1.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage
2.
Illinois
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Illinois is a state in the midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1818. It is the 6th most populous state and 25th largest state in terms of land area, the word Illinois comes from a French rendering of a native Algonquin word. For decades, OHare International Airport has been ranked as one of the worlds busiest airports, Illinois has long had a reputation as a bellwether both in social and cultural terms and politics. With the War of 1812 Illinois growth slowed as both Native Americans and Canadian forces often raided the American Frontier, mineral finds and timber stands also had spurred immigration—by the 1810s, the Eastern U. S. Railroads arose and matured in the 1840s, and soon carried immigrants to new homes in Illinois, as well as being a resource to ship their commodity crops out to markets. Railroads freed most of the land of Illinois and other states from the tyranny of water transport. By 1900, the growth of jobs in the northern cities and coal mining in the central and southern areas attracted a new group of immigrants. Illinois was an important manufacturing center during both world wars, the Great Migration from the South established a large community of African Americans in Chicago, who created the citys famous jazz and blues cultures. Three U. S. presidents have been elected while living in Illinois, Abraham Lincoln, Ulysses S. Grant, additionally, Ronald Reagan, whose political career was based in California, was the only U. S. president born and raised in Illinois. Today, Illinois honors Lincoln with its official slogan, Land of Lincoln. The Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library and Museum is located in the capital of Springfield. Illinois is the spelling for the early French Catholic missionaries and explorers name for the Illinois Native Americans. American scholars previously thought the name Illinois meant man or men in the Miami-Illinois language and this etymology is not supported by the Illinois language, as the word for man is ireniwa and plural men is ireniwaki. The name Illiniwek has also said to mean tribe of superior men. The name Illinois derives from the Miami-Illinois verb irenwe·wa he speaks the regular way and this was taken into the Ojibwe language, perhaps in the Ottawa dialect, and modified into ilinwe·. The French borrowed these forms, changing the ending to spell it as -ois. The current spelling form, Illinois, began to appear in the early 1670s, the Illinois name for themselves, as attested in all three of the French missionary-period dictionaries of Illinois, was Inoka, of unknown meaning and unrelated to the other terms. American Indians of successive cultures lived along the waterways of the Illinois area for thousands of years before the arrival of Europeans, the Koster Site has been excavated and demonstrates 7,000 years of continuous habitation
3.
Woodland Hills, Los Angeles
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Woodland Hills is a neighborhood bordering the Santa Monica Mountains in the San Fernando Valley region of the city of Los Angeles, California. Woodland Hills is an affluent neighborhood in the region of the San Fernando Valley which is located east of Calabasas. On the north it is bordered by West Hills, Canoga Park, and Winnetka, some neighborhoods are in the foothills of the Santa Monica Mountains. Running east–west through the community are U. S. Route 101 and Ventura Boulevard, the first Europeans to enter the San Fernando Valley were the Portola Expedition in 1769, exploring Alta California for Spanish missions and settlements locations. Seeing it from present-day Sepulveda Pass, the oak savanna inspired them to call the area El Valle de Santa Catalina de Bononia de Los Encinos, the Mission San Fernando Rey de España was established in 1797 and controlled the Valleys land, including future Woodland Hills. Ownership of the half of the valley, south of present-day Roscoe Boulevard from Toluca Lake to Woodland Hills. Moses Sherman and others in 1910, victor Girard Kleinberger bought 2,886 acres in the area from Chandlers group and founded the town of Girard in 1922. He sought to attract residents and businesses by developing an infrastructure, advertising in newspapers and his 300 pepper trees formed a canopy over Canoga Ave. between Ventura Boulevard and Saltillo St. became Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument #93 in 1972. The community of Girard was eventually incorporated into Los Angeles, Woodland Hills has a firmly subtropical mediterranean climate. Within the San Fernando Valley, Woodland Hills generally experiences some of the extreme temperature changes season to season than other regions. During the summer, temperatures are very hot, while during the winter. On July 22,2006, Woodland Hills recorded the highest temperature ever in Los Angeles County, the climate is classified as a Csa in the Köppen climate classification, which is characterized by mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers. This climate is referred to as mediterranean. Precipitation in Woodland Hills averages much the same as most other regions of the west San Fernando Valley, in 2008 the population of Woodland Hills was approximately 63,000. The median age in 2000 was 40, considered old when compared to city and county jurisdictions. As of the 2000 census, and according to the Los Angeles Almanac, there were 67,006 people and 29,119 households residing in Woodland Hills. The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 79. 90% White,6. 97% Asian,0. 13% Pacific Islander,3. 34% African American,0. 33% Native American,4. 80% from other races, and 4. 52% from two or more races. 11. 94% of the population were Hispanic of any race, in population, it is one of the least dense neighborhoods in Los Angeles, and the percentage of white people is high for the county
4.
Los Angeles
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Los Angeles, officially the City of Los Angeles and often known by its initials L. A. is the cultural, financial, and commercial center of Southern California. With a census-estimated 2015 population of 3,971,883, it is the second-most populous city in the United States, Los Angeles is also the seat of Los Angeles County, the most populated county in the United States. The citys inhabitants are referred to as Angelenos, historically home to the Chumash and Tongva, Los Angeles was claimed by Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo for Spain in 1542 along with the rest of what would become Alta California. The city was founded on September 4,1781, by Spanish governor Felipe de Neve. It became a part of Mexico in 1821 following the Mexican War of Independence, in 1848, at the end of the Mexican–American War, Los Angeles and the rest of California were purchased as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, thereby becoming part of the United States. Los Angeles was incorporated as a municipality on April 4,1850, the discovery of oil in the 1890s brought rapid growth to the city. The completion of the Los Angeles Aqueduct in 1913, delivering water from Eastern California, nicknamed the City of Angels, Los Angeles is known for its Mediterranean climate, ethnic diversity, and sprawling metropolis. Los Angeles also has an economy in culture, media, fashion, science, sports, technology, education, medicine. A global city, it has been ranked 6th in the Global Cities Index, the city is home to renowned institutions covering a broad range of professional and cultural fields, and is one of the most substantial economic engines within the United States. The Los Angeles combined statistical area has a gross metropolitan product of $831 billion, making it the third-largest in the world, after the Greater Tokyo and New York metropolitan areas. The city has hosted the Summer Olympic Games in 1932 and 1984 and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics and thus become the second city after London to have hosted the Games three times. The Los Angeles area also hosted the 1994 FIFA mens World Cup final match as well as the 1999 FIFA womens World Cup final match, the mens event was watched on television by over 700 million people worldwide. The Los Angeles coastal area was first settled by the Tongva, a Gabrielino settlement in the area was called iyáangẚ, meaning poison oak place. Gaspar de Portolà and Franciscan missionary Juan Crespí, reached the present site of Los Angeles on August 2,1769, in 1771, Franciscan friar Junípero Serra directed the building of the Mission San Gabriel Arcángel, the first mission in the area. The Queen of the Angels is an honorific of the Virgin Mary, two-thirds of the settlers were mestizo or mulatto with a mixture of African, indigenous and European ancestry. The settlement remained a small town for decades, but by 1820. Today, the pueblo is commemorated in the district of Los Angeles Pueblo Plaza and Olvera Street. New Spain achieved its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, during Mexican rule, Governor Pío Pico made Los Angeles Alta Californias regional capital
5.
California
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California is the most populous state in the United States and the third most extensive by area. Located on the western coast of the U. S, California is bordered by the other U. S. states of Oregon, Nevada, and Arizona and shares an international border with the Mexican state of Baja California. Los Angeles is Californias most populous city, and the second largest after New York City. The Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area are the nations second- and fifth-most populous urban regions, California also has the nations most populous county, Los Angeles County, and its largest county by area, San Bernardino County. The Central Valley, an agricultural area, dominates the states center. What is now California was first settled by various Native American tribes before being explored by a number of European expeditions during the 16th and 17th centuries, the Spanish Empire then claimed it as part of Alta California in their New Spain colony. The area became a part of Mexico in 1821 following its war for independence. The western portion of Alta California then was organized as the State of California, the California Gold Rush starting in 1848 led to dramatic social and demographic changes, with large-scale emigration from the east and abroad with an accompanying economic boom. If it were a country, California would be the 6th largest economy in the world, fifty-eight percent of the states economy is centered on finance, government, real estate services, technology, and professional, scientific and technical business services. Although it accounts for only 1.5 percent of the states economy, the story of Calafia is recorded in a 1510 work The Adventures of Esplandián, written as a sequel to Amadis de Gaula by Spanish adventure writer Garci Rodríguez de Montalvo. The kingdom of Queen Calafia, according to Montalvo, was said to be a land inhabited by griffins and other strange beasts. This conventional wisdom that California was an island, with maps drawn to reflect this belief, shortened forms of the states name include CA, Cal. Calif. and US-CA. Settled by successive waves of arrivals during the last 10,000 years, various estimates of the native population range from 100,000 to 300,000. The Indigenous peoples of California included more than 70 distinct groups of Native Americans, ranging from large, settled populations living on the coast to groups in the interior. California groups also were diverse in their organization with bands, tribes, villages. Trade, intermarriage and military alliances fostered many social and economic relationships among the diverse groups, the first European effort to explore the coast as far north as the Russian River was a Spanish sailing expedition, led by Portuguese captain Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo, in 1542. Some 37 years later English explorer Francis Drake also explored and claimed a portion of the California coast in 1579. Spanish traders made unintended visits with the Manila galleons on their trips from the Philippines beginning in 1565
6.
Make-up artist
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In the United States as well as the other parts of the globe, professional licenses are required by agencies in order for them to hire the MUA. Fashion makeup Fashion makeup is used in photography as well as on the fashion runway. Avant-garde makeup is also a technique used for projects that require experimental themes. Fashion makeup is also used in television and film ranging for the natural prime look to more sophisticated applications such as color balance. Theatrical makeup Stage makeup is used as a method in conjunction with stage lighting to highlight the faces in order to make expressions visible to the audience from moderate distances. This often includes defining the eyes and lips as well as the highlights and lowlights of the facial bones, special make-up effects The use of special effects techniques enhancing physical features to exhibit metaphysical characteristics as well as fantasy makeup. The use of prosthetics and plaster casting are required for projects that entails non-human appearances. Accents such as blood and ooze are also techniques applicable to this type of makeup. Airbrushing The use of an airbrush which is a small air-operated device that sprays various media including alcohol, liquid foundations that are high in coverage but thin in consistency are applied with the airbrush for full coverage without a heavy build-up of product. Bridal makeup Bridal makeup is a new segment in a makeup artists repertoire, from ethnic, to glamorous, to contemporary, makeup artists are now an important part of wedding planning in Asia, Europe, Africa and North America. High definition This is an art which involves the use of light reflectors and this was developed due to the further development of high definition mediums and the cost implications of airbrush makeup. In 1955 the Bollywood group Cine Costume Make-Up Artist & Hair Dressers Association created a rule that did not allow women to obtain memberships as makeup artists. However, in 2014 the Supreme Court of India ruled that this rule was in violation of the Indian constitutional guarantees granted under Article 14,19 and Article 21. The Court also found illegal the rule which mandated that for any artist, female or male, to work in the industry, in 2015 it was announced that Charu Khurana had become the first woman to be registered by the Cine Costume Make-Up Artist & Hair Dressers Association. The CCMAA and 15 of its members protested on the set as Daniel Bauer was not registered with the Union
7.
Prosthetic makeup
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Prosthetic makeup is the process of using prosthetic sculpting, molding and casting techniques to create advanced cosmetic effects. Prosthetic makeup was revolutionized by John Chambers in such films as Planet of the Apes, the process of creating a prosthetic appliance begins with lifecasting, the process of taking a mold of a body part to use as a base for sculpting the prosthetic. Lifecast molds are made from prosthetic alginate or more recently, from skin-safe silicone rubber and this initial mold is relatively weak and flexible. A hard mother mold, typically made of plaster or fiberglass bandages is created overtop the initial mold to provide support, once a negative mold has been created, it is promptly filled with gypsum cement, most commonly a brand called Ultracal-30, to make a positive mold. The form of the prosthetic is sculpted in clay on top of the positive, the edges of the clay should be made as thin as possible, for the clay is a stand-in for what will eventually be the prosthetic piece. Along the edges of the mold, keys or mold points are sculpted or carved into the lifecast, once sculpting is completed, a second mold is made. This gives two or more pieces of a mold - a positive of the face, and one or more negative mold pieces of the face with prosthetic sculpted in, all clay is carefully removed and the prosthetic material is cast into the mold cavity. The prosthetic material can be foam latex, gelatin, silicone or other similar materials, the prosthetic is cured within the two part mold - thus creating the beginning of a makeup effect. One of the hardest parts of prosthetic make-up is keeping the edges as thin as possible and they should be tissue thin so they are easy to blend and cover giving a flawless look. The use of makeup to create wounds or trauma is called moulage and is used by the military and medical schools to educate. Samantha Fox, Race Swap and makeup process, julie Goodyear, Age Swap and makeup application. Tommy Lee Jones, Harvey Dent/Two-Face in Batman Forever, rebecca Loos, Gender Swap and makeup application. James McAvoy among others in The Chronicles of Narnia, The Lion, the Witch, rik Mayall, Drop Dead Fred Larissa Meek, Average Joe Hawaii Melinda Messenger, Celebrity Swap. Jack Nicholson, Jack Napier/The Joker in Batman, ron Perlman, several times in his career, but most notably as Hellboy Brad Pitt, The Curious Case of Benjamin Button Katie Price, Jordan Gets Even and makeup application. Melena Scantlin, The completed makeup and the scene and the makeup process. Arnold Schwarzenegger, as iterations of the Terminator in The Terminator and its sequels Terminator 2, Judgment Day and Terminator 3, carol Smillie, Gender Swap and makeup application. Lea Thompson, A Will Of Their Own, Back To The Future Part II, many actors in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy, notably John Rhys Davies and various actors/stuntmen portraying orcs. Make-up artist Special effect Animatronics Facial prosthetic Prosthetic Makeup, truffle Forager and Food Make-Up Artist
8.
Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
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The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences is a professional honorary organization with the stated goal of advancing the arts and sciences of motion pictures. The Academys corporate management and general policies are overseen by a Board of Governors, the roster of the Academys approximately 6,000 motion picture professionals is a closely guarded secret. While the great majority of its members are based in the United States, the Academy is known around the world for its annual Academy Awards, now officially known as The Oscars. The Academy plans to open the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures in Los Angeles in 2017, the notion of the Academy of Motion Pictures Arts and Sciences began with Louis B. He said he wanted to create an organization that would mediate labor disputes without unions and he met with actor Conrad Nagel, director Fred Niblo, and the head of the Association of Motion Picture Producers, Fred Beetsonto to discuss these matters. The idea of this elite club having a banquet was discussed. They also established that membership into the organization would only be open to people involved in one of the five branches of the industry, actors, directors, writers, technicians, and producers. That evening Mayer presented to those guests what he called the International Academy of Motion Picture Arts, everyone in the room that evening became a founder of the Academy. Several organizational meetings were held prior to the first official meeting held on May 6,1927 and their first organizational meeting was held on May 11. At that meeting Douglas Fairbanks, Sr. was elected as the first president of the Academy, while Fred Niblo was the first vice-president and that night, the Academy also bestowed its first honorary membership, to Thomas Edison. Initially, the Academy was broken down into five groups, or branches. The original five were, Producers, Actors, Directors, Writers, the initial concerns of the group had to do with labor. However, as went on, the organization moved further away from involvement in labor-management arbitrations and negotiations. By July 1928 the board of directors had approved a list of 12 awards to be presented, during July the voting system for the Awards was established, and the nomination and selection process began. This award of merit for distinctive achievement is what we know now as the Academy Award, the initial location of the organization was 6912 Hollywood Boulevard. In May 1928, the Academy authorized the construction of a state of the art screening room, the screening room was not completed until April 1929. With the publication of Report on Incandescent Illumination in 1928, the Academy began a history of publishing books to assist its members. Another early initiative concerned training Army Signal Corps officers, in 1929 Academy members in a joint venture with the University of Southern California created Americas first film school to further the art and science of moving pictures
9.
Spock
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Spock, commonly Mr. Spock, is a fictional character in the Star Trek media franchise. In addition, numerous actors portrayed the various stages of Spocks rapid growth, due to the effects of the Genesis Planet, in the 1984 Star Trek film Star Trek III, The Search for Spock. In the 2009 film Star Trek, Nimoy reprised his role with Zachary Quinto, both reprised their roles in the 2013 sequel Star Trek Into Darkness and Quinto reprised his role again in 2016s Star Trek Beyond. Spock serves aboard the starship Enterprise, as officer and first officer. Spocks mixed human-Vulcan heritage serves as an important plot element in many of the characters appearances, Kirk and Dr. Leonard Bones McCoy, he is one of the three central characters in the original Star Trek series and its films. After retiring from Starfleet, Spock serves as a Federation ambassador, born to the Vulcan Sarek and the human Amanda Grayson, Spock has a troubled childhood due to his mixed heritage. On his homeworld, he was bullied and tormented by full-blooded Vulcan children. For a time, he grew up alongside his older half-brother Sybok, in the episode Amok Time, it is revealed that Spock became betrothed to TPring during his childhood. Sarek supported Spocks scientific learning and supporting his application to the Vulcan Science Academy, in the 2009 film Star Trek, Spock is seen rejecting his acceptance into the Vulcan Science Academy on the basis that they would never fully accept someone who was only half-Vulcan. Because Spock did not enter the VSA, and sought to join Starfleet instead, Spock appeared as the science officer on the USS Enterprise in the first pilot for the series, The Cage. Spock was one of the members of the team who joined Captain Christopher Pike on a mission to Talos IV in order to investigate a distress call. Spock did appear in the pilot, Where No Man Has Gone Before. During the events of that pilot, Spock became concerned at the risk to the ship posed by Lieutenant Commander Gary Mitchell, the earliest appearance of Spock in the series as broadcast was The Man Trap, the first such episode. When he needs to knock out a version of Kirk in The Enemy Within. Together with Chief Engineer Montgomery Scotty Scott work together to rejoin the good and evil versions of the Captain, during Miri, he finds himself to be the only member of the landing party to be immune to the physical affects of the disease affecting human adults on the planet. However, he realises that he is probably a carrier and could infect the Enterprise if he were to return, doctor Leonard McCoy manages to devise a cure, allowing the team to return to the ship. When Simon van Gelder enters the bridge armed with a phaser in Dagger of the Mind and he later conducts a mind meld with van Gelder as part of the investigation into the activities of the nearby colony. After the power to the colony is shut down, and a force field drops
10.
Star Trek: The Original Series
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Star Trek is an American science fiction television series created by Gene Roddenberry that follows the adventures of the starship USS Enterprise and its crew. It later acquired the retronym of Star Trek, The Original Series to distinguish the show within the franchise that it began. The show is set in the Milky Way galaxy, roughly during the 2260s, the ship and crew are led by Captain James T. Kirk, first officer and science officer Spock, and chief medical officer Leonard McCoy. Shatners voice-over introduction during each episodes opening credits stated the purpose, Space. These are the voyages of the starship Enterprise and its five-year mission, to explore strange new worlds, to seek out new life and new civilizations, to boldly go where no man has gone before. The series was produced from September 1966 to December 1967 by Norway Productions and Desilu Productions, Star Trek aired on NBC from September 8,1966 to June 3,1969 and was actually seen first on September 6,1966, on Canadas CTV network. Star Treks Nielsen ratings while on NBC were low, and the network cancelled it after three seasons and 79 episodes. Several years later, the became a bona fide hit in broadcast syndication, remaining so throughout the 1970s, achieving cult classic status. The series contains significant elements of Space Western, as described by Gene Roddenberry, on March 11,1964, Gene Roddenberry, a long-time fan of science fiction, drafted a short treatment for a science-fiction television series that he called Star Trek. This was to be set on board a large interstellar spaceship S. S. Yorktown in the 23rd century, whose crew was dedicated to exploring a small portion of our galaxy. Some of the influences on his idea that Roddenberry noted included A. E. van Vogts tales of the spaceship Space Beagle, Eric Frank Russells Marathon series of stories, and the film Forbidden Planet. Roddenberry also drew heavily from C. S. Foresters Horatio Hornblower novels that depict a sea captain who exercises broad discretionary authority on distant sea missions of noble purpose. Roddenberry often humorously referred to Captain Kirk as Horatio Hornblower in Space, Roddenberry had extensive experience in writing for series about the Old West that had been popular television fare earlier in the 1960s and the 1950s. Armed with this background, the first draft deliberately characterizes the new show as Wagon Train to the stars. Like the familiar Wagon Train, each episode was to be an adventure story, set within the overarching structure of a continuing journey. With the notable exception of Star Trek, Deep Space Nine, all future television, in Roddenberrys original concept, the protagonist was Captain Robert April of the starship S. S. Yorktown. This character was developed into Captain Christopher Pike, first portrayed by Jeffrey Hunter, in April 1964, Roddenberry presented the Star Trek draft to Desilu Productions, a leading independent television production company. He met with Herb Solow, Desilus Director of Production, Solow saw promise in the idea and signed a three-year program-development contract with Roddenberry
11.
Planet of the Apes
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The series began with French author Pierre Boulles 1963 novel La Planète des Singes, translated into English as Planet of the Apes or Monkey Planet. The 1968 film adaptation, Planet of the Apes, was a critical and commercial hit, initiating a series of sequels, tie-ins, Arthur P. Jacobs produced the series under APJAC Productions until his death in 1973, since then 20th Century Fox has owned the franchise. They did not approach the critical acclaim of the original, but were commercially successful, the series also spawned two television series in 1974 and 1975. Plans for a film remake stalled in development hell for over ten years before Tim Burtons Planet of the Apes was released in 2001, other media and merchandising tie-ins include books, comics, video games, and toys. Planet of the Apes has received attention for its treatment of race. Critics have also written on its Cold War and animal rights themes, the series has had a wide influence on subsequent films, media, and art, as well as popular culture and political discourse. The series began with French author Pierre Boulles 1963 novel La Planète des Singes, Boulle wrote the novel in six months after the humanlike expressions of gorillas at the zoo inspired him to contemplate the relationship between man and ape. La Planète des Singes was heavily influenced by 18th- and 19th-century fantastical travel narratives and it is one of several of Boulles works to use science fiction tropes and plot devices to comment on the failings of human nature and mankinds overreliance on technology. However, Boulle rejected the science fiction label for his work, eventually Mérou discovers that humans once dominated the planet until their complacency allowed the more industrious apes to overthrow them. The novels central message is that intelligence is not a fixed quality. Boulle considered the one of his minor works, though it proved to be a hit. Xan Fielding translated it into English, it was published in the United Kingdom as Monkey Planet, to explain his interests, Jacobs had mentioned to agents, I wish King Kong hadnt been made so I could make it. Bernheim initially approached Jacobs about a Françoise Sagan novel, which Jacobs turned down, remembering Jacobs earlier comment about King Kong, Bernheim mentioned La Planète des Singes, not expecting Jacobs would be interested. However, the story intrigued Jacobs, who bought the film rights immediately, after optioning the novels film rights, Arthur P. Jacobs spent over three years trying to convince filmmakers to take on the project. He hired a succession of artists to create test sketches, and hired veteran television writer Rod Serling, creator of The Twilight Zone, as production costs were estimated at over $10 million, no studio in either Hollywood or Europe would assume the risk. Jacobs and associate producer Mort Abrahams persevered, and eventually persuaded Charlton Heston to star, the team recorded a brief screen test featuring Heston, which ultimately convinced 20th Century Fox the film could succeed. Fox insisted on changes to reduce the budget to a more manageable $5.8 million, the producers hired veteran writer Michael Wilson, who had previously adapted Boulles novel The Bridge over the River Kwai, to rewrite Serlings script. To save on special effects costs, Wilsons script called for an ape society more primitive than appeared in the novel, the new script changed much of the plot and dialogue, but retained the Cold War themes and Serlings ending
12.
Canadian Caper
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The ruse was carried off on the morning of Sunday, January 27,1980, at the Mehrabad Airport in Tehran. The eight Americans successfully boarded a Swissair flight to Zürich and escaped Iran, the 2012 film Argo, which won three Academy Awards and three BAFTA awards including Best Picture, is a fictionalized cinematic representation of the operation. When the Islamist Iranian Revolution occurred, the U. S. -backed Shah of Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, fled the country, the provisional government fell shortly thereafter, when Prime Minister Mehdi Bazargan and his cabinet resigned. Although the new Iranian government stated that the hostage-takers were merely acting on their own. Most of the hostages were held until early 1981 and they were working in the consulate, a separate building in the embassy compound, when the Iranians swarmed over the wall. The Anders group neared the British embassy, but saw a huge crowd staging a protest in their path, Robert Anders invited the others to his home, as he lived nearby. Over a six-day odyssey, the Anders group, aided by Thai cook Somchai Sam Sriweawnetr, went from house to house, after three days, the Bazargan government fell, and everyone realized the ordeal would not be over quickly. Looking for options, Anders contacted his old friend John Sheardown, a Canadian immigration officer, on November 10, five from the original Anders group arrived at the Sheardown residence, where, in addition to John and Zena Sheardown, they were greeted by Canadian Ambassador Ken Taylor. The Staffords joined Ken and his wife Pat at their home, two weeks later, Lee Schatz, from the US Agriculture Department, joined the Staffords at the Taylor home. He had initially slept on the floor at the Swedish embassy and had stayed at the apartment of Swedish consul Cecilia Lithander. The six were now in hiding and would remain there for 79 days, two friendly-country embassy officials assisted as well, and an unoccupied diplomatic residence was used for several weeks. Ambassador Taylor contacted then Canadian Secretary of State for External Affairs Flora MacDonald and Canadian Prime Minister Joe Clark for assistance and they decided to smuggle the six Americans out of Iran on an international flight using Canadian passports. To do so, an Order in Council was made to issue official multiple copies of Canadian passports, with fake identities. The passports that were issued contained a set of forged Iranian visas prepared by the U. S, central Intelligence Agency that would be used to attempt an escape from Iran. The CIA enlisted its disguise and exfiltration expert, Tony Mendez, to provide a story, documents, appropriate clothing. Mendez worked closely with Canadian government staff in Ottawa, who forwarded the passports, Mendez then flew to Tehran with an associate known as Julio to assist with the rescue. Julio and Mendez had previously worked together in the CIAs Office of Technical Service branch, there were alternate passports and identities for a variety of scenarios, but the cover story selected had the six being Canadians working on a Hollywood crew scouting movie locations. The elaborate back-story involved a film named Argo, to make the cover up believable, Mendez enlisted the help of John Chambers, a veteran Hollywood make-up artist
13.
Iran hostage crisis
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The Iran hostage crisis was a diplomatic standoff between Iran and the United States. S. It stands as the longest hostage crisis in recorded history, the crisis was described by the Western media as an entanglement of vengeance and mutual incomprehension. President Jimmy Carter called the victims of terrorism and anarchy and said. After his overthrow in 1979, the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was purportedly admitted to the United States for cancer treatment, Iran demanded that he be returned to stand trial for crimes he was accused of committing during his reign. Specifically, Pahlavi was accused of committing crimes against Iranian citizens with the help of his secret police, Iranians saw the decision to grant him asylum as American complicity in those atrocities. The Americans saw the hostage-taking as a violation of the principles of international law. The crisis reached a climax after diplomatic negotiations failed to win release for the hostages, six American diplomats who had evaded capture were eventually rescued by a Canadian effort on January 27,1980. Shah Pahlavi left the United States in December 1979 and was granted asylum in Egypt. In September 1980, the Iraqi military invaded Iran, beginning the Iran–Iraq War and these events led the Iranian government to enter negotiations with the U. S. with Algeria acting as a mediator. The hostages were released into United States custody the day after the signing of the Algiers Accords, just minutes after the new American president. The crisis is considered an episode in the history of Iran–United States relations. Political analysts cite it as a factor in the downfall of Jimmy Carter’s presidency. In Iran, the crisis strengthened the prestige of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, the crisis also led to the United States’ economic sanctions against Iran, further weakening ties between the two countries. In February 1979, less than a year before the crisis, for several decades before that, the United States had allied with and supported the Shah. During World War II, Allied powers Britain and the Soviet Union occupied Iran to force the abdication of first Pahlavi monarch Reza Shah Pahlavi, in favor of his eldest son, Crown Prince Mohammad. Because of its importance in the Allied victory, Iran was subsequently called The Bridge of Victory by Winston Churchill, by the 1950s, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi was engaged in a power struggle with Iran’s prime minister, Mohammad Mosaddegh, an immediate descendant of the preceding Qajar dynasty. Mosaddegh led a strike on behalf of impoverished Iranians, demanding a share of the nation’s petroleum revenue from Britain’s Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. However, he overstepped in trying to get $50 million in damages, in 1953, the British and American spy agencies helped Iranian royalists depose Mosaddegh in a military coup détat codenamed Operation Ajax, allowing the Shah to extend his power
14.
Argo (2012 film)
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Argo is a 2012 American historical drama film directed by Ben Affleck. The screenplay by Chris Terrio is adapted from U. S, the film stars Affleck as Mendez with Bryan Cranston, Alan Arkin and John Goodman in supporting roles, and was released in the United States on October 12,2012. The film was produced by Grant Heslov, Affleck and George Clooney, upon release, Argo received widespread acclaim, with praise directed towards the acting, Afflecks direction, Terrios screenplay, the editing and Desplats score. The film received seven nominations at the 85th Academy Awards and won three, for Best Picture, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Film Editing. The film also earned five Golden Globe Award nominations, winning Best Motion Picture – Drama and Best Director, while being nominated for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture for Alan Arkin. It won Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture at the 19th Screen Actors Guild Awards and it also won Best Film, Best Editing and Best Director at the 66th British Academy Film Awards and 37th Hochi Film Award for Best International Picture. On November 4,1979, Iranian activists storm the United States embassy in Tehran in retaliation for President Jimmy Carter giving the Shah asylum in the U. S. during the Iranian Revolution. 60 of the staff are taken as hostages, but six avoid capture. With the escapees situation kept secret, the U. S. State Department begins to explore options for exfiltrating them from Iran, central Intelligence Agency exfiltration specialist, is brought in for consultation. He criticizes the proposals, but is at a loss when asked for an alternative, Mendez contacts John Chambers, a Hollywood make-up artist who had previously crafted disguises for the CIA. Chambers puts Mendez in touch with film producer Lester Siegel, meanwhile, the escapees grow frantic inside the ambassadors residence. The revolutionaries reassemble embassy photographs shredded before the takeover and learn that some personnel have escaped, posing as a producer for Argo, Mendez enters Iran under the fake name Kevin Harkins and links up with the six escapees. He provides them with Canadian passports and fake identities to prepare them to get through security at the airport, although afraid to trust Mendezs scheme, they reluctantly go along with it, knowing that he is risking his own life too. A scouting visit to the bazaar to maintain their cover story takes a bad turn, Mendez is told that the operation has been cancelled to avoid conflicting with a planned military rescue of the hostages. He pushes ahead, forcing his boss Jack ODonnell to hastily re-obtain authorization for the mission to get tickets on a Swissair flight, the group boards the plane, which takes off just as the Revolutionary Guards at the airport uncover the ruse and try to stop them. To protect the remaining in Tehran from retaliation, all U. S. involvement in the rescue is suppressed and full credit is given to the Canadian government. The ambassadors Iranian housekeeper, who had known about the Americans and lied to the revolutionaries to protect them, escaped to Iraq. Mendez is awarded the Intelligence Star, but due to the classified nature
15.
John Goodman
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John Stephen Goodman is an American actor. Early in his career, he was best known for playing Dan Conner on the ABC TV series Roseanne, for which he won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in 1993. He is also a collaborator with the Coen brothers on such films as Raising Arizona, Barton Fink, The Big Lebowski, O Brother, Where Art Thou. Goodmans voice roles in animated films include Pacha in Disneys The Emperors New Groove, John Heilpern of Vanity Fair has called him among our very finest actors. Goodman was born in Affton, Missouri, Goodman has a sister named Elisabeth and a brother named Leslie. He is of English, German, Irish, and Welsh ancestry, Goodman went to Affton High School, where he played football and dabbled in theater. He earned a scholarship to Missouri State University in Springfield. He pledged to Sigma Phi Epsilon fraternity but did not join until several years later and he discovered the drama program and studied there with future Hollywood stars Kathleen Turner and Tess Harper. He remains close to his school friends and he graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts in 1975. After an injury ended his football career, Goodman decided to become a professional actor. With a small bankroll from his brother, Goodman found an apartment near the Theater District, However, he eventually found modest success in voice-overs, commercials, and plays. He was the person who slapped himself in a television ad for Skin Bracer by Mennen. Goodman also performed off-Broadway and in theatres, before landing character roles in film during the early 1980s. In 1985, Goodman originated the role of Pap Finn in Big River, for his role, he received a Drama Desk nomination for Best Featured Actor in a Musical, he is also featured on the Original Broadway Cast Recording. He had a history of appearances on late night comedy shows and was the first guest on Late Night with Conan OBrien. In 1982, Goodman started landing movie roles, beginning with a role in Eddie Macons Run. During this period he continued to work on the stage, starring in Big River from 1985 to 1987, before landing his big break into movies in 1986, with a significant comedic role in True Stories, he had a brief cameo as Otis in Sweet Dreams. He is also known for his role as the football coach for Adams College in the movie Revenge of the Nerds
16.
Irish Americans
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Irish Americans are an ethnic group comprising Americans who have full or partial ancestry from Ireland, especially those who identify with that ancestry, along with their cultural characteristics. About 33.3 million Americans—10. 5% of the total population—reported Irish ancestry in the 2013 American Community Survey conducted by the U. S. Census Bureau and this compares with a population of 6.4 million on the island of Ireland. Three million people identified as Scots-Irish, whose ancestors were Ulster Scots who emigrated from Ireland to the United States. An estimated 250,000 migrated to the United States during the colonial era, only 20,000 immigrants of these immigrants from Ireland were Catholics—English, Irish or a few Germans. Catholics numbered 40,000 or 1. 6% of the population of 2.5 million in 1775. The Scots-Irish settled mainly in the back country of the Appalachian Mountain region. Irish Americans signed the documents of the United States—the Declaration of Independence. The early Ulster immigrants and their descendants at first usually referred to simply as Irish. However, most descendants of the Scots-Irish continued to consider themselves Irish or American rather than Scots-Irish, however, beginning in the early 19th century, many Irish migrated individually to the interior for work on large-scale infrastructure projects such as canals and, later in the century, railroads. During the colonial period, Scots-Irish settled in the southern Appalachian backcountry, by the 19th century, through intermarriage with settlers of English and German ancestry, the descendants of the Scots-Irish lost their identification with Ireland. This generation of pioneers. was a generation of Americans, not of Englishmen or Germans or Scots-Irish, in 1820 Irish-born John England became the first Catholic bishop in the mainly Protestant city of Charleston, South Carolina. During the 1820s and 30s, Bishop England defended the Catholic minority against Protestant prejudices, in 1831 and 1835, he established free schools for free African American children. Inflamed by the propaganda of the American Anti-Slavery Society, a mob raided the Charleston post office in 1835, England led Charlestons Irish Volunteers to defend the school. Soon after this, however, all schools for blacks were closed in Charleston. The Irish Catholics concentrated in a few medium-sized cities, where they were visible, especially in Charleston, Savannah. After secession in 1861, the Irish Catholic community supported the Confederacy and 20,000 served in the Confederate Army, civilian leaders of the Irish and the South did embrace the Confederate national project and most became advocates of a hard-war policy. Although most began as unskilled laborers, Irish Catholics in the South achieved average or above average economic status by 1900, the large Erie Canal project was one such example where Irishmen were many of the laborers. Small but tight communities developed in growing such as Philadelphia, Boston, New York
17.
Newport, County Mayo
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It is located on the west coast of Ireland, along the shore of Clew Bay, north of Westport. The N59 road passes through the town, the county town of Castlebar is approx 18 km east of Newport. The Black Oak River flows through the centre of the town, bus Éireann route 440, via Westport and Ireland West Airport Knock, operates once a day in each direction. On Sundays route 440 does not operate however Expressway route 52 provides a journey each way to/from Westport. The nearest rail services may be accessed at Westport railway station approximately 14 km distant, there are several trains a day from Westport railway station to Heuston railway station via Athlone. Newport was established in the early 18th century by the Medlycott family, james Moore, working for the Medlycott Estate, designed the quay at Newport in a formal layout. The Medlycott familys land agent was a Captain Pratt, Pratt introduced linen manufacturing to the town under the management of immigrant Quakers who relocated to County Mayo from Ulster. By the early 19th century it fell into decline. At the end of the 18th century, the Medlycott Estate was taken over by the ODonel family who built Newport House, now a hotel, overlooking the harbour. In 1719 a community of Quakers came to Newport under a Captain Pratt who established a colony of linen weavers in the town which was known as Ballyvaughan at that time. Quakers, due to their reputation of being honest and hard-working tenants, were sought after by the landlords of estates at the time, the nearest community of Quakers was based in Ballymurray, County Roscommon. The Newport Quakers appear to have had no meeting house, instead meeting for worship in each others homes. With many deaths of their young people occurring within the community in the years after resettling in Mayo, the linen business interests fell on hard times and life was a struggle with constant assistance having to be brought to Newport by visiting Quakers. By 1736 the Newport Quakers started to think about moving from their settlement and they were unable to find suitable marriage partners from within their own community as they were all closely related and this caused them concern. The Newport Quaker community struggled on for a few more years, during the winter of 1739/1740 the last of the Newport Quakers left their Newport land and homes and moved to County Roscommon where their lives would be less wretched. Some Quakers went to America to make new lives for themselves in the years that followed, the ODonel family, who took over from the Medlycotts, were Protestant. However, George ODonels wife was a Catholic and he donated three acres of land on Barrack Hill to the Sisters of Mercy to build a convent in Newport. It was noted that when the foundations were being dug out for the new convent in 1884, many coins and buttons were unearthed, in 1887 the convent was completed and St. Josephs Convent National School opened with a roll of 211 girls and 34 boys
18.
Ireland
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Ireland is an island in the North Atlantic. It is separated from Great Britain to its east by the North Channel, the Irish Sea, Ireland is the second-largest island of the British Isles, the third-largest in Europe, and the twentieth-largest on Earth. Politically, Ireland is divided between the Republic of Ireland, which covers five-sixths of the island, and Northern Ireland, in 2011, the population of Ireland was about 6.4 million, ranking it the second-most populous island in Europe after Great Britain. Just under 4.6 million live in the Republic of Ireland, the islands geography comprises relatively low-lying mountains surrounding a central plain, with several navigable rivers extending inland. The island has lush vegetation, a product of its mild, thick woodlands covered the island until the Middle Ages. As of 2013, the amount of land that is wooded in Ireland is about 11% of the total, there are twenty-six extant mammal species native to Ireland. The Irish climate is moderate and classified as oceanic. As a result, winters are milder than expected for such a northerly area, however, summers are cooler than those in Continental Europe. Rainfall and cloud cover are abundant, the earliest evidence of human presence in Ireland is dated at 10,500 BC. Gaelic Ireland had emerged by the 1st century CE, the island was Christianised from the 5th century onward. Following the Norman invasion in the 12th century, England claimed sovereignty over Ireland, however, English rule did not extend over the whole island until the 16th–17th century Tudor conquest, which led to colonisation by settlers from Britain. In the 1690s, a system of Protestant English rule was designed to materially disadvantage the Catholic majority and Protestant dissenters, with the Acts of Union in 1801, Ireland became a part of the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland saw much civil unrest from the late 1960s until the 1990s and this subsided following a political agreement in 1998. In 1973 the Republic of Ireland joined the European Economic Community while the United Kingdom, Irish culture has had a significant influence on other cultures, especially in the fields of literature. Alongside mainstream Western culture, an indigenous culture exists, as expressed through Gaelic games, Irish music. The culture of the island shares many features with that of Great Britain, including the English language, and sports such as association football, rugby, horse racing. The name Ireland derives from Old Irish Eriu and this in turn derives from Proto-Celtic *Iveriu, which is also the source of Latin Hibernia. Iveriu derives from a root meaning fat, prosperous, during the last glacial period, and up until about 9000 years ago, most of Ireland was covered with ice, most of the time
19.
United States Department of Veterans Affairs
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The United States Department of Veterans Affairs is a government-run military veteran benefit system with Cabinet-level status. While veterans benefits have been provided since the Revolutionary War, the Veterans Administration itself was founded in 1930, with a total 2009 budget of about $87. In 2012, the budget for VA was $132 billion. VA2014 budget request for 2014 was $152.7 billion and this included $66.5 billion in discretionary resources and $86.1 billion in mandatory funding. The discretionary budget request represented an increase of $2.7 billion, or 4.3 percent and it is administered by the United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs. The Continental Congress of 1776 encouraged enlistments during the American Revolutionary War by providing pensions for soldiers who were disabled, direct medical and hospital care given to veterans in the early days of the U. S. was provided by the individual states and communities. In 1811, the first domiciliary and medical facility for veterans was authorized by the federal government, in the 19th century, the nations veterans assistance program was expanded to include benefits and pensions not only for veterans, but also their widows and dependents. After the end of the American Civil War in 1865, many state veterans homes were established, since domiciliary care was available at all state veterans homes, incidental medical and hospital treatment was provided for all injuries and diseases, whether or not of service origin. Indigent and disabled veterans of the Civil War, Indian Wars, Spanish–American War, Congress established a new system of veterans benefits when the United States entered World War I in 1917. Included were programs for disability compensation, insurance for servicepersons and veterans, the establishment of the Veterans Administration came in 1930 when Congress authorized the president to consolidate and coordinate Government activities affecting war veterans. The three component agencies became bureaus within the Veterans Administration, brigadier General Frank T. Hines, who directed the Veterans Bureau for seven years, was named as the first Administrator of Veterans Affairs, a job he held until 1945. The close of World War II resulted in not only a vast increase in the veteran population, in addition, during the late 1940s, the VA had to contend with aging World War I veterans. During that time, the clientele of the VA increased almost fivefold with an addition of nearly 15,000,000 World War II veterans and approximately 4,000,000 World War I veterans. Prior to World War II, in response to scandals at the Veterans Bureau, programs that cared for veterans were centralized in Washington and this centralization caused delays and bottlenecks as the agency tried to serve the World War II veterans. As a result, the VA went through a decentralization process, the World War II GI Bill was signed into law on June 22,1944, by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The United States government began serious consolidated services to veterans in 1930, the GI Bill of Rights, which was passed in 1944, had more effect on the American way of life than any other legislation - with the possible exception of the Homestead Act. VA health care facilities provide a spectrum of medical, surgical. The responsibilities and benefits programs of the Veterans Administration grew enormously during the six decades
20.
20th Century Fox
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Twentieth Century Fox Film Corporation is an American film studio currently owned by 21st Century Fox. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios and is located in the Century City area of Los Angeles, the studio was formerly owned by News Corporation. 20th Century Fox is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2015, 20th Century Fox celebrated its 80th anniversary as a studio. Spyros Skouras, then manager of the Fox West Coast Theaters, the studios biggest star, Will Rogers, died in a plane crash weeks after the merger. Its leading female star, Janet Gaynor, was fading in popularity and promising leading men James Dunn, at first, it was expected that the new company was originally to be called Fox-20th Century, even though 20th Century was the senior partner in the merger. However, 20th Century brought more to the bargaining table besides Schenck and Zanuck, the new company, 20th Century-Fox Film Corporation, began trading on May 31,1935, the hyphen was dropped in 1985. Schenck became Chairman and Chief Executive Officer, while Kent remained as President, Zanuck became Vice President in Charge of Production, replacing Foxs longtime production chief Winfield Sheehan. The company established a training school. The contracts included an option for renewal for as long as seven years. For many years, 20th Century Fox claimed to have founded in 1915. For instance, it marked 1945 as its 30th anniversary, however, in recent years it has claimed the 1935 merger as its founding, even though most film historians agree it was founded in 1915. The companys films retained the 20th Century Pictures searchlight logo on their credits as well as its opening fanfare. Also on the Fox payroll he found two players who he built up into the studios leading assets, Alice Faye and seven-year-old Shirley Temple, favoring popular biographies and musicals, Zanuck built Fox back to profitability. Thanks to record attendance during World War II, Fox overtook RKO, while Zanuck went off for eighteen months war service, junior partner William Goetz kept profits high by going for light entertainment. The studios—indeed the industrys—biggest star was creamy blonde Betty Grable, in 1942, Spyros Skouras succeeded Kent as president of the studio. Together with Zanuck, who returned in 1943, they intended to make Foxs output more serious-minded. During the next few years, with pictures like The Razors Edge, Wilson, Gentlemans Agreement, The Snake Pit, Boomerang, and Pinky, Zanuck established a reputation for provocative, adult films. Fox also specialized in adaptations of best-selling books such as Ben Ames Williams Leave Her to Heaven, starring Gene Tierney and they also made the 1958 film version of South Pacific
21.
NBC
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The National Broadcasting Company is an American commercial broadcast television network that is the flagship property of NBCUniversal, a subsidiary of Comcast. The network is part of the Big Three television networks, founded in 1926 by the Radio Corporation of America, NBC is the oldest major broadcast network in the United States. Following the acquisition by GE, Bob Wright served as executive officer of NBC, remaining in that position until his retirement in 2007. In 2003, French media company Vivendi merged its entertainment assets with GE, Comcast purchased a controlling interest in the company in 2011, and acquired General Electrics remaining stake in 2013. Following the Comcast merger, Zucker left NBC Universal and was replaced as CEO by Comcast executive Steve Burke, during a period of early broadcast business consolidation, radio manufacturer Radio Corporation of America acquired New York City radio station WEAF from American Telephone & Telegraph. Westinghouse, a shareholder in RCA, had an outlet in Newark, New Jersey pioneer station WJZ. This station was transferred from Westinghouse to RCA in 1923, WEAF acted as a laboratory for AT&Ts manufacturing and supply outlet Western Electric, whose products included transmitters and antennas. The Bell System, AT&Ts telephone utility, was developing technologies to transmit voice- and music-grade audio over short and long distances, the 1922 creation of WEAF offered a research-and-development center for those activities. WEAF maintained a schedule of radio programs, including some of the first commercially sponsored programs. In an early example of chain or networking broadcasting, the station linked with Outlet Company-owned WJAR in Providence, Rhode Island, AT&T refused outside companies access to its high-quality phone lines. The early effort fared poorly, since the telegraph lines were susceptible to atmospheric. In 1925, AT&T decided that WEAF and its network were incompatible with the companys primary goal of providing a telephone service. AT&T offered to sell the station to RCA in a deal that included the right to lease AT&Ts phone lines for network transmission, the divisions ownership was split among RCA, its founding corporate parent General Electric and Westinghouse. NBC officially started broadcasting on November 15,1926, WEAF and WJZ, the flagships of the two earlier networks, were operated side-by-side for about a year as part of the new NBC. On April 5,1927, NBC expanded to the West Coast with the launch of the NBC Orange Network and this was followed by the debut of the NBC Gold Network, also known as the Pacific Gold Network, on October 18,1931. The Orange Network carried Red Network programming, and the Gold Network carried programming from the Blue Network, initially, the Orange Network recreated Eastern Red Network programming for West Coast stations at KPO in San Francisco. The Orange Network name was removed from use in 1936, at the same time, the Gold Network became part of the Blue Network. In the 1930s, NBC also developed a network for shortwave radio stations, in 1927, NBC moved its operations to 711 Fifth Avenue in Manhattan, occupying the upper floors of a building designed by architect Floyd Brown
22.
Around the World in 80 Days (1956 film)
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Around the World in 80 Days is a 1956 American epic adventure-comedy film starring David Niven and Cantinflas, produced by the Michael Todd Company and released by United Artists. The epic picture was directed by Michael Anderson and produced by Mike Todd, with Kevin McClory, the screenplay was written by James Poe, John Farrow, and S. J. Perelman based on the classic novel of the same name by Jules Verne. The music score was composed by Victor Young, and the Todd-AO70 mm cinematography was by Lionel Lindon, the films seven-minute-long animated title sequence, shown at the end of the film, was created by award-winning designer Saul Bass. The film won five Academy Awards, including Best Picture, also included is the launching of an unmanned rocket and footage of the earth receding. Around 1872, an English gentleman Phileas Fogg claims he can circumnavigate the world in eighty days and he makes a £20,000 wager with four sceptical fellow members of the Reform Club, that he can arrive back within 80 days before exactly 8,45 pm. They set out on the journey from Paris by hot air balloon upon learning the mountain train tunnel is blocked, the two accidentally end up in Spain, where Passepartout engages in a comic bullfight. In India, Fogg and Passepartout rescue young widow Princess Aouda from being forced into a funeral pyre with her late husband, the three visit Hong Kong, Yokohama, San Francisco, and the Wild West. After sailing across the Atlantic, and only short of winning his wager, Fogg is arrested upon arrival at Liverpool. At the jail, the humiliated Fix informs Fogg that the culprit was caught in Brighton. Though he is now exonerated of the charges, he has no time to get to London and has thus lost everything – except the love of the winsome Aouda. Salvation is at hand when, upon returning to London, Passepartout buys a newspaper, Fogg then realizes that by traveling east towards the rising sun and by crossing the International Date Line they have gained a day. There is still time to reach the Reform Club and win the bet, Fogg unexpectedly arrives at the club just before the clocks chime at 8,45 pm. Aouda and Passepartout then arrive, surprising everyone as no woman has entered the Reform Club before, the film boasts a huge cast, with David Niven and Cantinflas in the lead roles of Fogg and Passepartout. Joining them are Shirley MacLaine as Princess Aouda and Robert Newton as the detective Fix, the role of Passepartout was greatly expanded from the novel to accommodate Cantinflas, the most famous Latin-American comedian at the time, and winds up as the focus of the film. While Passepartout describes himself as a Parisian in the novel, this is unclear in the film – he has a French name, in the Spanish version the name of his character was changed from the French Passepartout to the Spanish Juan Picaporte. There is also a comic bullfighting sequence especially created for Cantinflas that is not in the novel, indeed, when the film was released in some non-English speaking nations, Cantinflas was billed as the lead. According to the guidebook, this was done because of an obstacle Todd faced in casting Cantinflas, Todd allowed Cantinflas to appear in the film as a Latin, so, the actor said himself. to my audience in Latin America, Ill still be Cantinflas. Over 40 famous performers make cameo appearances, including Marlene Dietrich, George Raft, the film was significant as the first of the so-called Hollywood make work films, employing dozens of faded film personalities
23.
Universal Pictures
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Universal Pictures is an American film studio owned by Comcast through the Universal Filmed Entertainment Group division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal. The company was founded in 1912 by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley and its studios are located in Universal City, California, and its corporate offices are located in New York City. Universal Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America and is one of Hollywoods Big Six studios. Universal Studios was founded by Carl Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers, William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane, one story has Laemmle watching a box office for hours, counting patrons and calculating the days takings. Within weeks of his Chicago trip, Laemmle gave up dry goods to buy the first several nickelodeons, for Laemmle and other such entrepreneurs, the creation in 1908 of the Edison-backed Motion Picture Trust meant that exhibitors were expected to pay fees for Trust-produced films they showed. Soon, Laemmle and other disgruntled nickelodeon owners decided to avoid paying Edison by producing their own pictures, in June 1909, Laemmle started the Yankee Film Company with partners Abe Stern and Julius Stern. Laemmle broke with Edisons custom of refusing to give billing and screen credits to performers, by naming the movie stars, he attracted many of the leading players of the time, contributing to the creation of the star system. In 1910, he promoted Florence Lawrence, formerly known as The Biograph Girl, the Universal Film Manufacturing Company was incorporated in New York on April 30,1912. Laemmle, who emerged as president in July 1912, was the figure in the partnership with Dintenfass, Baumann, Kessel, Powers, Swanson, Horsley. Eventually all would be out by Laemmle. Following the westward trend of the industry, by the end of 1912 the company was focusing its efforts in the Hollywood area. On March 15,1915, Laemmle opened the worlds largest motion picture production facility, Universal City Studios, studio management became the third facet of Universals operations, with the studio incorporated as a distinct subsidiary organization. Unlike other movie moguls, Laemmle opened his studio to tourists, Universal became the largest studio in Hollywood, and remained so for a decade. However, it sought an audience mostly in towns, producing mostly inexpensive melodramas, westerns. In its early years Universal released three brands of feature films — Red Feather, low-budget programmers, Bluebird, more ambitious productions, and Jewel, their prestige motion pictures. Directors included Jack Conway, John Ford, Rex Ingram, Robert Z. Leonard, George Marshall and Lois Weber, despite Laemmles role as an innovator, he was an extremely cautious studio chief. Unlike rivals Adolph Zukor, William Fox, and Marcus Loew and he also financed all of his own films, refusing to take on debt. Character actor Lon Chaney became a card for Universal in the 1920s
24.
The Munsters
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The series was a satire of both traditional monster movies and the wholesome family fare of the era, and was produced by the creators of Leave It to Beaver. It ran concurrently with the similarly macabre themed The Addams Family, the series originally aired on Thursday at 7,30 pm on CBS from September 24,1964, to May 12,1966,70 episodes were produced. It was cancelled after ratings dropped to a low due to the premiere of ABCs Batman, though ratings were low during its initial two-year run, The Munsters found a large audience in syndication. This popularity warranted a spin-off series, as well as several films, on October 26,2012, NBC aired a modern reimagining of The Munsters called Mockingbird Lane as a pilot. The series failed to be picked up by NBC due to disagreements on the dark nature, the Munsters live at 1313 Mockingbird Lane in the city of Mockingbird Heights, a fictional suburb in California. The running gag of the series is that the family, while decidedly odd, Herman, like many husbands of the 1960s, is the sole wage-earner in the family, though Lily and Grandpa make attempts to earn money from time to time. While Herman is the head of household, Lily makes many decisions, according to the episode in which Lily and Herman Munster were trying to surprise one another for their anniversary, they were married in 1865. The costumes and appearances of the members other than Marilyn were based on the classic monsters of Universal Studios films from the 1930s and 1940s. Universal produced The Munsters as well and was able to use these copyrighted designs. The make-up for the show was created and applied to the actors by Bud Westmore, the idea of a family of comical monsters was first suggested to Universal Studios by animator Bob Clampett, who developed the idea from 1943 to 1945 as a series of cartoons. The project did not take off until the early 1960s, when a proposal for an idea was submitted to Universal Studios by Rocky & Bullwinkle writers Allan Burns. The proposal was handed to writers Norm Liebman and Ed Haas. For some time, there were executives who believed the series should be made as a cartoon, finally, a presentation was filmed by MCA Television for CBS, using live-action. The first presentation was 16 minutes and in color and was used to pitch the series to CBS and it never aired, and the script was reused as the basis for the episode My Fair Munster. The cast in order of appearance in the sequence were, Joan Marshall as Phoebe, Beverley Owen as Marilyn, Nate Happy Derman as Eddie, Al Lewis as Grandpa. Although the same house exterior was used in the actual aired series, it was changed at that point to make it look more gothic. Changes included adding the tower deck and Marilyns deck, a new coat of paint, although Grandpa had the same dungeon, Herman did not have padding in the pitch episode, had a more protruding forehead, and was broad but thin. The most noticeable difference was his somber expression, compared to his comical silliness during the series, all characters, except Marilyn, had a blue/green tint to their skin
25.
The Outer Limits (1963 TV series)
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The Outer Limits is an American television series that aired on ABC from 1963 to 1965 at 7,30 PM Eastern Time on Mondays. The series is compared to The Twilight Zone, but with a greater emphasis on science fiction stories. The Outer Limits is an anthology of self-contained episodes, sometimes with a plot twist at the end, the series was revived in 1995, airing on Showtime from 1995 to 2000, then on Sci-Fi Channel from 2001 until its cancellation in 2002. In 1997, the episode The Zanti Misfits was ranked #98 on TV Guides 100 Greatest Episodes of All Time, each show would begin with either a cold open or a preview clip, followed by a Control Voice narration that was mainly run over visuals of an oscilloscope. Until next week at the time, when the control voice will take you to – The Outer Limits. Later episodes used one of two shortened versions of the introduction, the first few episodes began simply with the title screen followed by the narration and no cold open or preview clip. The Control Voice was performed by actor Vic Perrin, the Outer Limits was originally broadcast on the American television network ABC. In total,49 episodes were produced and it was one of many series influenced by The Twilight Zone and Science Fiction Theatre, though it ultimately proved influential in its own right. In the un-aired pilot, the series was called Please Stand By, Series creator Leslie Stevens retitled it The Outer Limits. With a few changes, the pilot aired as the premiere episode, Writers for The Outer Limits included creator Stevens and Joseph Stefano, who was the Season 1 producer and creative guiding force. Stefano wrote more episodes of the show any other writer. Future Oscar-winning screenwriter Robert Towne wrote The Chameleon, which was the episode filmed for Season 1. Two especially notable Season 2 episodes Demon with a Glass Hand and Soldier were written by Harlan Ellison, the former was for several years the only episode of The Outer Limits available on laser-disc. Season 1 combined science-fiction and horror, while Season 2 was more focused on science fiction stories. Each show in Season 1 was to have a monster or creature as a part of the story line. Season 1 writer and producer Joseph Stefano believed that element was necessary to provide fear, suspense. This kind of story element became known as the bear and this device was, however, mostly dropped in Season 2 when Stefano left. In other parts of the United States, the Thetan footage was tape-delayed until after the 11 oclock evening news, in still others, it was not shown at all
26.
Roddy McDowall
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Roderick Andrew Anthony Jude McDowall, known as Roddy McDowall, was an English-American actor, voice artist, film director and photographer. He is best known for portraying Cornelius and Caesar in the original Planet of the Apes film series and he began his acting career as a child in England, and then in the United States, in How Green Was My Valley, My Friend Flicka and Lassie Come Home. As an adult, McDowall appeared most frequently as an actor on radio, stage, film. For portraying Augustus in the historical drama Cleopatra, he was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture, other titles include The Longest Day, The Greatest Story Ever Told, Inside Daisy Clover, That Darn Cat. Bedknobs and Broomsticks, The Poseidon Adventure, Funny Lady, The Black Hole, Class of 1984, both of his parents were enthusiastic about the theatre. He and his sister, Virginia, were raised in their mothers Catholic faith. He attended St. Josephs College, Beulah Hill, Upper Norwood, appearing as a child model as a baby, McDowall appeared in several British films as a boy. After winning a prize in a school play at age nine. He then appeared in films starring comedians George Formby and Will Hay and his family moved to the United States in 1940 after the outbreak of World War II. McDowall became a naturalized United States citizen on 9 December 1949 and he made his first well-known film appearance at the age of 12, playing Huw Morgan in How Green Was My Valley, where he met and became lifelong friends with Maureen OHara. The film won the Academy Award for Best Picture, and made him a household name and he starred in Lassie Come Home, a film that introduced an actress who would become another lifelong friend, Elizabeth Taylor. That same year, he appeared as Ken McLaughlin in My Friend Flicka, in 1944, exhibitors voted him the number one star of tomorrow. McDowall continued his career successfully into adulthood, by the mid-1940s, released from his studio contract, McDowall turned to the theater, taking the title role of Young Woodley in 1946 in a summer stock production in Westport, Connecticut. In 1947, he played Malcolm in Orson Welless stage production of Macbeth in Salt Lake City, Utah and he then appeared in several roles for Monogram Pictures, a low-budget studio that welcomed established stars. He performed in heavy makeup as various characters in four of the Planet of the Apes films. During one guest appearance on The Carol Burnett Show, he came onstage in his Planet of the Apes makeup, other films in which he appeared include It. The Poseidon Adventure, The Legend of Hell House, Bedknobs and Broomsticks, McDowall appeared frequently on Hollywood Squares and occasionally came up with quips himself. He played the rebel scientist Dr. Jonathan Willoway in the 1970s science fiction TV series and he had a substantial role in the miniseries version of Ray Bradburys The Martian Chronicles
27.
Planet of the Apes (TV series)
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Planet of the Apes is an American science fiction television series that aired on CBS in 1974. The series stars Roddy McDowall, Ron Harper, James Naughton, Mark Lenard and it is based on the 1968 Planet of the Apes film and its sequels, which were inspired by the novel Planet of the Apes by Pierre Boulle. The series begins with the crash of an Earth spaceship that encountered a time warp while approaching Alpha Centauri on August 19,1980, the spaceship is manned by three astronauts, one of whom has died in the crash. The other two astronauts, Colonel Alan Virdon and Major Peter J. Burke, are unconscious but are rescued by a human who carries them to an old bomb shelter. After the human opens a book containing text and pictures of Earth circa 2500. The crash is also witnessed by a chimpanzee who tells his father. Ape counselor Zaius, notes that such incident occurred ten years earlier. He orders the gorilla, Security Chief Urko, to find the humans. Zaius wants to find out as much as he can about the humans before they are eventually killed, Zaius doesnt trust Urko to follow his orders and bring back any surviving humans, so he sends along his newly hired chimpanzee assistant, Galen. Both Virdon and Burke go back to their ship to check the ships chronometer and they are more than 1000 years in the future from when they left Earth. Galen finds the book that the old man had been carrying. He reads parts of the book and begins to doubt the history that he has told, apes have always been dominant. When Galen finds out that Urko has arranged for the two astronauts to escape and be killed in the attempt, he stops the shooter and helps the humans escape. During the escape, a guard is killed, and Galen is found standing over him with a gun in his hand, Galen discusses the book that he found with Zaius, who then accuses him of heresy. Galen is sentenced to death for his crime, then Virdon and Burke find out about his sentence and rescue Galen. They are all then declared enemies of the state and become fugitives, the three fugitives wander around the territory that used to be the western United States having various encounters with apes, humans, and old human civilization ruins. Roddy McDowall as Galen, a chimpanzee that is sent by Zaius with Urko to ensure the safety of two humans that have survived a crash landing on Earth. McDowall previously played Cornelius and Caesar throughout the film versions
28.
Planet of the Apes (1968 film)
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Planet of the Apes is a 1968 American science fiction film directed by Franklin J. Schaffner. It stars Charlton Heston, Roddy McDowall, Kim Hunter, Maurice Evans, James Whitmore, James Daly, the screenplay by Michael Wilson and Rod Serling was loosely based on the 1963 French novel La Planète des Singes by Pierre Boulle. Jerry Goldsmith composed the groundbreaking avant-garde score and it was the first in a series of five films made between 1968 and 1973, all produced by Arthur P. Jacobs and released by 20th Century Fox. The film tells the story of a crew who crash-land on a strange planet in the distant future. Although the planet appears desolate at first, the crew members stumble upon a society in which apes have evolved into creatures with human-like intelligence. The apes have assumed the role of the dominant species and humans are mute creatures wearing animal skins, the script was originally written by Rod Serling, but underwent many rewrites before filming eventually began. Directors J. Lee Thompson and Blake Edwards were approached, but the films producer Arthur P. Jacobs, upon the recommendation of Charlton Heston, schaffners changes included an ape society less advanced—and therefore less expensive to depict—than that of the original novel. Filming took place between May 21 and August 10,1967, in California, Utah and Arizona, with sequences shot in and around Lake Powell. The films final closed cost was $5.8 million, the film was released on February 8,1968, in the United States and was a commercial success, earning a lifetime domestic gross of $32.6 million. In particular, Roddy McDowall had a relationship with the Apes series, appearing in four of the original five films. The original series was followed by Tim Burtons remake Planet of the Apes in 2001, also in 2001, Planet of the Apes was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. As the ship sinks, Taylor finds Stewart dead and her body desiccated, once ashore, Dodge performs a soil test and pronounces the soil incapable of sustaining life. After abandoning their raft, the set off through a desolate wasteland in hopes of finding food. They find an oasis at the edge of the desert and go swimming, ignoring eerie scarecrow-like figures around the edge of the water, while they are swimming, their clothes are stolen. Taylor is attracted to one of the humans, whom he later names Nova, suddenly, armed and uniformed gorillas on horseback charge through the cornfield, brandishing firearms, snares, and nets. They capture some humans and kill the rest, in the chaos, Dodge is shot in the back of the neck and killed, Landon is wounded and rendered unconscious, and Taylor is shot in the throat and taken prisoner. The gorillas take Taylor to Ape City, where his life is saved after a blood transfusion administered by two chimpanzees, animal psychologist Zira and surgeon Galen, while his throat wound is healing, he is unable to speak. The apes have developed a society based on the beginnings of the human Industrial Era
29.
41st Academy Awards
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The 41st Academy Awards were presented on April 14,1969 at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, Los Angeles. It was the first Academy Awards ceremony to be staged at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion, for the first time since the 11th Academy Awards, there was no host. Became the first—and so far, the film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. By contrast, the year would see the only X-rated film to win Best Picture. Would also be the last British film to win Best Picture until Chariots of Fire in 1982, the year was notable for the first—and so far, only—tie for Best Actress. Katharine Hepburn in The Lion in Winter and Barbra Streisand in Funny Girl shared the award. Hepburn also became the actress and third performer overall to win an acting Oscar two years in a row, after Luise Rainer in 1936 and 1937, and Spencer Tracy in 1937 and 1938. The previous year, Hepburn had won Best Actress for Guess Whos Coming to Dinner, as the special effects director and designer for 2001, A Space Odyssey, Stanley Kubrick was the recipient of the Academy Award for Best Visual Effects this year. It was the only Oscar he would ever win, cliff Robertsons performance in Charly was met with a generally mixed reception from critics and audiences. At the ceremony, Young Americans was announced as the Documentary Feature winner, on May 7,1969, the film was disqualified because it had played in October 1967, thus making it ineligible for a 1968 award. Journey Into Self, the first runner-up, was awarded the Oscar on May 8,1969. Controversy was created on Oscar night when Johnny Carson and Buddy Hackett announced in a sketch on the evenings Tonight Show, would be the winner for Best Picture and that Jack Albertson would win for Best Supporting Actor. Columnist Frances Drake claimed that most observers believed Carson and Hackett were playing a practical joke or happened to make a lucky guess. As Carson recalled it on the air later, it created a huge controversy. The Academy later hired Carson five times to host the ceremony, winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double dagger
30.
Hollywood Walk of Fame
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The Walk of Fame is administered by the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce and maintained by the self-financing Hollywood Historic Trust. It is a popular tourist destination, with a reported 10 million visitors in 2003, as of 2017, the Walk of Fame comprises over 2,600 stars, spaced at 6-foot intervals. The monuments are coral-pink terrazzo five-point stars rimmed with brass inlaid into a charcoal-colored terrazzo background, in the upper portion of each star field the name of the honoree is inlaid in brass block letters. Below the inscription, in the half of the star field. Approximately 20 new stars are added to the Walk each year, special category stars recognize various contributions by corporate entities, service organizations, and special honorees, and display emblems unique to those honorees. The moons are silver and grey terrazzo circles rimmed in brass on a square pink terrazzo background, the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce credits E. M. Stuart, its volunteer president in 1953, with the original idea for creating a Walk of Fame. Stuart reportedly proposed the Walk as a means to maintain the glory of a community whose name means glamor, Harry Sugarman, another Chamber member and president of the Hollywood Improvement Association, receives credit in an independent account. A committee was formed to flesh out the idea, and a firm was retained to develop specific proposals. By 1955 the basic concept and general design had been agreed upon, multiple accounts exist for the origin of the star concept. By another account, the stars were inspired, by Sugarmans drinks menu, which featured celebrity photos framed in gold stars. In February 1956 a prototype was unveiled featuring a caricature of an example honoree inside a star on a brown background. The committees met at the Brown Derby restaurant, and included such prominent names as Cecil B, deMille, Samuel Goldwyn, Jesse L. Lasky, Walt Disney, Hal Roach, Mack Sennett, and Walter Lantz. A requirement stipulated by the audio recording committee specified minimum sales of one million records or 250,000 albums for all music category nominees. The committee soon realized that many important recording artists would be excluded from the Walk by that requirement, as a result, the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences was formed for the purpose of creating a separate award system for the music business. The first Grammy Awards were presented in Beverly Hills in 1959, construction of the Walk began in 1958 but two lawsuits delayed completion. The first was filed by local property owners challenging the legality of the $1.25 million tax assessment levied upon them to pay for the Walk, along with new street lighting, in October 1959 the assessment was ruled legal. The second lawsuit, filed by Charles Chaplin, Jr. sought damages for the exclusion of his father, chaplins suit was dismissed in 1960, paving the way for completion of the project. Woodwards name was one of eight drawn at random from the original 1,558, the other seven names were Olive Borden, Ronald Colman, Louise Fazenda, Preston Foster, Burt Lancaster, Edward Sedgwick, and Ernest Torrence
31.
Mission: Impossible
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Mission, Impossible is an American television series that was created and initially produced by Bruce Geller. It chronicles the missions of a team of government agents known as the Impossible Missions Force. In the first season, the team is led by Dan Briggs, played by Steven Hill, Jim Phelps, a hallmark of the series shows Briggs or Phelps receiving his instructions on a recording that then self-destructs, followed by the theme music composed by Lalo Schifrin. The series was filmed and financed by Desilu Productions, and aired on the CBS network from September 1966 to March 1973, the series was revived in 1988 for two seasons on ABC, retaining only Graves in the cast. It also inspired a series of motion pictures starring Tom Cruise. The series follows the exploits of the Impossible Missions Force, a team of secret agents used for covert missions against dictators, evil organizations. On occasion, the IMF also mounts unsanctioned, private missions on behalf of its members, the identities of the higher echelons of the organization that oversees the IMF are never revealed. In the 1980s revival, it is suggested the IMF is an independent agency of the United States government, the leader of the IMF is initially Dan Briggs, played by Steven Hill. As an Orthodox Jew, Hill had to leave on Fridays at 4 p. m. to be home before sundown and was not available until after dark the next day, Hill had other problems as well. Unable to come to terms with Hill, the producers re-shot the episode without him, as far as Hills religious requirements were concerned, line producer Joseph Gantman simply had not understood what had been agreed to. He told author Patrick J. White, If someone understands your problems and says he understands them, but if he doesnt care about your problems, then you begin to really resent him. Steven Hill may have exactly the same way. In theory, Briggs and Phelps are the only members of the IMF. Still, many also feature guest stars playing one-time additional agents who have special skills. His contract gave producers an option to have him render services for additional episodes, to fill the void left by Hills Sabbath absences, producers wound up using Landau for more episodes, always as a guest star. He eventually struck a deal to appear in all the first seasons remaining episodes, Landau contractually became a series regular in season two. As actors left the series time, others became regulars. Replacements often possessed the skills as their predecessors
32.
Leonard Nimoy
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Leonard Simon Nimoy was an American actor, film director, photographer, author, singer and songwriter. He was known for his role as Spock of the Star Trek franchise, foreshadowing his fame as a semi-alien, he played Narab, one of three Martian invaders, in the 1952 movie serial Zombies of the Stratosphere. The character has had a significant cultural impact and garnered Nimoy three Emmy Award nominations, TV Guide named Spock one of the 50 greatest TV characters. After the original Star Trek series, Nimoy starred in Mission, narrated Civilization IV, and made several well-received stage appearances. He also had a role in the science fiction series Fringe. Nimoys public profile as Spock was so strong that both of his autobiographies, I Am Not Spock and I Am Spock, were written from the viewpoint of sharing his existence with the character, in 2015 an asteroid was named 4864 Nimoy in his honor. In September 2016, For the Love of Spock, a documentary that covered his life. Leonard Simon Nimoy was born on March 26,1931, in the West End of Boston, Massachusetts and they reunited after arriving in the United States. His mother, Dora, was a homemaker, and his father, Max Nimoy and he had an elder brother, Melvin. He also began acting at the age of eight in a childrens, Nimoy also realized he had an aptitude for singing, which he developed while a member of his synagogues choir. His singing during his bar mitzvah at age 13 was so good that he was asked to repeat his performance the week at another synagogue. He is still the only man I know whose voice was two bar mitzvahs good and his first major role was at 17, as Ralphie in an amateur production of Clifford Odets Awake and Sing. Which dealt with the struggles of a matriarchal Jewish family similar to his during the Great Depression, playing this teenage kid in this Jewish family that was so much like mine was amazing, he said. The same dynamics, the tensions in the household. The role lit a passion that led him to pursue an acting career, I never wanted to do anything else. Shatner notes that Nimoy also worked on radio shows for children, often voice acting Bible stories, adding, Obviously. Many years later as Captain Kirk, I would be busy rescuing civilizations in distress on distant planets while Leonards Mr. Spock would be examining the morality of man– and alienkind. Nimoy took drama classes at Boston College, and after moving to Los Angeles and he took method actor Marlon Brando as a role model, and like him, wore jeans and T-shirt
33.
Lee Marvin
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Lee Marvin was an American film and television actor. Known for his voice and prematurely white hair, Marvin initially appeared in supporting roles, mostly villains, soldiers. From 1957 to 1960, he starred as Detective Lieutenant Frank Ballinger in the NBC crime series, M Squad. In 1966, he won awards, including an Academy Award for Best Actor, and Best Actor BAFTA. Marvin was born in New York City and he was the son of Lamont Waltman Marvin, an advertising executive and the head of the New York and New England Apple Institute. His mother was Courtenay Washington, a writer and beauty consultant. As with his brother, Robert, he was named in honor of Confederate General Robert E. Lee. His father was a descendant of Matthew Marvin, Sr. who emigrated from Great Bentley, Essex, England, in 1635. Marvin studied violin when he was young, as a teenager, Marvin spent weekends and spare time hunting deer, puma, wild turkey, and bobwhite in the wilds of the then-uncharted Everglades. Marvin left school at 18 to enlist in the United States Marine Corps Reserve on August 12,1942 and he served with the 4th Marine Division in the Pacific Theater during World War II. He was shot by gun fire, which severed his sciatic nerve. After over a year of treatment in naval hospitals, Marvin was given a medical discharge with the rank of private first class in 1945 at Philadelphia. Contrary to rumors, Marvin did not serve on Iwo Jima, receive a Navy Cross, or serve with actor, producer, and former Marine Bob Keeshan during World War II. After the war, while working as an assistant at a local community theatre in upstate New York. He then began an amateur acting career in New York City. In 1950, Marvin moved to Hollywood and he found work in supporting roles, and from the beginning was cast in various war films. His debut was in Youre in the Navy Now, and in 1952, he appeared in films, including Don Siegels Duel at Silver Creek, Hangmans Knot. He played Gloria Grahames vicious boyfriend in Fritz Langs The Big Heat, Marvin had a small but memorable role in The Wild One opposite Marlon Brando, followed by Seminole and Gun Fury
34.
Cat Ballou
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Cat Ballou is a 1965 comedy Western musical film starring Jane Fonda and Lee Marvin, who won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his dual role. The story involves a woman who hires a gunman to protect her fathers ranch, and later to avenge his murder. The supporting cast features Michael Callan, Dwayne Hickman, and singers Nat King Cole and Stubby Kaye, the film was directed by Elliot Silverstein from a screenplay by Walter Newman and Frank Pierson from the novel The Ballad of Cat Ballou by Roy Chanslor. Chanslors novel was a serious Western, and though it was turned into a comedy for the movie, the film references many classic Western films, notably Shane. Catherine Ballou, who wants to be a schoolteacher, is returning home by train to Wolf City, Wyoming, to the ranch of her father, Frankie Ballou. On the way, she unwittingly helps accused cattle rustler Clay Boone elude his captor, Sheriff Maledon, when Boones Uncle Jed, Shelleen arrives, a drunken bum whose pants fall down when he draws his gun, and who is unable to hit a barn when he shoots. Strawn kills Frankie, and when the townspeople refuse to bring Strawn to justice, Catherine becomes a revenge-seeking outlaw known as Cat Ballou. Shelleen, inspired by his love for Cat, works himself into shape, dresses up in his finest gunfighting outfit, in a humorous scene, Shelleen enters the funeral parlor where Frankies body is resting, and sings Happy Birthday before blowing out the candles. Cat poses as a prostitute and confronts Sir Harry Percival, the head of the Wolf City Development Corporation, a struggle ensues, Sir Harry is killed, and Cat is sentenced to be hanged on the gallows. With Sir Harry dead, theres no hope for Wolf Citys future, as the noose is placed around her neck, Uncle Jed appears, again dressed as a preacher, and cuts the rope just as the trapdoor is opened. Cat falls through and onto a wagon and her gang spirits her away in a daring rescue, flippen as Sheriff Cardigan Arthur Hunnicutt as Butch Cassidy Bruce Cabot as Sheriff Maledon Cast notes Cole and Kaye are billed simply as Shouters. They act as a Greek chorus, intermittently narrating the story through verses of The Ballad of Cat Ballou, the film was director Elliot Silversteins second feature film, and his relationship with producer Harold Hecht while filming was not smooth. Ann-Margret was the first choice for the role but her manager turned it down without letting the actress know. Ann-Margret wrote in her autobiography that she would have wanted the part, among others, Kirk Douglas allegedly turned down the role of Shelleen. Ironically, years later he would play a double role in The Man from Snowy River. Nat King Cole was ill with cancer during the filming of Cat Ballou. A chain smoker, Cole died four months before the film was released, the film was shot in 28 days. Noted make-up artist John Chambers created the prosthetic nose worn by Lee Marvin as Strawn in the film
35.
Richard Harris
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Richard St John Harris was an Irish actor and singer. He appeared on stage and in films, appearing as Frank Machin in This Sporting Life, and King Arthur in the 1967 film Camelot. Harris had a top ten hit in the United Kingdom and United States with his 1968 recording of Jimmy Webbs song MacArthur Park, Harris, the sixth of nine children of Mildred Josephine and Ivan John Harris, was born in Limerick. He was brought up in a class and staunchly Roman Catholic family. Harris siblings included Patrick Ivan, Noel William Michael, Diarmid and his maternal niece is actress Annabelle Wallis. Harris was schooled by the Jesuits at Crescent College, a talented rugby player, he was on several Munster Junior and Senior Cup teams for Crescent, and played for Garryowen. Harris athletic career was cut short when he caught tuberculosis in his teens, after recovering from tuberculosis, Harris moved to Britain, wanting to become a director. He could not find any suitable training courses, and enrolled in the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art to learn acting. He had failed an audition at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and had been rejected by the Central School of Speech and Drama, while still a student, Harris rented the tiny off-West End Irving Theatre, and there directed his own production of Clifford Odets play Winter Journey. This show was a success, but was a financial failure. As a result, Harris ended up homeless, sleeping in a coal cellar for six weeks. After completing his studies at the Academy, Harris joined Joan Littlewoods Theatre Workshop and he began getting roles in West End theatre productions, starting with The Quare Fellow in 1956, a transfer from the Theatre Workshop. Harris spent nearly a decade in obscurity, learning his profession on stages throughout the UK, Harris made his film debut in 1958 in the film Alive and Kicking, and played the lead role in The Ginger Man in the West End in 1959. His second film was shot in Ireland, a role as a terrorist in Shake Hands with the Devil. It was directed by Michael Anderson who offered Harris a role in his movie, The Wreck of the Mary Deare. Harris hated it so much that he refused to return there for several years, Harris played another IRA terrorist in A Terrible Beauty, alongside Robert Mitchum. He had a bit part in the film The Guns of Navarone as a Royal Australian Air Force pilot who reports that blowing up the bloody guns of the island of Navarone is impossible by an air raid. He had a part in The Long and the Short
36.
A Man Called Horse (film)
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A Man Called Horse is a 1970 American Western film starring Richard Harris and directed by Elliot Silverstein. Based on a story by Dorothy M. Johnson, A Man Called Horse, published in 1950 in Colliers magazine. The basic story was used in a 1958 episode of the TV show Wagon Train titled A Man Called Horse, partially spoken in Sioux, the film tells the history of an English aristocrat, John Morgan, who is captured by the Sioux people. Initially enslaved and mocked by being treated as an animal, John Morgan comes to respect his captors culture and he is aided in understanding the Sioux by a captive, Batise, the tribes half-breed fool, who had tried to escape and was hamstrung behind both knees. After successfully helping to fend off an attack by the tribe, he becomes a respected member of the tribe. The tribal people were acted by members of the Rosebud Sioux tribe of South Dakota, for the crucial Native American initiation ceremony, wherein actor Richard Harris is hung on pins in his chest, make-up artist John Chambers created a prosthetic chest. However, some Indian activists criticized the film harshly, buffy Sainte Marie said, Even the so-called authentic movies like A Man Called Horse—thats the whitest of movies Ive ever seen. / Vine Deloria, Jr. A Man Called Horse was released to DVD by Paramount Home Entertainment on 29 April 2003 as a Region 1 widescreen DVD and on 31 May 2011 as a Region 1 widescreen Blu-ray DVD. Dances With Wolves List of American films of 1970 A Man Called Horse at the Internet Movie Database A Man Called Horse at the TCM Movie Database A Man Called Horse at AllMovie
37.
Cornelius (Planet of the Apes)
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The Planet of the Apes franchise features many characters that appear in one or more works. George Taylor, more known as Taylor, is the main protagonist of the original Planet of the Apes film. Taylor is an American astronaut and the leader of a space expedition and he is played by Charlton Heston. Taylors first name is never spoken in dialog, the sources for it are the credits of the film. While the character is never given a first name during the film and he then climbs into his bunk, passing into hibernation, as the ship continues on auto-pilot to a faraway star. When Taylor and two of his crewmates awake, the ship has crash-landed in a lake, on what they take to be an Earth-like and they also discuss their motivations for joining the mission, Taylors is his quest to find someone or something wiser than humanity. The astronauts follow footprints leading away from the pool and discover primitive mute humans destroying everything the astronauts brought with them, the astronauts assess the possibility of taking command of these humans, but they are interrupted by the sound of gunfire. This planet has another dominant species, evolved apes, the apes hunt the humans, capturing many in nets. Dodge is killed outright, Landon suffers a wound, and Taylor receives a bullet wound in his throat. Taken to Ape City and caged, Taylor and a female share a laboratory cell. When Zira discovers that Taylor has intelligence beyond any human she has ever seen, Taylor of course cant tell Zaius anything he wants to know, and states that he learned how to read and write in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Taylor also blames Zaius for what happened to Landon – who is brought to Taylor in a lobotomised and he also brings Nova, despite the apes objections. Dr. Zaius tracks the party down, but Taylor captures him, forcing Zaius to promise both to let him and Nova escape, and to drop the charges hes made against Zira. Zaius agrees, but nonetheless condemns Taylor and all humans as doomed to folly, after Taylor and Nova depart, Zaius destroys the cave holding the evidence that would exonerate Cornelius and Zira, and takes them back to Ape City under escort. He was devastated to learn that humanity indeed had destroyed themselves, Heston returned as Taylor for a brief appearance in the second Apes movie, Beneath the Planet of the Apes, as he and Nova encounter strange sights and sounds in what should be an empty landscape. When Taylor discovers a wall there was none before, he tries to tear into it – and disappears. After probing both Taylor and Brent for what they know about the apes and their intentions, they force the two men to fight to the death, but Novas sudden reappearance breaks their jailers control. All three nearly escape, when Nova is shot and dies as the attack the underground city
38.
Dr. Zaius
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The Planet of the Apes franchise features many characters that appear in one or more works. George Taylor, more known as Taylor, is the main protagonist of the original Planet of the Apes film. Taylor is an American astronaut and the leader of a space expedition and he is played by Charlton Heston. Taylors first name is never spoken in dialog, the sources for it are the credits of the film. While the character is never given a first name during the film and he then climbs into his bunk, passing into hibernation, as the ship continues on auto-pilot to a faraway star. When Taylor and two of his crewmates awake, the ship has crash-landed in a lake, on what they take to be an Earth-like and they also discuss their motivations for joining the mission, Taylors is his quest to find someone or something wiser than humanity. The astronauts follow footprints leading away from the pool and discover primitive mute humans destroying everything the astronauts brought with them, the astronauts assess the possibility of taking command of these humans, but they are interrupted by the sound of gunfire. This planet has another dominant species, evolved apes, the apes hunt the humans, capturing many in nets. Dodge is killed outright, Landon suffers a wound, and Taylor receives a bullet wound in his throat. Taken to Ape City and caged, Taylor and a female share a laboratory cell. When Zira discovers that Taylor has intelligence beyond any human she has ever seen, Taylor of course cant tell Zaius anything he wants to know, and states that he learned how to read and write in Fort Wayne, Indiana. Taylor also blames Zaius for what happened to Landon – who is brought to Taylor in a lobotomised and he also brings Nova, despite the apes objections. Dr. Zaius tracks the party down, but Taylor captures him, forcing Zaius to promise both to let him and Nova escape, and to drop the charges hes made against Zira. Zaius agrees, but nonetheless condemns Taylor and all humans as doomed to folly, after Taylor and Nova depart, Zaius destroys the cave holding the evidence that would exonerate Cornelius and Zira, and takes them back to Ape City under escort. He was devastated to learn that humanity indeed had destroyed themselves, Heston returned as Taylor for a brief appearance in the second Apes movie, Beneath the Planet of the Apes, as he and Nova encounter strange sights and sounds in what should be an empty landscape. When Taylor discovers a wall there was none before, he tries to tear into it – and disappears. After probing both Taylor and Brent for what they know about the apes and their intentions, they force the two men to fight to the death, but Novas sudden reappearance breaks their jailers control. All three nearly escape, when Nova is shot and dies as the attack the underground city
39.
Museum of Pop Culture
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The Museum of Pop Culture, or MoPOP is a nonprofit museum, dedicated to contemporary popular culture. It was founded by Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen in 2000 as the Experience Music Project, since that time MoPOP has organized dozens of exhibits,17 of which have toured across the US and internationally. An annual 21 and under battle-of-the-bands that supports the all-ages scene, and Pop Conference, a gathering of academics, critics, musicians. MoPOP, in collaboration with the Seattle International Film Festival presents the Science Fiction and Fantasy Short Film Festival, MoPOP is home to exhibits, interactive activity stations, sound sculpture, and various educational resources. Exhibits that cover pop culture, from the art of fantasy, horror cinema, IF VI WAS IX, a guitar sculpture consisting of more than 500 musical instruments and 30 computers conceived by UK exhibit designer Neal Potter and developed by sound sculptor Trimpin. Public programs such as MoPOP’s Science Fiction + Fantasy Short Film Festival, Pop Conference, the Youth Advisory Board, the Science Fiction Museum and Hall of Fame was founded by Paul Allen and Jody Patton and opened to the public on June 18,2004. It incorporated the Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame which had established in 1996. The museum was divided into galleries with common themes such as Homeworld, Fantastic Voyages, Brave New Worlds. Each gallery displayed related memorabilia in large display cases, posters, from robots to jet packs to space suits and ray guns, its all here. Members of the advisory board included Steven Spielberg, Ray Bradbury, James Cameron. The Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame was founded in 1996 by the Kansas City Science Fiction and Fantasy Society, the chairmen were Keith Stokes and Robin Wayne Bailey. Only writers and editors were eligible for recognition and four were inducted annually, each class of four was announced at Kansas Citys annual science fiction convention, ConQuesT, and inducted at the Campbell Conference hosted by CSSF. The Hall of Fame stopped inducting fantasy writers after 2004, when it became part of the Science Fiction Museum affiliated with MoPOP, having inducted 36 writers in nine years, in 2005 it began to recognize non-literary media. It retained the quota of four new members and thus reduced the number of writers. The 2005 and 2006 press releases placed new members in Literature, Art, and Film, Television and Media, in 2007 and 2008 the fourth inductee was placed in one of the three substantial categories. MoPOP de-installed the Science Fiction Museum in March 2011, when the exhibition Icons of Science Fiction opened in June 2012, a new Hall of Fame display was unveiled and the class of 2012 inducted. Nominations are submitted by the public but the selections are made by award-winning science fiction authors, artists, editors, publishers, MoPOP restored the original name online during June 2013 and announced five new members, one daily, beginning June 17. The first four were cited largely or wholly for science fiction, tolkien, hailed as the father of modern fantasy literature
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International Spy Museum
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In April 2015, plans for a new museum designed by Rogers Stirk Harbour + Partners were released. The Museum will move to LEnfant Plaza, with expected re-opening in 2018, the museum was built and founded by Milton Maltz and The House on F Street, L. L. C. at a cost of approximately $40 million. The museum was first conceptualized in 1996 and opened to the public in 2002 and it is one of the few museums in Washington DC that charges admission fees. The International Spy Museum was formed as an organization by Milton Maltz. Milton Maltz, a code-breaker during the Korean War, founded the Malrite Communications Group in 1956 and was CEO until it was sold in 1998, the Malrite Company provided half of the foundation cost of the International Spy Museum. The other $20 million came from the District of Columbia as enterprise zone bonds, the International Spy Museum is part of the ongoing rejuvenation of the Penn Quarter in D. C. kicked off in the 1980s by the Pennsylvania Avenue Development Corporation. More than 750 artifacts are on display within the 20,000 square feet of exhibition space, supported with historic photographs, interactive displays, film. Exhibits include, Covers & Legends, Visitors begin their mission by adopting a cover identity and they are then led into the Briefing Room to be introduced to the real world of espionage. School for Spies, This section provides an introduction to the tradecraft of espionage and it explores the different motivations that lead people into the clandestine world, how they are recruited and trained, and how they operate. The Secret History of History, This series of galleries chronicles the history of spying from biblical times to the early 20th century. It explores such phenomena as the institutionalization of spying in the years of the Soviet Union and traces the rise of espionage technology. It also examines the role women have played in espionage and reveals well-known historical figures who were also spymasters, including George Washington. Spies Among Us, These exhibits, films, and videos examine espionage through World War II and they explore the role of code-making and code-breaking operations and teach various ways to create, break and hide coded messages through interactive exhibits. The 21st Century, The challenges facing intelligence professionals worldwide in the 21st Century are addressed in the film Ground Truth, the looming threat of Cyber War is addressed in Weapons of Mass Disruption. No to 2012s Skyfall—with a detailed focus on 007s most memorable adversaries, the exhibit explores how the evildoers and their plots have evolved to reflect real world threats and how James Bond has influenced the public’s perception of real espionage. This exhibition has an admission fee and separate entrance from the museums permanent exhibit. The International Spy Museums 5,000 square foot store features a selection of merchandise that mirrors the Museums presentation of the tradecraft. In 2003, the museum provided story ideas, guest spies, one trailer and 13 episodes were produced before the series was cancelled
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Washington, D.C.
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Washington, D. C. formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D. C. is the capital of the United States. The signing of the Residence Act on July 16,1790, Constitution provided for a federal district under the exclusive jurisdiction of the Congress and the District is therefore not a part of any state. The states of Maryland and Virginia each donated land to form the federal district, named in honor of President George Washington, the City of Washington was founded in 1791 to serve as the new national capital. In 1846, Congress returned the land ceded by Virginia, in 1871. Washington had an population of 681,170 as of July 2016. Commuters from the surrounding Maryland and Virginia suburbs raise the population to more than one million during the workweek. The Washington metropolitan area, of which the District is a part, has a population of over 6 million, the centers of all three branches of the federal government of the United States are in the District, including the Congress, President, and Supreme Court. Washington is home to national monuments and museums, which are primarily situated on or around the National Mall. The city hosts 176 foreign embassies as well as the headquarters of international organizations, trade unions, non-profit organizations, lobbying groups. A locally elected mayor and a 13‑member council have governed the District since 1973, However, the Congress maintains supreme authority over the city and may overturn local laws. D. C. residents elect a non-voting, at-large congressional delegate to the House of Representatives, the District receives three electoral votes in presidential elections as permitted by the Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1961. Various tribes of the Algonquian-speaking Piscataway people inhabited the lands around the Potomac River when Europeans first visited the area in the early 17th century, One group known as the Nacotchtank maintained settlements around the Anacostia River within the present-day District of Columbia. Conflicts with European colonists and neighboring tribes forced the relocation of the Piscataway people, some of whom established a new settlement in 1699 near Point of Rocks, Maryland. 43, published January 23,1788, James Madison argued that the new government would need authority over a national capital to provide for its own maintenance. Five years earlier, a band of unpaid soldiers besieged Congress while its members were meeting in Philadelphia, known as the Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783, the event emphasized the need for the national government not to rely on any state for its own security. However, the Constitution does not specify a location for the capital, on July 9,1790, Congress passed the Residence Act, which approved the creation of a national capital on the Potomac River. The exact location was to be selected by President George Washington, formed from land donated by the states of Maryland and Virginia, the initial shape of the federal district was a square measuring 10 miles on each side, totaling 100 square miles. Two pre-existing settlements were included in the territory, the port of Georgetown, Maryland, founded in 1751, many of the stones are still standing
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Central Intelligence Agency
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As one of the principal members of the U. S. Intelligence Community, the CIA reports to the Director of National Intelligence and is focused on providing intelligence for the President. Though it is not the only U. S. government agency specializing in HUMINT and it exerts foreign political influence through its tactical divisions, such as the Special Activities Division. Despite transferring some of its powers to the DNI, the CIA has grown in size as a result of the September 11 attacks. In 2013, The Washington Post reported that in fiscal year 2010, the CIA has increasingly expanded its roles, including covert paramilitary operations. One of its largest divisions, the Information Operations Center, has shifted focus from counter-terrorism to offensive cyber-operations, when the CIA was created, its purpose was to create a clearinghouse for foreign policy intelligence and analysis. Today its primary purpose is to collect, analyze, evaluate, and disseminate foreign intelligence, warning/informing American leaders of important overseas events, with Pakistan described as an intractable target. Counterintelligence, with China, Russia, Iran, Cuba, the Executive Office also supports the U. S. military by providing it with information it gathers, receiving information from military intelligence organizations, and cooperates on field activities. The Executive Director is in charge of the day to day operation of the CIA, each branch of the military service has its own Director. The Directorate has four regional groups, six groups for transnational issues. There is a dedicated to Iraq, regional analytical offices covering the Near East and South Asia, Russia and Europe, and the Asian Pacific, Latin American. The Directorate of Operations is responsible for collecting intelligence. The name reflects its role as the coordinator of intelligence activities between other elements of the wider U. S. intelligence community with their own HUMINT operations. This Directorate was created in an attempt to end years of rivalry over influence, philosophy, in spite of this, the Department of Defense recently organized its own global clandestine intelligence service, the Defense Clandestine Service, under the Defense Intelligence Agency. This Directorate is known to be organized by regions and issues. The Directorate of Science & Technology was established to research, create, many of its innovations were transferred to other intelligence organizations, or, as they became more overt, to the military services. For example, the development of the U-2 high-altitude reconnaissance aircraft was done in cooperation with the United States Air Force, the U-2s original mission was clandestine imagery intelligence over denied areas such as the Soviet Union. It was subsequently provided with signals intelligence and measurement and signature intelligence capabilities, subsequently, NPIC was transferred to the National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency
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