1.
Freelancer
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A freelancer or freelance worker is a term commonly used for a person who is self-employed and is not necessarily committed to a particular employer long-term. 20% of freelancers listed their primary skills as design, next on the list was translating, web development, and marketing. Elance, a web platform that connects freelancers with contractors, surveyed its members, depending on the industry, freelance work practices vary and have changed over time. In some industries such as consulting, freelancers may require clients to sign written contracts, while in journalism or writing, freelancers may work for free or do work on spec to build their reputations or a relationship with a publication. Some freelancers may provide written estimates of work and request deposits from clients, payment for freelance work also depends on industry, skills, and experience. Freelancers may charge by the day, hour, a piece rate, instead of a flat rate or fee, some freelancers have adopted a value-based pricing method based on the perceived value of the results to the client. By custom, payment arrangements may be upfront, percentage upfront, for more complex projects, a contract may set a payment schedule based on milestones or outcomes. One of the drawbacks of freelancing is that there is no guaranteed payment, in writing and other artistic fields, freelance and its derivative terms are often reserved for workers who create works on their own initiative and then seek a publisher. They typically retain the copyright to their works and sell the rights to publishers in time-limited contracts, traditionally, works would be submitted to publishers, where they would become part of the slushpile, and would either elicit an offer to buy or a rejection slip. People who create intellectual property under a work for hire situation are sometimes referred to as independent contractors or other similar terms. Creators give up their rights to their works in a made for hire situation. The protection of the property rights that give the creator of the work are considered to have been sold into a work for hire agreement. Of employees, however in a rather than employment relationship. The total number of freelancers in USA is inexact, as the most recent governmental report on independent contractors was published in 2005 by the U. S. Department of Labor Bureau of Labor Statistics. At that time, there were approximately 10.3 million United States workers employed as independent contractors of all sorts, in 2011, Jeffrey Eisenach, an economist at George Mason University, estimated that number of freelancers had grown by one million. The total number of freelancers in UK is also inexact, however and it has been estimated that there are approximately 1.7 million freelancers in the UK, however. Freelancing is a form of work. The 2012 Freelance Industry Report estimates that more than 71% of freelancers are women between the ages of 30 and 50, surveys of other specific areas of freelancing have similar trends
2.
Fairy painting
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Fairy painting is a genre of painting and illustration featuring fairies and fairy tale settings, often with extreme attention to detail. The genre is most closely associated with the Victorian era in Great Britain, moreover, fairy painting was also seen as escapism for Victorians. Despite its whimsical appearance, fairy painting is strongly rooted in the literary and theatrical influences of Romanticism, among the most significant of these influences were the fantasy themes of Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream and The Tempest. Other literary works, such as Edmund Spensers The Faerie Queene, innovations in stage production helped bring these works to the public eye, as the development of gaslight and improvements in wire-work led to increasingly elaborate special effects. Cultural changes were also an important factor during this period, continuing industrialization was uprooting longstanding traditions, and rapid advances in science and technology, especially the invention of photography, left some people discomforted and confused. According to Jeremy Maas, the turn to mythological and fantasy elements, the significance of fairy paintings as a reaction to cultural change is not universally accepted, however. Ultimately, Andrew Stuttaford wrote, these paintings were just about fun, the earliest artists considered to have contributed to the genre predate much of Romanticism and the Victorian era. Henry Fuseli and William Blake produced works that would be indicative of the genre even before 1800. Despite his status and condition, his subjects and extraordinarily detailed style were generally well-received. He accompanied his masterpiece, The Fairy Fellers Master-Stroke, with an elaborate poem providing historical, literary, Fairy painting was not exclusively the domain of outside art, however. The work of John Anster Fitzgerald debuted at Londons Royal Academy and his work, in the form a series of Christmas-themed fairy illustrations, received wider public visibility in the Illustrated London News. Even Edwin Landseer, sometimes named Victorias favourite artist, produced a painting of Titania and Bottom in the genres style, the genre also influenced the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood and the movement it began. Co-founder John Everett Millais produced a series of paintings based on The Tempest. Dante Gabriel Rossetti, another of the Brotherhoods initial members, took a more sensual approach to the subject, others involved with the movement, such as Arthur Hughes and William Bell Scott, also contributed to the genre. The illustrated fairy-tale books of Arthur Rackham are considered its final flowering, the interest in fantasy art and literature since the 1970s has seen a revival in the topics and styles of Victorian fairy painting, often in novel contexts. Part of the growth in popularity over the past three decades is due to the New Age Movement, renaissance fairs and science fiction conventions have also developed modern fairy art as a genre of collectibles
3.
Fantastic art
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Fantastic art is a broad and loosely defined art genre. It is not restricted to a school of artists, geographical location or historical period. Fantasy has been a part of art since its beginnings. In French, the genre is called le fantastique, in English it is referred to as visionary art. It has had a deep and circular interaction with fantasy literature, the subject matter of Fantastic Art may resemble the product of hallucinations, and Fantastic artist Richard Dadd spent much of his life in mental institutions. Salvador Dalí famously said, the difference between me and a madman is that I am not mad. Some recent Fantastic Art draws on the experience, or purported experience. The term Fantasy Art is closely related, and is applied primarily to recent art inspired by, or illustrating, the term has acquired some pejorative overtones. Fantastic art has traditionally been confined to painting and illustration. Fantastic art explores fantasy, imagination, the state, the grotesque, visions. Genres which may also be considered as Fantastic Art include the Symbolism of the Victorian era, religious art also depicts supernatural or miraculous subjects in a naturalistic way, but is not generally regarded as Fantastic Art. Many artists have produced works which fit the definition of fantastic art, others again such as René Magritte are usually classed as Surrealists but use fantastic elements in their work. It is therefore impossible to give an exhaustive list of fantastic artists and this led to a movement of science fiction and fantasy artists prior to and during the Great Depression, as anthologised by Vincent Di Fate, himself a prolific SF and space artist. In the United States in the 1930s, a group of Wisconsin artists inspired by the Surrealist movement of Europe created their own brand of fantastic art. They included Madison, Wisconsin-based artists Marshall Glasier, Dudley Huppler and John Wilde, Karl Priebe of Milwaukee and their art combined macabre humor, mystery and irony which was in direct and pointed contradiction to the American Regionalism then in vogue. Major imagists include Roger Brown, Gladys Nilsson, Jim Nutt, Ed Paschke, non-European art may contain fantastic elements, although it is not necessarily easy to separate them from religious elements involving supernatural beings and miraculous events. Sculptor Bunleua Sulilat is a notable contemporary Asian Fantastic artist, dream art Outsider art Society for the Art of Imagination Surrealism Vienna School of Fantastic Realism Gruyères Castle Coleman, A. D. Fantastic illustration and design in Britain, 1850-1930, day, Holliday T. & Sturges, Hollister
4.
Gothic art
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Gothic art was a style of medieval art that developed in Northern France out of Romanesque art in the 12th century AD, led by the concurrent development of Gothic architecture. It spread to all of Western Europe, and much of Southern and Central Europe, in the late 14th century, the sophisticated court style of International Gothic developed, which continued to evolve until the late 15th century. In many areas, especially Germany, Late Gothic art continued well into the 16th century, primary media in the Gothic period included sculpture, panel painting, stained glass, fresco and illuminated manuscripts. The earliest Gothic art was monumental sculpture, on the walls of Cathedrals, Christian art was often typological in nature, showing the stories of the New Testament and the Old Testament side by side. Increased literacy and a body of secular vernacular literature encouraged the representation of secular themes in art. Gothic art emerged in Île-de-France, France, in the early 12th century at the Abbey Church of St Denis built by Abbot Suger, monastic orders, especially the Cistercians and the Carthusians, were important builders who disseminated the style and developed distinctive variants of it across Europe. Gothic art was often typological in nature, reflecting a belief that the events of the Old Testament pre-figured those of the New, Old and New Testament scenes were shown side by side in works like the Speculum Humanae Salvationis, and the decoration of churches. The Gothic period coincided with a resurgence in Marian devotion. Images of the Virgin Mary developed from the Byzantine hieratic types, through the Coronation of the Virgin, to human and initimate types. Artists like Giotto, Fra Angelico and Pietro Lorenzetti in Italy, and Early Netherlandish painting, brought realism, Western artists, and their patrons, became much more confident in innovative iconography, and much more originality is seen, although copied formulae were still used by most artists. Even in Last Judgements Christ was now usually shown exposing his chest to show the wounds of his Passion, the word Gothic for art was initially used as a synonym for Barbaric, and was therefore used pejoratively. Its critics saw this type of Medieval art as unrefined and too remote from the aesthetic proportions, Renaissance authors believed that the Sack of Rome by the Gothic tribes in 410 had triggered the demise of the Classical world and all the values they held dear. Gothic art was criticized by French authors such as Boileau, La Bruyère, Rousseau, before becoming a recognized form of art. Molière would famously comment on Gothic, The besotted taste of Gothic monuments, These odious monsters of ignorant centuries, in its beginning, Gothic art was initially called French work, thus attesting the priority of France in the creation of this style. Painting in a style that can be called Gothic did not appear until about 1200, or nearly 50 years after the origins of Gothic architecture and sculpture. Then figures become more animated in pose and facial expression, tend to be smaller in relation to the background of scenes, and are arranged more freely in the pictorial space, where there is room. This transition occurs first in England and France around 1200, in Germany around 1220, painting during the Gothic period was practiced in four primary media, frescos, panel paintings, manuscript illumination and stained glass. Frescoes continued to be used as the pictorial narrative craft on church walls in southern Europe as a continuation of early Christian
5.
Hot Topic
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Hot Topic is an American retail chain specializing in counterculture-related clothing and accessories, as well as licensed music. The stores are aimed towards an audience interested in music and gaming, approximately 40% of Hot Topics revenue comes from sales of licensed band T-shirts. Hot Topic often negotiates exclusive licensing arrangements with artists, movie studios. The majority of the stores are located in shopping malls. The first Hot Topic store was opened in 1988 by Orv Madden, who retired as CEO in 2000 and was replaced by Betsy McLaughlin, lisa Harper assumed the position of CEO in March 2011 until Steve Vranes was announced as the new CEO in 2016. The company went public and began trading on NASDAQ in 1996, in 2013, Hot Topic announced its sale to private equity firm Sycamore Partners for $600 million. The store has been through a number of phases in its history, reflective of various alternative culture, in the early 2000s, the store was known for heavily marketing nu-metal merchandise related to bands such as Evanescence and Disturbed. The store later focused on skinny jeans and merchandise related to scene, emo and hardcore music, Hot Topic launched Torrid, a concept store that sells clothing for plus-size women in 2001. In 2008, Hot Topic launched ShockHound, an online retailer, in March 2011, Hot Topic made a public statement citing the shutdown of ShockHound. The site is no live, all merchandise was moved to HotTopic. com. In August 2010, Hot Topic opened two new stores in Canada, which marked the chains first two international outlets. The first store opened on August 11 at Square One Shopping Centre in Mississauga, Ontario, the company has since also opened additional Ontario locations as well as locations in Puerto Rico. In 2012, Hot Topic launched Blackheart Lingerie, a store that sells lingerie. On May 26,2015, Hot Topic announced its intent to acquire Geeknet Inc. owner of the online retailer ThinkGeek, however, the company received a $140 million counter-offer from GameStop, which Hot Topic did not choose to exceed. On October 14,2015, Hot Topic launched BoxLunch, a gift, for every $10 spent, a meal is donated to a person in need. The company went on to sponsor Black Veil Brides 2014 Black Mass tour with special guests Falling in Reverse
6.
Celebration, Florida
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As part of the Orlando–Kissimmee Metropolitan Statistical Area, Celebrations population was 7,427 at the 2010 census. Subsequent to founding Celebration, Disney followed its plans to divest most of its control of the town, the town itself remains directly connected to the Walt Disney World resorts via one of its primary streets, World Drive, which begins near the Magic Kingdom. Downtown Celebrations post office was designed by Michael Graves, the adjacent Welcome Center is by Philip Johnson, other nearby buildings are designed by well known architects including, Charles Moore, Graham Gund, Cesar Pelli, Robert Venturi and Denise Scott Brown. Response to Celebration has ranged from a visitor who said it resembled the too-perfect town of The Stepford Wives to those who see Celebration as an example of unabashed neo-urbanism. Total investment for the project is estimated at US$2.5 billion, the master plan was developed by Cooper, Robertson & Partners and Robert A. M. Stern, and the extensive landscape, parks, trails and pathways were designed by the San Francisco firm EDAW. Celebration is planned in an early 20th-century architectural style and is not zoned for high-density residences, Celebration was named the New Community of the Year in 2001 by the Urban Land Institute. DDC executives collaborated extensively with leaders in education, health and technology in addition to planners and architects to create the vision, Celebration is located at 28°19′12″N 81°32′25″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 10.7 square miles, of which 0.04 square miles. Celebration is under USPS ZIP code 34747, sometimes known as Kissimmee and this is due to the citys being unincorporated, as Celebration is not a subdivision and is still considered an unincorporated town. As of the census of 2010, there were 7,427 people,3,063 households, the population density was 704.9 people per square mile. There were 4,566 housing units at a density of 102. 4/sq mi. The racial makeup of the CDP was 91. 0% white,1. 5% black,3. 2% Asian,2. 2% from two or more races and 0. 26% Native American, hispanics or Latinos of any race were 11. 2% of the population. 24. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 3. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 2.96. The age distribution was 25. 6% under the age of 18, the median age was 37 years. For every 100 females there were 94.7 males, for every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.5 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $74,231, males had a median income of $51,250 versus $46,650 for females. The per-capita income for the CDP was $39,521, and 4. 1% of the population lived below the poverty line, the area is organized under state law as a community development district. As a result, voting is restricted to local landowners, the largest landowners are entities controlled by The Walt Disney Company
7.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
8.
Virtual International Authority File
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The Virtual International Authority File is an international authority file. It is a joint project of national libraries and operated by the Online Computer Library Center. The project was initiated by the US Library of Congress, the German National Library, the National Library of France joined the project on October 5,2007. The project transitions to a service of the OCLC on April 4,2012, the aim is to link the national authority files to a single virtual authority file. In this file, identical records from the different data sets are linked together, a VIAF record receives a standard data number, contains the primary see and see also records from the original records, and refers to the original authority records. The data are available online and are available for research and data exchange. Reciprocal updating uses the Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Harvesting protocol, the file numbers are also being added to Wikipedia biographical articles and are incorporated into Wikidata. VIAFs clustering algorithm is run every month, as more data are added from participating libraries, clusters of authority records may coalesce or split, leading to some fluctuation in the VIAF identifier of certain authority records
9.
Integrated Authority File
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The Integrated Authority File or GND is an international authority file for the organisation of personal names, subject headings and corporate bodies from catalogues. It is used mainly for documentation in libraries and increasingly also by archives, the GND is managed by the German National Library in cooperation with various regional library networks in German-speaking Europe and other partners. The GND falls under the Creative Commons Zero license, the GND specification provides a hierarchy of high-level entities and sub-classes, useful in library classification, and an approach to unambiguous identification of single elements. It also comprises an ontology intended for knowledge representation in the semantic web, available in the RDF format
10.
Bibsys
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BIBSYS is an administrative agency set up and organized by the Ministry of Education and Research in Norway. They are a provider, focusing on the exchange, storage and retrieval of data pertaining to research. BIBSYS are collaborating with all Norwegian universities and university colleges as well as research institutions, Bibsys is formally organized as a unit at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, located in Trondheim, Norway. The board of directors is appointed by Norwegian Ministry of Education, BIBSYS offer researchers, students and others an easy access to library resources by providing the unified search service Oria. no and other library services. They also deliver integrated products for the operation for research. As a DataCite member BIBSYS act as a national DataCite representative in Norway and thereby allow all of Norways higher education, all their products and services are developed in cooperation with their member institutions. The purpose of the project was to automate internal library routines, since 1972 Bibsys has evolved from a library system supplier for two libraries in Trondheim, to developing and operating a national library system for Norwegian research and special libraries. The target group has expanded to include the customers of research and special libraries. BIBSYS is an administrative agency answerable to the Ministry of Education and Research. In addition to BIBSYS Library System, the product consists of BISBYS Ask, BIBSYS Brage, BIBSYS Galleri. All operation of applications and databases is performed centrally by BIBSYS, BIBSYS also offer a range of services, both in connection with their products and separate services independent of the products they supply
