous crystal appearance, the solid dissolves readily in water and its solutions have a salt-like taste. KCl is used as a fertilizer, in medicine, scientific applications, food processing and it occurs naturally as the mineral sylvite and in combination with sodium chloride as sylvinite. The version for injection is on the World Health Organizations List of Essential Medicines, the majority of the potassium chloride produced is used for making fertilizer, since the growth of many plants is limited by their potassium intake. As a chemical feedstock, it is used for the manufacture of potassium hydroxide and it is also used in medicine, lethal injections, scientific applications, food processing, and as a sodium-free substitute for table salt for persons concerned about the health effects of sodium. Potassium is vital in the body, and potassium chloride by mouth is the common means to treat low blood potassium. It can be used as a substitute for food, but due to its weak, bitter, unsalty flavor. The addition of 1 ppm of thaumatin considerably reduces this bitterness, complaints of bitterness or a chemical or metallic taste are also reported with potassium chloride used in food. It is sometimes used in water as a fluid in petroleum and natural gas operations. KCl is useful as a radiation source for calibration of radiation monitoring equipment. One kilogram of KCl yields 16350 becquerels of radiation consisting of 89. 28% beta and 10. 72% gamma with 1.46083 MeV. Potassium chloride is used in some de-icing products that are designed to be safer for pets and plants and it is also used in various brands of bottled water, as well as in bulk quantities for fossil fuel drilling purposes. Potassium chloride was used as a fire extinguishing agent, used in portable. Known as Super-K dry chemical, it was more effective than sodium bicarbonate-based dry chemicals and was compatible with protein foam and this agent fell out of favor with the introduction of potassium bicarbonate dry chemical in the late 1960s, which was much less corrosive and more effective. It is rated for B and C fires, along with sodium chloride and lithium chloride, potassium chloride is used as a flux for the gas welding of aluminium. Potassium chloride is also a crystal with a wide transmission range from 210 nm to 20 µm. While cheap, KCl crystal is hygroscopic and this limits its application to protected environments or short-term uses such as prototyping. Exposed to free air, KCl optics will rot, whereas KCl components were formerly used for infrared optics, it has been entirely replaced by much tougher crystals such as zinc selenide
6.
Skull
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The skull is a bony structure that forms the head of the skeleton in most vertebrates. It supports the structures of the face and provides a cavity for the brain. The skull is composed of two parts, the cranium and the mandible, in the human these two parts are the neurocranium and the viscerocranium or facial skeleton that includes the mandible as its largest bone. The skull forms the anterior most portion of the skeleton and is a product of cephalisation—housing the brain, and several sensory structures such as the eyes, ears, nose, in the human these sensory structures are part of the facial skeleton. In some animals such as horned ungulates, the skull also has a function by providing the mount for the horns. The English word skull is probably derived from Old Norse skulle, while the Latin word cranium comes from the Greek root κρανίον, the skull is made up of a number of fused flat bones, and contains many foramina and processes, and several cavities or sinuses. For details and the constituent bones, see neurocranium and viscerocranium, the human skull is the bony structure that forms the head in the human skeleton. It supports the structures of the face and forms a cavity for the brain, like the skulls of other vertebrates, it protects the brain from injury. The skull consists of two parts, of different embryological origin—the neurocranium and the facial skeleton, the neurocranium forms the protective cranial cavity that surrounds and houses the brain and brainstem. The facial skeleton is formed by the supporting the face. Except for the mandible, all of the bones of the skull are joined together by sutures—synarthrodial joints formed by bony ossification, sometimes there can be extra bone pieces within the suture known as wormian bones or sutural bones. The human skull is considered to consist of twenty-two bones—eight cranial bones. In the neurocranium these are the bone, two temporal bones, two parietal bones, the sphenoid, ethmoid and frontal bones. The bones of the skeleton are the vomer, two nasal conchae, two nasal bones, two maxilla, the mandible, two palatine bones, two zygomatic bones, and two lacrimal bones. Some of these bones—the occipital, parietal, frontal, in the neurocranium, and the nasal, lacrimal, the skull also contains sinus cavities and numerous foramina. The sinuses are lined with respiratory epithelium and their known functions are the lessening of the weight of the skull, the aiding of resonance to the voice and the warming and moistening of the air drawn through the nasal cavity. The foramina are openings in the skull, the largest of these is the foramen magnum that allows the passage of the spinal cord as well as nerves and blood vessels. The many processes of the include the mastoid process and the zygomatic process
7.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug
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Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are a drug class that groups together drugs that provide analgesic and antipyretic effects, and, in higher doses, anti-inflammatory effects. The term nonsteroidal distinguishes these drugs from steroids, which, among a range of other effects, have a similar eicosanoid-depressing. First used in 1960, the served to distance new drugs from steroid-related iatrogenic tragedies. The most prominent members of group of drugs are aspirin, ibuprofen and naproxen. Paracetamol is generally not considered an NSAID because it has only little anti-inflammatory activity and it treats pain mainly by blocking COX-2 mostly in the central nervous system, but not much in the rest of the body. Most NSAIDs inhibit the activity of cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2, and thereby the synthesis of prostaglandins, NSAIDs are usually used for the treatment of acute or chronic conditions where pain and inflammation are present. NSAIDs are generally used for the relief of the following conditions, Aspirin. This is useful for the management of arterial thrombosis and prevention of cardiovascular events. Aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation by inhibiting the action of thromboxane A2, NSAIDs are useful in the management of post-operative dental pain following invasive dental procedures such as dental extraction. When not contra-indicated they are favoured over the use of paracetamol alone due to the effect they provide. When used in combination with paracetamol the analgesic effect has proven to be improved. Use of NSAIDs increases risk of having a range of gastrointestinal problems, when NSAIDs are used for pain management after surgery they cause increased risk of kidney problems. An estimated 10–20% of NSAID patients experience dyspepsia, in the 1990s high doses of prescription NSAIDs were associated with serious upper gastrointestinal adverse events, including bleeding. Over the past decade, deaths associated with gastric bleeding have declined, NSAIDs, like all drugs, may interact with other medications. For example, concurrent use of NSAIDs and quinolones may increase the risk of quinolones adverse central nervous system effects, there is an argument over the benefits and risks of NSAIDs for treating chronic musculoskeletal pain. Each drug has a profile and balancing the risk of no treatment with the competing potential risks of various therapies is the clinicians responsibility. If a COX-2 inhibitor is taken, a traditional NSAID should not be taken at the same time, in addition, people on daily aspirin therapy must be careful if they also use other NSAIDs, as these may inhibit the cardioprotective effects of aspirin. Rofecoxib was shown to significantly fewer gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions compared with naproxen
8.
American Medical Association
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The American Medical Association, founded in 1847 and incorporated in 1897, is the largest association of physicians—both MDs and DOs—and medical students in the United States. The AMAs stated mission is to promote the art and science of medicine, the Association also publishes the Journal of the American Medical Association, which has the largest circulation of any weekly medical journal in the world. The AMA also publishes a list of Physician Specialty Codes which are the method in the U. S. for identifying physician. Ever since, the AMA Code of Medical Ethics dictates professional conduct for practicing physicians, the AMA has one of the largest political lobbying budgets of any organization in the United States. Its political positions throughout its history have often been controversial, the American Medical Associations vehement campaign against Medicare in the 1950s and 1960s included the Operation Coffee Cup, supported by Ronald Reagan. However, the AMA remains opposed to any health care plan that might enact a National Health Service in the United States. In the 1990s, the organization was part of the coalition that defeated the health care reform advanced by Hillary, the AMA has also supported changes in medical malpractice law to limit damage awards, which, it contends, makes it difficult for patients to find appropriate medical care. In many states, high risk specialists have moved to other states that have enacted reform, for example, in 2004, all neurosurgeons had relocated out of the entire southern half of Illinois. The main legislative emphasis in multiple states has been to effect caps on the amount that patients can receive for pain and these costs for pain and suffering are only those that exceed the actual costs of healthcare and lost income. At the same however, states without caps also experienced similar results. Some economic studies have found that caps have historically had an effect on premium rates. Nevertheless, the AMA believes the caps may alleviate what is perceived as an excessively litigious environment for many doctors. A recent report by the AMA found that in a 12-month period, claims that the AMA generates $70 million in revenue through its stewardship of Current Procedural Terminology codes appear to be a mischaracterization. The estimate is based on a distortion of the transparent financial information the AMA voluntarily offers in its Annual Report, the AMA has publicly reported this figure represents income from its complete line of books and products, which include more than 100 items, not just CPT. Collections of the associations papers dating from the late 1860s to the late 1960s are held at the National Library of Medicine. Throughout its history, the AMA has been involved in a variety of medical policy issues, from Medicare and HMOs to public health. Between 1998 and 2011, the AMA spent $264 million on lobbyists, in the 1930s, the AMA attempted to prohibit its members from working for the primitive health maintenance organizations that sprung up during the Great Depression. The AMAs subsequent conviction for violating the Sherman Antitrust Act was affirmed by the U. S. Supreme Court, the AMAs vehement campaign against Medicare in the 1950s and 1960s included the Operation Coffee Cup supported by Ronald Reagan
9.
Charles T. Canady
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Charles Terrance Canady is a Justice of the Supreme Court of Florida having previously served as Chief Justice from July 1,2010 until June 30,2012. Canady has been a Justice on the court since taking his seat in 2008 and he was a judge on the Florida Second District Court of Appeal from 2002 to 2008 and a Republican member of the United States House of Representatives from 1993 to 2001. Born in Lakeland, Florida, Canady graduated with a B. A. from Haverford College in 1976 and he was admitted to the bar the same year and began his practice in Lakeland. In 1983, he was hired as the counsel for the Central Florida Regional Planning Commission. From 1984 to 1990, Canady served as a member of the Florida House of Representatives, initially elected as a conservative Democrat, the change created many hard feelings as it happened after he accepted Democratic money for his re-election campaign. He ran for the Florida State Senate in 1990, but was unsuccessful, in 1992, Canady made a successful bid for the U. S. House of Representatives, narrowly defeating his Democratic opponent Tom Mims. In Congress, Canady was credited for coining the term partial-birth abortion while developing the Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 1995, Canady could not find this particular abortion practice named in any medical textbook and therefore he and his aides named it. He was one of the appointed to conduct the impeachment proceedings of President Bill Clinton. He did not seek re-election to a term in 2000. On August 27,2008, Governor Charlie Crist appointed Canady to the Supreme Court of Florida to replace Justice Raoul Cantero and he became the 82nd Associate Justice of the Florida Supreme Court on September 6,2008. Florida, leading the Florida legislature to pass a new statute, the new sentencing scheme came before the Florida Supreme Court in October 2016, which held that a death sentence must be issued by a unanimous jury. Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
10.
National Right to Life Committee
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The National Right to Life Committee is the oldest and the largest national pro-life organization in the United States with affiliates in all 50 states and over 3,000 local chapters nationwide. The group works through legislation and education to work against induced abortion, infanticide, euthanasia, in 1966, the National Conference of Catholic Bishops asked James T. McHugh to begin observing trends in abortion reform. The National Right to Life Committee was founded in 1967, as the Right to Life League to coordinate its state campaigns under the auspices of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops. McHugh and his assistant, Michael Taylor, proposed a different plan. The national organization of National Right to Life is composed of entities, National Right to Life Committee. 501c EIN, 52-0986196 National Right to Life Committee Educational Trust Fund, 501c EIN, 52-1241126 National Right to Life Educational Foundation, 501c EIN, 73-1010913 National Right to Life Conventions, Inc. 501c EIN, 52-1257773 National Right to Life Political Action Committee, National Right to Life Victory Fund, during 1966, the National Conference of Catholic Bishops asked Fr. James T. McHugh to begin observing trends in abortion reform, McHugh was director of the United States Catholic Conference Family Life Bureau and would later become bishop of Camden and of Rockville Centre. The National Right to Life Committee was formalized during 1968, the year that Pope Paul VI issued the encyclical Humanae vitae. New Jersey attorney Juan Ryan served as the first NRLC president, NRLC held a nationwide meeting of pro-life leaders in Chicago in 1970, at Barat College. The following year, NRLC held its first convention at Macalestar College in St. Paul, from 1968 to 1971, the organization published a newsletter that informed member organizations about abortion-related legislation in the states. The only reason that we have a movement in this country is because of the Catholic people and the Catholic Church. The NRLC was formally incorporated in May 1973, partially in response to the US Supreme Court Roe v. Wade decision and its first convention as an incorporated organization was held the following month in Detroit, Michigan. At the concurrent meeting of NRLCs board, Ed Golden of New York was elected president, among the organizations founding members was Mildred Jefferson, the first African-American woman to graduate from Harvard Medical School. Jefferson subsequently served as president of the organization, Conventions have been held in various cities around the country every summer since the Detroit convention. Following incorporation in 1973, the Committee began publishing National Right to Life News, the newsletter has been in continuous publication since November 1973, and is now published daily online as the news and commentary feed, National Right To Life News Today. On April 1,1979, the American Life League was founded by Judie Brown, in 1980, NRLC had an annual budget of 1.6 million dollars, and a membership of 11 million. In 1984, the Committee co-produced the abortion documentary, The Silent Scream with Bernard Nathanson, in 1985, following two years of an Upjohn product boycott by the National Right to Life Committee, the Upjohn Company stopped all research on abortifacient drugs
11.
The Washington Times
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The Washington Times is an American daily newspaper. It is published as a broadsheet at 3600 New York Avenue NE, Washington, the paper covers general interest topics with a particular emphasis on American politics. One of the first broadsheets in the United States to adopt color photography, its edition is distributed throughout the District of Columbia and sections of Maryland. A weekly tabloid edition aimed at an audience is also published. A typical issue includes sections for world and national news, business, politics, editorials and opinion pieces, local news, sports, entertainment, and travel. Periodically, the paper publishes large, 30–40 page special sections devoted to specific topics that include reports. It is currently owned by diversified conglomerate Operations Holdings, which is an owned subsidiary of the church. Bo Hi Pak, the aide of church founder and leader Sun Myung Moon, was the founding president. Moon asked Richard L. Rubenstein, a rabbi and college professor who had written on the Holocaust, the newspapers first editor and publisher was James R. Whelan. At the time of founding of the Times Washington had only one major newspaper, massimo Introvigne, in his 2000 book The Unification Church, said that the Post had been the most anti-Unificationist paper in the United States. The Times was founded the year after the Washington Star, the second paper of D. C. went out of business. A large percentage of the came from the Washington Star. When the Times began, it was unusual among American broadsheets in publishing a full front page, along with full color front pages in all its sections. Although USA Today used color in the way, it took several years for the Washington Post, New York Times. It ran television commercials highlighting this fact, the Washington Times also used ink that it advertised as being less likely to come off on the readers hands than the Posts. This design and its editorial content attracted real influence in Washington, when the Times began it had 125 reporters,25 percent of them Unification Church members. In 1982 the Post criticized the Times for killing critic Scott Subletts negative review of the movie Inchon, which was also sponsored by the Unification Church. A former speechwriter for President George W. Bush, David Frum, in his 2000 book How We Got Here, The 70s, wrote that Moon had granted the Times editorial independence
12.
Feticide
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Feticide is an act that causes the death of a fetus. The suffix -icide is added in place of fetus last syllable and it derives back to occido, a Latin term meaning to fell or to kill. Other examples include homicide, genocide, infanticide, matricide, in the U. S. most crimes of violence are covered by state law, not federal law. Thirty-eight states currently recognize the child or fetus as a homicide victim. These laws do not apply to legally induced abortions, federal and state courts have consistently held that these laws do not contradict the U. S. Supreme Courts rulings on abortion. The law defines child in utero as a member of the species Homo sapiens, at any stage of development, who is carried in the womb. For example, California treats the killing of a fetus as homicide, some other states do not consider the killing of a fetus to be homicide until the fetus has reached quickening or viability. Unlawful abortion may be considered feticide, Fetal homicide laws, as well as ordinary murder statutes, are increasingly used to prosecute pregnant women accused of intentionally or recklessly causing miscarriages or stillbirths. Widely publicized cases include that of Rennie Gibbs, Bei Bei Shuai, Gibbs was charged with murder in Mississippi in 2006 for having a stillborn daughter while addicted to cocaine. Gibbs is the first woman in Mississippi to be charged with murder relating to the loss of her unborn baby, the judge in that case ruled that the charges be dismissed. In 2011 Shuai was charged by Indiana authorities with murder and feticide after her suicide attempt resulted in the death of the child she was pregnant with. Shuais case was the first in the history of Indiana in which a woman was prosecuted for murder for a suicide attempt while pregnant, in 2013 Shuai pleaded guilty to a misdemeanor charge of criminal recklessness and was released, having been sentenced to time served. In 2015 Purvi Patel became the first woman in the United States to be charged, convicted, in English law, child destruction is the crime of killing a fetus capable of being born alive, before it has a separate existence. The Crimes Act 1958 defined capable of being alive as 28 weeks gestation. The 1990 Amendment to the Abortion Act 1967 means a medical practitioner cannot be guilty of the crime, the charge of child destruction is rare. A woman who had an abortion while 7½ months pregnant was given a suspended sentence of 12 months in 2007. In medical use, the word feticide is used simply to mean causing the death of the fetus, usually prior to some form of abortion. The Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists recommends feticide be performed before medical abortion after 21 weeks and 6 days of gestation to ensure there is no risk of a live birth
13.
Infanticide
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Infanticide is the intentional killing of infants. Parental infanticide researchers have found that mothers are far more likely than fathers to be the perpetrator for neonaticide, in many past societies, certain forms of infanticide were considered permissible. In some countries, female infanticide is more common than the killing of male offspring, in China for example, the sex gap between males and females aged 0–19 year old was estimated to be 25 million in 2010 by the United Nations Population Fund. In English law infanticide is established as an offence by the Infanticide Acts. Defined as the killing of a child under 12 months of age by their mother, the practice of infanticide has taken many forms over time. Child sacrifice to supernatural figures or forces, such as that believed to have practiced in ancient Carthage. Rather than being an exception, then, it has been the rule, a frequent method of infanticide in ancient Europe and Asia was simply to abandon the infant, leaving it to die by exposure. Many Neolithic groups routinely resorted to infanticide in order to control their numbers so that their lands could support them. Joseph Birdsell believed that infanticide rates in prehistoric times were between 15% and 50% of the number of births, while Laila Williamson estimated a lower rate ranging from 15% to 20%. Both anthropologists believed that high rates of infanticide persisted until the development of agriculture during the Neolithic Revolution. Comparative anthropologists have calculated that 50% of female newborn babies were killed by their parents during the Paleolithic era, decapitated skeletons of hominid children have been found with evidence of cannibalism. Archaeologists have uncovered evidence of child sacrifice at several locations. Some of the best attested examples are the diverse rites which were part of the practices in Mesoamerica. Three thousand bones of children, with evidence of sacrificial rituals, have been found in Sardinia. Pelasgians offered a sacrifice of every tenth child during difficult times, syrians sacrificed children to Jupiter and Juno. Many remains of children have found in Gezer excavations with signs of sacrifice. Child skeletons with the marks of sacrifice have been also in Egypt dating 950-720 BCE. In Carthage sacrifice in the ancient world reached its infamous zenith, besides the Carthaginians, other Phoenicians, and the Canaanites, Moabites and Sepharvites offered their first-born as a sacrifice to their gods
14.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own
15.
Harper's Magazine
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Harpers Magazine is a monthly magazine of literature, politics, culture, finance, and the arts. Launched in June 1850, it is the second-oldest continuously published monthly magazine in the U. S, the current editor is James Marcus, who replaced Christopher Cox in March 2016. Harpers Magazine has won twenty National Magazine Awards, Harpers Magazine was launched as Harpers New Monthly Magazine in June 1850, by the New York City publisher Harper & Brothers. The company also founded the magazines Harpers Weekly and Harpers Bazaar, the first press run of Harpers Magazine—7,500 copies—sold out almost immediately. Circulation was some 50,000 issues six months later, the early issues reprinted material pirated from English authors such as Charles Dickens, William Makepeace Thackeray, and the Brontë sisters. The magazine soon was publishing the work of American artists and writers, portions of Herman Melvilles novel Moby Dick were first published in the October 1851 issue of Harpers under the title, The Town-Hos Story. In 1962, Harper & Brothers merged with Row, Peterson & Company, in 1965, the magazine was separately incorporated, and became a division of the Minneapolis Star and Tribune Company, owned by the Cowles Media Company. In the 1970s, Harpers Magazine published Seymour Hershs reporting of the My Lai Massacre by United States forces in Vietnam, robert Shnayerson, a senior editor at Time magazine, was hired to replace Morris as Harpers ninth editor, serving in that position from 1971 until 1976. Lewis H. Lapham served as managing editor from 1976 until 1981, on June 17,1980, the Star Tribune announced it would cease publishing Harpers Magazine after the August 1980 issue. As of the March 2011 issue, contributing editor Zadie Smith, under the Lapham-MacArthur leadership, Harpers Magazine continued publishing literary fiction by John Updike, George Saunders, and others. Politically, Harpers was a vocal critic of U. S. domestic. Editor Laphams monthly Notebook columns have lambasted the Clinton and the George W. Bush administrations. Since 2003, the magazine has concentrated on reportage about U. S. war in Iraq, with articles about the battle for Fallujah. Other reporting has covered abortion issues, cloning, and global warming, in 2007, Harpers added the No Comment blog, by attorney Scott Horton, about legal controversies, Central Asian politics, and German studies. Since that time these two blogs have ceased publication, Lapham left shortly thereafter and launched Laphams Quarterly. The August 2004 issue contained an essay by noted photojournalist Peter Turnley. The eight-page spread in August 2004 showed images of death, grieving, on the U. S. side, Turnley visited the funeral of an Oklahoma National Guard member, Spc. Kyle Brinlee,21, who was killed when his vehicle ran over an improvised explosive device in Afghanistan, during his funeral, Turnley shot the open casket as it lay in the back of the auditorium and this photo was used in the photo essay
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The New York Times
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The New York Times is an American daily newspaper, founded and continuously published in New York City since September 18,1851, by The New York Times Company. The New York Times has won 119 Pulitzer Prizes, more than any other newspaper, the papers print version in 2013 had the second-largest circulation, behind The Wall Street Journal, and the largest circulation among the metropolitan newspapers in the US. The New York Times is ranked 18th in the world by circulation, following industry trends, its weekday circulation had fallen in 2009 to fewer than one million. Nicknamed The Gray Lady, The New York Times has long been regarded within the industry as a newspaper of record. The New York Times international version, formerly the International Herald Tribune, is now called the New York Times International Edition, the papers motto, All the News Thats Fit to Print, appears in the upper left-hand corner of the front page. On Sunday, The New York Times is supplemented by the Sunday Review, The New York Times Book Review, The New York Times Magazine and T, some other early investors of the company were Edwin B. Morgan and Edward B. We do not believe that everything in Society is either right or exactly wrong, —what is good we desire to preserve and improve, —what is evil, to exterminate. In 1852, the started a western division, The Times of California that arrived whenever a mail boat got to California. However, when local California newspapers came into prominence, the effort failed, the newspaper shortened its name to The New-York Times in 1857. It dropped the hyphen in the city name in the 1890s, One of the earliest public controversies it was involved with was the Mortara Affair, the subject of twenty editorials it published alone. At Newspaper Row, across from City Hall, Henry Raymond, owner and editor of The New York Times, averted the rioters with Gatling guns, in 1869, Raymond died, and George Jones took over as publisher. Tweed offered The New York Times five million dollars to not publish the story, in the 1880s, The New York Times transitioned gradually from editorially supporting Republican Party candidates to becoming more politically independent and analytical. In 1884, the paper supported Democrat Grover Cleveland in his first presidential campaign, while this move cost The New York Times readership among its more progressive and Republican readers, the paper eventually regained most of its lost ground within a few years. However, the newspaper was financially crippled by the Panic of 1893, the paper slowly acquired a reputation for even-handedness and accurate modern reporting, especially by the 1890s under the guidance of Ochs. Under Ochs guidance, continuing and expanding upon the Henry Raymond tradition, The New York Times achieved international scope, circulation, in 1910, the first air delivery of The New York Times to Philadelphia began. The New York Times first trans-Atlantic delivery by air to London occurred in 1919 by dirigible, airplane Edition was sent by plane to Chicago so it could be in the hands of Republican convention delegates by evening. In the 1940s, the extended its breadth and reach. The crossword began appearing regularly in 1942, and the section in 1946
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Fetus
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A fetus is a stage in the prenatal development of viviparous organisms. In human development, a fetus or foetus is a human between the embryonic state and birth. The fetal stage of development tends to be taken as beginning at the age of eleven weeks. In biological terms, however, prenatal development is a continuum, the use of the term fetus generally implies that an embryo has developed to the point of being recognizable as a human, this is the point usually taken to be the ninth week after fertilization. A fetus is also characterized by the presence of all the body organs, though they will not yet be fully developed and functional. The word fetus is from the Latin fētus, the British, Irish, and Commonwealth spelling is foetus, which has been in use since at least 1594. It arose as a hypercorrection based on an incorrect etymology that may have originated with an error by Isidore of Seville in AD620 and this spelling is the most common in most Commonwealth nations, except in the medical literature, where fetus is used. The etymologically accurate original spelling fetus is used in Canada and the United States, in addition, fetus is now the standard English spelling throughout the world in medical journals. The spelling faetus was used historically, in humans, the fetal stage commences at the beginning of the ninth week. At the start of the stage, the fetus is typically about 30 millimetres in length from crown to rump. The head makes up half of the fetus size. Breathing-like movement of the fetus is necessary for stimulation of lung development, the heart, hands, feet, brain and other organs are present, but are only at the beginning of development and have minimal operation. The genitalia of the starts to form and placenta becomes fully functional during week 9. At this point in development, uncontrolled movements and twitches occur as muscles, the brain, and pathways begin to develop. A woman pregnant for the first time, typically feels fetal movements at about 21 weeks, whereas a woman who has given birth at least once, by the end of the fifth month, the fetus is about 20 cm long. The amount of body fat rapidly increases, thalamic brain connections, which mediate sensory input, form. Bones are fully developed, but are soft and pliable. Iron, calcium, and phosphorus become more abundant, fingernails reach the end of the fingertips
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Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution and it was founded by anti-slavery activists, modernists, ex-Whigs, and ex-Free Soilers in 1854. The Republicans dominated politics nationally and in the majority of northern States for most of the period between 1860 and 1932, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883
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United States Congress
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The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States consisting of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the Capitol in Washington, D. C, both senators and representatives are chosen through direct election, though vacancies in the Senate may be filled by a gubernatorial appointment. Members are usually affiliated to the Republican Party or to the Democratic Party, Congress has 535 voting members,435 Representatives and 100 Senators. The House of Representatives has six non-voting members in addition to its 435 voting members and these members can, however, sit on congressional committees and introduce legislation. Puerto Rico, American Samoa, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, the members of the House of Representatives serve two-year terms representing the people of a single constituency, known as a district. Congressional districts are apportioned to states by using the United States Census results. Each state, regardless of population or size, has two senators, currently, there are 100 senators representing the 50 states. Each senator is elected at-large in their state for a term, with terms staggered. The House and Senate are equal partners in the legislative process—legislation cannot be enacted without the consent of both chambers, however, the Constitution grants each chamber some unique powers. The Senate ratifies treaties and approves presidential appointments while the House initiates revenue-raising bills, the House initiates impeachment cases, while the Senate decides impeachment cases. A two-thirds vote of the Senate is required before a person can be forcibly removed from office. The term Congress can also refer to a meeting of the legislature. A Congress covers two years, the current one, the 115th Congress, began on January 3,2017, the Congress starts and ends on the third day of January of every odd-numbered year. Members of the Senate are referred to as senators, members of the House of Representatives are referred to as representatives, congressmen, or congresswomen. One analyst argues that it is not a solely reactive institution but has played a role in shaping government policy and is extraordinarily sensitive to public pressure. Several academics described Congress, Congress reflects us in all our strengths, Congress is the governments most representative body. Congress is essentially charged with reconciling our many points of view on the public policy issues of the day. —Smith, Roberts, and Wielen Congress is constantly changing and is constantly in flux, most incumbents seek re-election, and their historical likelihood of winning subsequent elections exceeds 90 percent
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United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House
