1.
Edinburgh
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Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 local government council areas. Located in Lothian on the Firth of Forths southern shore, it is Scotlands second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The 2014 official population estimates are 464,990 for the city of Edinburgh,492,680 for the authority area. Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is home to the Scottish Parliament and it is the largest financial centre in the UK after London. Historically part of Midlothian, the city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, Scots law, literature, the sciences and engineering. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city, was placed 17th in the QS World University Rankings in 2013 and 2014. The city is famous for the Edinburgh International Festival and the Fringe. The citys historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdoms second most popular tourist destination after London, attracting over one million overseas visitors each year. Historic sites in Edinburgh include Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace, the churches of St. Giles, Greyfriars and the Canongate, Edinburghs Old Town and New Town together are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which has been managed by Edinburgh World Heritage since 1999. It appears to derive from the place name Eidyn mentioned in the Old Welsh epic poem Y Gododdin, the poem names Din Eidyn as a hill fort in the territory of the Gododdin. The Celtic element din was dropped and replaced by the Old English burh, the first documentary evidence of the medieval burgh is a royal charter, c. 1124–1127, by King David I granting a toft in burgo meo de Edenesburg to the Priory of Dunfermline. In modern Gaelic, the city is called Dùn Èideann, the earliest known human habitation in the Edinburgh area was at Cramond, where evidence was found of a Mesolithic camp site dated to c.8500 BC. Traces of later Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements have found on Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat, Craiglockhart Hill. When the Romans arrived in Lothian at the end of the 1st century AD, at some point before the 7th century AD, the Gododdin, who were presumably descendants of the Votadini, built the hill fort of Din Eidyn or Etin. Although its location has not been identified, it likely they would have chosen a commanding position like the Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat. In 638, the Gododdin stronghold was besieged by forces loyal to King Oswald of Northumbria and it thenceforth remained under their jurisdiction. The royal burgh was founded by King David I in the early 12th century on land belonging to the Crown, in 1638, King Charles Is attempt to introduce Anglican church forms in Scotland encountered stiff Presbyterian opposition culminating in the conflicts of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. In the 17th century, Edinburghs boundaries were defined by the citys defensive town walls
2.
Fast bowling
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Fast bowling is one of the two main approaches to bowling in the sport of cricket, the other being spin bowling. Practitioners are usually known as fast or pace bowlers, quicks and they also often referred to as swing or seam bowlers to reflect their preferred fast bowling technique. A typical fast delivery has a speed in the range of 137–153 km/h, most fast bowlers will specialise in one of these two areas and will sometimes be categorised as swing or seam bowler. For simplicity, it is common to subdivide fast bowlers according to the speed of their deliveries. There is a degree of subjectivity in the usage of terms, for example, Cricinfo uses the terms fast-medium and medium-fast interchangeably. For comparison, most spin bowlers in professional cricket bowl at speeds of 70 to 90 km/h. The image to the shows the correct grip. The first two fingers and the thumb should hold the ball forward of the rest of the hand, the ball is held quite loosely so that it leaves the hand easily. Other grips are possible, and result in different balls – see swing, the bowler usually holds their other hand over the hand gripping the ball until the latest possible moment so that the batsman cannot see what type of ball is being bowled. A fast bowler needs to take a longer run-up toward the wicket than a spinner, due to the need to generate the momentum, fast bowlers will measure their preferred run up in strides and mark the distance from the wicket. It is important for the bowler to know exactly how long his or her run-up is because it must terminate behind the popping crease, at the end of the run-up the bowler will bring his lead foot down on the pitch with the knee as straight as possible. This aids in generating speed but can be due to the pressure placed on the joint by this action. Knee injuries are not uncommon amongst fast bowlers, for example, the pressure on the leading foot is such that some fast bowlers cut the front off their shoes to stop their toes from being injured as they are repeatedly pressed against the inside of the shoe. The bowler will bring their bowling arm up over their head. Again, the arm must be straight although this is a stipulation of the laws of cricket rather than an aid to speed, bending the elbow and chucking the ball would make it too easy for the bowler to aim accurately at the batsmans wicket and get them out. Fast bowlers tend to have an action that leaves them either side-on or chest-on at the end of the run up, west Indian bowler Malcolm Marshall was a classic example of a chest-on bowler, while Australian pace bowler Dennis Lillee used a side-on technique to great effect. While a bowlers action does not affect their bowling speed, it can limit the style of balls that they can bowl, although this is not a hard and fast rule, side-on bowlers generally bowl outswingers, and chest-on bowlers generally bowl inswingers. A variant on the fast bowlers action is the sling, where the bowler begins his delivery with his or her arm extended behind their back
3.
Bowling (cricket)
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In the sport of cricket bowling is the action of propelling the ball toward the wicket defended by a batsman. A player skilled at bowling is called a bowler, a bowler who is also a competent batsman is known as an all-rounder, Bowling the ball is distinguished from throwing the ball by a strictly specified biomechanical definition which restricts the angle of extension of the elbow. A single act of bowling the ball towards the batsman is called a ball or a delivery, bowlers bowl deliveries in sets of six, called an over. Once a bowler has bowled their over, one of their mates will bowl an over from the other end of the pitch. The Laws of Cricket govern how a ball must be bowled, if a ball is bowled illegally, an umpire will rule it a no ball. If a ball is bowled too wide of the striker for the batsman to be able to play at it with a cricket shot. A spin bowler delivers the ball quite slowly and puts spin on the ball. In the early days of cricket, underarm bowling was the method employed. Many theories exist about the origins of cricket, one suggests that the game began among shepherds hitting a stone or a ball of wool with their crooks and, at the same time, defending the wicket gate into the sheep-fold. A second theory suggests the name came from a low stool known as a cricket in England, there is also a reference to criquet in North-East France in 1478 and evidence that the game evolved in South-East England in the Middle Ages. In 1706 William Goldwyn published the first description of the game and he wrote that two teams were first seen carrying their curving bats to the venue, choosing a pitch and arguing over the rules to be played. They pitched two sets of wickets, each with a milk-white bail perched on two stumps, toss a coin for first knock, the called play and the leathern orb was bowled. They had four-ball overs, the umpires leant on their staves, the first written Laws of Cricket were drawn up in 1744. They stated, the principals shall choose from amongst the present two umpires who shall absolutely decide all disputes. The stumps must be 22 inches high and the bail across them six inches, the ball must be between 5 &6 ounces, and the two sets of stumps 22 yards apart. There were no limits on the shape or size of the bat and it appears that 40 notches was viewed as a very big score, probably due to the bowlers bowling quickly at shins unprotected by pads. The worlds first cricket club was formed in Hambledon in the 1760s, during the 1760s and 1770s it became common to pitch the ball through the air, rather than roll it along the ground. This innovation gave bowlers the weapons of length, deception through the air and it also opened new possibilities for spin and swerve
4.
Scotland national cricket team
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The Scotland national cricket team represents Scotland in the game of cricket. They play their matches at The Grange, Edinburgh. Scotland became associate members of the International Cricket Council in 1994 after severing links with the England cricket team two years earlier, since then, they have played in three Cricket World Cups and three ICC World Twenty20 tournaments. However, their first win in either of these events did not come until they beat Hong Kong in the 2016 World Twenty20. Scottish cricket team is governed by Cricket Scotland, Scotland have also played in every ICC Intercontinental Cup tournament, winning the inaugural edition in 2004. Between 2010 and 2013, the competed in the ECB40 as the Scottish Saltires. Kyle Coetzer became captain of the side in November 2016 after Preston Mommsen who had captained the side since September 2014 stepped down, the coach is New Zealander Grant Bradburn, who took on the role in April 2014. The first recorded match in Scotland took place in Alloa in 1785. It would be another eighty years, however, before Scotland played their first full match, against Surrey in 1865, the first Scottish Cricket Union was formed in 1879, and the national team beat Australia by 7 wickets three years later. The cricket union became defunct in 1883, and Grange Cricket Club took over the administration of the game until 1909, the first match against Ireland took place in Dublin in 1888, with the Irish emerging victorious. They also played South Africa, the West Indies, an all-Indian team,1948 saw Australia visit Scotland for two games at the end of their tour of England. These games, both of which were won by the Australians, were to be the last international games for Don Bradman, the Don signed off in typical style, making a fine unbeaten 123 in the innings victory. Scotland first competed in English domestic cricket in 1980, when they competed in the Benson & Hedges Cup for the first time, three years later they took part in the NatWest Trophy. Their first Benson & Hedges win came against Lancashire in 1986, the most famous cricketers to have come from Scotland are probably the former England captain, Mike Denness, Warwickshire all-rounder Dougie Brown, and former England Test player Gavin Hamilton. Another great Scottish cricketer was B. R, hardie, who was a major contributor to the successful Essex side of the 1970s and 1980s. Possibly one of the best spinners and certainly a respected journalist was the aptly named Ian Peebles, who was one of the cricketers of the year in 1931 alongside Don Bradman. The most infamous cricketer, a man who was vilified in Australia, was a Scot, Douglas Jardine, father to and inventor of Body Theory, Jardine was born in British India, and died in Switzerland, spending most of his life in England. He asked for his ashes to be scattered in Scotland and gave his own children Scottish names, in 1992 Scotland severed their ties with the Test and County Cricket Board and England, and gained associate membership of the ICC in their own right in 1994. They competed in the ICC Trophy for the first time in 1997, finishing third and qualifying for the 1999 World Cup, where they lost all their games
5.
One Day International
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A One Day International is a form of limited overs cricket, played between two teams with international status, in which each team faces a fixed number of overs, usually 50. The Cricket World Cup is played in this format, One Day International matches are also called Limited Overs Internationals, although this generic term may also refer to Twenty20 International matches. They are major matches and considered the highest standard of limited overs competition, the international one-day game is a late twentieth-century development. The first ODI was played on 5 January 1971 between Australia and England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. When the first three days of the third Test were washed out officials decided to abandon the match and, instead, Australia won the game by 5 wickets. ODIs were played in kits with a red ball. The first of the matches with coloured uniforms was the WSC Australians in wattle gold versus WSC West Indians in coral pink, played at VFL Park in Melbourne on 17 January 1979. Matches played with coloured kits and a white ball became more commonplace over time, and the use of white flannels, in the main the Laws of cricket apply. However, in ODIs, each team bats for a number of overs. In the early days of ODI cricket, the number of overs was generally 60 overs per side, and matches were played with 40,45 or 55 overs per side. Simply stated, the works as follows, An ODI is contested by 2 teams of 11 players each. The Captain of the winning the toss chooses to either bat or bowl first. The team batting first sets the score in a single innings. The innings lasts until the side is all out or all of the first sides allotted overs are completed. Each bowler is restricted to bowling a maximum of 10 overs, therefore, each team must comprise at least five competent bowlers. The team batting second tries to score more than the score in order to win the match. Similarly, the side bowling second tries to out the second team or make them exhaust their overs before they reach the target score in order to win. If the number of runs scored by both teams is equal when the team loses all of its wickets or exhausts all its overs
6.
Australia national cricket team
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The Australia national cricket team, represents the country of Australia in international cricket. It is the joint oldest team in Test cricket history, having played in the first ever Test match in 1877, the team draws its players from teams playing in the Australian domestic competitions – the Sheffield Shield, the Australian domestic limited-overs cricket tournament and the Big Bash League. The national team has played 801 Test matches, winning 377, losing 215, drawing 207, Australia is ranked the number-one team overall in Test cricket in terms of overall wins, win-loss ratio and wins percentage. As of 29 March 2017, Australia is ranked third in the ICC Test Championship on 108 rating points, the Australian cricket team has played 898 ODI matches, winning 554, losing 303, tying 9 and with 32 ending in no-result. They currently lead the ICC ODI Championship, having done so for 130 of 161 months since its introduction in 2002. Australia have made a record seven World Cup final appearances and have won the World Cup a record five times in total,1987,1999,2003,2007 and 2015 and it is also the second team to win a World Cup on home soil, after India. The team was undefeated in 34 consecutive World Cup matches until 19 March at the 2011 Cricket World Cup where Pakistan beat them by 4 wickets. Australia have also won the ICC Champions Trophy twice – in 2006 and in 2009 – making them the first and the only team to become back to back winners in the Champions Trophy tournaments. Test cricket, which occurred between Australia and England at the time, was limited by the long distance between the two countries, which would take several months by sea. Most cricketers at the time were either from New South Wales or Victoria, with the exception of George Giffen. A highlight of Australias early history was the 1882 Test match against England at The Oval, in this match Fred Spofforth took 7/44 in the games fourth innings to save the match by preventing England from making their 85-run target. This was the start of the famous Ashes series in which Australia, to this day, the contest is one of the fiercest rivalries in sport. It participated in between the 1897–98 English tour of Australia and the 1910–11 South African tour of Australia, Victor Trumper became one of Australias first sporting heroes, and was widely considered Australias greatest batsman before Bradman and one of the most popular players. He played a number of Tests at 49 and scored 3163 runs at a high for the time average of 39.04. His early death in 1915 at the age of 37 from kidney disease caused national mourning, the Wisden Cricketers Almanack, in its obituary for him, called him Australias greatest batsman, Of all the great Australian batsmen Victor Trumper was by general consent the best and most brilliant. Led by Peter McAlister, who was attempting to gain control of tours from the players. This led to six leading players walking out on the 1912 Triangular Tournament in England and this was the last series before the war, and no more cricket was played by Australia for eight years, with Tibby Cotter being killed in Palestine during the war. Test cricket resumed in the 1920/21 season in Australia with a touring English team, captained by Johnny Douglas losing all five Tests to Australia, the team continued its success on the 1921 Tour of England, winning three out of the five Tests in Warwick Armstrongs last series
7.
Afghanistan national cricket team
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The Afghanistan national cricket team is the team that represents the country of Afghanistan in international cricket matches. Cricket has been played in Afghanistan since the mid 19th century, the Afghanistan Cricket Board was formed in 1995 and became an affiliate member of the International Cricket Council in 2001 and a member of the Asian Cricket Council in 2003. They are ranked 9th in International Twenty20 cricket as of 7 January 2017 ahead of full members Bangladesh, in the same year they won their first Intercontinental Cup, beating Scotland in the final. Afghanistan also won the Asia Vs Caribbean T20 Championship and beat T&T, Bangladesh, Afghanistan also qualified for 2012 ICC World Twenty20 held in Sri Lanka as the runner up of the ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier and joined India and England in the group stage. In the first match against India on 19 September, Afghanistan won the toss, India posted 159/5 in 20 overs but Afghanistan fell short of that target by scoring 136 in 19.3 overs. In the second match against England on 21 September, Afghanistan won the toss, England set a target of 196/5 but Afghanistan were all out for 80 in 17.2 overs. England and India qualified for the Super Eights and Afghanistan were eliminated as a result of this match. On October 3,2013, Afghanistan beat Kenya to finish second in the WCL Championship and qualify for the 2015 Cricket World Cup, becoming the 20th team to gain entry into the tournament overall. Afghanistan secured their passage to Australia and New Zealand in 2015 by beating Kenya comprehensively for the time in succession in Sharjah. Afghanistan will join Pool A at the World Cup along with Australia, Bangladesh, England, New Zealand, Sri Lanka, on November 24,2013, Afghanistan beat Kenya to qualify for the 2014 T20 world cup. In March 2014, Afghanistan beat Hong Kong in the 2014 ICC World Twenty20, on February 25,2015 Afghanistan won their first Cricket World Cup match beating Scotland by 14 runs. Afghanistan participated in the World Twenty202016 in India and they were unable to qualify for the Semi-Finals of the International Tournament. They defeated the champions, West Indies, during their final group match of the tournament. Their third match was against the full member test team Zimbabwe and they played exceptionally well beating Zimbabwe by 59 runs. Afghanistan qualified for the Super 10 stage of the tournament as a result of this match, Afghanistan progressed to the second phase of a World Twenty20 tournament for the first time. He was chosen ahead of Mohammad Yousuf, Herschelle Gibbs and Corey Collymore Rajput is in line for a two-year contract, but that decision would be finalised after the upcoming tour of Europe. In July 2016, ACB unveiled a plan and set targets for Afghanistan cricket team to be a top-six ODI team by 2019. In order to achieve this, ACB created a proposal to be presented to BCCI, in the works to secure annual bilateral matches against India, on 25 July 2016, Afghanistan confirmed its first full series against West Indies a top-8 ranked Full member
8.
Pakistan national cricket team
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The Pakistan cricket team, also known as The Green Shirts or The Shaheens) is the national cricket team of Pakistan. Represented by the Pakistan Cricket Board, the team is a member of the International Cricket Council. Pakistan have played 871 ODIs, winning 458, losing 387, Pakistan were the 1992 World Cup champions, and were runners-up in the 1999 tournament. Pakistan, in conjunction with other countries in South Asia, have hosted the 1987 and 1996 World Cups, the team has also played 110 Twenty20 Internationals, the most of any team, winning 64 losing 43 and tying 3. Pakistan won the 2009 ICC World Twenty20 and were runners-up in the tournament in 2007. Pakistan have played 406 Test matches, with winning 130, losing 118, the team has the third-best win/loss ratio in Test cricket of 1.10, and the fifth-best overall win percentage of 32. 01%. In the 1950s, several Pakistani Test players had played Test cricket for the Indian cricket team before the creation of Pakistan in 1947, as of 31 January 2017, the Pakistani cricket team is ranked sixth in Tests, eighth in ODIs and seventh in T20Is by the ICC. Cricket in Pakistan has a history of even before the creation of the country in 1947, the first ever international cricket match in Karachi was held on 22 November 1935 between Sindh and Australian cricket teams. The match was seen by 5,000 Karachiites, the first captain of the Pakistan national cricket team was Abdul Hafeez Kardar. Pakistans first Test match was played in Delhi in October 1952 as part of a five Test series which India won 2–1. Pakistan made their first tour of England in 1954 and drew the series 1–1 after a victory at The Oval in which fast bowler Fazal Mahmood took 12 wickets. Pakistans first home Test match was in Bangabandhu National Stadium, Dacca, in January 1955 against India, after which four more Test matches were played in Bahawalpur, Lahore, Peshawar and Karachi. The team is considered a strong but unpredictable team, Pakistani contests with India in the Cricket World Cup have seen packed stadiums and elevated atmospheres no matter where the World Cup has been held. However the fans love their team, the 1986 Austral-Asia Cup, played in Sharjah in UAE, is remembered for a famous last-ball victory for Pakistan against arch-rivals India, with Javed Miandad emerging as a national hero. India batted first and set a target of 245 runs, leaving Pakistan with a run rate of 4.92 runs per over. Javed Miandad came in to bat at number 3 and Pakistan lost wickets at regular intervals, later recalling the match, Miandad stated that his main focus was to lose with dignity. With 31 runs needed in the last three overs, Miandad hit a string of boundaries while batting with his teams lower order, Miandad received a leg side full toss from Chetan Sharma, which he hit for six over the midwicket boundary. At the 1992 World Cup Semi-final, having won the toss, New Zealand chose to bat first, Pakistan batted conservatively yet lost wickets at regular intervals
9.
Kenya national cricket team
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The Kenya national cricket team is the team that represents the country of Kenya in international cricket matches. Kenya has been a member of the International Cricket Council since 1981, it played its first One Day International in 1996. At one time it was considered one of the strongest of the members of the ICC. It lost ODI and T20I status in 2014, after failing to qualify for the 2015 World Cup, full article, East Africa cricket team Kenya, Tanzania and Uganda combined to form the East Africa cricket team, which became an associate member of the ICC in 1966. They continued playing amongst themselves, and were joined by Zambia in a tournament played annually between 1966 and 1980. India toured East Africa in 1967 and played a match against Kenya on 5 August. The 1975 Cricket World Cup took place in England, and East Africa were one of two non-test teams invited to the tournament, the other being Sri Lanka, Kenya provided half of the fourteen man squad for the tournament. After warm-up matches against Somerset, Wales, Glamorgan and various sides, they played in the same first round group as England, India and New Zealand. The World Cup was followed by a match against Sri Lanka at the County Ground. East Africa then took part in the 1979 ICC Trophy, the first ICC Trophy tournament, but did not progress beyond the first round, thus missing out on qualification for the 1979 World Cup. Long considered the strongest part of the East Africa team, Kenya broke away in 1981 and joined the ICC in their own right as an associate member and they played two three-day matches against Zimbabwe on that tour, losing both. Kenya played in the ICC Trophy in their own right in 1982,1986, the 1994 ICC Trophy was hosted in Nairobi and Kenya finished as runners-up to the UAE, thus qualifying for the 1996 World Cup. Kenya were in the group as Australia, India, Sri Lanka. In what at the time was described as the most startling upsets in the history of the World Cup, Kenya bowled out the West Indies for just 93 and won by 73 runs. Following their World Cup performance, Kenya were given full ODI status by the ICC, the Netherlands toured in December, playing four one-day matches, with the Kenyans winning them all. They played in the finals of South Africas Standard Bank Cup in March 1997. Following this was the 1997 ICC Trophy, hosted in Malaysia, Kenya reached the final, where they lost to Bangladesh by two wickets. This was followed by a tri-series against Bangladesh and Zimbabwe in October the same year in Nairobi, England A were the first opposition in 1998, touring Kenya in January
10.
Northamptonshire County Cricket Club
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Northamptonshire County Cricket Club is one of eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales and the current Natwest Blast champions. It represents the county of Northamptonshire. Its limited overs team is called the Northants Steelbacks – a reference to the Northamptonshire Regiment which was formed in 1881, the name was supposedly a tribute to the soldiers apparent indifference to the harsh discipline imposed by their officers. Founded in 1878, Northamptonshire held minor status at first but was a prominent member of the early Minor Counties Championship during the 1890s, in 1905, the club joined the County Championship and the team was elevated to senior status as an official first-class team. Northants has been classified as a List A team since the beginning of limited overs cricket in 1963, the club plays the majority of its games at the County Cricket Ground, Northampton, but has used outlier grounds at Kettering, Wellingborough and Peterborough in the past. It has also used grounds outside the county for one-day games, for example, at Luton, Tring and Milton Keynes. During the 2015 season, Northamptonshire played in Division 2 of the LV= County Championship, Group A of the Royal London One Day Cup, on Monday 10 August, there was a match at Woburn Park between a Bedfordshire XI and a combined Northants and Huntingdonshire XI. Woburn Cricket Club under the leadership of the Duke of Bedford was on the point of becoming a well known club. On 31 July 1878, the formation of Northants CCC took place at a meeting in the George Hotel. The 1820 date, if it could be verified, would make Northants the oldest club in the present-day County Championship, the county applied for first-class status in 1904 and was promoted the following year when it joined the County Championship. They played its inaugural first-class match versus Hampshire CCC at Southampton on 18,19 &20 May 1905 when making its County Championship debut, after three years in the middle of the table, Northants surprisingly improved to finish second in 1912 and fourth in 1913. Thompson, Smith and William Bumper Wells formed one of the strongest attacks in county cricket at the time, whilst Smith, thompson and Smith finished playing after World War I and, during the inter-war period, Northamptonshire were regularly one of the weaker championship sides. Things got worse for Northamptonshire during this time when Bakewells career ended due to an arm in a car crash that also resulted in the fatality of teammate. Brown joined as captain in 1949, and led the team to six place in his first season after years of disappointment. Under the new leadership of Dennis Brookes, finished second in 1957 and this was mainly due to the bowling attack of Frank Tyson, Vincent Broderick, Michael Allen, George Tribe and Manning. Subsequently, the club has seen mixed fortunes, the club has had intermittent success in one-day competitions, but it has still not won the County Championship, although second place was achieved in each of 1957,1965 and 1976. More recently, Lance Klusener and Monty Panesar have been notable players, as with all county cricket clubs, Northamptonshire CCC represents the historic county and not any modern or current administrative unit. After the football club moved, the ground at the Abington Avenue was demolished and replaced by a new school which includes seating looking on to the ground
11.
Yorkshire County Cricket Club
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Yorkshire County Cricket Club is one of eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the county of Yorkshire. The clubs limited overs team is called the Yorkshire Vikings, the teams most recent Championship title was in 2015, following on from that achieved in 2014. The clubs limited-overs kit colours are purple, black and yellow with Mazars as the main sponsor, Yorkshire play most of their home games at Headingley Stadium in Leeds. Another significant venue is at North Marine Road Ground, Scarborough, Sheffield Cricket Club was probably formed about this time and there are references to Sheffield matches in Derbyshire in 1757 and at Leeds in 1761. A club was formed in York in 1784, bedale in North Yorkshire was a noted centre in the early 19th century. But cricket in most rural areas was slow to develop, Yorkshire cricket became centred around Sheffield, where it was more organised than in the rest of the county. From 1771, Sheffield played semi-regular matches against Nottingham Cricket Club, Nottingham was generally the better side and Sheffield sometimes played with more players to give them a greater chance of victory. Nevertheless, the Sheffield player Tom Marsden was regarded as one of the players in the country in the 1820s. Cricket increased in popularity after a match was played at the purpose-built Darnall New Ground in Sheffield to evaluate the new style of roundarm bowling. After this match, many new clubs were formed in the county. In 1833, Yorkshire was first used as a name, although it contained 11 Sheffield players. The name may have arisen from a need to match the status of Norfolk as a county rather than a city, there were some differences in the organisation of the Yorkshire team vis-à-vis those called Sheffield as it included three amateurs while Sheffield teams were entirely professional. Yorkshire, as such, played intermittently over the thirty years but was not organised in any formal way. Some of their opponents were Sussex in 1835, Manchester in 1844 and 1845, also in 1849, Yorkshire played against a Lancashire team for the first time, though it was really a Sheffield v Manchester match. By 1855, Sheffield and Yorkshire were playing at Bramall Lane, on 7 March 1861, during a meeting at the Adelphi Hotel in Sheffield, a Match Fund Committee was established to run Yorkshire county matches. The committee was made up from the management committee of the Bramall Lane ground, but the committee was unable to persuade other clubs that it was not seeking to promote Sheffield cricket and a lack of funds prevented some matches being played in 1862. By this time, there were several cricketers with good reputations, consequently, on 8 January 1863, Yorkshire County Cricket Club was formed
12.
Twenty20 International
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A Twenty20 International is a form of cricket, played between two of the top members of the International Cricket Council, in which each team faces 20 overs. The matches have top-class status and are the highest T20 standard, the game is played under the rules of Twenty20 cricket. ICC decided to use DRS in Twenty20 internationals from October 2017, in 2016, for the first time in a calendar year, more Twenty20 International matches were played than ODI matches. There remain limits on how many Twenty20 Internationals a team can play each year, in order to protect Test cricket, as of 2016, there are 18 nations that feature in ICC T20I team rankings. The shorter format of the game makes reaching the milestones of scoring a century or taking five wickets in an innings more difficult. Cricket itself was probably first played in England in the Late Middle Ages, a set of laws were drawn up in 1744, and the game achieved a level of relative standardisation by the late nineteenth century. One-day cricket was trialled in 1962, and the first domestic tournament played the following year, the match consisted of one innings for each side, with 40 eight-ball overs. At the same time, the England and Wales Cricket Board conducted consumer research, and proposed the idea of a 20 overs-per-side contest, the first match was played in 2003 between Hampshire and Sussex. The first Twenty20 International match between two sides was played on 17 February 2005, involving Australia and New Zealand. However, Ponting himself said if it does become a game then Im sure the novelty wont be there all the time. Two further matches were played that year, England beat Australia in June, the game had initially been developed to boost the interest in domestic cricket, and to aid this the international teams were only allowed to host three T20Is each year. The cricket manager for the ICC, David Richardson, also commented that Part of the success of Twenty20 cricket is making sure it can coexist with Test cricket, despite this, the first international tournament was held in 2007 in South Africa, the 2007 ICC World Twenty20. That tournament was won by India, who defeated their close rivals Pakistan in the final, writing for The Guardian, Dilip Premachandran suggested that the competitions success meant that the format is here to stay. The next tournament was scheduled for 2009, and it was decided that they would take place biannually, in the opening match of the 2007 World Twenty20, Chris Gayle scored the first century in a T20I, the achievement being reached in the twentieth match of the format. The 500th T20I match was contested between Ireland and the United Arab Emirates at the Sheikh Zayed Stadium, Abu Dhabi on 16 February 2016, the ten Test-playing nations have permanent T20I status. On 28 June 2014, the ICC granted T20I status to Nepal and Netherlands, in 1998, cricket was played as part of the Commonwealth Games, on this occasion in the 50-over format. Cricket was played in 2010 Asian Games in Guangzhou, China and 2014 Asian Games in Incheon, there was further calls for subsequent Commonwealth Games and Olympic Games. The Commonwealth Games Federation asked the ICC to participate in the 2014 and 2018 Commonwealth Games, eSPNcricinfo suggested that the opposition might be based on the possible loss of income
13.
Batting average
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Batting average is a statistic in cricket, baseball, and softball that measures the performance of batsmen in cricket and batters in baseball. The development of the statistic was influenced by the cricket statistic. In cricket, a batting average is the total number of runs they have scored divided by the number of times they have been out. The number is also simple to interpret intuitively, if all the batsmans innings were completed, this is the average number of runs they score per innings. If they did not complete all their innings, this number is an estimate of the average number of runs they score per innings. Batting average has been used to gauge cricket players relative skills since the 18th century, most players have career batting averages in the range of 20 to 40. This is also the range for wicket-keepers, though some fall short. All-rounders who are more prominent bowlers than batsmen typically average something between 20 and 30,15 and under is typical for specialist bowlers. Under this qualification, the highest Test batting average belongs to Australias Sir Donald Bradman, given that a career batting average over 50 is exceptional, and that only four other players have averages over 60, this is an outstanding statistic. The fact that Bradmans average is so far above that of any other cricketer has led several statisticians to argue that, statistically at least, he was the greatest sportsman in any sport. As at 21 October 2016, Adam Voges of Australia has recorded an average of 72.75 from 27 innings played and it should also be remembered, especially in relation to the ODI histogram above, that there were no ODI competitions when Bradman played. If their scores have a geometric distribution then total number of runs scored divided by the number of times out is the maximum likelihood estimate of their true unknown average, Batting averages can be strongly affected by the number of not outs. A different, and more developed, statistic which is also used to gauge the effectiveness of batsmen is the strike rate. It measures a different concept however – how quickly the batsman scores – so it does not supplant the role of batting average and it is used particularly in limited overs matches, where the speed at which a batsman scores is more important than it is in first-class cricket. Table shows players with at least 20 innings completed, in baseball, the batting average is defined by the number of hits divided by at bats. It is usually reported to three places and read without the decimal, A player with a batting average of.300 is batting three-hundred. A point is understood, in only, to be.001. If necessary to break ties, batting averages could be taken beyond the.001 measurement, henry Chadwick, an English statistician raised on cricket, was an influential figure in the early history of baseball
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Delivery (cricket)
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A delivery or ball in cricket is a single action of bowling a cricket ball toward the batsman. During play of the game, a member of the team is designated as the bowler. Six legal balls in a row constitutes an over, after which a different member of the side takes over the role of bowler for the next over. The bowler delivers the ball from his or her end of the pitch toward the batsman standing at the wicket at the other end of the pitch. Bowlers can be either left-handed or right-handed and this approach to their delivery, in addition to their decision of bowling around the wicket or over the wicket, is knowledge of which the umpire and the batsman are to be made aware. Deliveries can be made by fast bowlers or by spin bowlers, fast bowlers tend to make the ball either move off the pitch or move through the air, while spinners make the ball turn either toward a right-handed batsman or away from him. The ball can bounce at different distances from the batsman, this is called the length of the delivery and it can range from a bouncer to a yorker. There are many different types of delivery that a bowler can bowl, throughout an over, the bowler will choose a sequence of deliveries designed to attack the batsmans concentration and technique, in an effort to get him out. The bowler also varies the amount of loop and pace imparted to various deliveries to try to cause the batsman to misjudge, as the crease has a width, the bowler can change the angle from which he delivers to the batsman in an attempt to induce a misjudgement. Usually, the bowler decides what type of delivery to bowl next, sometimes, the team captain will offer advice or even issue a direct order regarding what deliveries to bowl, based on his observations of the batsman and the strategic state of the game. Another player who offers advice to the bowler is the wicket-keeper, since he has a unique view of the batsman. Another piece of information important for the bowlers to consider prior to their deliveries is the state of pitch, the pitch is a natural ground and its state is subjected to variation over the course of the cricket, some of which are multi-day events such as test matches. Side by side, Richardson alludes to the research undertaken by Dr. Sean Müller in Australia which was funded by Cricket Australias Centre of Excellence. The results of the research demonstrated the importance of anticipation of the delivery for batsmen in cricket and this foresight that batsmen use while on the crease is referred to as advance information by Richardson. Moreover, Müllers research outlined that the presence of this information was not as evident among the lesser skilled batsmen in comparison to the experienced ones. On 1 February 1981, when Australia was playing New Zealand in a One Day International cricket match, after the game, the then Prime Minister of New Zealand, Rob Muldoon, described it as the most disgusting incident I can recall in the history of cricket. The 2000 Code of the Laws of Cricket declares that a delivery is illegal unless otherwise agreed before the match. A recently retired cricketer who was embroiled in controversy and under scrutiny from critics over his method of executing deliveries was the Sri Lankan spinner Muttiah Muralitharan
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Wicket
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In the sport of cricket, the wicket is one of the two sets of three stumps and two bails at either end of the pitch. The wicket is guarded by a batsman who, with his bat, the origin of the word is from wicket gate, a small gate. Historically, cricket wickets had only two stumps and one bail and looked like a gate, the third stump was introduced in 1775. Through metonymic usage, the dismissal of a batsman is the taking of a wicket, and the cricket pitch is sometimes called the wicket. The size and shape of the wicket has changed several times during the last 300 years and its dimensions and placing is now determined by Law 8 in the Laws of Cricket, thus, Law 8, the wicket consists of three wooden stumps that are 28 inches tall. The stumps are placed along the crease with equal distances between each stump. They are positioned so they are 9 inches wide, two wooden bails are placed in shallow grooves on top of the stumps. The bails must not project more than 0.5 inches above the stumps, there are also specified lengths for the barrel and spigots of the bail. There are different specifications for the wickets and bails for junior cricket, the umpires may dispense with the bails if conditions are unfit. Further details on the specifications of the wickets are contained in Appendix A to the laws, losing a wicket refers to a batsman getting out. If dismissed by a bowler, the bowler is said to have taken his wicket, the number of wickets taken is the primary measure of a bowlers ability. For a batsman to be dismissed by being bowled, run out, stumped or hit wicket, what this means is defined by Law 28 of the Laws of cricket. Crickets wicket is put down if a bail is removed from the top of the stumps, or a stump is struck out of the grounds by the ball, the strikers bat, the strikers person. The wicket is put down if a fielder pulls a stump out of the ground in the same manner. If one bail is off, removing the remaining bail or striking or pulling any of the three out of the ground is sufficient to put the wicket down. A fielder may remake the wicket, if necessary, in order to put it down to have an opportunity of running out a batsman. The sequence of time over which two particular batsmen bat together, a partnership, is referred to as a specifically numbered wicket when discriminating it from other partnerships in the innings. The first partnership is from the start of the innings until one of the first two batsmen gets out, the second wicket partnership is from when the third batsman gets in until a second batsman gets out
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Bowling average
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The bowling average is one of a number of statistics used to compare bowlers in the sport of cricket. It is the ratio of runs conceded per wickets taken, meaning that the lower the average is. The bowling average is used alongside the economy rate and the strike rate to judge the overall performance of a bowler. Where a bowler has taken only a number of wickets, their average can be artificially low. Due to this, qualification caveats are generally applied to determine career records for bowling averages, after applying these criteria, George Lohmann holds the record for the lowest average in Test cricket, having claimed 112 wickets at an average of 10.75. A cricketers bowling average is calculated by dividing the numbers of runs they have conceded by the number of wickets they have taken. The number of runs conceded by a bowler is determined as the number of runs that the opposing side have scored while the bowler was bowling, excluding any byes, leg byes. The bowler receives credit for any wickets taken during their bowling that are bowled, caught, hit wicket. The effect of this is that the average can not distinguish between a bowler who has taken no wickets and conceded one run, and a bowler who has taken no wickets. If the bowler takes a wicket with the ball bowled. Due to this, when establishing records for bowling averages, qualification criteria are generally set, for Test cricket, the Wisden Cricketers Almanack sets this as 75 wickets, while ESPNcricinfo requires 2,000 deliveries. Similar restrictions are set for one-day cricket, a number of factors other than purely the ability level of the bowler have an effect on a players bowling average. Most significant among these are the different eras in which cricket has been played, other factors which provided an advantage to bowlers in that era was the lack of significant safety equipment, batting gloves and helmets were not worn, and batsmen had to be warier. Other variations are caused by frequent matches against stronger or weaker opposition, changes in the laws of cricket, for me, as a bowler, it was great. Due to the restrictions placed on the records by different statisticians. In Test cricket, George Lohmann is listed as having the average by each of the Wisden Cricketers Almanack, ESPNcricinfo. Though all three use different restrictions, Lohmanns average of 10.75 is considered the best, in One Day Internationals, the varying criteria set by ESPNcricinfo and CricketArchive result in different players being listed as holding the record. ESPNcricinfo has the restriction, requiring 1,000 deliveries, by this measure, Joel Garner is the record-holder
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Stumped
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Stumped is a method of dismissal in cricket. It is one of the ten ways in which a batsman can be out, being out of his ground is defined as not having any part of the batsmans body or his bat touching the ground behind the crease – i. e. One of the team must appeal for the wicket by asking the umpire. The appeal is normally directed to the umpire, who would be in the best position to adjudicate on the appeal. Stumping is the fifth most common form of dismissal after caught, bowled, leg before wicket and run out and it is governed by Law 39 of the Laws of cricket. It is usually seen with a medium or slow bowler, as with fast bowlers a wicket-keeper takes the ball too far back from the wicket to attempt a stumping. e, places the bat or part of his body on the ground back behind the popping crease. If the bails are removed before the wicket-keeper has the ball, the bowler is credited for the batsmans wicket, and the wicket-keeper is credited for the dismissal. A batsman may be out stumped off a wide delivery but cannot be stumped off a no ball as bowler gets the wicket while stumping, notes, The popping crease is defined as the back edge of the crease marking (i. e. the edge closer to the wicket. Therefore, a batsman whose bat or foot is on the crease marking and this is quite common if the batsmans back foot is raised so that only his toe is on the ground. The wicket must be put down in accordance with Law 28 of the Laws of cricket. Note that since the ball itself can legally put down the wicket, the wicket-keeper must allow the ball to pass the stumps before taking it, unless it has touched either bat or batsman first. If the wicket-keeper fails to do this, the delivery is a no ball, and the batsman cannot be stumped
18.
Batting (cricket)
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In the sport of cricket, batting is the act or skill of hitting the cricket ball with a cricket bat to score runs or prevent the loss of ones wicket. A player who is currently batting is denoted as a batsman, the term specialist batsman is also used generically to describe players who specialise in batting, and the term bowler is also used in this context. The latter term can, however, refer to any player during their turn at bat, in womens cricket, the term batswoman is sometimes encountered, as is batter, but the male form is widely used in both mens and womens cricket. Cricketers have to adapt to various conditions when visiting international pitches, therefore, batsmen have to also have a good sense of decision making. During an innings two members of the side are on the pitch at any time, the one facing the current delivery from the bowler is denoted the striker. When a batsman is out, he is replaced by a teammate and this continues until the end of the innings or until 10 of the team members are out, where upon the other team gets a turn to bat. Batting tactics and strategy vary depending on the type of match being played as well as the current state of play, the main concerns for the batsmen are not to lose their wicket and to score as many runs as quickly as possible. Virat Kohli is an example of a batting legend who can adapt to all round conditions. As with all other cricket statistics, batting statistics and records are given much attention, the main statistic for batting is a players batting average. This is calculated by dividing the number of runs he has scored, not by the innings he has played, but by the number of times he has been dismissed. Sir Donald Bradman set many batting records, some as far back as the 1930s and still unbeaten, over time a standard batting technique has been developed which is used by most batsmen. Technique refers to the batsmans stance before the ball is bowled as well as the movement of the hands, feet, head, the movement of the batsman for a particular delivery depends on the shot being attempted. Shots may also be described as vertical bat shots, in which the bat is swung vertically at the ball, or horizontal or cross-bat shots and these textbook shots are standard material found in many coaching manuals. The advent of limited overs cricket, with its emphasis on rapid run-scoring, has led to increasing use of shots to hit the ball into gaps where there are no fielders. Unorthodox shots are typically—but not always— more high-risk than orthodox shots due to aspects of good batting technique being abandoned. The stance is the position in which a batsman stands to have the ball bowled to him, an ideal stance is comfortable, relaxed and balanced, with the feet 40 centimetres apart, parallel and astride the crease. Additionally, the front shoulder should be pointing down the wicket, the head facing the bowler, the weight equally balanced and the bat near the back toe. As the ball is about to be released, the batsman will lift his bat up behind up in anticipation of playing a stroke, by doing this he is ready to move swiftly into position to address the ball once he sees its path out of the bowlers hand
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Cap (sport)
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In British sport, a cap is a metaphorical term for a players appearance in a game at international level. The term dates from the practice in the United Kingdom of awarding a cap to every player in a match of association football. An early illustration of the first international match between Scotland and England in 1872 shows the Scottish players wearing cowls, and the English wearing a variety of school caps. These to be termed International Caps, the act of awarding a cap is now international and is applied to other sports. Thus, a cap is awarded for each game played and so a player who has played x games, the practice of awarding a physical cap varies from sport to sport. It may be awarded prior to a debut or, particularly for national teams. As an example, the England mens association football teams still awards physical caps, Players are awarded one cap for every match they play — unless they play in a World Cup or European Championship finals tournament. Then they are given a cap for the competition — with the names of all their opponents stitched into the fabric of the cap itself. In mens association football, the record belongs to former player Ahmed Hassan of Egypt, the first footballer to win 100 international caps was Billy Wright of Englands Wolverhampton Wanderers. Wright went on to appear 105 times for England,90 of them he obtained whilst he was a captain, however, it is a players choice to refuse to play for or retire from his or her national team. In cricket, there are two types of caps, firstly, there is the international type, as described above. Some countries also award a domestic type generally known as a county cap, the latter system is most commonly applied in English county cricket. Most counties do not automatically award caps to players on their first appearance, instead, indeed, one can play at the highest domestic level for several years, and have a quite significant career in first-class cricket, without ever winning a cap. The world record for the number of caps in Test cricket is held by Sachin Tendulkar of India, Tendulkar also holds the record for One Day Internationals, with 463 caps. In rugby union,35 players have reached 100 international caps as of 5 June 2012, Players from England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland are eligible for selection to the British and Irish Lions touring squad. Lions matches are classed as full international tests, and caps are awarded, the Pacific Islanders team, composed of players from Fiji, Samoa, Tonga, Niue and Cook Islands have a similar arrangement, although no players involved have so far reached 100 caps. Players still active at Test level are in bold type, the record for most caps is held by former Australian Kangaroos player & captain Darren Lockyer with 59 games and second place is former New Zealand Kiwis player & captain Ruben Wiki with 55 games. Players still active at Test level are in bold type, mens Records and Facts FIFA Players with 100+ Caps RSSSF Picture of International Football Cap National Museum of Scotland Gallery of International Caps and Honours Caps
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Association football
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England
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Falkirk F.C.
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Falkirk Football Club are a Scottish professional association football club based in the town of Falkirk. The club was founded in 1876 and competes in the Scottish Championship as a member of the Scottish Professional Football League, the football club was registered as a Limited Liability Company in April 1905 – Falkirk Football & Athletic Club Ltd. Falkirk won the Scottish Cup for the first time in 1913, after 1945, Falkirk were promoted and demoted between the Premier and First Divisions seven times until 1995–96, and during the 1970s spent three seasons in the Second Division. In 2005, Falkirk were promoted to the Scottish Premier League, Falkirk won the Scottish Cup again in 1957 and were runners-up in the competition in 1997,2009 and 2015. As a result of its performance in the 2009 Scottish Cup, Falkirk have won the second tier of Scottish football a record seven times, an honour shared with St Johnstone. They have also won the Scottish Challenge Cup more than any other club, in their early years, Falkirk played at three venues, Hope Street, Randyford Park and Blinkbonny Park. Between 1885 and 2003, the club was based at Brockville Park, after the creation of the SPL in 1998, its strict stadium criteria – to which Brockville Park did not conform – was enforced, and the club was denied promotion on three occasions. The clubs present home ground since 2003 is the Falkirk Stadium, the clubs date of formation is uncertain. Although some accounts point to the year 1876, others claim it was formed in 1877, however, the former is the date used by the club and its fans. The club reached the round in the first year that it competed. In the first few years after it was formed, Falkirk played mostly friendly games and they played their home matches at three different grounds during this period, Hope Street, Randyford Park and Blinkbonny Park. It left the latter in 1884 and moved to Brockville Park, the Stirlingshire Football Association was founded in 1883, which invited clubs from the Stirlingshire region to join. It resulted in the establishment of a new tournament, the Stirlingshire Cup, a competition open exclusively to the teams from the region, the clubs nickname is The Bairns, a Scots word meaning sons or daughters, which is given to natives of the town of Falkirk. This is reflected in the Falkirk Burgh motto, Better meddle wi the deil than the Bairns o Fakirk, at the time, the league consisted of two tiers, the First and Second Divisions. Falkirk was promoted to the top division with a second-place finish behind Clyde after two seasons, despite the clubs success, several months beforehand a proposal to merge with local rivals East Stirlingshire was raised, which was narrowly rejected in a vote. In 1907–08, Falkirks third season in the top flight, the finished the season in second place, its highest league position to date. On both occasions it finished behind champions Celtic despite being the top scorers in the league. In 1913, the won the Scottish Cup for the first time
22.
Glossary of association football terms
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Association football was first codified in 1863 in England, although games that involved the kicking of a ball were evident considerably earlier. A large number of football-related terms have since emerged to describe aspects of the sport. The evolution of the sport has been mirrored by changes in this terminology over time, for instance, the role of an inside forward in variants of a 2–3–5 formation has many parallels to that of an attacking midfielder, although the positions are nonetheless distinct. Similarly, a 2–3–5 centre half can in many ways be compared to a midfielder in a 4–1–3–2. In many cases, multiple terms exist for the same concept, One reason for this is the progression of language over time. The sport itself, originally known as football, is now more widely known by the shortened term football, or soccer. Other duplicate terms can be attributed to differences between varieties of English, in Europe, where British English is prevalent, the achievement of not conceding a goal for an entire match is known as a clean sheet. In North America, where American and Canadian English dominate, the achievement is referred to as a shutout. Occasionally the actions of an individual have made their way into common football parlance, two notable examples are Diego Maradonas goals in Argentinas 1986 World Cup quarter-final win against England. After the match, Maradona described his first goal—a handball that the referee missed—as having been scored a bit by the hand of God. His second goal was voted in a 2002 FIFA poll as the Goal of the century. Both phrases are now understood to refer to the goals in that match. This glossary serves as a point of reference for terms which are used within association football. It seeks to avoid defining common English words and phrases that have no special meaning within football. Exceptions include cases where a word or phrases use in the context of football might cause confusion to someone not familiar with the sport, entries on nicknames relating to specific players or teams are actively avoided. 12th man, expression used to describe fans present at a football match, the metaphor is based on the fact that a team numbers 11 active players at the start of a game. The term can also be used where a referee is perceived to be biased in favour of one team and they had a 12th man on the pitch, is a complaint made by fans. 2–3–5, common 19th- and early 20th-century formation consisting of two players, three midfield players, and five forward players
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Scottish Saltires
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The Scotland national cricket team represents Scotland in the game of cricket. They play their matches at The Grange, Edinburgh. Scotland became associate members of the International Cricket Council in 1994 after severing links with the England cricket team two years earlier, since then, they have played in three Cricket World Cups and three ICC World Twenty20 tournaments. However, their first win in either of these events did not come until they beat Hong Kong in the 2016 World Twenty20. Scottish cricket team is governed by Cricket Scotland, Scotland have also played in every ICC Intercontinental Cup tournament, winning the inaugural edition in 2004. Between 2010 and 2013, the competed in the ECB40 as the Scottish Saltires. Kyle Coetzer became captain of the side in November 2016 after Preston Mommsen who had captained the side since September 2014 stepped down, the coach is New Zealander Grant Bradburn, who took on the role in April 2014. The first recorded match in Scotland took place in Alloa in 1785. It would be another eighty years, however, before Scotland played their first full match, against Surrey in 1865, the first Scottish Cricket Union was formed in 1879, and the national team beat Australia by 7 wickets three years later. The cricket union became defunct in 1883, and Grange Cricket Club took over the administration of the game until 1909, the first match against Ireland took place in Dublin in 1888, with the Irish emerging victorious. They also played South Africa, the West Indies, an all-Indian team,1948 saw Australia visit Scotland for two games at the end of their tour of England. These games, both of which were won by the Australians, were to be the last international games for Don Bradman, the Don signed off in typical style, making a fine unbeaten 123 in the innings victory. Scotland first competed in English domestic cricket in 1980, when they competed in the Benson & Hedges Cup for the first time, three years later they took part in the NatWest Trophy. Their first Benson & Hedges win came against Lancashire in 1986, the most famous cricketers to have come from Scotland are probably the former England captain, Mike Denness, Warwickshire all-rounder Dougie Brown, and former England Test player Gavin Hamilton. Another great Scottish cricketer was B. R, hardie, who was a major contributor to the successful Essex side of the 1970s and 1980s. Possibly one of the best spinners and certainly a respected journalist was the aptly named Ian Peebles, who was one of the cricketers of the year in 1931 alongside Don Bradman. The most infamous cricketer, a man who was vilified in Australia, was a Scot, Douglas Jardine, father to and inventor of Body Theory, Jardine was born in British India, and died in Switzerland, spending most of his life in England. He asked for his ashes to be scattered in Scotland and gave his own children Scottish names, in 1992 Scotland severed their ties with the Test and County Cricket Board and England, and gained associate membership of the ICC in their own right in 1994. They competed in the ICC Trophy for the first time in 1997, finishing third and qualifying for the 1999 World Cup, where they lost all their games
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Rotherham
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Iron Age and Roman settlements dot the area covered by the district, including a small Roman fort to the south-west in the upper flood meadow of the Don. Rotherham was founded in the very early Middle Ages and its name is from Old English hām homestead, estate, meaning homestead on the Rother. The river name was carried into Old English from Brittonic branch of Celtic words, ro- over, chief and duβr water, thus main river and it established itself as a Saxon market town, on a Roman road near a forded part of the River Don. By the late Saxon period, Rotherham was at the centre of a parish on the Dons banks. Following the Norman Conquest an absentee lord held the most inhabited manor, the manors other resources were a church, four loosely called acres of meadow, and seven of woodland. Rotherham had a mill valued at a half of one pound sterling. His successors, the De Vesci family, rarely visited the town and did not build a castle but maintained a Friday market and a fair. In the mid 13th century, John de Vesci and Ralph de Tili gave all their possessions in Rotherham to Rufford Abbey, the monks collected tithes from the town and gained rights to an extra market day on Monday and to extend the annual fair from two to three days. The townsmen of Rotherham formed the Greaves of Our Ladys Light and it was suppressed in 1547 but revived in 1584 as the feoffees of the common lands of Rotherham, and remains in existence. In the 1480s the Rotherham-born Archbishop of York, Thomas Rotherham, instigated the building of a College of Jesus or Jesus College, Rotherham to rival the colleges of Cambridge and Oxford. It was the first brick building in what is now South Yorkshire and taught theology, religious chant and hymns, grammar, the College and new parish church of All Saints made Rotherham an enviable and modern town at the turn of the 16th century. The college was dissolved in 1547 in the reign of Edward VI, very little remains of the original building in College Street. Walls of part of the College of Jesus are encased within number 23 and Nos 2 and its fragments of walls are the earliest surviving brick structure in South Yorkshire and are remains of the key institution to Rotherhams growth into a town of regional significance. Sixty years after the Colleges dissolution Rotherham was described by a visitor as falling from a fashionable college town to having admitted gambling. The history of Thomas Rotherham and education in the town are remembered in the name of Thomas Rotherham College, the region had been exploited for iron since Roman times, but it was coal that first brought the Industrial Revolution to Rotherham. In the early Industrial Revolution major uses of iron demanded good local ore and established processing skills for iron strength, qualities found in Rotherhams smelting plants, Iron, and later steel, became the principal industry in Rotherham, surviving into the 20th century. Rotherhams cast iron industry expanded rapidly in the early 19th century, perrot, W. H. Micklethwait and John and Richard Corker of the Ferham Works. The Parkgate Ironworks was established in 1823 by Sanderson and Watson, in 1854, Samuel Beal & Co produced wrought iron plates for Isambard Kingdom Brunels famous steamship the SS Great Eastern
25.
1999 Cricket World Cup
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The 1999 ICC Cricket World Cup, the seventh edition of the tournament, was hosted primarily by England, with some games being hosted in Scotland, Ireland, Wales and the Netherlands. The World Cup was won by Australia, who beat Pakistan by 8 wickets at Lords Cricket Ground in London, New Zealand and South Africa were the other semi-finalists. The 12 contesting teams were divided into two groups, each team played all the others in their group during the league stage. The top three from each advanced to the Super Sixes, a new concept for the 1999 World Cup. The teams also carried forward their points from the games against the qualifiers from their group. The top four in the Super Sixes contested the semi-finals, the nine full members contested the World Cup along with three associate members, Kenya, and for the first time, Bangladesh and Scotland who all qualified through the 1997 ICC Trophy. Scotland played two of their Group B matches in their home becoming the first associate nation to host games in a World Cup. One Group B match was played in Wales and Ireland, while one Group A match was played in the Netherlands, points carried forward did not change once in the Super Sixes. Lance Klusener of South Africa was declared the Player of the Tournament, rahul Dravid of India scored most runs in the tournament. Geoff Allott of New Zealand and Shane Warne of Australia tied each other for most wickets taken in the tournament, a controversial new type of cricket ball, the white ‘Duke’, was introduced for the first time in the 1999 World Cup. Despite claims from makers British Cricket Balls Ltd that the balls behaved identically to the used in previous World Cups, they were proven to be harder. The host broadcasters for television coverage of the tournament were Sky, in the UK, live games were divided between the broadcasters, with both screening the final live. This was BBC Televisions last live cricket coverage, with England home Test series being on Channel 4 or Sky from 1999 onwards, Cricket World Cup 1999 Scorecards in CricketFundas Cricket World Cup 1999 from Cricinfo
26.
2007 Cricket World Cup
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The 2007 ICC Cricket World Cup was the 9th edition of the Cricket World Cup tournament that took place in the West Indies from 13 March to 28 April 2007, using the sports One Day International format. There were a total of 51 matches played, three fewer than at the 2003 World Cup, the 16 competing teams were initially divided into four groups, with the two best-performing teams from each group moving on to a Super 8 format. Australias unbeaten record in the tournament increased their total to 29 consecutive World Cup matches without loss, following the tournament the ICC distributed surplus tournament revenues of US$239 million to its members. The World Cup was awarded to the West Indies via the International Cricket Councils rotational policy. It is the first time the ICC Cricket World Cup has been held in the Caribbean despite the fact that the West Indies cricket team have been the second most successful team in past World Cups. The United States contingent lobbied strongly for matches to be staged at its newly built ground in Lauderhill, Florida. Bids from Bermuda, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, eight venues across the West Indies were selected to host the World Cup tournament. All host countries hosted six matches with the exceptions of St Lucia, Jamaica, the Jamaican government spent US$81 million for on the pitch expenses. This included refurbishing Sabina Park and constructing the new facility in Trelawny – through a loan from China. Another US$20 million is budgeted for off-the-pitch expenses, putting the tally at more than US$100 million or JM$7 billion and this put the reconstruction cost of Sabina Park at US$46 million whilst the Trelawny Stadium will cost US$35 million. The total amount of money spent on stadiums was at least US$301 million, the Brian Lara Stadium, in Trinidad, lost its status as a pre-tournament warm-up match venue on 21 September 2006. The field of 16 teams, the largest ever for the Cricket World Cup and this includes the ten full members of the ICC. The other six ODI nations are Kenya and five teams which qualified via the 2005 ICC Trophy. These nations included Canada, Scotland, Netherlands and - making their World Cup debuts - Ireland, there were 16 teams in the 2007 Cricket World Cup. The teams were asked to announce their final squads by 13 February 2007, changes were allowed after this deadline at the discretion of the ICCs Technical Committee in necessary cases, such as due to player injury. The World Cup has grown as an event with each tournament. The sponsorship and television rights that were awarded primarily to cover the 2003 and 2007 World Cups raised over US$550 Million, the 2007 Cricket World Cup featured an orange, anthropomorphic raccoon-like creature named Mello as its mascot. It has been announced during matches that Mello has no race, species, age or gender- it is an attitude, the official song for the World Cup was The Game of Love and Unity by Jamaican-born Shaggy, Bajan entertainer Rupee and Trinidadian Fay-Ann Lyons
27.
County Championship
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The County Championship is the domestic first-class cricket competition in England and Wales. The competition consists of eighteen clubs named after, and originally representing, historic counties, seventeen from England, from 2016, the Championship will be sponsored by Specsavers, who replaced Liverpool Victoria after 14 years. In contrast, the term County Champions applies in common parlance to a team that has won the title since 1890. The most usual means of claiming the title was by popular or press acclaim. In the majority of cases, the claim or proclamation was retrospective, the unofficial title was not proclaimed in every season up to 1889 because in many cases there were not enough matches or there was simply no clear candidate. The concept of the title has been utilised ad hoc. The official County Championship was constituted in a meeting at Lords Cricket Ground on 10 December 1889 which was called to enable club secretaries to determine the 1890 fixtures. While this was going on, representatives of the eight leading county clubs held a meeting to discuss the method by which the county championship should in future be decided. A majority were in favour of ignoring drawn games altogether and settling the championship by wins, under this system defeats were subtracted from victories and the county with the highest total were champions. The new competition, which had official sanction, began in the 1890 season and at first featured Gloucestershire, Kent, Lancashire, Middlesex, Nottinghamshire, Surrey, Sussex and it is difficult to know when the concept of a county championship originated. While early matches were often between teams named after counties, they were not the teams the usage would imply today. That may be so re the actual terminology but closer examination of the sources indicate a much earlier expression of the idea. The earliest known inter-county match was in 1709 between Kent and Surrey but match results are unknown until the 1720s. The first time a source refers to the superiority of one county is in respect of a match between Edwin Steads XI and Sir William Gages XI at Penshurst Park in August 1728, Steads XI won by an unknown margin although Gages XI needed just 7 in their second innings. The source says that the game could be called Kent v Sussex as the players were reported as 11 of each county, Sir William Gage was a Sussex landowner and Edwin Stead was a resident of Maidstone in Kent. Evidently Mr Steads Kent team also won two games earlier that season against the Duke of Richmonds XI, the source states that was the third time this summer that the Kent men have been too expert for those of Sussex. This clearly implies that Kent was considered to be the county at that time. In 1729, Sir William Gages Sussex team defeated Kent on 5 September, The latter got in one hand and this may have been the earliest known innings victory
28.
The Grange Club
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The Grange Club is a cricket and sports club in the Stockbridge district of Edinburgh, Scotland. The Grange has hosted numerous high profile international matches over the years featuring teams such as Australia, Pakistan and England. Some of the worlds finest cricketers have played at The Grange, from W. G. Grace in 1895 and Donald Bradman in 1948 to Brian Lara in 1995, Shane Warne and Freddie Flintoff. For the last few years, the Grange Club has hosted Scotlands home matches in ECB domestic cricket competitions, the Grange hosted Scotlands first official One Day International outside of World Cups on 27 June 2006, a capacity crowd saw Scotland lose by five wickets to Pakistan. The Grange Cricket Club has won the Scottish Cup six times, the East of Scotland League fourteen times and it was selected as a venue to host matches in the 2015 ICC World Twenty20 Qualifier tournament. This stadium has hosted One Day International matches during 1999 Cricket World Cup The Grange also hosts other sports as well as cricket and it has five squash courts, which support mens and ladies teams that compete at all regional and national levels. Uniquely for a club in Scotland, The Grange also has four grass tennis courts. Grange Hockey Club supports eight mens teams which represents a broad range of ability. The 1st XI recently played in Europe, having won the Scottish Cup, the Grange Club is also home to Grange Edinburgh Ladies Hockey Club with four teams. All the constituent clubs have vibrant junior sections, there are nine ODI centuries have been scored at the venue
29.
West of Scotland Cricket Club
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The West of Scotland Cricket Club is a cricket club based in Glasgow, Scotland. The clubs home ground is Hamilton Crescent, located in the Partick area of Glasgows West End. West of Scotland, traditionally, are one of the working class clubs in Glasgow and on a summers day there can be quite a jovial, rowdy. West can boast a host of players who have both played at the ground and for the club. Recently two of these have been famous Scottish internationalists, the opening batsman Douglas Lockhart and bowler John Blain, one of the businessmen present was Colonel David Carrick Buchanan who became the first President of the Club and who continued in this role until his death in 1903. Sir David was devoted to the sport of cricket and was patron of a number of clubs, the name, West of Scotland Cricket Club was coined by one John McNeill who was very ambitious for the Club, and who envisaged it becoming the MCC of Scotland. All-England Elevens were invited to the Club and other matches of a similar nature arranged, tours of England were also undertaken and it was during the first match of one such Tour in July 1885 that a West cricketer achieved a world record which stood for 12 years. The match was against Priory Park C. C. during which Mr. J. S. Carrick batted for two days, achieving a score of 419 not out. In 1891, Dr. W. G. Grace brought a team to Partick, by 1922 the Club had a membership of over 500, seating accommodation for 3,500 and a turnstile at every entrance. A reconstructed pavilion was opened in April 1923 by the then President, Mr. Peter Dawson, following damage sustained during World War II extensive repairs were made to both the pavilion and ground which included the acquisition of turf from Renfrew Golf Course. Between 1965 and 1970 Scotland played matches at Hamilton Crescent against New Zealand, in July 19893,500 spectators watched Scotland play Australia. Following this, Scotland also played Essex and Kent at Hamilton Crescent, Ireland, Gibraltar v. Portugal, England Cricket Board XI v. Scotland, France v. Greece and Holland v. Denmark. The Indoor School was opened in February 1957 and was the first of its kind in Scotland and it has produced an array of youngsters who have come through the ranks and now play an impressive level of cricket. Moneeb Iqbal now plays at Durham and made his first class debut in 2006, in this game Iqbal took a stunning catch on the deep square leg boundary and it has been said that Iqbal is a favourite of the then Durham captain Michael Hussey. Another product of the coveted West Youth system is Craig Wright, Wright left West of Scotland for Carlton CC due to work commitments. He has now moved back west to the controversial Greenock CC all-stars, official site www. wdcu-cricket. net - WDCU Site History of West of Scotland
30.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
31.
Captain (cricket)
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The captain of a cricket team, often referred to as the skipper, is the appointed leader, having several additional roles and responsibilities over and above those of the other players. Before the game the captains toss for innings, during the match the captain decides the teams batting order, who will bowl each over, and where each fielder will be positioned. While the captain has the final say, decisions are often collaborative, a captains knowledge of the complexities of cricket strategy and tactics, and shrewdness in the field, may contribute significantly to the teams success. Before the start of a match the captain tosses a coin. The captain who wins the toss is given the choice of whether to bat or bowl first, the decision usually depends on the condition of the pitch and whether it is likely to deteriorate, the weather conditions and the weather forecast. The decision also depends on the strengths of the teams batting and bowling. Similarly a side with a weak opening batting pair may choose to bowl first in order to protect their batsmen, the captain decides where the fielders will stand, in consultation with the bowler and sometimes other senior players. The fielding positions will usually be dictated by the type of bowler, the batting style. The captain decides when each bowler will bowl, if the regular bowlers are not achieving the desired results, the captain may decide to use non-regular bowlers to attempt to unsettle the batsmen. The captain may also change the bowlers around to introduce variation, in the longer forms of cricket, when a new ball becomes available the captain decides whether to use it. When the team bats, the captain decides the batting order, in professional cricket the captain usually changes the established batting order only for exceptional reasons, because batsmen tend to specialise in batting at certain positions. However, in certain circumstances it may be in the teams interest to change the batting order, if quick runs are needed, a naturally attacking batsman may be promoted up the order. A player who is in form may be promoted to a higher batting position, if the nightwatchman does get out, the cost of losing a late wicket will have been minimised, because the specialist batsman is still available to bat. In a two-innings match, if the situation arises the captain decides whether to impose the follow-on, the captain is also consulted on whether an injured batsman from the opposing team may use a runner when batting. Permission is usually if the batsman has become injured during the course of the match. As well as decisions taken either immediately before or during a match, for instance, they may decide when the team is to practise, and for how long. Prior to July 2015, the captain was responsible for deciding when to take batting and bowling powerplays in limited overs matches, the captain may be assisted by a vice-captain. This is particularly useful if the captain is forced to leave the field of play during fielding, some teams also allocate the vice-captain a more or less formal role in assisting with team selection, discipline, field-setting and so on
32.
Wicket-keeper
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The wicket-keeper in the sport of cricket is the player on the fielding side who stands behind the wicket or stumps being guarded by the batsman currently on strike. The wicket-keeper is the member of the fielding side permitted to wear gloves. The wicket-keeper may also wear a helmet with a face guard to help protect from injury. It is essentially a specialist role, the role of the keeper is governed by Law 40 of the Laws of Cricket. Initially, during the bowling of the ball the wicket-keeper crouches in a squatting position. Australian wicket-keeper Sammy Carter was the first to squat on his haunches rather than bend over from the waist, sometimes the keeper is also in the best position to catch a ball which has been hit high in the air. More catches are taken by wicket-keepers than by any other fielding position, the keeper can stump the batsman by using the ball to remove the bails from the stumps, if the batsman is out of his crease after a delivery has passed the stumps into keepers hands. The keeper must then dislodge the bail and the batsman is out, when the ball is hit into the outfield, the keeper moves close to the stumps to catch the return throw from a fielder and, if possible, to run out a batsman. The more skilled the keeper, the faster the bowling to which he is able to stand up, wicket-keeping is a specialist discipline and it requires training consistent with the level expected of a specialist batsman or bowler. However, the keeper is also expected to possess reasonable batting skill. They typically bat at number 7 in first class cricket, wicket-keepers who are also capable of batting at the top of the order are known informally as keeper/batsmen and is more typically seen in limited overs cricket. Since there is room for one keeper in a cricket side. One such selection dilemma was that faced by England selectors in the 1990s between Jack Russell and Alec Stewart, the keeper may also have a captaincy role. Uniquely, they are involved in every delivery of an innings. They can frequently be heard encouraging the bowler, and may also indulge in the practice of sledging the batsman with well timed comments about their skill, appearance or personal habits. The Indian wicket-keeper batsman MS Dhoni is a notable wicket-keeper captain who captained India in 331 matches across three formats, next best being Mushfiqur Rahim of Bangladesh. The keeper is the only allowed to touch the ball with protective equipment. The protection offered by the gloves is not always adequate, the England keeper Alan Knott sometimes placed steaks inside his gloves for added cushioning
