James John Keane was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church. He served as bishop of the Diocese of Cheyenne in Wyoming from 1902 to 1911, and then as archbishop of the Archdiocese of Dubuque in Iowa from 1911 until his death in 1929.

The Diocese of Cheyenne is a Latin Church ecclesiastical territory, or diocese, of the Catholic Church in the US state of Wyoming. It is a suffragan diocese in the ecclesiastical province of the metropolitan Archdiocese of Denver.