1.
University of Oslo
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The University of Oslo, until 1939 named the Royal Frederick University, is the oldest university in Norway, located in the Norwegian capital of Oslo. Until 1 January 2016 it was the largest Norwegian institution of education in terms of size, now surpassed only by the Norwegian University of Science. The Academic Ranking of World Universities has ranked it the 58th best university in the world, in 2015, the Times Higher Education World University Rankings ranked it the 135th best university in the world and the seventh best in the Nordics. While in its 2016, Top 200 Rankings of European universities, the university has approximately 27,700 students and employs around 6,000 people. Its faculties include Theology, Law, Medicine, Humanities, Mathematics, natural sciences, social sciences, Dentistry, the universitys original neoclassical campus is located in the centre of Oslo, it is currently occupied by the Faculty of Law. Most of the other faculties are located at the newer Blindern campus in the suburban West End. The Faculty of Medicine is split between several university hospitals in the Oslo area, the university was founded in 1811 and was modeled after the University of Copenhagen and the recently established University of Berlin. It was originally named for King Frederick VI of Denmark and Norway, the university is informally also known as Universitetet, having been the only university in Norway, until 1946 and was commonly referred to as The Royal Fredericks, prior to the name change. The Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in the universitys Atrium, from 1947 to 1989, since 2003, the Abel Prize is awarded in the Atrium. Five researchers affiliated with the university have been Nobel laureates, in 1813, The Royal Frederiks University was founded in Christiania, a small city at that time. Circumstances then changed dramatically one year into the commencement of the university, however, independence was somewhat restricted, as Norway was obliged to enter into a legislative union with Sweden based on the outcome of the War of 1814. Norway retained its own constitution and independent state institutions, although royal power, at a time when Norwegians feared political domination by the Swedes, the new university became a key institution that contributed to Norwegian political and cultural independence. The main initial function of The Royal Frederick University was to educate a new class of civil servants, as well as parliamentary representatives. The university also became the centre for a survey of the survey of culture, language, history. The staff of the university strove to undertake a range of tasks necessary for developing a modern society. Throughout the 1800s, the academic disciplines gradually became more specialised. Classical education came under increasing pressure, Education, health services and public administration were among those fields that recruited personnel from the universitys graduates. Research changed qualitatively around the turn of the century as new methods, scientific theories and it was decided that teachers should arrive at their posts as highly qualified academics and continue academic research alongside their role as teachers
2.
Stavanger
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Stavanger /stəˈvæŋər/ is a city and municipality in Norway. The city is the third-largest urban zone and metropolitan area in Norway, the municipality is the fourth most populous in Norway. Located on the Stavanger Peninsula in Southwest Norway, Stavanger counts its official founding year as 1125, Stavangers core is to a large degree 18th- and 19th-century wooden houses that are protected and considered part of the citys cultural heritage. The citys rapid growth in the late 20th century was primarily a result of Norways booming offshore oil industry. Today the oil industry is a key industry in the Stavanger region, the largest company in the Nordic region, Norwegian energy company Statoil is headquartered in Stavanger. Multiple educational institutions for education are located in Stavanger. The largest of these is the University of Stavanger, domestic and international military installations are located in Stavanger, among these is the North Atlantic Treaty Organisations Joint Warfare Center. Other international establishments, and especially local branches of foreign oil and gas companies, immigrants make up 11. 3% of Stavangers population. Stavanger has since the early 2000s consistently had an unemployment rate lower than the Norwegian and European average. In 2011, the unemployment rate was less than 2%, the city is also among those that frequent various lists of expensive cities in the world, and Stavanger has even been ranked as the worlds most expensive city by certain indexes. Stavanger is served by international airport Stavanger Airport, Sola, which offers flights to cities in most major European countries, the airport was named most punctual European regional airport by flightstats. com in 2010. Every two years, Stavanger organizes the Offshore Northern Seas, which is the second largest exhibition, gladmat food festival is also held each year and is considered to be one of Scandinavias leading food festivals. The city is known for being one of the nations premier culinary clusters. Stavanger 2008 European Capital of Culture, the first traces of settlement in the Stavanger region come from the days when the ice retreated after the last ice age c.10,000 years ago. Stavanger grew into a center of administration and an important south-west coast market town around 1100–1300. Stavanger fulfilled an urban role prior to its status as city, Bishop Reinald, who may have come from Winchester, England, is said to have started construction of Stavanger Cathedral around 1100. It was finished around 1125, and the city of Stavanger counts 1125 as its year of foundation, with the Protestant Reformation in 1536, Stavangers role as a religious center declined, and the establishment of Kristiansand in the early 17th century led to the relocation of the bishopric. However, rich herring fisheries in the 19th century gave the city new life, Stavanger was established as a municipality 1 January 1838
3.
Kristiansand
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Kristiansand, historically Christiansand, is a city and municipality in Norway. It is the fifth largest city in Norway and the municipality is the sixth largest in Norway, varodd Bridge is a large bridge and a part of E18, which stretches over Topdalsfjorden. Tourism is important in Kristiansand, and the season is the most popular for tourists. Kristiansand Zoo and Amusement park is the largest zoo in Norway and it receives over 900,000 visitors every year. Markens Street is the pedestrian street in downtown Kristiansand. Bystranda is a city located in Kvadraturen, in addition. Hamresanden Camping is a family camp during the summer season. The city hosts a concert in downtown Kristiansand once every week in the summer. Outside the city is the industry park Sørlandsparken, which has Sørlandssenteret, the Kristiansand area has been inhabited since prehistoric times. In 1996, the skeleton of a woman dating to approximately 6500 BC was discovered in the neighboring municipality of Søgne. This demonstrates very early habitation of the archipelago, grauthelleren, located on Fidjane, is believed to be a Stone Age settlement. The first discovery in Norway of a Sarup enclosure was made in 2010 at Hamresanden, archaeological excavations to the east of Oddernes Church have uncovered rural settlements that existed during the centuries immediately before and after the start of the common era. Together with a discovery in Rogaland, these settlements are unique in the Norwegian context, isolated farms. One of the largest pre-Christian burial grounds in South Norway was formerly located to the south, a royal centre is thought to have existed at Oddernes before 800, and the church was built around 1040. Before the stone church was built, one or perhaps two wooden post churches are believed to have stood on the same spot and this means that the area must have had a large population before it was reduced by the Black Death. In the 14th and 15th centuries, there was already a busy port, in 1635, King Christian IV ordered his feudal seigneur, Palle Rosenkrantz, to move from Nedenes and build a royal palace on the island. Christian IV visited the location in 1630 and 1635, and on 5 July 1641 formally founded the town of Christianssand on the sand on the bank of the Torridalselva. The town was out in Renaissance style on a grid plan
4.
Setesdal
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Setesdal is a valley and a traditional district in Aust-Agder County in southern Norway. It consists of the municipalities of Bykle, Valle, Bygland, Iveland, the Otra river flows through the valley of Setesdal into the sea near Kristiansand. Setesdal flows from the Hardangervidda plateau in Telemark to the north, the historic Setesdal starts at Evje and extends as far as the farm Bjåen, at the edge of Telemark county. Øvre Setesdal is in the municipality of Bykle, the municipalities of Iveland, Evje & Hornes and Bygland comprise the Nedre Setesdal. Valle municipality is in the middle of the Setesdal valley, norwegian National Road 9 runs through Setesdal. The oldest Norse form of the name was just Setr, the common word setr has the meaning homestead, farm - and Setr was probably originally the name of an old, large farm in the central part of Valle. The old farm was later divided into a lot of smaller parts. The Historia Norwegiæ, a history of Norway written by a monk in the second half of the 12th century. A Raabygger or Råbygger is one who lives in a corner, this is an apt description for the valley of Setesdal, ascending the Otra valley from Evje, one reaches the lake Byglandsfjord. This trail is named The Bishops Road and every year a march called The Bishops Road March starts at Kleivgrend in Fyresdal, the Hylestad stave church, constructed in the 13th century, in Setesdal was demolished in the 17th century. Its portal, with carved scenes illustrating the legend of Sigurd Fåvnesbane, is on display at University Museum of National Antiquities in Oslo. Sigurds slaying of Fafnir is described in the Prose Edda of Snorri Sturluson, the Setesdal Line is a railroad between Kristiansand and Byglandsfjord, Setesdal in southern Norway. It was opened to Hægeland in 1895, and to Byglandsfjord in 1896 and this railroad was closed down in 1962 but parts of it exist today as a hobby railroad and it is in regular tourist use during the summer months. Bjoren is an old steamboat that is in regular tourist use on a part of the river Otra called Byglandsfjord, setesdalsbunad Setesdalsgenser, Setesdal sweater Setesdølen, local paper Setesdal www. visitnorway. com South Norway by Frank Noel Stagg, George Allen & Unwin, Ltd.1958
5.
Storting
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The Storting is the supreme legislature of Norway, established in 1814 by the Constitution of Norway. The unicameral parliament has 169 members, and is elected every four years based on party-list proportional representation in nineteen plural member constituencies, a member of the Storting is known in Norwegian as a Stortingsrepresentant, literally Storting representative. The assembly is led by a president and, since 2009 five vice presidents — the presidium, the members are allocated to twelve standing committees, as well as four procedural committees. Three ombudsmen are directly subordinate to parliament, the Parliamentary Intelligence Oversight Committee, in 2009, qualified unicameralism was replaced by unicameralism, through the dissolution of the two chambers, the Lagting and the Odelsting. Since 2013 Olemic Thommessen has been president, the alltings were where legal and political matters were discussed. As oral laws became codified and Norway unified as an entity in the 10th century. The Parliament of Norway Building opened in 1866, on 27 June 1940 the presidium signed an appeal to King Haakon, about his abdication. In September 1940 the representatives were summoned to Oslo, and voted in favour of the results of the negotiations between the presidium and the authorities of the German invaders, however, directives from Adolf Hitler resulted in the obstruction of the agreement of cooperation between parliament and occupation force. Although the Storting has always been unicameral, until 2009 it would divide itself into two departments in legislative matters. After elections, the Storting would elect a quarter of its membership to form the Lagting a sort of upper house, the division was also used on very rare occasions in cases of impeachment. The original idea in 1814 was probably to have the Lagting act as an upper house. Bills were submitted by the Government to the Odelsting or by a member of the Odelsting, a standing committee, with members from both the Odelsting and Lagting, would then consider the bill, and in some cases hearings were held. If passed by the Odelsting, the bill would be sent to the Lagting for review or revision, most bills were passed unamended by the Lagting and then sent directly to the king for royal assent. If the Lagting amended the Odelstings decision, the bill would be sent back to the Odelsting, if the Odelsting approved the Lagtings amendments, the bill would be signed into law by the King. If it did not, then the bill would return to the Lagting, if the Lagting still proposed amendments, the bill would be submitted a plenary session of the Storting. In order to be passed, the bill should have then had the approval of a majority of the plenary session. In all other cases a majority would suffice. Three days had to pass between each time a department voted on a bill, in all other cases, such as taxes and appropriations, the Storting would meet in plenary sessions
6.
Labour Party (Norway)
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The Labour Party, formerly the Norwegian Labour Party, is a social-democratic political party in Norway. It was formerly the senior partner of the governing Red-Green Coalition, the party is currently led by Jonas Gahr Støre. The Labour Party is officially committed to social-democratic ideals and its slogan since the 1930s has been everyone shall take part, and the party traditionally seeks a strong welfare state, funded through taxes and duties. During the first Stoltenberg government, the policies were inspired by Tony Blairs New Labour. The party has frequently described as increasingly neoliberal since the 1980s. The Labour Party profiles itself as a party that subscribes to cooperation on a national as well as international level. Its youth wing is the Workers Youth League, the party is a full member of the Party of European Socialists and Progressive Alliance, and is an observer member of the Socialist International. The Labour Party has always been a supporter of Norways NATO membership and has supported Norwegian membership in the European Union during two referendums. Founded in 1887, the party increased in support until it became the largest party in Norway in 1927. This year also saw the consolidation of surrounding the party during the 1920s following its membership in the Comintern from 1919 to 1923. It formed its first government in 1928, and has led the government for all but 16 years since 1935, from 1945 to 1961, the party had an absolute majority in the Norwegian parliament, the only time this has ever happened in Norwegian history. The domination by the Labour Party, during the 1960s and early 1970s, was broken by competition from the left. From the end of the 1970s however, the party started to lose voters to the right, in 2001 the party achieved its worst electoral results since 1924. Between 2005 and 2013, Labour returned to power after committing to an agreement with other parties in order to form a majority government. Since losing 9 seats in the 2013 election, Labour has been in opposition, the party was founded in 1887 in Arendal and first ran in elections to the Parliament of Norway in 1894. It entered Parliament in 1904 after the 1903 election, and steadily increased its vote until 1927, the party were members of Comintern, a Communist organisation, between 1918 and 1923. From the establishment of Vort Arbeide in 1884, the party had a growing and notable organisation of newspapers, the party press system eventually resulted in Norsk Arbeiderpresse. In January 1913 the party had 24 newspapers, and 6 more newspapers were founded in 1913, the party also had the periodical Det 20de Aarhundre
7.
Erna Solberg
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Erna Solberg is a Norwegian politician who has been Prime Minister of Norway since October 2013 and Leader of the Conservative Party since May 2004. Solberg has served as a member of the Storting since 1989 and served as Minister of Local Government, in her term as minister, she oversaw the tightening of immigration policy and the preparation of a proposed reform of the administrative divisions of Norway. After the 2005 election, she chaired the Conservative Party parliamentary group until 2013, Solberg has emphasized the social and ideological basis of the Conservative policies, although the party also has become visibly more pragmatic. After winning the September 2013 election, she became the second female Prime Minister of Norway, solbergs Cabinet, often referred to informally as the Blue-Blue Cabinet, is a two-party minority government consisting of the Conservative Party and Progress Party. The cabinet has established a formalized co-operation with the non-socialist Liberal Party, Solberg was born in Bergen in western Norway and grew up in the affluent Kalfaret neighbourhood. Her father, Asbjørn Solberg, worked as a consultant in the Bergen Sporvei, Solberg has two sisters, one older than her and one younger. Solberg had some struggles at school and at the age 16 was diagnosed as suffering from dyslexia and she was, nevertheless, an active and talkative contributor in the classroom. In 1986, she graduated with her cand. mag, degree in sociology, political science, statistics and economics from the University of Bergen. In her final year, she led the Students League of the Conservative Party in Bergen. Since 1996 she has married to Sindre Finnes, a businessman and former Conservative Party politician. The family has lived in both Bergen and Oslo, Solberg was a deputy member of Bergen city council in the periods 1979–1983 and 1987–1989, the last period on the executive committee. She chaired local and municipal chapters of the Young Conservatives and the Conservative Party and she was first elected to the Storting from Hordaland in 1989 and has been re-elected on five occasions. She was also the leader of the national Conservative Womens Association, from 2001 to 2005 Solberg served as the Minister of Local Government and Regional Development under Prime Minister Kjell Magne Bondevik. Her alleged tough policies in this department, including a firm stance on asylum policy, in fact, numbers show that the Bondevik government, of 2001–2005, actually let in thousands more asylum seekers than the subsequent centre-left Red-Green government, of 2005–2009. As Minister, Solberg instructed the Norwegian Directorate of Immigration to expel Mulla Krekar, later, terrorism charges were filed against Krekar for a death threat he uttered in 2010 against Erna Solberg. She served as deputy leader of the Conservative Party from 2002 to 2004 and, in 2004, Solberg became the presumptive head of government after winning the general election on 9 September 2013 and was appointed Prime Minister on 16 October 2013. Solberg is Norways second female Prime Minister after Gro Harlem Brundtland, later on, the four took a picture which appeared on the Government. no website on 14 March the same year. In April of the year she criticized European Court over data retention which Telenor Group argued can be used without court proceedings
8.
Vest-Agder
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Vest-Agder is a county in Norway, bordering Rogaland to the west and Aust-Agder to the east. In 2016, there were 182,701 inhabitants, which is about 3. 5% of the population in Norway. Its area is about 7,277 square kilometres, the county administration is located in its largest city, Kristiansand. Shipping, commerce, and recreation are the main industries here, compared to other counties of Norway, Vest-Agder is noted for having the highest level of foreign exports. This feature is particularly predominant in Kvinesdal and Farsund, which maintains strong links with the United States. The meaning of the name is western Agder, see also, Aust-Agder Lister og Mandal amt was created on 1 January 1662 and it consisted of the two old lens of Lister and Mandal. This name continued until 1 January 1919, when the name was changed to Vest-Agder, the coat-of-arms is from modern times. They were granted on 12 December 1958 and they show an oak tree in yellow on a green background, representing the rich nature in the area. It includes the southernmost point of the country, Pysen island south of Mandal. It has a broken and hilly surface. From the coast there are six valleys that stretch north into the county, Audnedalen, Lyngdalen, Kvinesdalen, Mandalen, Sirdalen, most of the habitation lies along the coast, including the towns Kristiansand, Mandal, Flekkefjord, and Farsund. About 31 fjords are located there, the northern portion is mountainous and sparsely settled, while the central upland moors are used for pasturing of cattle and sheep. Since the Gulf Stream touches the coast of Vest-Agder, it is called the Norwegian Riviera. In the 16th century, Dutch merchant vessels began to visit ports in southern Norway to purchase salmon, soon thereafter the export of timber began, as oak from southern Norway was exceptionally well suited for shipbuilding. In the 19th century, emigration to the United States started, one of the most important causes of this emigration was the emergence of steamships. While Vest-Agder and Aust-Agder had historically had strong positions in the manufacture and repair of sailing ships. Emigration to the United States was a means of escaping from the unemployment that followed. On 1 January 1838, all the counties were divided into administrative units each with their own governments
9.
Supreme Court of Norway
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The Supreme Court of Norway was established in 1815 on the basis of section 88 in the Constitution of the Kingdom of Norway, which prescribes an independent judiciary. It is located in the capital Oslo, the Supreme Court is Norways highest court. It has the entire Kingdom as its jurisdiction and it is a court of appeal, i. e. cases cannot be brought before the court if they have not been tried in a district court and in most cases also in a regional court. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court has the prerogative to decide itself which cases of appeal it shall hear and this leads the court to hear cases of principal importance, where clarification is needed or where standards need to be set. Rulings set substantial precedence for the courts as well as for the Supreme Court itself. The Supreme Court has a committee consisting of three justices who decide what cases shall be tried in the Supreme Court, the same committee decides in procedural questions appealed from the lower courts. Once approved, the case is heard and decided by 5 justices, a case may be decided in grand chamber, set with 11 justices, if the court decides that clear precedence needs to be set. In rare circumstances, a case may be heard in plenary session by all 20 justices and this happens when the court needs to decide if legislation conflicts with the constitution or a case involves fundamental questions. The court is chaired by a Chief Justice together with 19 other justices, the current Chief Justice is Toril Marie Øie. Once a justice has taken office, he or she may only be removed by impeachment through conviction in the Riksrett, as of 2013, this has never happened. Justices face mandatory retirement at age 70, the courts salary is regulated by the Storting. Since October 12011, justices have been paid NOK1,487,000, list of Justices in the Supreme Court of Norway Appeals Selection Committee of the Supreme Court of Norway Official website
10.
Candidate of Law
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Candidate of Law is the degree awarded to jurists who have passed the law exam in Denmark, Norway, Sweden and Finland after studying law for about 5–6 years. In Iceland, graduates are now awarded a degree in the field of law. The Swedish jur. kand is obtained after four and a half years at the normal pace, danish, Icelandic and Finnish degrees take five years. In Norway, the degree is obtained after five and a half years, in addition to a single term entrance examination in philosophy and ethics. In Norway it was replaced by the degree Master of Laws in 2003, Swedish universities switched to a curriculum leading up to a Master of Law rather than a jur. kand. in the fall of 2010. Previously in Finland the academic degree was awarded to a person after completing generally 5 years of study in the field of law, both before and after the Bologna process in 2005 the academic degree is split into two different grades. Previously, the degree was varanotaari / vicenotarie, and currently the lower degree awarded is oikeusnotaari / rättsnotarie after completing circa 3 years of study equal to LL. B. The upper degree is oikeustieteen maisteri / juris magister after additional 2 years of study equal to an LL. M. or JD, the oikeusnotaari/rättsnotarie degree alone doesnt give the right to practice law-related occupations. The cand. jur. education used to be the legal education in Norway usually completed in 6 years full-time. As a result of a reform of the Norwegian educational system. The Master of Laws is standardized to 5 years, based on the length of a bachelor+master education of 5 years. The final cand. jur. degree was awarded in the Spring of 2007, traditionally, the student must swear an oath to avoid straying from truth and justice, nor encouraging needless dispute. The oath is no longer spoken, but it is implied with a handshake during the graduation ceremony, in Scandinavian countries, the exam can only be taken at a university with a diploma privilege granted by the government – though any institution may provide legal education. The competition for a right in law at university is very fierce in all Nordic countries. There are usually more than 10 applicants for one place at the Law faculties, the admission system however vary from every country. The degree is equal to the Master of Laws in Europe
11.
Jens Christian Hauge
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Jens Christian Hauge, often written Jens Chr. Hauge, was a Norwegian who was leader within the World War II resistance—and one of the two incumbent Milorg Council members in May 1945 and he became a Minister of Defence, and later a Minister of Justice. After 1955 he never held office, but continued to exert influence on political processes—sometimes openly. He is also controversial, and has criticised for not giving more information regarding central parts of the Milorg activities. He was born at Ljan, and he had an older sister Aase and their mother was a school teacher of hand craft, and the father was son of a cotter. Hauges father was a former non-commissioned officer, that worked in an insurance company and he was a conscript in Stavern in the summer of 1936, and served 48 days at Luftvernregimentets rekruttskole, In 1938 he received 15 days of recruit training. He received training as crew on anti-aircraft weapon, in May 1939 he was summoned for the last 14 days of recruit training. He received a discharge, according to a 10 August 1939 annotation. He finished his final exams to become a lawyer, in autumn of 1937 and he worked as a private lecturer for law students, for the next year. In November 1938 he started as a dommerfullmektig in Kragerø, to perform his period as a judicial conscript, in January 1940 he again was working as a manuduktør in Oslo. The military invasion of Norway, resulted in students not coming to his private lectures, on 12 April he applied for work at Oslo Politikammer, and started work the next day. In June, his employer had established Priskontoret, and he applied for a transfer, on 13 August he was arrested for making statements that violated Nasjonal Samling. During the last days of September, he was transferred to the newly established prison for political prisoners,17 October saw the trial of Hauge. The verdict of 100 days in prison, whereof 66 days had already served, was announced the next day—and he was imprisoned. He was released on 30 October, after completing four-fifths of the sentence—eighty days and he joined Milorg at the beginning of 1942. In the middle of August 1942 he became inspector for Østlandet—replacing Knut Møyen, on 3 October 1942 Operation Bittern landed four commandos in Norway. During the meeting where the leader of commandos showed his orders to Hauge, Hauge confiscated the accompanying list of 62 that SOE wanted to assassinate, one evening between 7 and 14 October he met The Council for the first time. The meeting resulted in a message to the High Command
