1.
Tulane University
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Tulane University is a private, nonsectarian research university in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. It is generally considered the top university and the most selective institution of education in the state of Louisiana. From a nationwide perspective, U. S. News & World Report categorizes Tulane as most selective, the school is known to attract a geographically diverse student body, with 85% of undergraduate students coming from over 300 miles away. The school was founded as a medical college in 1834. The institution was privatized under the endowments of Paul Tulane and Josephine Louise Newcomb in 1884, Tulane is the 9th oldest private university in the Association of American Universities, which consists of major research universities in the United States and Canada. The Tulane University Law School and Tulane University Medical School are considered the 12th oldest and 15th oldest law and medical schools, respectively, members of Congress, heads of Federal agencies, two Surgeon Generals of the United States, U. S. At least two Nobel laureates have been affiliated with the University, the university was founded as the Medical College of Louisiana in 1834 partly as a response to the fears of smallpox, yellow fever, and cholera in the United States. The university became only the medical school in the South. In 1847, the legislature established the school as the University of Louisiana, a public university. Subsequently, in 1851, the university established its first academic department, the first president chosen for the new university was Francis Lister Hawks, an Episcopalian priest and prominent citizen of New Orleans at the time. The university was closed from 1861 to 1865 during the American Civil War, after reopening, it went through a period of financial challenges because of an extended agricultural depression in the South which affected the nations economy. Paul Tulane, owner of a dry goods and clothing business. This donation led to the establishment of a Tulane Educational Fund and this act created the Tulane University of Louisiana. The university was privatized, and is one of only a few American universities to be converted from a public institution to a private one. In 1884, William Preston Johnston became the first president of Tulane and he had succeeded Robert E. Lee as president of Washington and Lee University after Lees death. He had moved to Louisiana and become president of Louisiana State University, in 1885, the university established its graduate division, later becoming the Graduate School. One year later, gifts from Josephine Louise Newcomb totaling over $3.6 million, Newcomb was the first coordinate college for women in the United States and became a model for such institutions as Pembroke College and Barnard College. In 1894 the College of Technology formed, which would become the School of Engineering
2.
Linebacker
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A linebacker is a playing position in American football and Canadian football. Linebackers are members of the team, and line up approximately three to five yards behind the line of scrimmage, behind the defensive linemen, and therefore back up the line. Linebackers generally align themselves before the ball is snapped by standing upright in a two point stance, the goal of the linebacker is to provide either extra run protection or extra pass protection based on the particular defensive play being executed. Another key play of the position is blitzing. A blitz occurs when a linebacker acts as a pass rusher running into any exposed gap. When a blitz is called by the defense, it is mainly to sack or hurry the opposing offenses quarterback. Linebackers are often regarded as the most important position in defence, due to their versatility in providing hard hits on running plays or a layer of pass protection. Similar to the safety position, linebackers are required to use their judgment on every snap. Before the advent of the two platoon system with units for offense and defense, the player who was the teams center on offense was often, though not always. Hence today one usually sees four defensive linemen to the five or more. Most sources claim coach Fielding H. Yost and center Germany Schulz of the University of Michigan invented the position, Schulz was Yosts first linebacker in 1904 when he stood up from his usual position on the line. Yost was horrified at first, but came to see the wisdom in Schulzs innovation, william Dunn of Penn St. was another Western linebacker soon after Schulz. However, there are historical claims tied to the linebacker position. For example, Percy Given of Georgetown is another center with a claim to the title first linebacker, despite Given, most sources have the first linebacker in the South as Frank Juhan of Sewanee. In the East, Ernest Cozens of Penn was one of the first of the centers, another, archaic term for the position. Walter E. Bachman of Lafayette was said to be the developer of the roving center concept, edgar Garbisch of Army was credited with developing the roving center method of playing defensive football in 1921. In professional football, Cal Hubbard is credited with pioneering the linebacker position and he starred as a tackle and end, playing off the line in a style similar to that of a modern linebacker. The middle or inside linebacker, sometimes called Mike or Mohr, is referred to as the quarterback of the defense
3.
Coral Gables, Florida
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Coral Gables, officially the City of Coral Gables, is a city in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States, located southwest of Downtown Miami. The United States Census Bureau estimates conducted in 2013 yielded the city had a population of 49,631, Coral Gables is home to the University of Miami. The city of Coral Gables has its own newspaper, Coral Gables News, Coral Gables was one of the first planned communities, and prefigured the development of the gated community and the homeowners association. It is infamous for its strict zoning regulations, the city was developed by George Merrick during the Florida land boom of the 1920s. The citys architecture is almost entirely Mediterranean Revival style, including the Coral Gables Congregational Church, the domed, Catholic Church of the Little Flower was built somewhat later, in a similar Spanish Renaissance style. By 1926, the city covered 10,000 acres and had netted $150 million in sales, Merrick meticulously designed the downtown commercial district to be only four blocks wide and more than two miles long. The main artery bisected the business district, Merrick could boast that every business in Coral Gables was less than a two-block walk. During World War II many Navy pilots and mechanics were trained and housed in Coral Gables, Coral Gables is located at 25°43′42″N 80°16′16″W. It is bordered on the west by Red Road north of Sunset Drive and West 49th Avenue and it is bordered on the north by Tamiami Trail/U. S. Route 41, except for a section that extends north of 8th Street for eight blocks between Ponce de Leon Boulevard and Douglas Road. S. 1 to Battersea Road, and by Biscayne Bay south of Battersea Road, on the south, it is bordered by the Charles Deering Estate. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 37.2 square miles. 13.1 square miles of it is land and 24.0 square miles of it is water. 4% were vacant, in 2000,24. 45% had children under the age of 18 living with them. In Coral Gables,61. 11% were family households,17. 3% had a householder with no husband present. The average household size was 2.36, and the household had 1.68 vehicles. In 2000, the city population was out with 17. 4% under the age of 18,14. 58% from 18 to 24,25. 02% from 25 to 44,27. 01% from 45 to 64. The median age was 39.44 years, the population consisted of 51. 31% females and 48. 69% males. In 2000, the income for a household in the city was $77,890
4.
Coral Gables Senior High School
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Coral Gables Senior High School is a secondary school located at 450 Bird Road in Coral Gables, Florida, at the corner of LeJeune Road. Coral Gables SHS opened its doors in 1950, its architectural design reflects a Spanish influence, new buildings have been added to its 26-acre campus, most recently a three-story building. Coral Gables SHS is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges, the last review took place in the spring of 2006. The instructional faculty consists of 183 teachers, eighty-two members of the faculty have a masters degree and six faculty members have earned a doctorate degree. Coral Gables High School was one of twelve high schools in the nation to win the Siemens Foundations Award for Advanced Placement. It ranks 221st in Newsweeks Top 1,000 U. S. Schools, Coral Gables SHS is served by the Miami Metrorail at the Douglas Road Station. High school students had moved from the previous campus, Ponce de Leon High School. The new Coral Gables High retained the school name, Caveleon. Ponce de Leon High School became Ponce de Leon Middle School, in September 2009 a 17-year-old student stabbed another 17-year-old student to death at the school. The perpetrator received a 40-year prison sentence, Coral Gables SHS is 82% Hispanic, 6% Black, 10% White non-Hispanic and 2% Asian/other. Not having extracurricular credits would hurt a students admission status with universities, highlights is the Coral Gables SHS news magazine. It has been in circulation since 1948 and it was under the direction of Brenda Feldman for more than 25 years. The current adviser is Melissa Nieves, highlights runs from 16 to 20 pages, and it includes News, Opinion, Insight, Features, The Scene, and Sports sections. The staff ranges from 30-40 members and it participates in the Florida Scholastic Press Associations district and statewide conventions, and has received the top All-Florida award for several years. The staffs work has been recognized by the Columbia Scholastic Press Association. Catharsis is the magazine of Coral Gables SHS. In the 1980s and 1990s the magazine, then called Encore, was under the direction of Miriam Rosen, recently, the magazine has been revamped and revived under the direction of adviser Camile Betances. The Gablettes are Coral Gables SHS dance troupe and they usually attend the NDA National Dance Championships in Orlando and the American Dance Alliance State Competition in Miami
5.
Miami Hurricanes football
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The Miami Hurricanes football team represents the University of Miami in the sport of American football. The Hurricanes compete in the National Collegiate Athletic Association s Division I Football Bowl Subdivision, the program began in 1926 and has won five AP national championships. Miami is ranked fourth on the list of All-time Associated Press National Poll Championships, tied with Southern California and Ohio State and behind Alabama, Notre Dame, and Oklahoma. Miami also holds a number of NFL Draft records, including most first round selections in a single draft, two Hurricanes have won the Heisman Trophy and nine have been inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame. The team plays its games at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens. The Hurricanes are currently coached by Mark Richt, UM began with just a freshman football team in 1926. Its first game was played on October 23,1926, a 7–0 win over Rollins College before 304 fans, under the guidance of head coach Howard P. Buck, the freshman team posted a perfect 8–0 record in its inaugural season. Two of the wins were against the University of Havana, one on Thanksgiving Day in Miami, Miamis last home game at of the season featured a first, the first Hurricane football game played on New Years Day against Howard at Miamis University Stadium. Varsity competition began in 1927, with Miami beating Rollins 39–3 in its first game and going on to a 3–6–1 record. The team improved to 4–4–1 in 1928, but it was not enough for Buck to keep his job, rixs arrival was funded by a group of local businessmen. That off-season, the program, which competed as an independent during its first two years of existence, joined the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association,1929 saw Miami play its first varsity road game, and Rix led the team to its first winning season, going 3–2. His tenure, however, was short-lived, off-campus financing for the dried up in the wake of the 1929 stock market crash. Ernest Brett replaced Rix, and in 1930, Miami played Temple in its first game outside the South, losing 34–0 to the Owls in Atlantic City, New Jersey. On October 31,1930, the Hurricanes played in one of the nations first night games vs. Bowden College in Miami, Brett only lasted one year, and Tom McCann became the programs fourth head coach in 1931. Under McCann, the program experienced its most successful seasons to that point. After a difficult first year, Miami put together a record in 1932 and served as host to the inaugural Palm Festival. A 5–1–2 campaign and another Palm Festival berth followed in 1933, and in 1934, in 1935, a group of Miami football supporters sought to hire Red Grange as coach. However, the move was vetoed by President Bowman Foster Ashe, instead Irl Tubbs took over as head coach in 1935, and though Miami compiled an 11–5–2 record in his two seasons, it did not play in a bowl in either year
6.
2004 NFL Draft
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The 2004 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting, the draft was held April 24–25,2004 at the Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York City. No teams chose to claim any players in the draft that year. The draft was shown on ESPN both days and eventually moved to ESPN2 both days, the draft began with the San Diego Chargers selecting Mississippi quarterback Eli Manning with the first overall selection. Manning was later traded to the New York Giants for their first selection, there were 32 compensatory selections distributed among 16 teams, with the Eagles, Rams, and Jets each receiving 4 compensatory picks. The draft set several records, including the most wide receivers selected in the first round, another record set by the draft was the most trades in the first round, with twenty-eight trades. The University of Miami set an NFL record for the most first rounders drafted with 6, ohio State set an NFL draft record having 14 total players selected through all rounds. The 255 players chosen in the draft were composed of, Football Outsiders –2004 NFL Draft, archived from the original on October 30,2008. Pro Football Hall of Fame website, archived from the original on May 14,2009. Archived from the original on May 14,2009, archived from the original on May 14,2009
7.
New York Jets
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The New York Jets are a professional American football team located in the New York metropolitan area. The Jets compete in the National Football League as a club of the leagues American Football Conference East division. The team is headquartered in Florham Park, New Jersey, in a unique arrangement for the league, the Jets share MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey with the New York Giants. The franchise is legally and corporately registered as New York Jets, the team was founded in 1959 as the Titans of New York, an original member of the American Football League, later, the franchise joined the NFL in the AFL–NFL merger in 1970. The team began to play in 1960 at the Polo Grounds, under new ownership, the current name was adopted in 1963 and the franchise moved to Shea Stadium in 1964 and then to the Meadowlands Sports Complex in 1984. Since 1968, the Jets have appeared in the playoffs 13 times, however, the Jets have never returned to the Super Bowl, making them one of three NFL teams to win their lone Super Bowl appearance, along with the New Orleans Saints and Tampa Bay Buccaneers. The teams training facility, Atlantic Health Jets Training Center, which opened in 2008, is located in Florham Park, the first organizational meeting of the American Football League took place on August 14,1959. Wismer was granted the franchise later dubbed the Titans of New York as Wismer explained. He secured the Titans home field at the decrepit Polo Grounds, by 1962, the debt continued to mount for Wismer, forcing the AFL to assume the costs of the team until seasons end. A five-man syndicate, headed by Sonny Werblin, saved the team from certain bankruptcy, Werblin renamed the team the New York Jets since the team would play in Shea Stadium near LaGuardia Airport. The new name was intended to reflect the approach of his team. The Jets owners hired Weeb Ewbank as the manager and head coach. The early 1990s saw New York struggling, after firing coach Bruce Coslet, owner Leon Hess hired Pete Carroll who struggled to a 6–10 record and was promptly fired at the end of the season. Thereafter, Rich Kotite was selected to lead the team to victory, Kotite stepped down at the end of his second season forcing the Jets to search for a new head coach. Hess lured then-disgruntled New England Patriots head coach Bill Parcells to New York in 1997, Parcells led the team back to relevance and coached them to the AFC Championship Game in 1998. Hess died in 1999 while the team, plagued by injuries, produced an eight win record, the franchise obtained a new owner in Woody Johnson in 2000. Additionally, through the 2000s the Jets visited the five times. Rex Ryan was hired in January 2009, Ryan led the team to back-to-back AFC Championship appearances during his first two years but the team never made the playoffs again during his tenure
8.
2004 NFL season
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The 2004 NFL season was the 85th regular season of the National Football League. With the New England Patriots as the league champions, regular season play was held from September 9,2004 to January 2,2005. Due to several incidents during the 2003 NFL season, officials are authorized to penalize excessive celebration, the 15-yard unsportsmanlike conduct penalty will be marked off from the spot at the end of the previous play or, after a score, on the ensuing kickoff. If the infraction is ruled flagrant by the officials, the player are ejected, due to several instances during the 2003–04 playoffs, officials are instructed to strictly enforce illegal contact, pass interference, and defensive holding. Timeouts can be called by head coaches, in addition to the numbers 80–89, wide receivers will now be allowed to use numbers 10–19. A punt or missed field goal that is untouched by the team is immediately dead once it touches either the end zone or any member of the kicking team in the end zone. Previously, a punt or missed field goal that lands in the end zone before being controlled by the team could be picked up by a member of the receiving team. Teams will be awarded a third instant replay challenge if their first two are successful, previously, teams were only limited to two regardless of what occurred during the game. The one-bar facemask was officially outlawed, the few remaining players who still used the one-bar facemask at the time were allowed to continue to use the style until they left the league under a grandfather clause. Baltimore Ravens – Added third alternative uniforms, jacksonville Jaguars – New road uniforms. White uniforms, black numbers with gold and teal trim, New black pants with Jaguars logo on hip. New York Giants – Added third alternative uniforms, Minnesota Vikings – New FieldTurf field. Chicago Bears – Added third alternative uniforms, coaching changes Arizona Cardinals – Dennis Green replaced Dave McGinnis Atlanta Falcons – Jim Mora, Jr. Tiebreakers a Indianapolis clinched the AFC #3 seed instead of San Diego based on better head-to-head record, jets clinched the AFC #5 seed instead of Denver based on better record in common games. C St. Louis clinched the NFC #5 seed instead of Minnesota or New Orleans based on conference record. D Minnesota clinched the NFC #6 seed instead of New Orleans based on better head-to-head record, Giants finished ahead of Dallas and Washington in the NFC East based on better head-to-head record. F Dallas finished ahead of Washington in the NFC East based on better head-to-head record, within each conference, the four division winners and the two wild card teams qualified for the playoffs. The four division winners are seeded 1 through 4 based on their overall won-lost-tied record, the NFL does not use a fixed bracket playoff system, and there are no restrictions regarding teams from the same division matching up in any round
9.
2007 NFL season
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The 2007 NFL season was the 88th regular season of the National Football League. Regular-season play was held from September 6 to December 30, the New England Patriots became the first team to complete the regular season undefeated since the league expanded to a 16-game regular season in 1978. However, with all efforts being put into the London regular season game, plans for the game were postponed, on March 26,2007, the league announced the aforementioned opening Saints-Colts Kickoff Game on September 6 that would be telecast on NBC. Pre-game activities featured Indiana native John Mellencamp, Faith Hill, the entertainment portion of events started 30 minutes earlier than the scheduled start time of the game, leading up to the unveiling of the Colts Super Bowl XLI championship banner. The opening events were simulcast on NFL Network, the Dallas Cowboys hosted the New York Giants in the first Sunday night game September 9 at 8,15 p. m. Monday Night Football on ESPN kicked off with a doubleheader on September 10 with the Cincinnati Bengals hosting the Baltimore Ravens at 7,00 p. m, US EDT, and the San Francisco 49ers hosting the Arizona Cardinals at 10,15 p. m. The 49ers paid tribute to three-time Super Bowl winning head coach Bill Walsh, in October 2006, NFL club owners approved a plan to stage up to two international regular season games per season beginning in 2007 and continuing through at least 2011. In Week 9, the New England Patriots faced the Indianapolis Colts in a battle of undefeated teams, many people dubbed the game Super Bowl 41 1⁄2. The Patriots prevailed 24–20, and would finish the regular season as the leagues first 16–0 team. For the second year in a row, three games were held on the United States Thanksgiving Day. In addition to the traditional games hosted by the Detroit Lions and Cowboys, based on the NFLs scheduling formula, the intraconference and interconference matchups for 2007 were, The NFL entered its second year of flexible scheduling in the final weeks of the season. In each of the Sunday night contests from Weeks 11 through 17, NBC had the option of switching its Sunday night game for a more favorable contest, in addition to an extra week of flexible scheduling, the NFL slightly changed its flex-schedule procedure. In 2006, the league did not reveal its predetermined Sunday night game, in 2007, the league announced all predetermined matchups, with a footnote on the games subject to flex scheduling. The first flex game was the New England Patriots visiting the Buffalo Bills on November 18, additionally, the Dallas Cowboys–Washington Redskins game was switched on Fox from 1 PM kickoff to 4,15 PM. B Detroit finished in place in the NFC North over Chicago based on a head-to-head sweep over Chicago. C Carolina finished in place in the NFC South over New Orleans based on a better conference record. D Kansas City finished in place in the AFC West over Oakland based on a better record against common opponents. E Tennessee clinched the AFC No.6 seed over Cleveland based on a record against common opponents
10.
New Orleans Saints
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The New Orleans Saints are a professional American football team based in New Orleans, Louisiana. The Saints currently compete in the National Football League as a member of the leagues National Football Conference South division, the team was founded by John W. Mecom Jr. David Dixon and the city of New Orleans. The Saints began play in Tulane Stadium in 1967, the franchise was founded on November 1,1966. The teams primary colors are old gold and black, their logo is a simplified fleur-de-lis and they played their home games in Tulane Stadium through the 1974 NFL season. The following year, they moved to the new Louisiana Superdome, for most of their first 20 years, the Saints were barely competitive, only getting to.500 twice. In 1987, they finished 12–3—their first-ever winning season—and qualified for the NFL playoffs for the first time in franchise history, the next season of 1988 ended with a 10–6 record. In the year 2000, the Saints defeated the St. Louis Rams 31–28 to notch their first-ever playoff win, in 2005, Hurricane Katrina devastated New Orleans and much of the Gulf Coast region. The Superdome was used as a temporary shelter for displaced residents. The stadium suffered damage from the hurricane, and from lack of available facilities, ultimately, however, the Superdome was repaired and renovated in time for the 2006 season at an estimated cost of US$185 million. The New Orleans Saints first post-Katrina home game was an emotionally charged Monday Night Football game versus their division rival, the Atlanta Falcons. The Saints, under head coach Sean Payton and new quarterback Drew Brees, defeated the Falcons 23–3. The 2009 season was a one for the Saints. Winning a franchise-record 13 games, they qualified for Super Bowl XLIV, over the course of 49 seasons, the Saints have compiled an overall record of 331–418–5, with a regular-season record of 324–409–5 and a playoff record of 7–9. First the brainchild of local sports entrepreneur Dave Dixon, who founded the Louisiana Superdome and the USFL. Senator Russell Long, and then–NFL Commissioner Pete Rozelle, the NFL needed congressional approval of the proposed AFL–NFL merger. Dixon and a civic group had been seeking an NFL franchise for over five years and had hosted record crowds for NFL exhibition games. To seal the merger, Rozelle arrived in New Orleans within a week, and announced on November 1,1966, when the deal was reached a week earlier, Dixon strongly suggested to Rozelle that the announcement be delayed until then. Dixon told an interviewer that he cleared the name with New Orleans Archbishop Philip M. Hannan
11.
2008 NFL season
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The 2008 NFL season was the 89th regular season of the National Football League, themed with the slogan Believe in Now. Conversely, the Detroit Lions became the first NFL team with a season since the strike-shortened 1982 NFL season. For the first time since the NFL expanded to the sixteen game season in 1978, previously two teams won two or fewer games in 1979,1981,1985,1992 and 2001. In preseason games, the annual Pro Football Hall of Fame Game was played August 3 between the Indianapolis Colts and Washington Redskins, which aired on NBC. Other preseason highlights included the first game of the Toronto Series, the Bills won that game, 24–21. The games kickoff was ninety minutes earlier than years, at 7 p. m. EDT. Other featured games during the week included the NBC Sunday Night Football game between the Chicago Bears and the Indianapolis Colts, in which the Kyle Orton-led Bears upset the Colts 29–13. Also, New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady suffered a season ending injury against the Kansas City Chiefs, the 2008 season also was the third season of the use of the flexible scheduling for Sunday games starting with Week 11. This was the second season that the league played at least one regular season game outside the United States as part of its International Series. The contest between the San Diego Chargers and the New Orleans Saints was played at Wembley Stadium in London on October 26, the Chargers played at Buffalo the week beforehand on October 19 so they could immediately travel to London afterward in order to get used to the time difference. The league has also approved the Bills’ request to play at least one regular season game at Torontos Rogers Centre over each of the next five seasons. Team owner Ralph Wilson petitioned the league to play at least one game in Canada to strengthen his clubs fan base in Ontario, the game in Toronto was on December 7, after the end of the 2008 CFL season, against the Miami Dolphins, Miami won 16–3. CBS televised both games regionally, the Toronto game was carried across Canada on Rogers Sportsnet and City TV, a third game on NFL Network, featuring the Arizona Cardinals and the Philadelphia Eagles followed at 8,15 PM EST. The NFLs Pro Bowl all-star game at the end of the season was played at Aloha Stadium in the Honolulu, the league had the option under their current contract to hold the game elsewhere, including the possibility of moving it to the host site of the Super Bowl. W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, PCT = Winning Percentage, PF= Points For, PA = Points Against Playoff seeds are marked in parentheses, Giants clinched the NFC #1 seed over Carolina based on a head-to-head victory. B Miami finished ahead of New England in the AFC East based on conference record. C San Diego finished ahead of Denver in the AFC West based on a division record. D Baltimore clinched the AFC #6 seed over New England based on a conference record
12.
2013 NFL season
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The 2013 NFL season was the 94th season in the history of the National Football League. The Super Bowl was played at MetLife Stadium in East Rutherford, New Jersey on Sunday and it was the first Super Bowl hosted by New Jersey and the first to be held outdoors in a cold weather environment. The Seahawks scored 12 seconds into the game and held the lead the rest of the way, Manning also was named the Offensive Player of the Year for the second time in his career. Carolina Panthers linebacker Luke Kuechly earned Defensive Player of the Year honors, scoring reached historic levels throughout the league in 2013. As a whole the league set records for points scored, points scored per game. The Broncos set a new standard for scoring in the regular season with 606 points. In addition to the Broncos, ten teams each scored over 400 points. The regular season got underway on Thursday, September 5,2013, the regular season wrapped up on Sunday night, December 29. The playoffs began with the wild card round which took place the first weekend of January 2014, both home teams prevailed to set up just the second Super Bowl matchup of #1 seeds in the past 20 seasons. The 2013 league year began at 4 pm EST on March 12, the per-team salary cap was set at US$123,000,000. This period, which was referred to by some as the legal tampering period, a total of 524 players were eligible for some form of free agency. Eight players were assigned the franchise tag by their teams. These players were Brandon Albert, Jairus Byrd, Ryan Clady, Michael Johnson, Pat McAfee, Henry Melton, Anthony Spencer, none of these players changed teams. Smith had been the first overall selection of the 2005 NFL Draft, March 11 – Wide receiver Percy Harvin was traded by the Vikings to the Seahawks for the Seahawks 2013 first-round and seventh-round selections as well as the Seahawks third-round pick in 2014. The Seahawks subsequently signed Harvin to a 6-year, $67 million contract extension which includes $25.5 million in guaranteed money, March 11 – The 49ers acquired wide receiver Anquan Boldin from the Ravens for a sixth-round selection in the 2013 draft. Boldin, a three-time Pro Bowler and former Offensive Rookie of the Year, had refused to accept a pay cut that the Ravens had requested, April 21 – Cornerback Darrelle Revis was traded by the Jets to the Buccaneers. The Jets received the Bucs first round pick in 2013, the 13th overall selection and a conditional pick which would become the Bucs fourth-round selection in 2014. The Bucs signed Revis to a 6-year, $96 million contract, in-season September 18 – In a bit of a shocking mid-season move the Browns traded running back Trent Richardson to the Colts in exchange for the Colts first-round pick in the 2014 draft
13.
Super Bowl
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The Super Bowl is the annual championship game of the National Football League. The game is the culmination to a season that begins in the late summer of the previous calendar year. Normally, Roman numerals are used to each game, rather than the year in which it is held. For example, Super Bowl I was played on January 15,1967, the single exception to this rule is Super Bowl 50, which was played on February 7,2016, following the 2015 regular season. The next game, Super Bowl LII, scheduled for February 4,2018, the game was created as part of a merger agreement between the NFL and its then-rival league, the American Football League. It was agreed that the two champion teams would play in the AFL–NFL World Championship Game until the merger was to officially begin in 1970. After the merger, each league was redesignated as a conference, currently, the National Football Conference leads the league with 26 wins to 25 wins for the American Football Conference. The Pittsburgh Steelers have the most Super Bowl championship titles, with six, the New England Patriots have the most Super Bowl appearances, with nine. The day on which the Super Bowl is played, now considered by some as an unofficial American national holiday, is called Super Bowl Sunday and it is the second-largest day for U. S. food consumption, after Thanksgiving Day. In addition, the Super Bowl has frequently been the most-watched American television broadcast of the year, in 2015, Super Bowl XLIX became the most-watched American television program in history with an average audience of 114. The NFL restricts the use of its Super Bowl trademark, it is called the Big Game or other generic terms by non-sponsoring corporations. As a result, watching and discussing the broadcasts commercials has become a significant aspect of the event, for four decades after its 1920 inception, the NFL successfully fended off several rival leagues. However, in 1960, it encountered its most serious competitor when the American Football League was formed. The AFL vied heavily with the NFL for both players and fans, but by the middle of the decade the strain of competition led to merger talks between the two leagues. Prior to the 1966 season, the NFL and AFL reached an agreement that was to take effect for the 1970 season. As part of the merger, the champions of the two agreed to meet in a world championship game for professional American football until the merger was effected. A bowl game is a college football game. Exploiting the Rose Bowl Games popularity, post-season college football contests were created for Miami, New Orleans, and El Paso, Texas in 1935, by the time the first Super Bowl was played, the term bowl for any major American football game was well established
14.
Super Bowl XLIV
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The Saints defeated the Colts by a score of 31–17, earning their first Super Bowl win. The game was played at Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida for the time, on February 7,2010. This was the Saints first Super Bowl appearance and the fourth for the Colts franchise, the Saints entered the game with a 13–3 record for the 2009 regular season, compared to the Colts 14–2 record. In the playoff games, both placed first in their respective conferences, marking the first time since Super Bowl XXVIII that both number one seeds have reached the Super Bowl. It was also the first time both teams started out with a winning streak. The Colts responded with Joseph Addais 4-yard touchdown run to regain the lead at 17–13, the Saints then scored 18 unanswered points, including Tracy Porters 74-yard interception return for a touchdown, to clinch the victory. New Orleans quarterback Drew Brees, who completed 32 of 39 passes for 288 yards and his 32 completions tied a Super Bowl record set by Tom Brady in Super Bowl XXXVIII. The live broadcast of the game on CBS was watched by an average U. S. audience of 106.5 million viewers, the National Anthem was sung by Carrie Underwood and the halftime show featured the British rock band The Who. The league initially voted on March 23,2005, that New York City host the game, after New York state government officials declined to approve $400 million for the stadium, the NFL decided to reopen the bidding for the games site. The league reconsidered the other, unsuccessful candidates for Super Bowl XLIII, Atlanta, Houston, on October 6,2006, the league selected Miami as the host city, with the formerly-named-Joe Robbie Stadium as the venue. The Colts franchise was playing its fourth Super Bowl, all of which were played in Miami and they are the only franchise to play all of its Super Bowls in the same city and the second to play two or more Super Bowls in two different stadiums. With Tampa as the host of Super Bowl XLIII, Super Bowl XLIV also marked the time that consecutive Super Bowls have been played in the same state. Super Bowls II and III were both played at the Orange Bowl, Super Bowls XXI and XXII were both played in California, XXI at Pasadenas Rose Bowl Stadium and XXII at San Diegos Jack Murphy Stadium. Miami became the first city to host two Super Bowls designated as a National Special Security Event, in the wake of the September 11,2001 terrorist attacks, every Super Bowl since Super Bowl XXXVI has been designated as an NSSE. Super Bowl XLI was Miamis first Super Bowl designated as an NSSE, the game also changed venues from Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, Hawaii, where it had been held since 1979, to Sun Life Stadium in Miami. Fourteen players from the Super Bowl participants, seven from each team, had been selected but were unable to due to the change. The new schedule took advantage of the bye week given to the champions to rest. The NFL has indicated this may not be a permanent transition, the game has been played in Hawaii every year since 2011
15.
Pro Bowl
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The Pro Bowl is the all-star game of the National Football League. Between 2014 and 2016, the NFL experimented with an unconferenced format, the players were picked in a televised schoolyard pick prior to the game. Unlike most major leagues, which hold their all-star games roughly midway through their respective regular seasons. Between 1970 and 2009, it was held the weekend after the Super Bowl. Since 2010, the Pro Bowl has been played the weekend before the Super Bowl, Players from the two teams competing in the Super Bowl do not participate. Observers and commentators expressed their disfavor with the Pro Bowl in its current state and it draws lower TV ratings than its regular-season games, although the game draws similar ratings to other major all-star games, such as the Major League Baseball All-Star Game. However, the biggest concern of teams is to avoid injuries to the star players, the Associated Press wrote that players in the 2012 game were hitting each other as though they were having a pillow fight. Between 1980 and 2016, the game was played at Aloha Stadium in Hawaii, on June 1,2016, the NFL announced that they reached a multi-year deal to move the game to Orlando, Florida as part of the leagues ongoing efforts to make the game more relevant. For years, the game has suffered from lack of interest due to perceived low quality, the 2017 Pro Bowl will also mark a return to the AFC–NFC format. The first Pro All-Star Game, featuring the all-stars of the 1938 season, was played on January 15,1939 at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles. The NFL All-Star Game was played again in Los Angeles in 1940 and then in New York, although originally planned as an annual contest, the all-star game was discontinued after 1942 because of travel restrictions put in place during World War II. During the first five games, an all-star team would face that years league champion. The league champion won the first four games before the all-stars were victorious in the game of this early series. The concept of a game was not revived until June 1950. The game was sponsored by the Los Angeles Publishers Association and it was decided that the game would feature all-star teams from each of the leagues two conferences rather than the league champion versus all-star format which had been used previously. This was done to avoid confusion with the Chicago College All-Star Game, the teams would be led by the coach of each of the conference champions. The first 21 games of the series were played in Los Angeles, the site of the game was changed annually for each of the next seven years before the game was moved to Aloha Stadium in Halawa, Hawaii for 30 straight seasons from 1980 through 2009. With the new rule being that the teams do not include players from the teams that will be playing in the Super Bowl
16.
2006 Pro Bowl
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The 2006 Pro Bowl was the National Football Leagues all-star game for the 2005 season. The game was played on February 12,2006, at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu and it marked the 27th consecutive time that the National Football Leagues all-star game was held in Honolulu. The NFC all-stars won by the score of 23 to 17, the start of the game was interrupted by a surprise rainstorm that lasted through the first quarter, although it ended midway through the second. The AFC scored first on their drive, culminating with a 16-yard touchdown pass from Manning to Chris Chambers. After the teams traded punts, Michael Vick took over for the NFC in the quarter, and led the team to the AFC 15-yard line. Manning led the AFC right back down the field, and Shayne Grahams 31-yard field goal increased the AFCs lead, on the NFCs next drive, Champ Bailey intercepted Vick for the AFCs second turnover. However, the NFCs defense responded with another interception, this time, the NFC was forced to punt it away on their next drive, however there was some controversy on the return. Jerome Mathis was set to receive the punt deep in the AFCs zone, however, it glanced off his leg and rolled into the end zone, where the NFC recovered it, seemingly for a touchdown. However, the officials did not see the ball hit Mathis, the AFC took over on their own 20, but soon afterward the NFC defense came up with another interception. Roy Williams intercepted a Manning pass and returned it 11 yards before handing it off to the Atlanta Falcons DeAngelo Hall, Michael Vick hit tight end Alge Crumpler with a 14-yard touchdown pass with 8 seconds left in the half to tie the score at 10–10. Jake Delhomme of the Carolina Panthers took over at quarterback at the start of the third quarter, the Carolina Panthers provided the NFCs team with their coaching staff, and with the Panthers quarterback and wide receiver running the offense, the NFC moved quickly down the field. The drive stalled at midfield, and the NFC punted it away, the NFCs defense once again responded, and on the third play of the drive, Derrick Brooks returned an interception 59 yards for a touchdown that gave the NFC the lead at 17–10. After the AFC punted away their next drive, Santana Moss fumbled the ball away in AFC territory, green led the AFC down the field again, thanks in large part to a 20-yard run by his Chiefs teammate, Larry Johnson. Green tied the game at 17–17 with a quarterback sneak. Matt Hasselbeck took over for the NFC again, and led the team on a scoring drive, Steve McNair came in for a play at AFC quarterback, and promptly fumbled the ball away. After the NFC punted the ball away, McNair came back and lost another fumble, following the fumble, the AFC switched to a shotgun formation. After another Rackers field goal, the AFC took over on their own 26 with 1,10 left, McNair brought the AFC to midfield, but could not get them the touchdown they needed, and the game ended on a sack by the New York Giants Michael Strahan. Brooks was given the Most Valuable Player award, of the top ten vote-getters, all were offensive players and seven, including four of the top five, hailed from the AFC
17.
2010 Pro Bowl
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The 2010 Pro Bowl was the National Football Leagues all-star game for the 2009 season. It took place at 8,00 PM EST on Sunday, January 31,2010, at Sun Life Stadium in Miami Gardens, Florida, the television broadcasters were Mike Tirico, Ron Jaworski and Jon Gruden. The AFC won the game 41–34, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell said the move was made after looking at alternatives to strengthen the Pro Bowl. Due to the change, players from the championship teams. However, these players were required to be on site for the Pro Bowl to collect a bonus payment from the NFL. NBC sportscaster Al Michaels was skeptical of the changes, telling the Honolulu Star-Bulletin that the thinks playing it before the Super Bowl will add to the buzz, ESPN aired the game instead of CBS, which aired the 52nd Grammy Awards that evening. The game was the first Pro Bowl to be legally broadcast on internet radio. As part of a catch in the leagues broadcast contracts, the Pro Bowl has, to this point, never been broadcast on the NFLs FieldPass system due to it being broadcast exclusively by Westwood One. The NFL had negotiated internet broadcast rights with all 32 of its teams, when contracts were renegotiated in 2009, Westwood Ones broadcasts were added to FieldPass, and along with it, play-by-play of the Pro Bowl
18.
2011 Pro Bowl
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The 2011 Pro Bowl was the National Football Leagues all-star game for the 2010 season. It took place at 7,00 p. m. EST on Sunday, January 30,2011 at Aloha Stadium in Honolulu, the NFC defeated the AFC, 55–41. In 2010, the NFLs contract with Hawaiis Aloha Stadium expired, eventually, it was decided that the 2010 Pro Bowl would be played at Sun Life Stadium in Miami, Florida where Super Bowl XLIV would be held. Goodell also decided the Pro Bowl would be played before Super Bowl XLIV after looking at alternatives to strengthen the Pro Bowl
19.
BCS National Championship Game
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The participating teams were determined by averaging the results of the final weekly Coaches Poll, the Harris Poll of media, former players and coaches, and the average of six computer rankings. The methodologies of the BCS system and its selections proved to be controversial, 3-ranked team, the University of Oklahoma, over the No. 1-ranked team in that poll, the University of Southern California, the expanded format was called the Bowl Championship Series. The Bowl Alliance and its predecessor, the Bowl Coalition, featured games in the 1992–1997 seasons. However, these could not always ensure a matchup between the top two ranked teams because of the lack of participation by the Big Ten and Pac-10. The BCS National Championship Game was initially rotated among the four participating bowl games, the Rose Bowl, Orange Bowl, Fiesta Bowl, however, beginning with the 2006 season, the BCS National Championship Game was added as a separate contest, played after New Years Day. The game rotated its location among the Fiesta, Sugar, Orange, * The American Athletic Conference was known as the Big East during the 1991–2012 seasons. Because of a split between the schools and FBS schools, the conference adopted its present name for the 2013 season. * Miami and Virginia Tech moved to the ACC in 2004, * Nebraska moved to the Big Ten in 2011. ** LSUs loss in the 2012 BCS Championship Game was to fellow SEC member Alabama, *** Alabamas win in the 2012 BCS Championship Game was over fellow SEC member LSU. † USC vacated its win in the 2005 Orange Bowl, critics of the BCS National Championship argued against the internal validity of a so-called national championship being awarded to the winner of a single postseason game. The end of the 2010 season was one of the best examples of this, without any objective criteria for evaluation of the teams, the BCS forced voters to impose their own standards and tiebreakers. Critics noted that the system inherently fostered selection bias, and therefore lacked both internal validity and external validity, controversies surrounding teams inclusion in the BCS National Championship Game were numerous. In 2001, Oregon, ranked second in the AP poll, was bypassed in favor of Nebraska despite Nebraskas 62-36 blowout to Colorado in its regular season game. In 2003, USC was not included in the championship game, the following season, undefeated Auburn, Boise State, and Utah teams were left out of the national title game. In 2008, the University of Utah was excluded from the BCS championship for a time despite being the only undefeated FBS team. In 2010, three teams, Oregon, Auburn, and TCU, all finished the year with undefeated records, gee retracted his statement and apologized after TCU defeated Wisconsin in the 2011 Rose Bowl. On June 24,2009, the BCS presidential oversight committee rejected the Mountain West Conferences proposed eight-team playoff plan, in May 2011, the NCAA rejected all appeals of USCs penalties, which included Bushs ineligibility and a two-year bowl ban
20.
2002 Rose Bowl
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The 2002 Rose Bowl, played on January 3,2002, was a college football bowl game. It was the 88th Rose Bowl game and was the BCS National Championship Game of the 2001 college football season, the Hurricanes won the game, 37–14, for their fifth national title. Miami quarterback Ken Dorsey and wide receiver Andre Johnson were named the Rose Bowl Players of the Game, however, this was actually the third Rose Bowl number one versus two pairing, with the first two in the 1963 and 1969 games. Nebraska became the first team from outside the Southern United States to play in a BCS title game, in yet another controversial season for the BCS, No.4 Nebraska was chosen as a national title contender despite not having played in the Big 12 championship game. The Huskers went into their last regularly scheduled game at Colorado undefeated, the Huskers dropped from No.2 to No.6 in the wire service polls. This left Miami as the undefeated and undisputed No.1 team in the country, the BCS computers did not take into account at which point a teams loss came during the season. There were also components for strength of schedule, quality win, with this calculation, one-loss Nebraska came out ahead of two-loss Colorado and one-loss, second-ranked Oregon. Previously, Nebraska had appeared in the 1941 Rose Bowl in a 21–13 loss to Stanford and this was the first appearance for the Miami Hurricanes in the Rose Bowl. Oregon was the champion of the Pacific-10 Conference and was ranked No.2 in the AP Poll and they were selected for the 2002 Fiesta Bowl, where they faced No.3 ranked Colorado, who was No.4 in the BCS poll. The Illinois Fighting Illini, ranked No.8 in the BCS, Oregon defeated Colorado in the 2002 Fiesta Bowl. In the final AP poll, Miami was the unanimous No.1 team, the next time that the Rose Bowl hosted the BCS championship, the 2006 Rose Bowl, the USC Trojans would be a participant. As of the 2014 Rose Bowl, either a Pac-10/12 and/or Big Ten team has played in the game since the 2002 Rose Bowl, Nebraska has also joined the Big Ten, and can now play in the Rose Bowl through the Big Tens tie-in with that game. Nebraska almost made the Rose Bowl in the 2012 season, the game, which was played on a Thursday night, two days after the parade, has been remembered as a low point for the Rose Bowl. University of Michigan coach Bo Schembechler remarked, Didnt watch it, when asked what he thought of the 2002 Rose Bowl
21.
Touchdown Club of Columbus
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The Touchdown Club of Columbus was founded in Columbus, Ohio, in 1956 by Sam B. Nicola at the request of state auditor James A. Rhodes, Nicola served as the clubs president until his death in 1993. More than a later, his son Sam Nicola Jr. took over the Touchdown Club. The Touchdown Club of Columbus gives several awards to outstanding athletes. The Sammy Baugh Trophy is awarded annually to the top collegiate passer. J. 1991 – Desmond Howard, Michigan 1992 – O. J, named for Ohio State great and Hall of Famer Jim Parker. J. Henderson, Maryland 2003 – Jonathan Vilma, Miami 2004 – Derrick Johnson and it is named in honor of the only two-time Heisman Trophy winner, Archie Griffin of Ohio State. J. Not to be confused with the Joe F. Carr Trophy which was the official National Football League MVP award from 1938-46, however, both trophies are named after Carr, a former NFL commissioner. A. J. Simpson, Buffalo Bills 1974 – Ken Stabler, Oakland Raiders 1975 – O. J, Rhodes Trophy is awarded annually to the Ohio High School player of the year. This annual recognition goes to the top boxer. The Touchdown Club also gives the annual TDC Lifetime Achievement Award to a selected athlete, bert Bell Award Maxwell Football Club Washington D. C
22.
Big East Conference
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The Big East Conference is a collegiate athletic conference that competes in NCAA Division I in all sports except football, which is not sponsored. The conference has officially recognized as a Division I multi-sport conference. Butler University, Creighton University, and Xavier University also joined the conference on its July 1,2013 launch date. The football-playing members of the old Big East, along several other schools, formed the American Athletic Conference. However, both conferences claim 1979 as their founding date, as part of the separation agreement, the basketball schools were able to retain the basketball records while the football schools retained the football records respectively. Val Ackerman, former WNBA president, has been commissioner since June 26,2013, on the same day Ackerman was named as commissioner, it announced that it will be headquartered in New York City. None of the schools sponsor varsity football in the top-level Division I FBS. Georgetown, Villanova, and Butler do operate football programs in the second-level Division I FCS, the core of the Big East formed when Providence, St. Johns, Georgetown, and Syracuse invited Seton Hall, Connecticut, Holy Cross, Rutgers, and Boston College. Holy Cross turned down the invitation, as did Rutgers initially, while BC, Seton Hall, gavitt became the Big Easts first commissioner, and Villanova and Pittsburgh joined the conference shortly thereafter. PR firm Duffy & Shanley is credited with the branding and naming work for the conference. The conference remained largely unchanged until 1991, when it began to sponsor football, adding Miami as a member, and Rutgers, Temple, Virginia Tech. Rutgers and West Virginia upgraded to full Big East membership in 1995, Notre Dame also joined as a non-football member effective in 1995. Temple football was kicked out after the 2004 season, but rejoined in 2012, the unusual structure of the Big East, with the football and non-football schools, led to instability in the conference. The conference reorganized following the period of realignment that hobbled the Big East between 2010 and 2013. The Big East was one of the most severely impacted conferences during the most recent conference realignment period, in all,14 member schools announced their departure for other conferences, and 15 other schools announced plans to join the conference. Three of the group later backed out of their plans to join. On March 14,2013, it was reported that the Big East would be adding members in the seven to ten days. At a news conference in New York City on March 20,2013, the league was formally introduced with Butler, Xavier
23.
Tackle (football move)
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Most forms of football have a move known as a tackle. The primary and important purposes of tackling are to dispossess an opponent of the ball, the word is used in some contact variations of football to describe the act of physically holding or wrestling a player to the ground. In others, it simply one or more methods of contesting for possession of the ball. It can therefore be used as both a defensive or attacking move, in Middle Dutch, the verb tacken meant to grab or to handle. By the 18th century, a use was applied to harnesses or equipment used with horses. Modern use in football comes from the sport of rugby. In any such case, the ball becomes dead, the down is over, a tackle is known as a quarterback sack when the quarterback is tackled behind the line of scrimmage while attempting to throw a pass. A tackle for loss indicates a tackle that causes a loss of yardage for the running back or wide receiver. When a player who does not have the ball is taken down it is referred to as a block. Tackles can also be made by grabbing the ball carriers jersey, as mentioned above, the referee can declare that a play is dead if the ball carriers forward progress has been stopped, even if he has not actually been taken to the ground. To protect players from potentially catastrophic injury, there are restrictions on tackles. At no time may a defensive player tackle a player by grabbing the facemask of their helmet, doing so incurs a 15-yard penalty. A similar penalty is assessed to any player attempting to contact with his helmet against another opponents helmet. Grabbing a ball carrier by the pads behind his neck and pulling him down is known as a horse collar, a method which has been made illegal at all levels of American football. However, in the NFL a player can continue forward for one step, place kickers and punters are afforded an even greater protection from being tackled. Once the play is ruled complete, no contact is permitted, a player who makes contact with an opponent after the play is charged with unnecessary roughness and his team is assessed a 15-yard penalty. However, a player who plays on the line can block below the knees as long the block is five yards of the line. In the National Football League, tackles are tracked as a statistic by a scorekeeper hired by the home team
24.
Quarterback sack
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A quarterback that is pressured but avoids a sack can still be adversely affected by being forced to hurry. In the National Football League, it is possible to record a sack for zero yards, the QB must pass the statistical line of scrimmage to avoid the sack. A sack is also credited when a defender causes the quarterback to fumble the ball at or behind the line of scrimmage, to be considered a sack the quarterback must intend to throw a forward pass. If the play is designed for the quarterback to rush the ball, if the quarterbacks intent is not obvious, statisticians use certain criteria, such as the offensive line blocking scheme, to decide. Unique situations where a loss reduces a quarterbacks rushing total are kneel downs, a player will receive credit for half of a sack when multiple players contribute to the sacking of a quarterback, even if more than two players contributed. In the NFL yards lost on the play are added as negative yardage to the teams passing totals, however, NCAA continues to subtract sack yardage from individual rushing totals. The term sack was first popularized by Hall of Fame defensive end Deacon Jones in the 1960s, according to former NFL coach Marv Levy, it was Washington Redskins coach George Allen who actually coined the term when referring to Dallas Cowboys quarterback Craig Morton. Allen purportedly stated before a game, Before we play those Dallas Cowboys, we’re going to take that Morton salt, prior to sack, the term dump was often used, and the NFLs statistical office recorded all sacks under dumping the passer. The NFL only began to track of times passers lost yardage in 1961. Researcher John Turney of the Pro Football Researchers Association estimated that Jones recorded 173 1⁄2 sacks in his career, of all forms of defensive pressure against the oppositions passer, sacks provide the most immediate impact by ending the offensive play. However, quarterbacks sometimes avoid a sack by throwing a pass or risking an interception. According to Football Outsiders, a quarterback hurry is the most common form of pass pressure. In the 2009 NFL season, there were 1,106 sacks and 3,268 hurries,30,2007 NFL Game More Sacks Taken than Yards Passing, Five sacks and four yards passing by Colin Kaepernick on Dec.4,2016. NFL Super Bowl Most sacks, single game, 3*** Reggie White – Green Bay vs, new England, XXXI Darnell Dockett – Arizona vs. Pittsburgh, XLIII Kony Ealy – Carolina vs. Denver,50 Grady Jarrett – Atlanta vs. New England, LI NFL Super Bowl Most sacks, career,4, however, as sacks were not officially recorded by the NFL at that point, Michael Strahan is attributed the single season record. **Al Bubba Baker had 23 sacks in his rookie 1978 season, however, as sacks were not officially recorded by the NFL at that point, Jevon Kearse is attributed the single season rookie record. Since 1982, when the NFL first began keeping track of sacks, only 31 players have managed to reach the 100 sack milestone
25.
Interception
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In American or Canadian football, an interception occurs when a forward pass is caught by a player of the opposing team. This leads to a change of possession during the play. Following the stoppage of play, if the interceptor retained possession of the ball, interceptions are predominantly made by the secondary or the linebackers, who are usually closest to the quarterbacks intended targets, the wide receivers, running backs, and tight ends. Less frequently, a defensive lineman may get an interception from a ball, a near sack, a shovel pass, or a screen pass. For example, on December 4,2016, the Kansas City Chiefs strong safety Eric Berry scored the winning points via a pick two in a 29-28 victory over the Atlanta Falcons. Berry also achieved an ordinary pick six earlier in the same game, if the intercepting team can run out the clock, the intercepting player may down the ball immediately and not attempt to gain any yardage. This eliminates the chance of a fumble that could be recovered by the other team, there are also player safety implications, when the ball is turned over, the play is now suddenly and unexpectedly moving in the opposite direction. All of the players on offense are instantly susceptible to unexpected blocks, even if not attempting to stop the ball carrier, additionally, offensive players, particularly the quarterback, are often inexperienced tacklers and are at risk of injuring themselves while tackling the ball carrier. Only the interception of a pass is recorded statistically as an interception. The interception of a pass is recorded as a fumble by the passer. Lester Hayes of the Oakland Raiders was one of the National Football Leagues leaders at interceptions in the late 1970s and he was known for covering his chest, shoulders and forearms with a copious amount of the adhesive Stickum to help him hold on to the ball. He continued to use the substance, which he called pick juice, paul Krause holds the record for most career interceptions, with 81, and is tied for third place for most interceptions by an NFL rookie in his first season, with 12. He played his first three years in the NFL from 1964 to 1967 with the Washington Redskins but was traded to the Minnesota Vikings, Krause played until 1979 and appeared in four Super Bowls with the Vikings. He was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1998, Rod Woodson played 16 seasons with Pittsburgh, San Francisco, Baltimore, and Oakland, and holds the NFL record for most interception returns for touchdown in an NFL career with 12. Also, he holds the NFL record for most total defensive TD returns in a career with 13, Woodson, who is third on the NFL all-time career interception list with 71, was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 2009. Sharper holds the NFL record for return yardage in a single season with 376 yards in 2009. He is also tied with Rod Woodson for most total defensive TD returns career with 13, charles Woodson, formerly with the Green Bay Packers and Oakland Raiders has 65 career interceptions and tied Rod Woodson for most defensive touchdowns with 13. Woodson and Sharper are tied for all time in interceptions returned for touchdowns with 11
26.
Fumble
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A fumble in American and Canadian football occurs when a player who has possession and control of the ball loses it before being downed or scoring. By rule, it is any act other than passing, kicking, punting, a fumble may be forced by a defensive player who either grabs or punches the ball or butts the ball with his helmet. A fumbled ball may be recovered and advanced by either team and it is one of three events that can cause a turnover, where possession of the ball can change during play. Under American rules a fumble may be confused with a muff, a muff occurs where a player drops a ball that he does not have possession of, such as while attempting to catch a lateral pass or improperly fielding a kicking play such as a punt. Ball security is the ability of a player to control over the football during play. If the ball is fumbled the defensive team may recover the ball, the same is true for the offense, but usually when the offense recovers the ball it simply tries to down it. In American football the offense cannot advance the ball if it recovers its own fumble on fourth down, in American football, there is no separate signal to indicate a fumble recovery. If the offense recovers its own fumble, the official will indicate the recovery by a signal showing the next down. If the defense recovers the fumble, the official will indicate with a first down signal in the direction the team is driving the ball. Some officials have used a first down signal when the offense recovers its own fumble. This is not the thing as when a forward pass is attempted and is not caught. In this latter case, it is simply an incomplete pass, however, if the receiver catches the ball, but then drops it after gaining control of the ball, that is considered a fumble. Any number of fumbles can be committed during a play, including fumbles by the team originally on defense, Most famously, Dallas Cowboys defender Leon Lett fumbled during Super Bowl XXVII while celebrating during his own fumble return. A sometimes controversial rule is referred to as the ground cannot cause a fumble. If a player is tackled and loses control of the ball at or after the time he makes contact with the ground, the player is treated as down and the ball is not in play. However, in the NFL and CFL, if a ball carrier falls without an opponent contacting him and this is because in those leagues the ball carrier is not down unless an opponent first makes contact, or the runner is out of bounds. If a player fumbles in most other leagues, as soon as the knee or elbow touches the ground and it is also possible for the ground to cause a fumble in college football if the ball hits the ground before any part of the ball carriers body touches the ground. An example was the fumble by Arkansas quarterback Clint Stoerner vs. Tennessee in 1998, the effects of fumbles vary when the ball goes out of bounds without being recovered, A fumble going out-of-bounds between the end zones is retained by the last team with possession
27.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie
28.
ESPN
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ESPN is a U. S. -based global cable and satellite sports television channel owned by ESPN Inc. a joint venture between The Walt Disney Company and the Hearst Corporation. ESPN broadcasts primarily from studio facilities located in Bristol, Connecticut, the network also operates offices in Miami, New York City, Seattle, Charlotte, and Los Angeles. John Skipper currently serves as president of ESPN, a position he has held since January 1,2012, as of February 2015, ESPN is available to approximately 94,396,000 paid television households in the United States. In 2011, ESPNs history and rise was chronicled by These Guys Have All the Fun, Bill Rasmussen conceived the concept of ESPN in late May 1978, after he was fired from his job with the World Hockey Associations New England Whalers. One of the first steps in Bill and his son Scotts process was finding land to build the channels broadcasting facilities, the Rasmussens first rented office space in Plainville, Connecticut. However, the plan to base ESPN there was put on hold because a local ordinance prohibiting buildings from bearing rooftop satellite dishes and this helped the credibility of the fledgling company, however there were still many doubters to the viability of their sports channel concept. ESPN launched on September 7,1979, beginning with the first telecast of what would become the flagship program. Taped in front of a live audience inside the Bristol studios. ESPNs next big break came when the acquired the rights to broadcast coverage of the early rounds of the NCAA Mens Division I Basketball Tournament. It first aired the NCAA tournament in March 1980, creating the modern day television event known as March Madness. The channels tournament coverage also launched the career of Dick Vitale. In April of that year, ESPN created another made-for-TV spectacle, the next major stepping stone for ESPN came over the course of a couple of months in 1984. During this time period, the American Broadcasting Company purchased 100% of ESPN from the Rasmussens, for years, the NFL, NBA and Major League Baseball refused to consider cable as a means of broadcasting some of their games. However, with the backing of ABC, ESPNs ability to compete for major sports contracts greatly increased, later in 1984, the U. S. ESPNs Sunday Night Football games would become the highest-rated NFL telecasts for the next 17 years. In 1992, ESPN launched ESPN Radio, a sports talk radio network providing analysis. It became the fastest growing cable channel in the U. S. during the 1990s, ownership of ABC, and in effect control of ESPN, was acquired first by Capital Cities Communications in 1985, and then by The Walt Disney Company in 1996. In 2012, ESPN generated more revenue for Disney than any of its other properties combined, alongside its live sports broadcasts, ESPN also airs a variety of sports highlight, talk, and documentary-styled shows. 30 for 30 started airing in 2009 and continues airing to this day, each episode is through the eyes of a well known filmmaker and has featured some of the biggest directors in Hollywood
29.
College football
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It was through college football play that American football rules first gained popularity in the United States. No minor league farm organizations exist in American football and it is in college football where a players performance directly impacts his chances of playing professional football. The best collegiate players will declare for the professional draft after 3 to 4 years of collegiate competition. Those not selected can still attempt to land an NFL roster spot as a free agent. Even after the emergence of the professional National Football League, college football remained extremely popular throughout the U. S, in many cases, college stadiums employ bench-style seating, as opposed to individual seats with backs and arm rests. This allows them to more fans in a given amount of space than the typical professional stadium. College athletes, unlike players in the NFL, are not permitted by the NCAA to be paid salaries, colleges are only allowed to provide non-monetary compensation such as athletic scholarships that provide for tuition, housing, and books. Modern North American football has its origins in various games, all known as football, by the 1840s, students at Rugby School were playing a game in which players were able to pick up the ball and run with it, a sport later known as Rugby football. The game was taken to Canada by British soldiers stationed there and was soon being played at Canadian colleges, the first documented gridiron football match was a game played at University College, a college of the University of Toronto, November 9,1861. One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was William Mulock, a football club was formed at the university soon afterward, although its rules of play at this stage are unclear. In 1864, at Trinity College, also a college of the University of Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, modern Canadian football is widely regarded as having originated with a game played in Montreal, in 1865, when British Army officers played local civilians. The game gradually gained a following, and the Montreal Football Club was formed in 1868, early games appear to have had much in common with the traditional mob football played in England. The games remained largely unorganized until the 19th century, when games of football began to be played on college campuses. Each school played its own variety of football, Princeton University students played a game called ballown as early as 1820. A Harvard tradition known as Bloody Monday began in 1827, which consisted of a mass ballgame between the freshman and sophomore classes, in 1860, both the town police and the college authorities agreed the Bloody Monday had to go. The Harvard students responded by going into mourning for a figure called Football Fightum. The authorities held firm and it was a dozen years before football was again played at Harvard. Dartmouth played its own version called Old division football, the rules of which were first published in 1871, all of these games, and others, shared certain commonalities
30.
University of Miami
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The University of Miami is a private, nonsectarian research university in Coral Gables, Florida, United States. As of 2015, the university enrolls 16,848 students in 12 separate colleges/schools, the university offers 116 undergraduate,105 masters, and 63 doctoral degree programs, of which 59 are research/scholarship and four professional areas of study. Over the years, the students have represented all 50 states. With more than 14,000 full and part-time faculty and staff, uM’s main campus in Coral Gables has 239 acres and over 5.7 million square feet of buildings. In the 2017 U. S. News and World Report study of colleges and universities, Research is a component of each academic division, with UM attracting $346.6 million per year in sponsored research grants. UM offers a library system with over 3.1 million volumes and exceptional holdings in Cuban heritage. UM also offers a range of student activities, including fraternities and sororities. UMs intercollegiate athletic teams, collectively known as the Miami Hurricanes, UMs football team has won five national championships since 1983 and its baseball team has won four national championships since 1982. They believed that a university would benefit their community. They were overly optimistic about future financial support for UM because the South Florida land boom was at its peak, the university began in earnest in 1925 when George E. Merrick, the founder of Coral Gables, gave 160 acres and nearly $5 million, to the effort. These contributions were land contracts and mortgages on real estate that had sold in the city. The university was chartered on April 18,1925 by the Circuit Court for Dade County. By the fall of 1926, when the first class of 372 students enrolled at UM, the boom had collapsed. For the next 15 years the university barely remained solvent, the construction of the first building on campus, now known as the Merrick Building, was left half built for over two decades due to economic difficulties. In the meantime, classes were held at the nearby Anastasia Hotel, with partitions separating classrooms, in 1929, Walsh and the other members of the Board of Regents resigned in the wake of the collapse of the Florida economy. UMs plight was so severe that students went door to door in Coral Gables collecting funds to keep it open, a reconstituted ten-member Board was chaired by UMs first president Bowman Foster Ashe. The new board included Merrick, Theodore Dickinson, E. B, douglas, David Fairchild, James H. Gilman, Richardson Saunders, Frank B. Shutts, Joseph H. Adams, and J. C, in 1930, several faculty members and more than 60 students came to UM when the University of Havana closed due to political unrest
31.
Haitian Americans
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Haitian Americans are Americans of Haitian descent. The largest proportion of Haitians in the United States live in the South Florida area and especially the cities of Tampa and Orlando. In addition, they have settled in major East Coast cities such as New York City, Boston, Philadelphia, most are immigrants or their descendants from late 20th-century migrations to the United States. In 2009 the US Census estimated that 830,000 Haitian Americans live in the U. S. During the early 1960s and the 1970s, many Haitians emigrated to the U. S. to escape the conditions during the dictatorships of François Papa Doc. Political unrest, economic strains, and natural disasters have supplied additional reasons for people to emigrate, during the 18th century, the French colony of Saint-Domingue was the richest in the Caribbean, due to its massive production of sugar cane. This wealth was concentrated in the hands of a minority of mostly French and European planters, who used slave labor from Sub-Saharan Africa to cultivate, harvest. Beginning in 1791, slaves revolted against their masters, fought against invading forces, the rebellion proved disruptive to the countrys economy, however. Many wealthy colonists left, both white and free people of color, the freedmen wanted to cultivate their own plots rather than work on plantations. Though France and the Spanish-speaking Caribbean were other destinations for many immigrants. Haitians sought political asylum or permanent resident status in many such as the United States, Mexico, Puerto Rico, France, Dominican Republic. Between 1977 and 1981,60,000 Haitians landed in South Florida, in the late 20th century, there was a significant brain drain from Haiti as thousands of doctors, teachers, social workers and entrepreneurs moved to New York City and Miami. Other Haitians worked in restaurants and music stores, in 1986,40,000 Haitians who came to the United States seeking political asylum achieved permanent resident status. In 1991, there was wave of Haitian boat people. But the administration of President Bill Clinton tried to discourage Haitian immigration, people were either detained and/or sent back to Haiti. Still, between 1995 and 1998,50,000 Haitians obtained temporary legal status, political strife, marked with corruption, and intimidation led to many Haitians leaving the island for an opportunity of a better life. In addition, most of the migrants were from the poor masses, suffering from less education, many have had difficulty flourishing in the United States. Waves of Haitians made it to the shores of Florida seeking asylum, most of the foreign-born Haitians arrived during the 1970s
32.
Frank Gore
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Franklin Delano Gore is an American football running back for the Indianapolis Colts of the National Football League. He played college football for the University of Miami, and was drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the round of the 2005 NFL Draft. He is the 49ers all-time leading rushing yards and rushing touchdowns leader, in 2011, the 49ers won the NFC West division and reached the NFC championship game. In 2012, Gore helped lead the 49ers to Super Bowl XLVII, in 2011, Gore became the 49ers career rushing yards leader and in 2012, he became the 49ers rushing touchdowns leader. In 2014, Gore became the 29th player to have rushed for over 10,000 yards, Gore is one of only three players to have nine consecutive seasons with 200 or more carries, while also maintaining an average of four yards per carry or better. The other two players to accomplish this are Hall of Famers Jim Brown and Barry Sanders, Gore was born in Miami, Florida. He grew up in Coconut Grove, Florida, and attended Coral Gables High School and he had two notable record-breaking games. Against Miami Northwestern High School, he had a career high 293 yards. In the next game, he broke that record with 319 yards, during his senior year in 2000, Gore broke several Dade County single-season records, including rushing yards and touchdowns. Heavily recruited, he was named the No.1 prospect in Dade County by The Miami Herald, No.4 in Florida, to remain close to home, Gore eventually chose to attend the University of Miami. Gore had a scholarship to attend the University of Miami, Gore has the third-best season total in school history by a freshman and was named Sporting News Big East Freshman of the Year. He suffered a anterior cruciate ligament in his left knee before spring practice in 2002. Before his injury that year, Gore beat out Willis McGahee in the spring of 2002 for the role as the Hurricanes starting running back, Gore returned in 2003 and rushed for 100 yards in each of his first five games of the season. He also returned for his year in 2004, when his cousin. He then ran for nearly 1,000 yards during the season, in 28 total games with the Hurricanes, Gore rushed 380 times for 1,975 yards and seventeen touchdowns. His 1,975 yards rank seventh on the schools career-record list and he also caught 25 passes for 985 yards, returned two kickoffs for 48 yards and recorded five tackles on special teams. Gore was selected 65th overall in the round of the 2005 NFL Draft by the San Francisco 49ers. Gore played in 14 games, starting one and he was inactive for two contests with a groin injury
33.
Butch Davis
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Paul Hilton Butch Davis, Jr. is an American football coach. He is the football coach at Florida International University. He was head coach of the University of Miamis Hurricanes football team from 1995 to 2000 and he was hired by the NFLs Tampa Bay Buccaneers as an adviser in February 2012. Davis was born on November 17,1951 in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, to Paul and he attended high school at Bixby High School in Bixby, Oklahoma where he was an all-state fullback and defensive end for the Spartans football team and graduated in 1970. After graduation, he attended the University of Arkansas and played end for the Razorbacks. Due to an injury, Davis was sidelined after his freshman year. He held his first head coaching job at Will Rogers High School in 1978, during that time, the 1987 Miami Hurricanes football team won the NCAA Division I-A national football championship. Davis followed Jimmy Johnson to Dallas, where Davis was promoted to coordinator of the Dallas Cowboys in 1993 after the departure of Dave Wannstedt. After Johnson left, Davis continued at Dallas for one year as assistant coach under Barry Switzer. Davis was hired as the football coach at the University of Miami in January 1995. Not long after Davis arrival, the Hurricanes were found to have committed violations of NCAA rules during the tenure of his predecessor. As a result, the Hurricanes were barred from play in his first year. Davis earned a 51–20 record during his tenure as head coach, during Davis final year as head coach, the Hurricanes finished 11–1, their best season since coming up one win short of the 1992 national championship. Despite finishing second in both polls, a quirk in the Bowl Championship Series formula resulted in the Hurricanes being shut out of that years national championship game. The Hurricanes were passed over in favor of the Florida State Seminoles, the Seminoles ultimately lost the Orange Bowl to the Oklahoma Sooners 13-2. The snub ultimately led the BCS to add a quality win bonus to its formula, the Hurricanes earned recognition from the American Football Coaches Association for outstanding graduation rates in each of his six seasons at Miami. Davis became head coach of the Cleveland Browns in 2001 and led the team to a 7–9 record in his first year, missing the playoffs by a game. The Browns posted a 9–7 record and got a berth in Davis second year
34.
D. J. Williams (linebacker)
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Genos Derwin “D. J. ” Williams, Jr. more commonly known as D. J. Williams, is a former American football linebacker who played in the National Football League and he played college football at the University of Miami. He was drafted by the Denver Broncos in the first round of the 2004 NFL Draft and he also played for the Chicago Bears. Williams, born and raised in Sacramento, California, lived with family in the Bay Area during high school, Williams did this in order to play high school football at Concord, Californias De La Salle High School. He earned USA Today Defensive Player of the Year honors as a senior and was regarded as the top defensive player nationally and he compiled 130 tackles and rushed for 1,974 yards, six sacks, five forced fumbles, three fumbles recoveries. On offense, he broke the record for touchdowns in a season with 42. Williams started his career at the University of Miami at fullback due to a logjam at the linebacker position. Although he was used sparingly in his year, he recorded 18 career rushes for 142 yards with two touchdowns while catching 12 passes for 153 yards over his career. Williams switched back to his favored position in 2001 and was quiet. He compiled 51 tackles, and one forced fumble in the Rose Bowl against Nebraska. In 2002, he was one of 11 semi-finalists for the Butkus Award along with teammate Jonathan Vilma and he registered 108 tackles to rank second on the team, notched four sacks, forced two fumbles, and broke up eight passes. In his final year at Miami he blossomed into one of the best players in the country and he also a named third-team All-American by the Associated Press and a first-team All-Big East Conference choice. Williams finished second on the team with 82 tackles and tie for the team-lead with six sacks, forced a fumble and his highlight of the season was a 61-yard run for a touchdown off a fake punt. Williams was selected by the Denver Broncos in the first round of the 2004 NFL Draft, Williams emerged as one of the leagues top linebackers. In his rookie year, he started 14 of 16 games and he also recorded two sacks, one interception and one forced fumble. Although an early candidate for Defensive Rookie of the Year, the award went to then-New York Jets linebacker Jonathan Vilma, Williams was moved from his weak-side linebacker position to strong-side linebacker following the Broncos signing of Ian Gold. He finished with 55 tackles while adding three pass deflections and one forced fumble, Williams also contributed two tackles and a forced fumble on special teams. He pleaded guilty in September 2005 to driving drunk and was ordered to perform 24 hours of community service, in the 2006 season, he amassed 76 tackles, a sack, one forced fumble, two pass deflections
35.
Bachelor's degree
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A bachelors degree or baccalaureate is an undergraduate academic degree awarded by colleges and universities upon completion of a course of study lasting three to seven years. In some institutions and educational systems, some bachelors degrees can only be taken as graduate or postgraduate degrees after a first degree has been completed. The term bachelor in the 12th century referred to a knight bachelor, by the end of the 13th century, it was also used by junior members of guilds or universities. By folk etymology or wordplay, the word came to be associated with bacca lauri in reference to laurels being awarded for academic success or honours. An honours degree generally requires an academic standard than a pass degree. In most African countries, the university systems follow the model of their former colonizing power, for example, the Nigerian university system is similar to the British system, while the Ivorian system is akin to the French. The degree is typically identical to the program of Frances universities, bachelors degree programs cover most of the fields in Algerian universities, except some fields, such as Medicine and Pharmaceutical Science. Bachelors degrees at the University of Botswana normally take four years, the system draws on both British and American models. Degrees are classified as First Class, Second Class Division One, Second Class Division Two and Third as in English degrees, but without being described as honours. The main degrees are named by British tradition, but in recent years there have been a numbers of degrees named after specific subjects, such as Bachelor of Library, in Morocco, a bachelors degree is referred to as al-ʾijāzah. The course of study takes three years, which are divided into two cycles. The first cycle comprises the first, or propaedeutic, year, after successfully completing their first two years, students can pursue either theoretical specialization or professional specialization. The second cycle is one long, after whose completion students receive the licence détudes fondamentales or the licence professionnelle. This academic degree system was introduced in September 2003, University admission is extremely competitive, with attendant advantages and disadvantages. Nonetheless, it takes four to five years to complete a bachelors degree, in cases of poor performance, the time limit is double the standard amount of time. For example, one may not study for more than 10 years for a five-year course, students are normally asked to leave if they must take longer. B. Arch. and other specialized undergraduate degrees, such as B. Eng, Science undergraduate degrees may require six months or a semester dedicated to SIWES but it is usually mandatory for all engineering degrees. A semester for project work/thesis is required, not excluding course work, the classifications of degrees, first-class, second-class, third-class and a pass
36.
Associated Press
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The Associated Press is an American multinational nonprofit news agency headquartered in New York City that operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association. The AP is owned by its contributing newspapers and radio and television stations in the United States, all of which stories to the AP. Most of the AP staff are members and are represented by the Newspaper Guild, which operates under the Communications Workers of America. As of 2007, news collected by the AP was published and republished by more than 1,700 newspapers, in addition to more than 5,000 television, the photograph library of the AP consists of over 10 million images. The AP operates 243 news bureaus in 120 countries and it also operates the AP Radio Network, which provides newscasts twice hourly for broadcast and satellite radio and television stations. Many newspapers and broadcasters outside the United States are AP subscribers, as part of their cooperative agreement with the AP, most member news organizations grant automatic permission for the AP to distribute their local news reports. The AP employs the inverted pyramid formula for writing that enables the news outlets to edit a story to fit its available publication area without losing the storys essentials. Cutbacks at rival United Press International in 1993 left the AP as the United States primary news service, although UPI still produces and distributes stories and photos daily. Other English-language news services, such as the BBC, Reuters, some historians believe that the Tribune joined at this time, documents show it was a member in 1849. The New York Times became a member shortly after its founding in September 1851, initially known as the New York Associated Press, the organization faced competition from the Western Associated Press, which criticized its monopolistic news gathering and price setting practices. The revelations led to the demise of the NYAP and in December 1892, when the AP was founded, news became a salable commodity. The invention of the press allowed the New York Tribune in the 1870s to print 18,000 papers per hour. During the Civil War and Spanish–American War, there was a new incentive to print vivid, Melville Stone, who had founded the Chicago Daily News in 1875, served as AP General Manager from 1893 to 1921. He embraced the standards of accuracy, impartiality, and integrity, the cooperative grew rapidly under the leadership of Kent Cooper, who built up bureau staff in South America, Europe and, the Middle East. He introduced the telegraph typewriter or teletypewriter into newsrooms in 1914, in 1935, AP launched the Wirephoto network, which allowed transmission of news photographs over leased private telephone lines on the day they were taken. This gave AP a major advantage over other media outlets. While the first network was only between New York, Chicago, and San Francisco, eventually AP had its network across the whole United States, in 1945, the Supreme Court of the United States held in Associated Press v. The decision facilitated the growth of its main rival United Press International, AP entered the broadcast field in 1941 when it began distributing news to radio stations, it created its own radio network in 1974
37.
Zach Thomas
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Zachary Michael Thomas is a former American college and professional football player who was a middle linebacker in the National Football League for thirteen seasons. He played college football for Texas Tech University, and was recognized as a unanimous All-American and he was drafted by the Miami Dolphins in the fifth round of the 1996 NFL Draft, and played for the Dolphins his first twelve seasons in the NFL. He was selected to the Pro Bowl seven times and recorded 1,100 tackles, Thomas was born in Pampa, Texas. He attended White Deer Schools in White Deer, Texas until he was a sophomore then transferred to Pampa High School in his junior year and he was a standout high school football player and was named a first-team all-state selection as a senior. Thomas attended Texas Tech University, where he was a starter at linebacker for the Texas Tech Red Raiders football team. As a junior in 1994, he was a first-team All-American, as a senior in 1995, he was a unanimous first-team All-American, the Southwest Conference Defensive Player of the Year, and a finalist for the Butkus Award. Thomas is one of 5 Red Raiders to be named a Unanimous All-American along with Mark Bounds, Byron Hanspard, Michael Crabtree and he recorded 390 tackles, including a career-high 131 tackles and a school-record 20 tackles against Missouri in his senior season. Thomas and his brother Bart were the pair of brothers to be named first-team All-Southwest Conference selections in the same year. Thomas was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 2015, on July 3,1996, Thomas agreed to a three-year $577,000 deal with Miami. He was a Pro Bowl alternate and an All-Rookie selection in 1996, in 1997 Thomas totaled 128 tackles while playing and starting 15 games. In 1998 Thomas made All-Pro for the first time, making 133 tackles, a sack, on February 13,1999, Thomas signed a five-year, $22.5 million contract to remain with the Dolphins. Thomass $6.5 million in salary and bonus made him the Dolphins highest paid player, in 1999 Thomas had 133 tackles and was All-Pro for the second straight season. The following year he had 99 tackles due to missing 5 games, in 2001 he had 155 tackles,3 sacks,2 interceptions 2 forced fumbles and defensed four passes and was a First-team All-Pro for the third time. His numbers were similar in 2002 as he made All-Pro for the time in five seasons. Thomas signed a five-year, $33.75 million contract extension with the Miami Dolphins on March 27,2003, Thomas was entering the last year of the five-year, $22.5 million contract he signed prior to the 1999 season. Thomas responded with 153 tackles and 3 interceptions and his fifth All-Pro selection in six years and he has also been selected First- and Second-Team All-Pro seven times. Thomass tenure with the Dolphins ended on February 14,2008, on February 23,2008, after contract offers from the New Orleans Saints and New England Patriots, Thomas decided to sign in principle with the Dallas Cowboys to a one-year, $3 million contract. The deal included a $1 million base salary, a $1 million signing bonus, an unrestricted free agent in the 2009 offseason, Thomas agreed to terms with the Kansas City Chiefs on April 11,2009
38.
Cincinnati Bengals
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The Cincinnati Bengals are a professional American football franchise based in Cincinnati, Ohio. The Bengals currently compete in the National Football League as a club of the leagues American Football Conference North division. Their home stadium is Paul Brown Stadium in downtown Cincinnati and their current head coach is Marvin Lewis, who has held the position since 2003 and is currently the second-longest tenured head coach in the NFL, behind the New England Patriots Bill Belichick. Their chief rivals are the Pittsburgh Steelers, Cleveland Browns, the Bengals were founded in 1966 as a member of the American Football League by former Cleveland Browns head coach Paul Brown. Brown was the Bengals head coach from their inception to 1975, after being dismissed as the Browns head coach by Art Modell in January 1963, Brown had shown interest in establishing another NFL franchise in Ohio and looked at both Cincinnati and Columbus. Due to the merger of the AFL and the NFL. The Bengals, like the other former AFL teams, were assigned to the AFC following the merger, Cincinnati was also selected because, like their neighbors the Reds, they could draw from several large neighboring cities that are all no more than 110 miles away from downtown Cincinnati. The Bengals won the AFC championship in 1981 and 1988, but lost Super Bowls XVI, after Paul Browns death in 1991, controlling interest in the team was inherited by his son, Mike Brown. In 2011, Brown purchased shares of the owned by the estate of co-founder Austin Knowlton and is now the majority owner of the Bengals franchise. The 1990s and the 2000s were a period of great struggle, following the 1990 season, the team went fourteen years without posting a winning record nor making the playoffs. The Bengals had several head coaches and several of their top draft picks did not pan out, Mike Brown, the teams de facto general manager, was rated as among the worst team owners in American professional sports. Since the mid-2000s, the teams fortunes have improved, two years after becoming head coach, Lewis guided the Bengals to their first winning season and first division title in over a decade. After the acquisition of Andy Dalton as quarterback in 2011, the Bengals had made the playoffs each season until 2016, the Bengals drafts are also highly touted, leading to a consistency that had long escaped the franchise. However, the team has remained unable to win in the postseason and have not won a game since 1990. The Bengals are one of the 13 NFL teams to not have won a Super Bowl as of the 2016 season, the franchise takes its name from an earlier Cincinnati Bengals team, which played from 1937–1941. It also was a nod to Paul Browns Massillon, Ohio, in 1967, an ownership group led by Paul Brown was granted a franchise in the American Football League. Brown named the team the Bengals in order to give it a link with past professional football in Cincinnati, another Bengals team had existed in the city and played in three previous American Football Leagues from 1937 to 1942. The citys world-renowned zoo was home to a rare white Bengal tiger
39.
2008 NFL Draft
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The 2008 NFL Draft took place at Radio City Music Hall in New York City, New York, on April 26 and April 27,2008. For the 29th consecutive year, ESPN televised the draft, the NFL Network also broadcast the event, of the 252 selections,220 were regular selections in rounds one through seven, and 32 were compensatory selections, distributed among rounds three through seven. For the first time since the draft began, no wide receiver was selected in the first round. For the first time ever, the first two picks had the same last name, also, a record 34 trades were made during the draft itself. The schedule for the draft was changed, day one began at 3,00 PM EDT, instead of noon, day two began with round three at 10,00 AM EDT, instead of 11,00 AM. Moreover, the limits for day one selections were reduced, from 15 minutes to ten for first-round picks. The limit remained five minutes for all picks in rounds three through seven, in the explanations below, indicates trades completed prior to the start of the draft, while denotes trades that took place during the 2008 draft. Round one Round two Round three Round four Round five Round six Round seven Fourth round Jaguars to Ravens, green Bay traded their fourth round selection and fifth round selection to the Jets for New Yorks fourth round selection Eagles to Dolphins. Philadelphia traded their selection to Miami for running back Lorenzo Booker. Dallas traded their selection to Oakland for their fourth-round selection. Dallas traded their selection to Cleveland for their fourth-round selection. Dallas traded their selection to Cleveland for their 2009 NFL Draft third-round selection. Pittsburgh traded their selection to New York Giants for their fourth-round selection. Washington traded their selection to Tennessee Titans for their fourth-round selection. Baltimore traded the fourth-round selection obtained from Jacksonville in Round 1 to the Oakland Raiders for CB Fabian Washington, Jacksonville traded its fifth-round selection to Dallas for its fifth-round selection and seventh-round selection. Green Bay traded its fifth-round selection to Minnesota for its fifth-round selection, New England traded fifth-round and seventh-round selections to Tampa Bay for its fifth-round selection. Washington traded fifth-round and seventh-round selections to St. Louis for its two sixth-round selections, philadelphia traded to Cleveland the 6th round selection they had previously received from the Browns for Hank Fraley. In return, the Browns gave the Eagles their 5th round pick in the 2009 draft, trade references Specific references NFL Draft at NFL. com ESPN NFL Draft Central 2008
40.
2009 NFL Draft
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The 2009 NFL Draft was the seventy-fourth annual meeting of National Football League franchises to select newly eligible football players. The draft took place at Radio City Music Hall in New York City, New York, the draft consisted of two rounds on the first day starting at 4,00 pm EDT, and five rounds on the second day starting at 10,00 am EDT. Each team now had 10 minutes to make their selection in the first round, rounds three through seven were shortened to five minutes per team. This was the first year that the NFL used this format, the 2009 NFL Draft was televised by both NFL Network and ESPN and was the first to have cheerleaders. The Detroit Lions, who became the first team in NFL history to finish a season at 0–16, used the first selection in the draft to select University of Georgia quarterback Matthew Stafford. It was the first draft since 1983 that saw two centers being selected in the first round—Alex Mack at No.21 to the Browns and it was also the first time since the 1993 draft that a player from the University of Miami was not selected in the first round. As of the end of the 2016 season, the 2009 Draft has seen 11 of the 32 first-round selections make the Pro Bowl and it has been referred to as one of the worst drafts in league history. The following is the breakdown of the 256 players selected by position, In the explanations below, denotes trades that took place during the draft, while indicates trades completed pre-draft. Irrelevant – the list of last overall National Football League draft picks General references 2009 NFL Draft at Pro Football Reference 2009 NFL Draft at ESPN Trade references Specific references
41.
Eric Mangini
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Eric Anthony Mangini is an American football coach who last served as the defensive coordinator for the San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League. Mangini had been with the 49ers since 2013 and served as the tight ends coach for two seasons before being promoted to defensive coordinator in 2015. Mangini is a head coach, having served as the coach of the New York Jets from 2006 until 2008. Prior to taking his position with the 49ers, Mangini was an NFL analyst for ESPN, Mangini was a linebacker at Bulkeley High School in Hartford, Connecticut. Mangini played nose tackle at Division III Wesleyan University and holds the schools single-season, during the second semester of his junior and senior years, he coached the Kew Colts, a semi-professional football team in Melbourne, Australia, to two regional championships. Mangini joined the Chi Psi Fraternity that coaching mentor Bill Belichick, Mangini first caught the attention of Bill Belichick, under whom he would coach for nine seasons, as a 23-year-old ball boy with the Cleveland Browns. His work ethic impressed Belichick, and the coach was instrumental in promoting Mangini to a public relations intern, and later. After spending 1996 as an assistant with the Baltimore Ravens, Mangini rejoined Belichick. When Belichick was hired as the New England Patriots head coach in 2000, Mangini,35, became the youngest head coach in the NFL when he was hired by the Jets on January 17,2006, to replace Herm Edwards. He beat internal candidates Donnie Henderson, Mike Heimerdinger and Mike Westhoff and external candidates Jim Haslett, Mike Tice, Tim Lewis and he was quickly nicknamed The Penguin by receiver Laveranues Coles because of his waddle and fierce stare. In his first season, Mangini led the Jets to a 10-6 record, New York, which finished the previous year 4-12, lost to New England in a wild-card playoff game. New York went 4-12 in 2007, failing to make the playoffs, early in the regular season, Mangini complained to league officials that Belichicks Patriots illegally filmed the Jets defensive signals, exposing the Spygate scandal. In 2008, a late-season collapse—the Jets missed the playoffs despite an 8-3 start—led to Manginis firing on December 29,2008, Mangini was hired as the head coach of the Cleveland Browns on January 7,2009, signing a four-year deal. Mangini faced early criticism in his tenure with Cleveland for his tendency to micromanage the team, sports Illustrated columnist Joe Posnanski went so far as to call Manginis hiring by the Browns as the worst coaching hire from the past 25 years. In his 2013 memoir, former player Nate Jackson, who was part of the Browns practice squad during the 2009 preseason. Jackson wrote that Manginis coaching style had so alienated his players that they seemed deep in despair with no fight left in only a few months after Mangini took over. After starting his first season in Cleveland 1-11, the Browns bounced back with a win over their division rival and this started a four-game winning streak to end the season with a 5-11 record. On January 7,2010 it was announced that Mike Holmgren had decided to retain Mangini as head coach of the Browns for the 2010 season, Manginis second season was highlighted with back-to-back upsets over the defending Super Bowl champion New Orleans Saints and New England Patriots
