Charles Lawrence (British Army officer)
Brigadier-General Charles Lawrence was a British military officer who, as lieutenant governor and subsequently governor of Nova Scotia, is best known for overseeing the Expulsion of the Acadians and settling the New England Planters in Nova Scotia. He was born in Plymouth and died in Halifax, Nova Scotia. According to historian Elizabeth Griffiths, Lawrence was seen as a "competent", "efficient" officer with a "service record that had earned him rapid promotion, a person of considerable administrative talent, trusted by both Cornwallis and Hopson." He is buried in the crypt of St. Paul's Church. Lawrence followed his father into a military career, his father was General Charles John Lawrence and is said to have served in Flanders under John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough. Charles Lawrence's earlier life is obscure, he was commissioned in the 11th Regiment of Foot and served in the West Indies from 1733 until 1737. He served in the War Office, he was made lieutenant in 1731 and captain in 1745.
He was wounded while serving with the 54th Foot in the battle of Fontenoy in 1745. During Father Le Loutre's War, in 1749 he transferred again, to the 40th Foot, he participated in the Battle at Chignecto and built Fort Lawrence on the south bank of the Missaguash River in the fall of 1750, was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel the same year. In 1753, he directed the settlement of the Foreign Protestants at Lunenburg, Nova Scotia and suppressed the settlers' rebellion there. Lawrence mobilized rangers to prevent the Acadian Exodus as well as fight the Mi'kmaq. During the French and Indian War, in conjunction with Governor William Shirley of Massachusetts, he helped raise forces for the Battle of Fort Beauséjour on 16 June 1755, he wrote the deportation order, orchestrated the various campaigns of the Expulsion of the Acadians, beginning with the Bay of Fundy Campaign. After the native Raid on Lunenburg, he placed a bounty on male native scalps. Lawrence commissioned several armed patrol vessels to patrol the Nova Scotia coast as part of a provincial marine, including the ten-gun brigantine Montague in 1759.
As governor of Nova Scotia, Lawrence saw the settlement of the Acadian lands by New England Planters. In 1757, Lawrence was further promoted to the title of brigadier general and commanded one of the three divisions at the successful siege of the French fortress at Louisbourg on Île Royale in 1758, he is said to have died of pneumonia in 1760 in Halifax, Nova Scotia and is buried under St. Paul's Church. According to his biographer, Dominique Graham, Referring to the monument raised to Lawrence’s memory in St Paul’s Church, Halifax, to indicate the late governor’s popularity, Belcher wrote, "In a grateful sense of his affection and services the last tribute that could be paid to his memory was unanimously voted by the General Assembly at their first meeting after the late Governor’s universally lamented decease." These sympathetic remarks by a contemporary with whom Lawrence had sometimes been at odds and the considerations mentioned above should be placed in the scales against the views of historians who condemn him for his inhumanity to the Acadians.
He is the namesake of Nova Scotia and Lawrencetown, Nova Scotia. Namesake of a British privateer Lawrence Military history of Nova Scotia Military history of the Mi’kmaq People Military history of the Acadians Endnotes Texts Griffiths, N. E. S.. From Migrant to Acadian: A North American Border People, 1604-1755. McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 978-0-7735-2699-0. Brasseaux, Carl A.. The Founding of New Acadia: The Beginnings of Acadian Life in Louisiana, 1765-1803. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0-8071-4163-2. Brasseaux, Carl A.. "Scattered to the Wind": Dispersal and Wanderings of the Acadians, 1755-1809. Center for Louisiana Studies, University of Southwestern Louisiana. ISBN 978-0-940984-70-7. Brasseaux, Carl A.. Acadian to Cajun: Transformation of a People, 1803-1877. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 978-1-61703-111-3. Graham, Dominick. "Lawrence, Charles". In Halpenny, Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. III. University of Toronto Press. Rushton, William F.. The Cajuns: From Acadia to Louisiana.
Noonday Press. British critique of Lawrence for military government. 1756 Blupete.com biography proclamation of 1756 Bartleby Girouard Cajun
Charles Morris (surveyor general)
Charles Morris army officer, served on the Nova Scotia Council, Chief Justice of the Nova Scotia Supreme Court and, the surveyor general for over 32 years, he created some of the first British maps of Canada's maritime region and designed the layout of Halifax, Lunenburg and Liverpool. In Halifax he laid out both the Halifax Common, he was born in Boston and when he first came to the colony he fought in the Battle of Grand Pre. The maps he produced and information he gathered about the disposition of Acadians villages during his surveying of the colony was used by the Military authority in Halifax to initiate the Expulsion of the Acadians during the French and Indian War, he won the establishment of the Nova Scotia House of Assembly. Morris was instrumental in establishing New England Planters in the colony; as chief justice, his most famous trial was of those who participated in the Eddy Rebellion at the outbreak of the American Revolution. "Judge Morris’ remarks concerning the removal of the Acadians," N.
S. Hist. Soc. Coll. II, 158–60 "Observations and remarks on the survey made by order of His Excellency according to the instructions of the 26th June last, on the eastern coasts of Nova Scotia and the western parts of the island of Cape Breton," PANS Report, 1964, app. B, 20–28. 1768," Acadiensis, III, 120–28. His joint report with Richard Bulkeley, "State and condition of the province of Nova Scotia together with some observations &c, 29th October 1763," is in PANS Report, 1933, app. B, 21–27. P.r.b.] Namesake of Morris Street, Halifax Morris House which his son purchased and where he lived is the oldest wooden residence in Halifax Military history of Nova Scotia List of cartographers Morris House Press Release - St. Mary's University Endnotes Texts Ethel Crathorne, "The Morris family – surveyors-general," Nova Scotia Hist. Quarterly, 6, 207–16. A. W. H. Eaton, "Eminent Nova Scotians of New England birth, number one: Capt. the Hon. Charles Morris, M. C." New England Hist. and Geneal. Register, LXVII, 287–90.
Blakeley, Phyllis R.. "Morris, Charles". In Halpenny, Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography. IV. University of Toronto Press
James Lorimer Ilsley
James Lorimer Ilsley, was a Canadian politician and jurist. He was born in the son of Randel Ilsley and Catherine Caldwell. Ilsley was educated at Acadia University and Dalhousie University and was admitted to the Nova Scotia bar in 1916. In 1919, he married Evelyn Smith. Ilsley practiced law in Yarmouth and Halifax, Nova Scotia until he was elected to the House of Commons of Canada as a Liberal in the 1926 election, he survived the 1930 election. When the party returned to power in the 1935 election, Prime Minister William Lyon Mackenzie King brought Ilsley into Cabinet as Minister of National Revenue. In 1940, he was promoted to Minister of Finance, he held that position for the duration of World War II during a period of massive expansion in expenditure due to the war effort. He was recognized for his service in 1946 when he was appointed to the Imperial Privy Council, given the honorific of "Right Honourable"; the same year, he became Minister of Justice. He served in that position until he retired from politics in 1948.
The next year, he was appointed to the Nova Scotia Supreme Court, became Chief Justice of Nova Scotia in 1950. He served in that capacity until his death in 1967 in Halifax at the age of 73. J. L. Ilsley High School, opened in 1971 and located in Spryfield, Nova Scotia, bears his name. James Lorimer Ilsley – Parliament of Canada biography Marble, AE Nova Scotians at home and abroad: biographical sketches.... P. 215 ISBN 0-88999-074-3
Thirteen Colonies
The Thirteen Colonies known as the Thirteen British Colonies or the Thirteen American Colonies, were a group of British colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America founded in the 17th and 18th centuries. They formed the United States of America; the Thirteen Colonies had similar political and legal systems and were dominated by Protestant English-speakers. They were part of Britain's possessions in the New World, which included colonies in Canada, the Caribbean, the Floridas. Between 1625 and 1775, the colonial population grew from 2,000 to over 2.5 million, displacing American Indians. This population included people subject to a system of slavery, legal in all of the colonies prior to the American Revolutionary War. In the 18th century, the British government operated its colonies under a policy of mercantilism, in which the central government administered its possessions for the economic benefit of the mother country; the Thirteen Colonies had a high degree of self-governance and active local elections, they resisted London's demands for more control.
The French and Indian War against France and its Indian allies led to growing tensions between Britain and the Thirteen Colonies. In the 1750s, the colonies began collaborating with one another instead of dealing directly with Britain; these inter-colonial activities cultivated a sense of shared American identity and led to calls for protection of the colonists' "Rights as Englishmen" the principle of "no taxation without representation". Grievances with the British government led to the American Revolution, in which the colonies collaborated in forming the Continental Congress; the colonists fought the American Revolutionary War with the aid of France and, to a smaller degree, the Dutch Republic and Spain. In 1606, King James I of England granted charters to both the Plymouth Company and the London Company for the purpose of establishing permanent settlements in America; the London Company established the Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1607, the first permanently settled English colony on the continent.
The Plymouth Company founded the Popham Colony on the Kennebec River. The Plymouth Council for New England sponsored several colonization projects, culminating with Plymouth Colony in 1620, settled by English Puritan separatists, known today as the Pilgrims; the Dutch and French established successful American colonies at the same time as the English, but they came under the English crown. The Thirteen Colonies were complete with the establishment of the Province of Georgia in 1732, although the term "Thirteen Colonies" became current only in the context of the American Revolution. In London beginning in 1660, all colonies were governed through a state department known as the Southern Department, a committee of the Privy Council called the Board of Trade and Plantations. In 1768, a specific state department was created for America, but it was disbanded in 1782 when the Home Office took responsibility. Province of New Hampshire, established in the 1620s, chartered as crown colony in 1679 Province of Massachusetts Bay, established in the 1620s, a crown colony 1692 Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, established 1636, chartered as crown colony in 1663 Connecticut Colony, established 1636, chartered as crown colony in 1662 Province of New York, proprietary colony 1664–1685, crown colony from 1686 Province of New Jersey, proprietary colony from 1664, crown colony from 1702 Province of Pennsylvania, a proprietary colony established 1681 Delaware Colony, a proprietary colony established 1664 Province of Maryland, a proprietary colony established 1632 Colony and Dominion of Virginia, proprietary colony established 1607, a crown colony from 1624 Province of Carolina, a proprietary colony established 1663 Divided into the Province of North-Carolina and Province of South Carolina in 1712, each became a crown colony in 1729 Province of Georgia, proprietary colony established 1732, crown colony from 1752.
The first successful English colony was Jamestown, established May 1607 near Chesapeake Bay. The business venture was financed and coordinated by the London Virginia Company, a joint stock company looking for gold, its first years were difficult, with high death rates from disease and starvation, wars with local Indians, little gold. The colony flourished by turning to tobacco as a cash crop. In 1632, King Charles I granted the charter for Province of Maryland to Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore. Calvert's father had been a prominent Catholic official who encouraged Catholic immigration to the English colonies; the charter offered no guidelines on religion. The Province of Carolina was the second attempted English settlement south of Virginia, the first being the failed attempt at Roanoke, it was a private venture, financed by a group of English Lords Proprietors who obtained a Royal Charter to the Carolinas in 1663, hoping that a new colony in the south would become profitable like Jamestown.
Carolina was not settled until 1670, then the first attempt failed because there was no incentive for emigration to that area. However, the Lords combined their remaining capital and financed a settlement mission to the area led by Sir John Colleton; the expedition located fertile and defensible ground at what became Charleston Charles Town for Charles II of England. The Pilgrims were a small group of Puritan separatists who felt that they needed to physically distance themselves from the corrupt Church of England. After moving to the Netherlands, they decided to re-establish themselves in America; the initi
Nova Scotia
Nova Scotia is one of Canada's three Maritime Provinces, one of the four provinces that form Atlantic Canada. Its provincial capital is Halifax. Nova Scotia is the second-smallest of Canada's ten provinces, with an area of 55,284 square kilometres, including Cape Breton and another 3,800 coastal islands; as of 2016, the population was 923,598. Nova Scotia is Canada's second-most-densely populated province, after Prince Edward Island, with 17.4 inhabitants per square kilometre. "Nova Scotia" means "New Scotland" in Latin and is the recognized English-language name for the province. In both French and Scottish Gaelic, the province is directly translated as "New Scotland". In general and Slavic languages use a direct translation of "New Scotland", while most other languages use direct transliterations of the Latin / English name; the province was first named in the 1621 Royal Charter granting to Sir William Alexander in 1632 the right to settle lands including modern Nova Scotia, Cape Breton Island, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick and the Gaspé Peninsula.
Nova Scotia is Canada's smallest province in area after Prince Edward Island. The province's mainland is the Nova Scotia peninsula surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, including numerous bays and estuaries. Nowhere in Nova Scotia is more than 67 km from the ocean. Cape Breton Island, a large island to the northeast of the Nova Scotia mainland, is part of the province, as is Sable Island, a small island notorious for its shipwrecks 175 km from the province's southern coast. Nova Scotia has many ancient fossil-bearing rock formations; these formations are rich on the Bay of Fundy's shores. Blue Beach near Hantsport, Joggins Fossil Cliffs, on the Bay of Fundy's shores, has yielded an abundance of Carboniferous-age fossils. Wasson's Bluff, near the town of Parrsboro, has yielded both Triassic- and Jurassic-age fossils; the province contains 5,400 lakes. Nova Scotia lies in the mid-temperate zone and, although the province is surrounded by water, the climate is closer to continental climate rather than maritime.
The winter and summer temperature extremes of the continental climate are moderated by the ocean. However, winters are cold enough to be classified as continental—still being nearer the freezing point than inland areas to the west; the Nova Scotian climate is in many ways similar to the central Baltic Sea coast in Northern Europe, only wetter and snowier. This is true in spite of Nova Scotia's being some fifteen parallels south. Areas not on the Atlantic coast experience warmer summers more typical of inland areas, winter lows a little colder. Described on the provincial vehicle licence plate as Canada's Ocean Playground, Nova Scotia is surrounded by four major bodies of water: the Gulf of Saint Lawrence to the north, the Bay of Fundy to the west, the Gulf of Maine to the southwest, Atlantic Ocean to the east; the province includes regions of the Mi'kmaq nation of Mi'kma'ki. The Mi'kmaq people inhabited Nova Scotia at the time the first European colonists arrived. In 1605, French colonists established the first permanent European settlement in the future Canada at Port Royal, founding what would become known as Acadia.
The British conquest of Acadia took place in 1710. The Treaty of Utrecht in 1713 formally recognized this and returned Cape Breton Island to the French. Present-day New Brunswick still formed a part of the French colony of Acadia. After the capture of Port Royal in 1710, Francis Nicholson announced it would be renamed Annapolis Royal in honor of Queen Anne. In 1749, the capital of Nova Scotia moved from Annapolis Royal to the newly established Halifax. In 1755 the vast majority of the French population was forcibly removed in the Expulsion of the Acadians. In 1763, most of Acadia became part of Nova Scotia. In 1769, St. John's Island became a separate colony. Nova Scotia included present-day New Brunswick until that province's establishment in 1784, after the arrival of United Empire Loyalists. In 1867, Nova Scotia became one of the four founding provinces of the Canadian Confederation; the warfare on Nova Scotian soil during the 17th and 18th centuries influenced the history of Nova Scotia. The Mi'kmaq had lived in Nova Scotia for centuries.
The French arrived in 1604, Catholic Mi'kmaq and Acadians formed the majority of the population of the colony for the next 150 years. During the first 80 years the French and Acadians lived in Nova Scotia, nine significant military clashes took place as the English and Scottish and French fought for possession of the area; these encounters happened at Port Royal, Saint John, Cap de Sable and Baleine. The Acadian Civil War took place from 1640 to 1645. Beginning with King William's War in 1688, six wars took place in Nova Scotia before the British defeated the French and made peace with the Mi'kmaq: King William's War, Queen Anne's War, Father Rale's War, King George's War, Father Le Loutre’s War The Seven Years' War called the French and Indian War The battles during these wars took place Port Royal, Saint John, Chignecto, Dartmouth and Grand-Pré. Despite the British conquest of Acadia in 1710, Nova Scotia remained occupied
Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society
The Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society is a historical society in Halifax, Nova Scotia, founded in 1878 and is the second oldest in Canada The Society is a voluntary organization that operates without an office or paid staff. The Society first published the Nova Scotia Historical Quarterly and the Nova Scotia Historical Review; the publication was named the Collections of the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society and now it is known as the Journal of the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society. George Elkana Morton Harry Piers Archibald MacMechan Thomas Beamish Akins Treaty Day in Nova Scotia - Plaque of the Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society Nova Scotia Historical Society - 23 Plaques Created, 1911 Nova Scotia Historical Society - 9 Plaques Created, 1914 Article Index NS Historical Society 1879 Vol 1 NS Historical Society 1881 Vol 2 NS Historical Society 1882-83 Vol 3 NS Historical Society 1884 Vol 4 NS Historical Society 1886-87 Vol 5 NS Historical Society 1888, Vol 6 NS Historical Society 1889-91, Vol. 7 NS Historical Society 1892-94, Vol.8 NS Historical Society - Louisbourg 1894 NS Historical Society 1895 NS Historical Society 1896-98 NS Historical Society 1899-1900, Vol. 11 Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society, #12 Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society, vol.
13, 1908 NS Historical Society 1910, Vol.14 Index 1878-1910 NS Historical Society 1911, Vol. 15 NS Historical Society 1912 NS Historical Society 1913 NS Historical Society 1914 NS Historical Society 1918, Vol.19 NS Historical Society 1921, Vol.20 NS Historical Society 1927, Vol.21 The memorial sundial at Annapolis Royal: paper read before the Nova Scotia Historical Society, at Halifax, N. S. December the sixth, 1918 Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management Massachusetts Historical Society Maine Historical Society New Brunswick Historical Society Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society Index of NS Historical Society articles Works by or about Royal Nova Scotia Historical Society at Internet Archive Acadiensis on line
Burying the Hatchet ceremony (Nova Scotia)
The Burying the Hatchet Ceremony happened in Nova Scotia on June 25, 1761 and was one of many such ceremonies where the Halifax Treaties were signed. The treaties ended a protracted period of warfare which had lasted more than 75 years and encompassed six wars between the Mi'kmaq people and the British; the Burying the Hatchet Ceremonies and the treaties that they commemorated created an enduring peace and a commitment to obey the rule of law. Many of British commitments were not delivered on, despite the intentions of the British dignitaries who attended the ceremony and helped draft the treaty, such as the right afforded to the Mi'kmaq for becoming British subjects; the treaties were enshrined into the Canadian Constitution in 1982, there have since been numerous judicial decisions that have upheld them in the Canadian Supreme Court, the most recognized being the Donald Marshall case. Nova Scotians celebrate the Treaties of 1760-61 every year on Treaty Day; the northeastern region of North America encompassing New England and Acadia became an area of conflict between the French and British Empires, there was a long history of the Wabanaki Confederacy killing British colonists along the border of New England and Acadia in Maine.
Several Governors of the Massachusetts Bay Colony attempted to prevent these French and Wabanaki massacres by issuing a bounty for the scalps of men of the Wabanaki Confederacy. During Father Le Loutre's War, Edward Cornwallis followed that example after the Raid on Dartmouth when he attempted to protect the first British settlers in Nova Scotia from being scalped by putting a bounty on the Mi'kmaq; the final period of this conflict was the French and Indian War, when French officers, Mi'kmaq, Acadians carried out military strikes against the New Englanders after the deportation of the Acadians and the bounty proclamation of 1756. The Mi'kmaq and their French allies conducted the Northeastern Coast Campaign in Maine and extended this campaign into Nova Scotia, attacking civilians during the raids on Lunenburg; the British captured Louisbourg in 1758 and battled Quebec in 1759 and Montreal in 1760, the French imperial power was destroyed in North America. With the loss of their French ally, the Mi'kmaq recognized the need for a new relationship with the British colonists.
There were various treaties signed with other tribes of the Mi'kmaq and Maliseet before the formal burying the hatchet ceremony. On 11 February 1760, two tribes of the Passamaquoddy and Saint John River came to Halifax with Colonel Arbuthnot and appeared before council, renewing the treaty of 1725 and giving hostages for their good behavior. On Feb 13, a treaty was ratified with one of the Mi ` kmaq chiefs. On 10 March 1760, Mi'kmaq chiefs Paul Laret, Michael Austine, Calude Renie made a treaty. On 15 October 1761, Jannesvil Peitougashwas made a treaty. French priest Pierre Maillard accepted an invitation from Nova Scotia Governor Charles Lawrence to travel to Halifax and assist in negotiating with the Mi'kmaq peoples, he received permission to maintain an oratory at a Halifax battery, where he held Catholic services for Acadians and Mi'kmaqs in the area. In his official capacity, Maillard was able to persuade most of the tribal chiefs to sign peace treaties with the British in Halifax. On June 25, 1761, a "Burying of the Hatchet Ceremony" was held at Governor Jonathan Belcher's garden on present-day Spring Garden Road, Halifax in front of the Court House.
Representing the colony were Belcher and four members of the Nova Scotia Council: Richard Bulkeley, John Collier, Joseph Gerrish, Alexander Grant. Present were Admiral Lord Colville, commander-in-chief of British naval forces in North America, Major-General John Henry Bastide, the chief engineer in Nova Scotia and Colonel William Forster, the commander of Nova Scotia's army regiments; these three men were accompanied by a detachment of soldiers. There were at least four Mi'kmaq chiefs that signed the treaty: Jeannot Peguidalonet, Claude Atouach, Joseph Sabecholouet, Aikon Ashabuc. Representatives from other villages were present at the treaty signing; the occasion was one of "great pomp and ceremony". The two parties faced each other near a British flag. French priest Pierre Maillard was in the middle acting as the interpreter. Belcher promised the crown would protect the Mi'kmaq from unscrupulous traders, protect their religion and not interfere with Catholic missionaries living among them. Belcher gave presents to each chief along with medals that were passed down through generations as testimony to the words that bound their people to uphold the peace.
Both Belcher and the chiefs moved to the flag post, where Belcher and the chiefs formally buried the hatchet. One of the Mi'kmaq Chiefs declared that "he now buried the hatchet on behalf of himself and his whole tribe, a token of their submission and of their having made peace." The Chief of the Cape Breton Mi'kmaq's declared: "As long as the Sun and the Moon shall endure, as long as the Earth on which I dwell shall exist in the same State as you this day, with the Laws of your Government and obedient to the Crown". At the same time the hatchet was being buried, the Chiefs went through the ceremony of washing the paint from their bodies in token of hostilities being ended; the whole ceremony was concluded by all present drinking to the king's health. The cornerstone of the Halifax Provincial Court now stands beside the spot of the burial, a symbol of peace and the rule of law; the Halifax Treaties established peace between the Mi'kmaq and the British by both committing to up
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