1.
Missouri
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Missouri is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States, achieving statehood in 1821. With over six million residents, it is the eighteenth most populous state, the largest urban areas are St. Louis, Kansas City, Springfield, and Columbia. The capitol is in Jefferson City on the Missouri River, the state is the twenty-first most extensive by area and is geographically diverse. The Northern Plains were once covered by glaciers, then tallgrass prairie, in the South are the Ozarks, a forested highland, providing timber, minerals, and recreation. The Mississippi River forms the border of the state, eventually flowing into the swampy Missouri Bootheel. Humans have inhabited the land now known as Missouri for at least 12,000 years, the Mississippian culture built cities and mounds, before declining in the 1300s. When European explorers arrived in the 1600s they encountered the Osage, the French established Louisiana, a part of New France, and founded Ste. Genevieve in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764, after a brief period of Spanish rule, the United States acquired the Louisiana Purchase in 1803. Americans from the Upland South, including enslaved African Americans, rushed into the new Missouri Territory, many from Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee settled in the Boonslick area of Mid-Missouri. Soon after, heavy German immigration formed the Missouri Rhineland, Missouri played a central role in the westward expansion of the United States, as memorialized by the Gateway Arch. The Pony Express, Oregon Trail, Santa Fe Trail, as a border state, Missouris role in the American Civil War was complex and there were many conflicts within. After the war, both Greater St. Louis and the Kansas City metropolitan area became centers of industrialization and business, today, the state is divided into 114 counties and the independent city of St. Louis. Missouris culture blends elements from the Midwestern and Southern United States, the musical styles of ragtime, Kansas City jazz, and St. Louis Blues, developed in Missouri. The well-known Kansas City-style barbecue, and lesser known St. Louis-style barbecue can be found across the state, St. Louis is also a major center of beer brewing, Anheuser-Busch is the largest producer in the world. Missouri wine is produced in the nearby Missouri Rhineland and Ozarks, Missouris alcohol laws are among the most permissive in the United States. Outside of the large cities popular tourist destinations include the Lake of the Ozarks, U. S. President Harry S. Truman is from Missouri. Other well known Missourians include Mark Twain, Walt Disney, Chuck Berry, some of the largest companies based in the state include Express Scripts, Monsanto, Emerson Electric, Edward Jones, and OReilly Auto Parts. Missouri has been called the Mother of the West and the Cave State, however, Missouris most famous nickname is the Show Me State, the state is named for the Missouri River, which was named after the indigenous Missouri Indians, a Siouan-language tribe
2.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation
3.
Jasper County, Missouri
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Jasper County is a county located in the southwest portion of the U. S. state of Missouri. As of the 2010 census, the population was 117,404 and its county seat is Carthage, and its largest city is Joplin. The county was organized in 1841 and named for William Jasper, Jasper County is included in the Joplin, MO Metropolitan Statistical Area. The Jasper County Sheriffs office has jurisdiction throughout the county, before European contact, the area that today makes up Jasper County was the domain of the Osage Native Americans who called themselves the Children of the Middle Waters. This was probably because their dominion encompassed the land between the Missouri and Osage rivers to the north, the Mississippi River to the east, to the west were the Great Plains where they hunted buffalo. By the late 17th century, the Osage were calling themselves Wah-Zha-Zhe, the earliest record of European-Osage contact is a 1673 map by French Jesuit priest and explorer Jacques Marquette. He noted the people he encountered as the Ouchage, his way of expressing the sound of the name with French spelling, a few years after the Marquette expedition, French explorers discovered a Little Osage village and called it Ouazhigi. French transliterations of the name settled on a spelling of Osage. In 1682 Robert de La Salle canoed down the length of the Mississippi River to the Gulf of Mexico, in 1699 Louisiana was named an administrative district of New France therefore, as far as the Europeans were concerned, the area of Jasper County was French territory. The French further divided the Louisiana district into an upper and lower parts with the Arkansas River being the dividing line. With France and Spain’s defeat in the Seven Years War in 1763, France ceded Louisiana to Spain, the Spanish District of New Madrid, containing present day Jasper County, was the southernmost of the five Spanish districts comprising Upper Louisiana. France regained control of Louisiana through the secret Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1800, the Osage began treaty-making with the United States in 1808 with the first cession of lands in Missouri in the. The Osage moved from their homelands on the Osage River in 1808 to the Jasper County area of Southwest Missouri, in 1825, the Osages ceded their traditional lands across Missouri, Arkansas, and Oklahoma. They were first moved onto a southeastern Kansas reservation in the Cherokee Strip, on which the city of Independence, Kansas now sits, Lawrence County was short-lived, however, as three years later it was combined with part of Cape Girardeau County and renamed Wayne County. In 1820, all of Missouri Territory was admitted to the Union as the state of Missouri and this new division covered all of the southern part of Missouri and included Jasper County in its boundaries. This alignment was also short-lived as in 1833 Greene County was split from Crawford County from the Niangua River west to the Kansas State Line, on January 5,1835, a big piece was cut out of Greene County and organized as Barry County. In 1838 Barry County was divided into four parts called Barry, Dade, Newton, at this time Jasper was not a full-fledged county but was attached to Newton County and it would not be until 1841. On January 29,1841, the Missouri Legislature enacted a bill authorizing the organization of Jasper County and was named in honor of Sergeant William Jasper, a temporary seat of justice was established, Thursday, February 25,1841 in the home of George Hornback
4.
Newton County, Missouri
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Newton County is a county located in the southwest portion of the U. S. state of Missouri. As of the 2010 census, the population was 58,114, the county was organized in 1838 and is named in honor of John Newton, a hero who fought in the Revolutionary War. Newton County is part of the Joplin, MO Metropolitan Statistical Area, according to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 627 square miles, of which 625 square miles is land and 1.8 square miles is water. The population density was 84 people per square mile, there were 21,897 housing units at an average density of 35 per square mile. The racial makeup of the county was 93. 26% White,0. 59% Black or African American,2. 23% Native American,0. 32% Asian,0. 28% Pacific Islander,1. 12% from other races, and 2. 20% from two or more races. 2. 18% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,22. 70% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 70% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.57 and the family size was 3.00. In the county, the population was out with 26. 30% under the age of 18,8. 70% from 18 to 24,27. 10% from 25 to 44,23. 80% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 95.60 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.30 males, the median income for a household in the county was $35,041, and the median income for a family was $40,616. Males had an income of $30,057 versus $21,380 for females. The per capita income for the county was $17,502, about 8. 10% of families and 11. 60% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14. 20% of those under age 18 and 9. 50% of those age 65 or over. The Republican Party completely controls politics at the level in Newton County. Republicans hold every elected position in the county, Newton County is divided into three districts in the Missouri House of Representatives, all of which are held by Republicans. District 129 – Bill White Consists of the villages of Cliff Village, Dennis Acres, Grand Falls Plaza, Leawood, District 130 – Bill Reiboldt Consists of the cities of Neosho and Seneca. All of Newton County is a part of Missouri’s 32nd District in the Missouri Senate and is represented by Ron Richard, all of Newton County is included in Missouris 7th Congressional District and is represented by Billy Long in the U. S. House of Representatives
5.
Municipal corporation
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A municipal corporation is the legal term for a local governing body, including cities, counties, towns, townships, charter townships, villages, and boroughs. Municipal incorporation occurs when such municipalities become self-governing entities under the laws of the state or province in which they are located, often, this event is marked by the award or declaration of a municipal charter. A city charter or town charter is a document establishing a municipality such as a city or town. The concept developed in Europe during the Middle Ages and is considered to be a version of a constitution. Traditionally the granting of a charter gave a settlement and its inhabitants the right to town privileges under the feudal system, townspeople who lived in chartered towns were burghers, as opposed to serfs who lived in villages. Towns were often free, in the sense that they were protected by the king or emperor. Today the process for granting charters is determined by the type of government of the state in question, in monarchies, charters are still often a royal charter given by the Crown or the state authorities acting on behalf of the Crown. In federations, the granting of charters may be within the jurisdiction of the level of government such as a state or province. In Brazil, municipal corporations are called municípios and are created by means of legislation at the state level. All municipal corporations must also abide by a municipal law which is passed and amended at the municipal level. In Canada charters are granted by provincial authorities, in Germany, municipal corporations existed since antiquity and through medieval times, until they became out of favour during the absolutism. In order to strengthen the spirit, the city law of Prussia dated 19 November 1808 picked up this concept. It is the basis of municipal law. In India, a Municipal Corporation is a local government body. This standard varies from state to state, according to laws passed by state legislatures, the Corporation of Chennai was the first Municipal Corporation in India. It was established on 29 September 1688 by the British East India Company, the second was Hyderabad Municipal Corporation established in 1869 by the Nizam rulers of Hyderabad State. The third was the Calcutta Municipal Corporation, established in 1876, the Bombay Municipal Corporation was established in 1888 by the Bombay Municipal Corporation Act. The Delhi Municipal Council was established in 1911 during the Delhi Durbar when New Delhi was proclaimed to be the new Capital of India and it was elevated to Municipal Corporation level on 7 April 1958 by an Act of Parliament which established the Municipal Corporation of Delhi
6.
2010 United States Census
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The 2010 United States Census, is the twenty-third and currently most recent United States national census. National Census Day, the day used for the census, was April 1,2010. As part of a drive to increase the accuracy,635,000 temporary enumerators were hired. The population of the United States was counted as 308,745,538, as required by the United States Constitution, the U. S. census has been conducted every 10 years since 1790. The 2000 U. S. Census was the previous census completed, participation in the U. S. Census is required by law in Title 13 of the United States Code. On January 25,2010, Census Bureau Director Robert Groves personally inaugurated the 2010 Census enumeration by counting World War II veteran Clifton Jackson, more than 120 million census forms were delivered by the U. S. Post Office beginning March 15,2010, the number of forms mailed out or hand-delivered by the Census Bureau was approximately 134 million on April 1,2010. The 2010 Census national mail participation rate was 74%, from April through July 2010, census takers visited households that did not return a form, an operation called non-response follow-up. In December 2010, the Census Bureau delivered population information to the president for apportionment, personally identifiable information will be available in 2082. The Census Bureau did not use a form for the 2010 Census. In several previous censuses, one in six households received this long form, the 2010 Census used only a short form asking ten basic questions, How many people were living or staying in this house, apartment, or mobile home on April 1,2010. Were there any additional people staying here on April 1,2010 that you did not include in Question 1, mark all that apply, Is this house, apartment, or mobile home – What is your telephone number. What is Person 1s age and Person 1s date of birth, is Person 1 of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin. Does Person 1 sometimes live or stay somewhere else, the form included space to repeat some or all of these questions for up to twelve residents total. In contrast to the 2000 census, an Internet response option was not offered, detailed socioeconomic information collected during past censuses will continue to be collected through the American Community Survey. The survey provides data about communities in the United States on a 1-year or 3-year cycle, depending on the size of the community, rather than once every 10 years. A small percentage of the population on a basis will receive the survey each year. In June 2009, the U. S. Census Bureau announced that it would count same-sex married couples, however, the final form did not contain a separate same-sex married couple option
7.
Metropolitan area
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As social, economic and political institutions have changed, metropolitan areas have become key economic and political regions. The Greater São Paulo is a term for one of the multiple definitions the large metropolitan area located in the São Paulo state in Brazil. A metropolitan area combines an urban agglomeration with zones not necessarily urban in character and these outlying zones are sometimes known as a commuter belt, and may extend well beyond the urban zone, to other political entities. For example, El Monte, California is considered part of the Los Angeles metro area in the United States, in practice, the parameters of metropolitan areas, in both official and unofficial usage, are not consistent. Population figures given for one area can vary by millions. A polycentric metropolitan area is one not connected by continuous development or conurbation, in defining a metropolitan area, it is sufficient that a city or cities form a nucleus that other areas have a high degree of integration with. The Australian Bureau of Statistics defines statistical divisions as areas under the influence of one or more major towns or a major city. However, this definition has become obsolete with the conurbation of several statistical divisions into a larger metropolitan areas. In Brazil, metropolitan areas are called metropolitan regions, each State defines its own legislation for the creation, definition and organization of a metropolitan region. The creation of a region is not intended for any statistical purpose, although the Brazilian Institute of Geography. Their main purpose is to allow for a management of public policies of common interest to all cities involved. They dont have political, electoral or jurisdictional power whatsoever, so living in a metropolitan region do not elect representatives for them. Statistics Canada defines a metropolitan area as an area consisting of one or more adjacent municipalities situated around a major urban core. To form a CMA, the area must have a population of at least 100,000. To be included in the CMA, adjacent municipalities must have a degree of integration with the core. As of the Canada 2011 Census, there were 33 CMAs in Canada, including six with a population over one million—Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary and Edmonton. In Denmark the only area is Greater Copenhagen, consisting of the Capital Region of Denmark along with the neighboring regions Region Zealand. Greater Copenhagen has an population of 1.25 million people
8.
Central Time Zone
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The North American Central Time Zone is a time zone in parts of Canada, the United States, Mexico, Central America, some Caribbean Islands, and part of the Eastern Pacific Ocean. Central Standard Time is six hours behind Coordinated Universal Time, during summer most of the zone uses daylight saving time, and changes to Central Daylight Time which is five hours behind UTC. The province of Manitoba is the province or territory in Canada that observes Central Time in all areas. Also, most of the province of Saskatchewan is on Central Standard Time year-round, major exceptions include Lloydminster, a city situated on the boundary between Alberta and Saskatchewan. The city charter stipulates that it shall observe Mountain Time and DST, putting the community on the time as all of Alberta, including the major cities of Calgary. As a result, during the summer, clocks in the province match those in Alberta. The Central Time Zone is the second most populous in the US after the Eastern Time Zone, lanett and Valley observe Eastern Time historically because they were textile mill towns and the original home office of their mills was in West Point, Georgia. Some eastern counties observe Central Time because they are close to the border of the Middle Tennessee counties surrounding the Nashville metropolitan area. Louisiana Michigan, All of Michigan observes Eastern Time except the four Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin, other westernmost counties from this area such as Ontonagon observe Eastern Time. South Dakota, Eastern half as divided by the Missouri river adjacent to the state capital, note, the metropolitan area of Pierre is Central, including Fort Pierre. Wisconsin Most of Mexico—roughly the eastern three-fourths—lies in the Central Time Zone, except for six northwestern states, the federal entities of Mexico that observe Central Time, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua all use Central Standard Time year-round. The Galápagos Islands in Ecuador uses Central Standard Time all year-round, Daylight saving time is in effect in much of the Central time zone between mid-March and early November. The modified time is called Central Daylight Time and is UTC−5, in Canada, Saskatchewan does not observe a time change. One reason that Saskatchewan does not take part in a change is that, geographically. The province elected to move onto permanent daylight saving by being part of the Central Time Zone, Mexico decided not to go along with this change and observes their horario de verano from the first Sunday in April to the last Sunday in October. In December 2009, the Mexican Congress allowed ten border cities, eight of which are in states that observe Central Time, to adopt the U. S. daylight time schedule effective in 2010
9.
Daylight saving time
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Daylight saving time is the practice of advancing clocks during summer months by one hour so that evening daylight lasts an hour longer, while sacrificing normal sunrise times. Typically, regions that use Daylight Savings Time adjust clocks forward one hour close to the start of spring, American inventor and politician Benjamin Franklin proposed a form of daylight time in 1784. New Zealander George Hudson proposed the idea of saving in 1895. The German Empire and Austria-Hungary organized the first nationwide implementation, starting on April 30,1916, many countries have used it at various times since then, particularly since the energy crisis of the 1970s. The practice has both advocates and critics, DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software often adjusts clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of DST dates, industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, with the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics. However, they will have one hour of daylight at the start of each day. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, DST is also of little use for locations near the equator, because these regions see only a small variation in daylight in the course of the year. After ancient times, equal-length civil hours eventually supplanted unequal, so civil time no longer varies by season, unequal hours are still used in a few traditional settings, such as some monasteries of Mount Athos and all Jewish ceremonies. This 1784 satire proposed taxing window shutters, rationing candles, and waking the public by ringing church bells, despite common misconception, Franklin did not actually propose DST, 18th-century Europe did not even keep precise schedules. However, this changed as rail transport and communication networks came to require a standardization of time unknown in Franklins day. Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift work job gave him time to collect insects. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk and his solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament Robert Pearce, a select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearces bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915, william Sword Frost, mayor of Orillia, Ontario, introduced daylight saving time in the municipality during his tenure from 1911 to 1912. Starting on April 30,1916, the German Empire and its World War I ally Austria-Hungary were the first to use DST as a way to conserve coal during wartime, Britain, most of its allies, and many European neutrals soon followed suit. Russia and a few other countries waited until the year
10.
ZIP Code
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ZIP Codes are a system of postal codes used by the United States Postal Service since 1963. The term ZIP, an acronym for Zone Improvement Plan, was chosen to suggest that the travels more efficiently, and therefore more quickly. The basic format consists of five numerical digits, an extended ZIP+4 code, introduced in 1983, includes the five digits of the ZIP Code, a hyphen, and four additional digits that determine a more specific location within a given ZIP Code. The term ZIP Code was originally registered as a servicemark by the U. S. Postal Service, USPS style for ZIP is all caps and the c in code is also capitalized, although style sheets for some publications use sentence case or lowercase. The early history and context of postal codes began with postal district/zone numbers, the United States Post Office Department implemented postal zones for numerous large cities in 1943. For example, Mr. John Smith 3256 Epiphenomenal Avenue Minneapolis 16, by the early 1960s a more organized system was needed, and on July 1,1963, non-mandatory five-digit ZIP Codes were introduced nationwide. Three months later, on October 1,1963, the U. S, an earlier list in June had proposed capitalized abbreviations ranging from two to five letters. The abbreviations have remained unchanged, with one exception, according to the historian of the U. S. Robert Moon, an employee of the post office, is considered the father of the ZIP Code, he submitted his proposal in 1944 while working as a postal inspector. The post office gives credit to Moon only for the first three digits of the ZIP Code, which describe the sectional center facility or sec center, an SCF is a central mail processing facility with those three digits. The SCF sorts mail to all post offices with those first three digits in their ZIP Codes, the mail is sorted according to the final two digits of the ZIP Code and sent to the corresponding post offices in the early morning. Sectional centers do not deliver mail and are not open to the public, Mail picked up at post offices is sent to their own SCF in the afternoon, where the mail is sorted overnight. The United States Post Office used a character, which it called Mr. ZIP. He was often depicted with a such as USE ZIP CODE in the selvage of panes of stamps or on labels contained in, or the covers of. In 1983, the U. S. Postal Service introduced an expanded ZIP Code system that it called ZIP+4, often called plus-four codes, add-on codes, or add ons. But initial attempts to promote use of the new format met with public resistance. For Post Office Boxes, the rule is that each box has its own ZIP+4 code. However, there is no rule, so the ZIP+4 Code must be looked up individually for each box. It is common to use add-on code 9998 for mail addressed to the postmaster,9999 for general delivery, for a unique ZIP Code, the add-on code is typically 0001
11.
North American Numbering Plan
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The North American Numbering Plan is a telephone numbering plan that encompasses 25 distinct regions in twenty countries primarily in North America, including the Caribbean and the U. S. territories. Not all North American countries participate in the NANP, each participating country forms a regulatory authority that has plenary control over local numbering resources. The FCC also serves as the U. S. regulator, Canadian numbering decisions are made by the Canadian Numbering Administration Consortium. The NANP divides the territories of its members into numbering plan areas which are encoded numerically with a telephone number prefix. Each telephone is assigned a telephone number unique only within its respective plan area. The telephone number consists of a central office code and a four-digit station number. The combination of a code and the telephone number serves as a destination routing address in the public switched telephone network. For international call routing, the NANP has been assigned the calling code 1 by the International Telecommunications Union. The North American Numbering Plan conforms with ITU Recommendation E.164, from its beginnings in 1876 and throughout the first part of the 20th century, the Bell System grew from essentially local or regional telephone systems. These systems expanded by growing their subscriber bases, as well as increasing their service areas by implementing additional local exchanges that were interconnected with tie trunks and it was the responsibility of each local administration to design telephone numbering plans that accommodated the local requirements and growth. As a result, the Bell System as a developed into an unorganized system of many differing local numbering systems. The diversity impeded the efficient operation and interconnection of exchanges into a system for long-distance telephone communication. The new numbering plan was accepted in October 1947, dividing most of North America into 86 Numbering Plan Areas. Each NPA was assigned a Numbering Plan Area code, often abbreviated as area code and these codes were first used by long-distance operators to establish long-distance calls between toll offices. The first customer-dialed direct call using area codes was made on November 10,1951, from Englewood, New Jersey, to Alameda, California. Direct distance dialing was introduced across the country and by the early 1960s most areas of the Bell System had been converted and it was commonplace in cities. In the following decades, the system expanded to all of the United States and its territories, Canada, Bermuda. By 1967,129 area codes had been assigned, mexican participation was planned, but implementation stopped after two area codes had been assigned and Mexico opted for an international numbering format, using country code 52
12.
Geographic Names Information System
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It is a type of gazetteer. GNIS was developed by the United States Geological Survey in cooperation with the United States Board on Geographic Names to promote the standardization of feature names, the database is part of a system that includes topographic map names and bibliographic references. The names of books and historic maps that confirm the feature or place name are cited, variant names, alternatives to official federal names for a feature, are also recorded. Each feature receives a permanent, unique feature record identifier, sometimes called the GNIS identifier, the database never removes an entry, except in cases of obvious duplication. The GNIS accepts proposals for new or changed names for U. S. geographical features, the general public can make proposals at the GNIS web site and can review the justifications and supporters of the proposals. The Bureau of the Census defines Census Designated Places as a subset of locations in the National Geographic Names Database, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28 gives standards for addressing mail. In this publication, the postal service defines two-letter state abbreviations, street identifiers such as boulevard and street, department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey, National Mapping Division, Digital Gazeteer, Users Manual. Least Heat Moon, William, Blue Highways, A Journey Into America, standard was withdrawn in September 2008, See Federal Register Notice, Vol.73, No. 170, page 51276 Report, Principles, Policies, and Procedures, Domestic Geographic Names, U. S. Postal Service Publication 28, November 2000. Board on Geographic Names website Geographic Names Information System Proposals from the general public Meeting minutes
13.
County seat
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A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is used in the United States, Canada, Romania, China, in the United Kingdom and Ireland, county towns have a similar function. In the United States, counties are the subdivisions of a state. Depending on the state, counties may provide services to the public, impose taxes. Some types of subdivisions, such as townships, may be incorporated or unincorporated. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county, a county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia, likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, in some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included Court House as part of their name. Most counties have only one county seat, an example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult, there have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride for the towns involved. There are 36 counties with multiple county seats in 11 states, Coffee County, for example, the official county seat is Greensboro, but an additional courthouse has been located in nearby High Point since 1938. For example, Clearwater is the county seat of Pinellas County, Florida, in New England, the town, not the county, is the primary division of local government. Historically, counties in this region have served mainly as dividing lines for the judicial systems. Connecticut and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, in Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine the county seats are legally designated shire towns. County government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff, both located in the shire town. Bennington County has two towns, but the Sheriff is located in Bennington. In Massachusetts, most government functions which would otherwise be performed by county governments in other states are performed by town governments. As such, Massachusetts has dissolved many of its county governments, two counties in South Dakota have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county
14.
Carthage, Missouri
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Carthage is a city in Jasper County, Missouri, United States. The population was 14,378 at the 2010 census and it is the county seat of Jasper County and is nicknamed Americas Maple Leaf City. Jasper County was formed in 1841, Carthage was chosen as the county seat, the area cleared and the town platted in 1842. The city was named after ancient Carthage, by the time of the American Civil War, there were over 500 residents, a brick and stone courthouse, and several businesses. The area was divided over slavery, and almost all of the African-Americans in the county at the time were slaves. The Battle of Carthage, fought on July 5,1861, was a clash between Union troops from St. Louis and Confederate troops led by the pro-Southern Missouri Governor, Claiborne Fox Jackson. The Second Battle of Carthage occurred in October 1863 when Union troops confronted Confederate troops north of town, the town experienced minor skirmishes and attacks throughout the war, pro-Confederate guerrillas burned most of the city in September 1864. Historical accounts, such as Jasper County, Missouri in the Civil War by Col. Ward L. Schrantz, the area grew rapidly following the Civil War. The Missouri Western Railroad arrived in 1872, town residents started a foundry, furniture factory, woolen and grain mills, a plow works and numerous liveries and other businesses. Leggett & Platt, now a Fortune 500 company still based in Carthage, was founded in 1883, nearby lead mines and limestone quarries also contributed significant wealth and Carthage became one of the most prosperous towns in the area. Residents poured their money into ornate Victorian-style homes, many of which are now part of the Carthage South District, the Jasper County Courthouse, also on the National Register of Historic Places, was built of Carthage stone in 1894-95. There is a mural inside the courthouse depicting the history of Jasper County, growth in Carthage can be documented through Sanborn Maps, many of which are available online. Numerous local buildings, in addition to the courthouse, were built in the late 19th, the limestone is hard enough to be polished into Carthage marble and was used in both the interior and exterior of the state capitol building in Jefferson City, Missouri. The quarries known today as the Carthage Underground, a space that utilizes. In 1925, Ozark Wesleyan College merged three Methodist colleges into one institution and built a campus in the center of town, the college operated only a few years before closing. The campus was home to Our Lady of the Ozarks College from 1944–1971 and this Vietnamese order of priests and brothers came from Vietnam to settle in Carthage in 1975, immediately following the Vietnam War. In the monastery of this Vietnamese congregation the controversial archbishop Pierre Martin Ngô Đình Thục died in 1984, highways 66 and 71 came through town in the 1920s, and for a time the town saw a stream of cross-country traffic. Route 66 intersected with U. S. Route 71 at the present intersection of Central, Route 66 was eventually re-routed, and then replaced in the 1960s with Interstate 44 running south of town
15.
Miami, Oklahoma
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Miami is a city in and county seat of Ottawa County, Oklahoma, United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 13,570, the city is named after the Miami tribe. Miami is the capital of the Miami Tribe of Oklahoma, Modoc Tribe of Oklahoma, Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma, Peoria Tribe of Indians, Miami began in a rather unusual way, compared to other towns in Indian Territory. The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture quotes Velma Nieberding, author of the History of Ottawa County and it was settled in a business-like way by men of vision who looked into the future and saw possibilities. Lykins is credited as the force for the creation of the town. He petitioned the U. S. Congress to pass legislation on March 3,1891 to establish the town. He met with Thomas F. Richardville, chief of the Miami tribe, who agreed to meet in turn with the U. S. Indian Commission and that meeting resulted in Congress authorizing the secretary of the Interior Department to approve the townsite purchase from the Ottawas. Lykins, Richardville and Manford Pooler, chief of the Ottawa, are identified in historical accounts as fathers of Miami, lykins company, the Miami Town Company, bought 588 acres of land from the Ottawa for ten dollars an acre. They held an auction of lots on June 25–26,1891, by the time Miami incorporated in 1895, it had more than 800 residents. The discovery of deposits of lead and zinc under Quapaw land a few miles north. Its population was 1,893 at the time of statehood in 1907, Miami is located near 36°53′1″N 94°52′34″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 9.8 square miles. As of the 2010 census, there were 13,570 people,5,315 households, the population density was 1,258.7 people per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 68. 9% white,1. 3% African American,17. 1% Native American,0. 5% Asian, 2% Pacific Islander,2. 1% from other races, and 8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race made up 4. 8% of the population, single individuals living alone accounted for 31. 9% of households and individuals 65 years of age or older living alone accounted for 14. 7% of households. The average household size was 2.46 and the family size was 3.07. In the city, the population was out with 24. 7% under the age of 18,57. 1% from 18 to 64. The median age was 35.8 years, the population was 53. 2% female and 46. 8% male
16.
American Civil War
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The American Civil War was an internal conflict fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865. The Union faced secessionists in eleven Southern states grouped together as the Confederate States of America, the Union won the war, which remains the bloodiest in U. S. history. Among the 34 U. S. states in February 1861, War broke out in April 1861 when Confederates attacked the U. S. fortress of Fort Sumter. The Confederacy grew to eleven states, it claimed two more states, the Indian Territory, and the southern portions of the western territories of Arizona. The Confederacy was never recognized by the United States government nor by any foreign country. The states that remained loyal, including border states where slavery was legal, were known as the Union or the North, the war ended with the surrender of all the Confederate armies and the dissolution of the Confederate government in the spring of 1865. The war had its origin in the issue of slavery. The Confederacy collapsed and 4 million slaves were freed, but before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, the first seven with state legislatures to resolve for secession included split majorities for unionists Douglas and Bell in Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%. Alabama had voted 46% for those unionists, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession. Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession, outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincolns March 4,1861 inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war, speaking directly to the Southern States, he reaffirmed, I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so. After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed, the Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on King Cotton that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America. Hostilities began on April 12,1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter, while in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive in 1861–62. The autumn 1862 Confederate campaigns into Maryland and Kentucky failed, dissuading British intervention, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of their western armies, the 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lees Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg, Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grants command of all Union armies in 1864
17.
Tram
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A tram is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways, Tramways powered by electricity, the most common type historically, were once called electric street railways. However, trams were used in urban areas before the universal adoption of electrification. Tram lines may run between cities and/or towns, and/or partially grade-separated even in the cities. Very occasionally, trams also carry freight, Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than conventional trains and rapid transit trains, but the size of trams is rapidly increasing. Some trams may also run on railway tracks, a tramway may be upgraded to a light rail or a rapid transit line. For all these reasons, the differences between the modes of rail transportation are often indistinct. In the United States, the tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph, in some cases by a sliding shoe on a third rail. If necessary, they may have dual power systems — electricity in city streets, trams are now included in the wider term light rail, which also includes segregated systems. The English terms tram and tramway are derived from the Scots word tram, referring respectively to a type of truck used in coal mines and the tracks on which they ran. The word tram probably derived from Middle Flemish trame, a Romanesque word meaning the beam or shaft of a barrow or sledge, the identical word la trame with the meaning crossbeam is also used in the French language. The word Tram-car is attested from 1873, although the terms tram and tramway have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English, North Americans prefer streetcar, trolley, or trolleycar. The term streetcar is first recorded in 1840, and originally referred to horsecars, when electrification came, Americans began to speak of trolleycars or later, trolleys. The troller design frequently fell off the wires, and was replaced by other more reliable devices. The terms trolley pole and trolley wheel both derive from the troller, Modern trams often have an overhead pantograph mechanical linkage to connect to power, abandoning the trolley pole altogether. Conventional diesel tourist buses decorated to look like streetcars are sometimes called trolleys in the US, the term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e. g. the Roosevelt Island Tramway. Over time, the trolley has fallen into informal use
18.
Surface mining
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Surface mining, including strip mining, open-pit mining and mountaintop removal mining, is a broad category of mining in which soil and rock overlying the mineral deposit are removed. In contrast to mining, in which the overlying rock is left in place. Surface mining began in the century and is practiced throughout the world. It gained popularity throughout the 20th century, and surface mines now produce most of the coal mined in the United States, in most forms of surface mining, heavy equipment, such as earthmovers, first remove the overburden. Next, huge machines, such as dragline excavators or Bucket wheel excavators, there are five main forms of surface mining, detailed below. Strip mining is the practice of mining a seam of mineral, by first removing a strip of overlying soil. It is most commonly used to mine coal and lignite, strip mining is only practical when the ore body to be excavated is relatively near the surface. This type of mining uses some of the largest machines on earth, there are two forms of strip mining. The more common method is area stripping, which is used on flat terrain. As each long strip is excavated, the overburden is placed in the produced by the previous strip. Contour stripping involves removing the overburden above the seam near the outcrop in hilly terrain. Contour stripping is often followed by auger mining into the hillside and this method commonly leaves behind terraces in mountainsides. Open-pit mining refers to a method of extracting rock or minerals from the earth through their removal from a pit or borrow. Although open-pit mining is sometimes referred to as strip mining. Mountaintop removal mining is a form of mining that mines coal seams beneath mountaintops by first removing the mountaintop overlying the coal seam. Explosives are used to break up the layers above the seam. Excess mining waste or overburden is dumped by large trucks into fills in nearby hollow or valley fills, MTR involves the mass restructuring of earth in order to reach the coal seam as deep as 400 feet below the surface. Mountaintop removal replaces the original steep landscape with a flatter topography
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Mining
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Mining is extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually from an orebody, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposits. These deposits form a mineralized package that is of economic interest to the miner, ores recovered by mining include metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, chalk, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. Mining is required to obtain any material that cannot be grown through agricultural processes, Mining in a wider sense includes extraction of any non-renewable resource such as petroleum, natural gas, or even water. Mining of stones and metal has been a human activity since pre-historic times, Mining operations usually create a negative environmental impact, both during the mining activity and after the mine has closed. Hence, most of the nations have passed regulations to decrease the impact. Work safety has long been a concern as well, and modern practices have significantly improved safety in mines, levels of metals recycling are generally low. Unless future end-of-life recycling rates are stepped up, some rare metals may become unavailable for use in a variety of consumer products, due to the low recycling rates, some landfills now contain higher concentrations of metal than mines themselves. Since the beginning of civilization, people have used stone, ceramics and, later and these were used to make early tools and weapons, for example, high quality flint found in northern France, southern England and Poland was used to create flint tools. Flint mines have been found in areas where seams of the stone were followed underground by shafts. The mines at Grimes Graves and Krzemionki are especially famous, other hard rocks mined or collected for axes included the greenstone of the Langdale axe industry based in the English Lake District. The oldest-known mine on archaeological record is the Lion Cave in Swaziland, at this site Paleolithic humans mined hematite to make the red pigment ochre. Mines of an age in Hungary are believed to be sites where Neanderthals may have mined flint for weapons. Ancient Egyptians mined malachite at Maadi, at first, Egyptians used the bright green malachite stones for ornamentations and pottery. Later, between 2613 and 2494 BC, large building projects required expeditions abroad to the area of Wadi Maghareh in order to secure minerals and other resources not available in Egypt itself. Quarries for turquoise and copper were found at Wadi Hammamat, Tura, Aswan and various other Nubian sites on the Sinai Peninsula. Mining in Egypt occurred in the earliest dynasties, the gold mines of Nubia were among the largest and most extensive of any in Ancient Egypt. These mines are described by the Greek author Diodorus Siculus, who mentions fire-setting as one used to break down the hard rock holding the gold. One of the complexes is shown in one of the earliest known maps, the miners crushed the ore and ground it to a fine powder before washing the powder for the gold dust
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Open-pit mining
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Open-pit, open-cast or open cut mining is a surface mining technique of extracting rock or minerals from the earth by their removal from an open pit or borrow. This form of mining differs from extractive methods that require tunneling into the earth, for minerals that occur deep below the surface—where the overburden is thick or the mineral occurs as veins in hard rock—underground mining methods are used to extract the valued material. Open-pit mines that produce building materials and dimension stone are commonly referred to as quarries, open-pit mines are typically enlarged until either the mineral resource is exhausted, or an increasing ratio of overburden to ore makes further mining uneconomic. When this occurs, the mines are sometimes converted to landfills for disposal of solid wastes. Open-cast mines are dug on benches, which describe vertical levels of the hole and these benches are usually on four to sixty meter intervals, depending on the size of the machinery that is being used. Many quarries do not use benches, as they are usually shallow, most walls of the pit are generally blast mined on an angle less than vertical, to prevent and minimize damage and danger from rock falls. This depends on how weathered the rocks are, and the type of rock, the inclined section of the wall is known as the batter, and the flat part of the step is known as the bench or berm. The steps in the walls help prevent rock falls continuing down the face of the wall. In some instances additional ground support is required and rock bolts, cable bolts, de-watering bores may be used to relieve water pressure by drilling horizontally into the wall, which is often enough to cause failures in the wall by itself. A haul road is situated at the side of the pit, forming a ramp up which trucks can drive, carrying ore. Waste rock is piled up at the surface, near the edge of the open pit and this is known as the waste dump. The waste dump is also tiered and stepped, to minimize degradation, ore which has been processed is known as tailings, and is generally a slurry. This is pumped to a dam or settling pond, where the water evaporates. This toxicity can harm the surrounding environment, after mining finishes, the mine area may undergo land rehabilitation. Waste dumps are contoured to flatten out, to further stabilise them. This is then covered with soil, and vegetation is planted to help consolidate the material. There are no long term studies on the success of these due to the relatively short time in which large scale open pit mining has existed. It may take hundreds to thousands of years for some waste dumps to become acid neutral, the dumps are usually fenced off to prevent livestock denuding them of vegetation
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Shaft mining
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Shaft mining or shaft sinking is excavating a vertical or near-vertical tunnel from the top down, where there is initially no access to the bottom. Shallow shafts, typically sunk for civil engineering projects differ greatly in method from deep shafts. When the top of the excavation is the surface, it is referred to as a shaft. Small shafts may be excavated upwards from within a mine as long as there is access at the bottom. A shaft may be vertical or inclined, although most modern mine shafts are vertical. If access exists at the bottom of the shaft and ground conditions allow then raise boring may be used to excavate the shaft from the bottom up. Shaft Sinking is one of the most difficult of all development methods, restricted space, gravity, groundwater, historically mine shaft sinking has been among the most dangerous of all mining occupations and the preserve of mining contractors. Today shaft sinking contractors are concentrated in Canada and South Africa, the most visible feature of a mine shaft is the headframe which stands above the shaft. Depending on the type of hoist used the top of the headframe will either house a hoist motor or a sheave wheel, the headframe will also contain bins for storing ore being transferred to the processing facility. Collars are usually massive reinforced concrete structures with more than one level, if the shaft is used for mine ventilation, a plenum space or casing is incorporated into the collar to ensure the proper flow of air into and out of the mine. Beneath the Collar the part of the shaft which continues into the ground is called the Shaft Barrel, at locations where the Shaft Barrel meets horizontal workings there is a Shaft Station which allows men, materials and services to enter and exit the shaft. From the station tunnels extend towards the ore body, sometimes for many kilometers, beneath the lowest Shaft Station the shaft continues on for some distance, this area is referred to as the Shaft Bottom. Shafts may be sunk by conventional drill and blast or mechanised means, the industry is gradually attempting to shift further towards shaft boring but a reliable method to do so has yet to be developed. In North and South America, smaller shafts are designed to be rectangular with timber supports, larger shafts are round and are concrete lined. The material of choice for shaft lining is mass concrete which is poured behind Shaft Forms in Lifts of 6m as the shaft advances, shotcrete, fibrecrete, brick, cast iron tubing, precast concrete segments have all been used at one time or another. Additionally, the use of materials like Bitumen and even squash balls have been required by specific circumstances, in extreme circumstances, particularly when sinking through Halite, composite liners consisting of two or more materials may be required. The shaft liner does not reach right to the bottom of the shaft during sinking and this distance is determined by the methodology of excavation and the design thickness of the permanent liner. To ensure the safety of persons working on the shaft bottom temporary ground support is installed, usually consisting of welded mesh and rock bolts
22.
Sinkhole
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A sinkhole, also known as a cenote, sink, sink-hole, shakehole, swallet, swallow hole, or doline, is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer. Most are caused by karst processes—for example, the dissolution of carbonate rocks or suffosion processes. Sinkholes vary in size from 1 to 600 m both in diameter and depth, and vary in form from soil-lined bowls to bedrock-edged chasms, sinkholes may form gradually or suddenly, and are found worldwide. Sinkholes may capture surface drainage from running or standing water, but may form in high. Sinkholes that capture drainage can hold it in limestone caves. These caves may drain into tributaries of larger rivers, the formation of sinkholes involves natural processes of erosion or gradual removal of slightly soluble bedrock by percolating water, the collapse of a cave roof, or a lowering of the water table. Sinkholes often form through the process of suffosion, for example, groundwater may dissolve the carbonate cement holding the sandstone particles together and then carry away the lax particles, gradually forming a void. Occasionally a sinkhole may exhibit a visible opening into a cave below, sinkholes also occur in sandstone and quartzite terrains. As the rock dissolves, spaces and caverns develop underground and these sinkholes can be dramatic, because the surface land usually stays intact until there is not enough support. Then, a collapse of the land surface can occur. Sinkholes also form from human activity, such as the collapse of abandoned mines and salt cavern storage in salt domes in places like Louisiana, Mississippi, more commonly, sinkholes occur in urban areas due to water main breaks or sewer collapses when old pipes give way. They can also occur from the overpumping and extraction of groundwater, sinkholes can also form when natural water-drainage patterns are changed and new water-diversion systems are developed. Sinkholes tend to occur in karst landscapes, karst landscapes can have up to thousands of sinkholes within a small area, giving the landscape a pock-marked appearance. These sinkholes drain all the water, so there are only subterranean rivers in these areas, examples of karst landscapes with a plethora of massive sinkholes include Khammouan Mountains and Mamo Plateau. The largest known sinkholes formed in sandstone are Sima Humboldt and Sima Martel in Venezuela, some sinkholes form in thick layers of homogenous limestone. On the contact of limestone and insoluble rock below it, powerful underground rivers may form, in such conditions, the largest known sinkholes of the world have formed, like the 662-metre deep Xiaozhai Tiankeng, giant sótanos in Querétaro and San Luis Potosí states in Mexico and others. The state of Florida in the United States is known for having frequent sinkhole collapses, the Murge area in southern Italy also has numerous sinkholes. Sinkholes can be formed in retention ponds from large amounts of rain, an analysis of a case of sinkhole formation under a retention pond due to a large amount of rain can be seen in a sinkhole collapse study
23.
Carnegie library
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A Carnegie library is a library built with money donated by Scottish-American businessman and philanthropist Andrew Carnegie. A total of 2,509 Carnegie libraries were built between 1883 and 1929, including some belonging to public and university library systems. At first, Carnegie libraries were almost exclusively in places where he had a connection, namely his home-town in Scotland. Beginning in 1899, Carnegie substantially increased funding to libraries outside of these areas, in later years few towns that requested a grant and agreed to his terms were refused. By the time the last grant was made in 1919, there were 3,500 libraries in the United States, the first of Carnegies public libraries, Dunfermline Carnegie Library was in his birthplace, Dunfermline, Scotland. It was first commissioned or granted by Carnegie in 1880 to James Campbell Walker, the locally quarried sandstone building displays a stylized sun with the carved motto Let there be light at the front entrance. The first library in the United States to be commissioned by Carnegie was in 1886 in his hometown of Allegheny. In 1890, it became the second of his libraries to open in the USA, the building also contained the first Carnegie Music Hall in the World. It was the second Carnegie Library in the United States to be commissioned,1887, an 1893 addition doubled the size of the building and included the third Carnegie Music Hall in the United States. Initially Carnegie limited his support to a few towns in which he had an interest and these would be in Scotland and the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area. In America,6 out of the first 7,7 of the first 10, until 1898, only one library was commissioned in America outside of Southwestern Pennsylvania—a library in Fairfield, Iowa, commissioned in 1892. Beginning in 1899, his foundation funded an increase in the number of libraries. They led the establishment of 75–80 percent of the libraries in communities across the country, under segregation black people were generally denied access to public libraries in the Southern United States. Rather than insisting on his libraries being racially integrated, Carnegie funded separate libraries for African Americans, for example, in Houston he funded a separate Colored Carnegie Library. The Carnegie Library in Savannah, Georgia, opened in 1914 to serve black residents, the privately organized Colored Library Association of Savannah had raised money and collected books to establish a small Library for Colored Citizens. Having demonstrated their willingness to support a library, the group petitioned for. Future U. S. Supreme Court Justice Clarence Thomas wrote in his memoirs that he used it as a boy. Most of the buildings were unique, constructed in a number of styles, including Beaux-Arts, Italian Renaissance, Baroque, Classical Revival
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Fox Theatres
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Fox West Coast went into bankruptcy and was sold to The National Theatres Corporation, led by Charles Skouras, on November 20,1933 for $17,000,000.00. Eugene V. Klein later became CEO of National, and turned it into the conglomerate National General, mann Theatres bought National Generals theatres in 1973. Many of these grand movie palaces were built with a mishmash of architectural styles drawn from Asian, Indian, Persian, Fox theaters surviving today share almost identical histories of decline and fall into disrepair as demographics and movie-going habits changed in the post-World War II years. As many were located in centers, there have been subsequent campaigns to save, restore and preserve the architectural extravaganzas for other uses. The largest of the Fox Theatres is the Detroit Fox Theatre, the Fox theatres in Visalia, California, reopened in 1999, and Atlanta, Georgia were shuttered for some time before restoration began. The Fox Theatre in Joplin, Missouri, built in 1930, has adapted for use as the Central Christian Church. See the following articles for information about specific theatres, built by M. E. Gillioz, who later built the Gillioz Theatre in Springfield
25.
Great Depression
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The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations, in most countries it started in 1929 and it was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century. In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the economy can decline. The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4,1929. Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%, by comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession. Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s, however, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II. The Great Depression had devastating effects in both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%, unemployment in the U. S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%. Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries, farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by about 60%. Facing plummeting demand with few sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most. Even after the Wall Street Crash of 1929 optimism persisted for some time, john D. Rockefeller said These are days when many are discouraged. In the 93 years of my life, depressions have come, prosperity has always returned and will again. The stock market turned upward in early 1930, returning to early 1929 levels by April and this was still almost 30% below the peak of September 1929. Together, government and business spent more in the first half of 1930 than in the period of the previous year. On the other hand, consumers, many of whom had suffered losses in the stock market the previous year. In addition, beginning in the mid-1930s, a severe drought ravaged the agricultural heartland of the U. S, by mid-1930, interest rates had dropped to low levels, but expected deflation and the continuing reluctance of people to borrow meant that consumer spending and investment were depressed. By May 1930, automobile sales had declined to below the levels of 1928, prices in general began to decline, although wages held steady in 1930
26.
Bonnie and Clyde
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Bonnie Elizabeth Parker and Clyde Chestnut Barrow a. k. a. Clyde Champion Barrow were American criminals who traveled the central United States with their gang during the Great Depression, robbing people and killing when cornered or confronted. At times, the gang included his older brother Buck Barrow and his wife Blanche, Raymond Hamilton, W. D. Jones, Joe Palmer, Ralph Fults and their exploits captured the attention of the American public during the Public Enemy Era, between 1931 and 1935. Though known today for their bank robberies, the two preferred to rob small stores or rural gas stations. The gang is believed to have killed at least nine police officers, the couple were eventually ambushed and killed by law officers near the town of Sailes, in Bienville Parish, Louisiana. Their reputation was revived and cemented in American pop folklore by Arthur Penns 1967 film Bonnie, even during their lifetimes, their depiction in the press was at considerable odds with the hardscrabble reality of their life on the road, especially for Bonnie Parker. Gang member W. D. Jones later testified he could not recall ever having seen her shoot at a law officer, Bonnies reputation as a cigar-smoking gun moll grew out of a playful snapshot police found at an abandoned hideout. It was released to the press and published nationwide, while Parker did chain smoke Camel cigarettes, she never smoked cigars. According to historian Jeff Guinn, the photos led to Parkers glamorization. Clyde Barrow and Bonnie Parker were wild and young, and undoubtedly slept together, Bonnie Elizabeth Parker was born in Rowena, Texas, the second of three children. Her father, Charles Robert Parker, was a bricklayer who died when Bonnie was four and her mother, Emma Parker moved her family to her parents home in Cement City, an industrial suburb now known as West Dallas, where she worked as a seamstress. As an adult, Bonnie found expression writing poems such as The Story of Suicide Sal, in her second year in high school, Parker met Roy Thornton. They dropped out of school and were married on September 25,1926 and their marriage, marked by his frequent absences and brushes with the law, was short-lived. After January 1929, their paths never crossed again, however, they never divorced, and Bonnie was wearing Thorntons wedding ring when she died. Thornton was still in prison when he heard of her death and he commented, Im glad they went out like they did. Its much better than being caught, in 1929, after the breakdown of her marriage, Parker lived with her mother and worked as a waitress in Dallas. One of her customers in the café was postal worker Ted Hinton. As a posse member in 1934, he would participate in her ambush, in the diary she kept briefly early in 1929, Parker wrote of her loneliness, her impatience with life in provincial Dallas, and her love of talking pictures
27.
National Register of Historic Places
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The National Register of Historic Places is the United States federal governments official list of districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects deemed worthy of preservation. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 established the National Register, of the more than one million properties on the National Register,80,000 are listed individually. The remainder are contributing resources within historic districts, each year approximately 30,000 properties are added to the National Register as part of districts or by individual listings. For most of its history the National Register has been administered by the National Park Service and its goals are to help property owners and interest groups, such as the National Trust for Historic Preservation, coordinate, identify, and protect historic sites in the United States. While National Register listings are mostly symbolic, their recognition of significance provides some financial incentive to owners of listed properties, protection of the property is not guaranteed. During the nomination process, the property is evaluated in terms of the four criteria for inclusion on the National Register of Historic Places, the application of those criteria has been the subject of criticism by academics of history and preservation, as well as the public and politicians. Occasionally, historic sites outside the proper, but associated with the United States are also listed. Properties can be nominated in a variety of forms, including individual properties, historic districts, the Register categorizes general listings into one of five types of properties, district, site, structure, building, or object. National Register Historic Districts are defined geographical areas consisting of contributing and non-contributing properties, some properties are added automatically to the National Register when they become administered by the National Park Service. These include National Historic Landmarks, National Historic Sites, National Historical Parks, National Military Parks/Battlefields, National Memorials, on October 15,1966, the Historic Preservation Act created the National Register of Historic Places and the corresponding State Historic Preservation Offices. Initially, the National Register consisted of the National Historic Landmarks designated before the Registers creation, approval of the act, which was amended in 1980 and 1992, represented the first time the United States had a broad-based historic preservation policy. To administer the newly created National Register of Historic Places, the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior, hartzog, Jr. established an administrative division named the Office of Archeology and Historic Preservation. Hartzog charged OAHP with creating the National Register program mandated by the 1966 law, ernest Connally was the Offices first director. Within OAHP new divisions were created to deal with the National Register, the first official Keeper of the Register was William J. Murtagh, an architectural historian. During the Registers earliest years in the late 1960s and early 1970s, organization was lax and SHPOs were small, understaffed, and underfunded. A few years later in 1979, the NPS history programs affiliated with both the U. S. National Parks system and the National Register were categorized formally into two Assistant Directorates. Established were the Assistant Directorate for Archeology and Historic Preservation and the Assistant Directorate for Park Historic Preservation, from 1978 until 1981, the main agency for the National Register was the Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service of the United States Department of the Interior. In February 1983, the two assistant directorates were merged to promote efficiency and recognize the interdependency of their programs, jerry L. Rogers was selected to direct this newly merged associate directorate
28.
U.S. Route 66
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U. S. Route 66, also known as the Will Rogers Highway, the Main Street of America or the Mother Road, was one of the original highways within the U. S. Highway System. US66 was established on November 11,1926, with signs erected the following year. It was recognized in popular culture by both the hit song Route 66 and the Route 66 television show in the 1960s. US66 served as a path for those who migrated west, especially during the Dust Bowl of the 1930s. Portions of the road passed through Illinois, Missouri, New Mexico, and Arizona have been designated a National Scenic Byway of the name Historic Route 66. Several states have adopted significant bypassed sections of the former US66 into the road network as State Route 66. His secondary orders were to test the feasibility of the use of camels as pack animals in the southwestern desert and this road became part of US66. Parts of the original Route 66 from 1913, prior to its naming and commissioning. The paved road becomes a road, south of Cajon. Before a nationwide network of numbered highways was adopted by the states, the route that would become US66 was covered by three highways. The Lone Star Route passed through St. Louis on its way from Chicago to Cameron, Louisiana, the transcontinental National Old Trails Road led via St. Again, a shorter route was taken, here following the Postal Highway between Oklahoma City and Amarillo. Finally, the National Old Trails Road became the rest of the route to Los Angeles, the original inspiration for a roadway between Chicago and Los Angeles was planned by entrepreneurs Cyrus Avery of Tulsa, Oklahoma and John Woodruff of Springfield, Missouri. The pair lobbied the American Association of State Highway Officials for the creation of a following the 1925 plans. The numerical designation 66 was assigned to the Chicago-to-Los Angeles route on April 30,1926 in Springfield, Louis streets and on Route 266 to Halltown, Missouri. Avery was adamant that the highway have a number and had proposed number 60 to identify it. A controversy erupted over the number 60, largely from delegates from Kentucky who wanted a Virginia Beach–Los Angeles highway to be US60, arguments and counterarguments continued throughout February, including a proposal to split the proposed route through Kentucky into Route 60 North and Route 60 South. The final conclusion was to have US60 run between Virginia Beach, Virginia, and Springfield, Missouri, and the Chicago–L. A. Avery and highway engineer John Page settled on 66, which was unassigned, because he thought the number would be easy to remember as well as pleasant to say
29.
Urban renewal
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Urban renewal, which is generally called urban regeneration, revitalization in the United States, is a program of land redevelopment in areas of moderate to high density urban land use. Renewal has had both successes and failures and its modern incarnation began in the late 19th century in developed nations and experienced an intense phase in the late 1940s – under the rubric of reconstruction. The process has had a impact on many urban landscapes. This process is carried out in rural areas, referred to as village renewal. In some cases, renewal may result in urban sprawl and less congestion when areas of cities receive freeways and expressways, Urban renewal has been seen by proponents as an economic engine and a reform mechanism, and by critics as a mechanism for control. It may enhance existing communities, and in some cases result in the demolition of neighborhoods, many cities link the revitalization of the central business district and gentrification of residential neighborhoods to earlier urban renewal programs. The agenda that emerged was a doctrine that assumed better housing conditions would reform its residents morally and economically. The first area to be targeted was the notorious slum called the Devils Acre near Westminster and this new movement was largely funded by George Peabody and the Peabody Trust and had a lasting impact on the urban character of Westminster. Slum clearance began with the Rochester Buildings, on the corner of Old Pye Street and Perkins Rent and they are one of the earliest large-scale philanthropic housing developments in London. The Rochester Buildings were sold to the Peabody Trust in 1877, angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts funded an experimental social housing estate, among the first of its kind, on the corner of Columbia Road and Old Pye Street. In 1869 the Peabody Trust built one of its first housing estates at Brewers Green, between Victoria Street and St. Jamess Park. What remained of the Devils Acre on the side of Victoria Street was cleared. In 1882, the Peabody Trust built the Abbey Orchard Estate on former marshland at the corner of Old Pye Street, like many of the social housing estates, the Abbey Orchard Estate was built following the square plan concept. Blocks of flats were built around a courtyard, creating a space within the estate functioning as recreation area. The courtyards were meant to create a community atmosphere and the blocks of flats were designed to allow sunlight into the courtyards, the blocks of flats were built using high-quality brickwork and included architectural features such as lettering, glazing, fixtures and fittings. The estates built in the area at the time were considered model dwellings and included shared laundry and sanitary facilities, innovative at the time, the design was subsequently repeated in numerous other housing estates in London. State intervention was first achieved with the passage of the Public Health Act of 1875 through Parliament, the Act focused on combating filthy urban living conditions that were the cause of disease outbreaks. It required all new construction to include running water and an internal drainage system
30.
Fifth and Main Historic District
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This historic district consists of three early 20th century structures, the Christman Building, the Christman Building Annex and the Paramount Building. The Fifth and Main Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2006, in 2008, it was encompassed by the Joplin Downtown Historic District. The Christman Building at 501-505 South Main Street is the most prominent building of the Fifth and it stands five stories, not including the mezzanine level, and dominates the corner of Fifth and Main streets, with elevations and entrances facing both streets. It has brick walls, a foundation and a flat roof. It has brown brick and light terra cotta on the main elevations, the main retail space near the front doors features a large room that is two stories tall, with mezzanine spaces at the front and back that are linked by a narrow balcony along the north wall. The room features two rows of square columns that are topped with egg and dart molding, and adorned with large shield-shaped medallions that feature the letter C for Christman. That room takes up almost all of the floor, the rest of the space contains an elevator lobby. It was built in 1917 to house the Christman Dry Goods Company, the building was designed by August and Alfred Michaelis and is an example of the Chicago style of curtain-wall architecture. For a short time Macys operated the store under the Christman name, on January 8,1976 Macys closed its Joplin store, leaving the Christman Building vacant for the first time in its 59 year history. The Christman family, who owned the building, then leased the building. Athy and Roberds opened the new Christmans Department Store in the building on October 7,1976, eventually Hugh and Lee Anne Howsman purchased the building to house their Howsmans Office Supply and Furniture Co. The Christman Building Annex, which is attached to the back of the Christman Building and sits on the southeast corner of Virginia Avenue, together, they measure roughly 100 feet wide and 120 feet deep. The northern section of the building, which served as a warehouse for Christmans, is slightly narrower than the southern section. The history of the use of the parallels that of the main Christman Building and has been largely restored. Prior to the introduction of films in the late 1920s. In 1930 the theater changed its name from the Electric Theater to the Paramount and ended all silent films, in 1926 Wurlitzer Opus organ #1443 was installed in what was then the Electric Theater, but it was later removed and sold
31.
Joplin Union Depot
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The Joplin Union Depot is a historic railroad station located at Joplin, Jasper County, Missouri. The station was served by a number of railroads, two of which were the Kansas City Southern Railway and the Missouri-Kansas-Texas Railroad, the station was completed in July 1911. On November 4,1969, the last train, the Southern Belle visited the station, after train service ended, the station slowly deteriorated. Designed by the Canadian-born architect Louis Curtiss, the station was featured in the January 1912 edition of Popular Mechanics for its use of mining waste in the concrete, on March 14,1973, the station was entered into the National Register of Historic Places. There are currently plans to restore the depot, there have been many ideas for its use, but none have been made certain. This would tie in with the revitalization of downtown
32.
Fred and Red's
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Fred and Reds was an historic greasy spoon diner in Joplin, Missouri. The restaurant was started in 1923 and moved to its current location in 1943, the original arrangement and features have remained relatively unchanged through two generations of family ownership. The diner had been for sale for years, but with no suitable offer, it closed on March 16,2012. Fred Herring started a counter on Joplins Main Street just 3 blocks south of what would become Route 66. According to a 1951 Joplin City Directory, the restaurant was known as Fred, the butcher at the grocery store was William Red Wilcoxson, who bought half of Freds business in 1956 to become his partner. In 1973 Herring retired, turning his responsibilities over to Reds son and final owner Larry Wilcoxson, in 1975 Herring died, and Red Wilcoxson retired, and Larry ran the business himself until it closed, March 16th,2012. The Southwest Missouri eatery was a local landmark, Fred and Reds was famous for their award-winning chili, tamales, and Spaghetti Red. They also served coneys, chili burgers, hamburgers, frito pie and this decision was announced by his daughter on the Facebook fan page called We Love Fred and Reds on March 5,2012. With the announcement of the closing, demand grew dramatically. After two stressful weeks of working hours to keep up, Larry Wilcoxson decided to close sooner than the planned mid-April date previously communicated. The business closed its doors on March 16,2012, around 5 PM, Wilcoxson was given the last serving of spaghetti red. The restaurant has a distinctive U-shaped counter,22 barstools, one of the restaurants unique features was a home-made tamale press created from scrap Ford Model T car parts and used to manually make 5400 tamales every week. The Health Department would not certify the tamale press for the 2016 reopening, a local fan of the restaurant, Dan Daugherty, composed a poem in tribute to Fred and Reds, and for many years it was printed on the back of each guest check. A framed copy of the tribute is posted on the restaurants wall, the diner had no drive-thru window, no published phone number, and a smallish parking lot, but did a brisk carry-out business. There were frequently long lines waiting for one of the 22 barstools at the counter, schaefer plans to add a drive through in the future, but it was not ready for the 2016 reopening. Fred and Reds waitresses wore traditional uniforms, calculated each order by hand as they were recorded on a paper Guest Check. *Update, prior to closing in 2012, the staff had changed to black t-shirts. According to some of Fred and Reds older waitresses, Baseball Hall of Fame member Mickey Mantle was a frequent visitor during his life, despite these business practices, their customer base remained loyal
33.
Scottish Rite
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The Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, commonly known as simply the Scottish Rite or in the England as the Rose Croix, is one of several Rites of Freemasonry. A Rite is a series of degrees conferred by various Masonic organizations or bodies. In the Scottish Rite the central authority is called a Supreme Council, the Scottish Rite is one of the appendant bodies of Freemasonry that a Master Mason may join for further exposure to the principles of Freemasonry. It is also concordant, in some of its degrees relate to the degrees of Symbolic Freemasonry. In England and some countries, while the Scottish Rite is not accorded official recognition by the Grand Lodge. In the United States, however, the Scottish Rite is officially recognized by Grand Lodges as an extension of the degrees of Freemasonry. The Scottish Rite builds upon the teachings and philosophy offered in the craft lodge, or Blue Lodge. The thirty-three degrees of the Scottish Rite are conferred by several controlling bodies, the first of these is the Craft Lodge which confers the Entered Apprentice, Fellowcraft, and Master Mason degrees. Craft lodges operate under the authority of Grand Lodges, not the Scottish Rite, there are records of lodges conferring the degree of Scots Master or Scotch Master as early as 1733. A lodge at Temple Bar in London is the earliest such lodge on record, other lodges include a lodge at Bath in 1735, and the French lodge, St. George de lObservance No.49 at Covent Garden in 1736. The references to these few occasions indicate that these were special meetings held for the purpose of performing unusual ceremonies, the Copiale cipher, dating from the 1730s, says, The rank of a Scottish master is an entirely new invention. It was stated, without support, that King Charles II was made a Freemason in the Netherlands during the years of his exile, however, there were no documented lodges of Freemasons on the continent during those years. The statement may have made to flatter the fraternity by claiming membership for a previous monarch. This folly was then embellished by John Robison, a professor of Natural Philosophy at the University of Edinburgh, the lack of scholarship exhibited by Robison in that work caused the Encyclopædia Britannica to denounce it. A German bookseller and Freemason, living in Paris, working under the name of C. Lenning, embellished the story further in a manuscript titled Encyclopedia of Freemasonry probably written between 1822 and 1828 at Leipzig and this manuscript was later revised and published by another German Freemason named Friedrich Mossdorf. By the mid-19th century, the story had gained currency, the well-known English Masonic writer, Dr. The story was repeated by the French writers Jean-Baptiste Ragon and Emmanuel Rebold
34.
Tornado
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A tornado is a rapidly rotating column of air that spins while in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a cumulonimbus cloud or, in rare cases, the base of a cumulus cloud. Most tornadoes have wind speeds less than 110 miles per hour, are about 250 feet across, the most extreme tornadoes can attain wind speeds of more than 300 miles per hour, are more than two miles in diameter, and stay on the ground for dozens of miles. Various types of tornadoes include the multiple vortex tornado, landspout and waterspout, waterspouts are characterized by a spiraling funnel-shaped wind current, connecting to a large cumulus or cumulonimbus cloud. They are generally classified as non-supercellular tornadoes that develop over bodies of water and these spiraling columns of air frequently develop in tropical areas close to the equator, and are less common at high latitudes. Other tornado-like phenomena that exist in nature include the gustnado, dust devil, fire whirls, downbursts are frequently confused with tornadoes, though their action is dissimilar. Tornadoes have been observed and documented on every continent except Antarctica, however, the vast majority of tornadoes occur in the Tornado Alley region of the United States, although they can occur nearly anywhere in North America. There are several scales for rating the strength of tornadoes, the Fujita scale rates tornadoes by damage caused and has been replaced in some countries by the updated Enhanced Fujita Scale. An F0 or EF0 tornado, the weakest category, damages trees, an F5 or EF5 tornado, the strongest category, rips buildings off their foundations and can deform large skyscrapers. The similar TORRO scale ranges from a T0 for extremely weak tornadoes to T11 for the most powerful known tornadoes, Doppler radar data, photogrammetry, and ground swirl patterns may also be analyzed to determine intensity and assign a rating. The word tornado is a form of the Spanish word tronada. This in turn was taken from the Latin tonare, meaning to thunder and it most likely reached its present form through a combination of the Spanish tronada and tornar, however, this may be a folk etymology. A tornado is also referred to as a twister, and is also sometimes referred to by the old-fashioned colloquial term cyclone. The term cyclone is used as a synonym for tornado in the often-aired 1939 film The Wizard of Oz, the term twister is also used in that film, along with being the title of the 1996 tornado-related film Twister. A tornado is a rotating column of air, in contact with the ground, either pendant from a cumuliform cloud or underneath a cumuliform cloud. For a vortex to be classified as a tornado, it must be in contact with both the ground and the cloud base. Scientists have not yet created a definition of the word, for example. Tornado refers to the vortex of wind, not the condensation cloud and this results in the formation of a visible funnel cloud or condensation funnel. There is some disagreement over the definition of cloud and condensation funnel
35.
Mercy Hospital Joplin
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St. Johns Regional Medical Center was a hospital in Joplin, Missouri, USA. Following damage in the 2011 Joplin tornado, it was demolished in 2012, the hospital was founded on October 24,1896, by the Appoline A. Blair. The facility was expanded in 1968 to include two connecting buildings of seven and nine floors, on May 22,2011, the hospital was seriously damaged by a tornado from the May 2011 tornado outbreak. At least four people were killed inside the hospital and its grounds, and surviving patients were evacuated from the health facility, one of the hospitals towers took a direct hit by the storm and was rotated four inches on its foundation. Mere hours after one of the deadliest recorded tornadoes in U. S. history hit Joplin, the following Wednesday, DMAT deployed their 8,000 square foot field hospital to temporarily replace the destroyed hospital. Six days after the tornado, on May 29,2011 St. Johns medical staff gave medical treatment to their community in the BLU-MED field hospital, the existing hospital was structurally unsafe and was eventually demolished. Temporary buildings were constructed nearby for work to supporting the community. One week after the tornado, St. Johns announced they would rebuild, Mercy has rebuilt the hospital at Interstate 44 and Hearnes Boulevard, it opened in 2015, replacing the facility destroyed by the tornado. There is also a facility on the northeast side. Official Website, now redirects to Mercy. net
36.
Eagle-Picher
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Eagle-Picher Corporation is a privately held, American, manufacturing and resource extractive company known for its storage battery technology. It was founded in 1842 as a paint manufacturing firm using the name Eagle White Lead and that merger made it the second largest producer of lead and zinc products in the world. Eagle-Picher was one of the defendants in the litigation, and has twice been through bankruptcy reorganization. After numerous divestitures, the core company EaglePicher Technologies was sold to OM Group Inc. in 2010. In 1842, Edgar and Stephen J. Conkling, brothers, started a firm in Cincinnati and they called the partnership the E. & S. J. Conkling Company and used the brand name Eagle White Lead. In 1847, with Stephen out of the picture, Edgar took a new partner, William Wood, after the American Civil War the firm was incorporated with William Wood as the majority stockholder. In 1916, the Picher Lead Company of Missouri merged with the Eagle White Lead to form Eagle-Picher Lead, during World War II, Eagle-Picher used diatomaceous earth and zinc to produce storage batteries for the US military. By 1947 they were among the first to adapt a system for Germanium for commercial use in the transistor industry. In 1953 Eagle-Picher sold its metallic products plant in Dallas to Murdock Lead Products, from 1964 until 1976 Eagle-Picher operated a printed circuit board manufacturing plant in Socorro County, New Mexico and dumped industrial waste into unlined sewage lagoons. Then from 1980 to 1989 they dumped waste from the manufacture of non-automotive lead-acid batteries into those same lagoons. The hazardous chemicals, including a number of organochlorides, permeated into the drinking water supply. Eagle-Picher operated a number of lead smelters which contaminated the local areas, the one in Hillsboro, Illinois was placed on the Superfund list in September 2007. Clean-up of the smelter in northwestern Joplin, Missouri was begun in the late 1990s, the Eagle-Picher smelter in Henryetta, Oklahoma was cleaned up in the late 1990s. In January 1991 Eagle-Picher filed for bankruptcy protection having over $2.5 billion in asbestos-related claims asserted against it and its reorganization was approved in November 1996 with the ownership of the company going to a trust for victims of asbestos and lead poisoning. In 1998 the trust sold the businesses to Granaria Holdings. In 2000, the company sold its last company that operated in the Cincinnati area, Cincinnati Industrial Machinery, in 2002, corporate headquarters were relocated from Cincinnati to Phoenix, Arizona. In April 2005, Eagle-Picher filed for bankruptcy protection a second time and it did not fully exit Chapter 11 reorganization until July 2009. During its reorganization, Eagle-Picher acquired new owners, restructured, moved its headquarters in Michigan
37.
AT&T Communications
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AT&T Communications, Inc. was a division of the AT&T Corp. that, through 23 subsidiaries, provided interexchange carrier and long distance telephone services. The American Telephone & Telegraph Long Lines wire, cable, and microwave relay network provided long-distance services to AT&T. The connection to other countries from the United States began here, by the 1970s, 95% of distance and 70% of intercity telephone calls in the United States were carried by AT&T. Before utilizing microwave relay and coaxial cables, AT&T used lines for long distance service, in 1911, the system connected New York to Denver. The introduction of repeater towers allowed such connections to reach across North America, in the 1930s the company experimented with long-distance coaxial cable. The first long-distance L-carrier coaxial link in 1936 connected Philadelphia and New York City, with improved klystrons and other devices devised for World War II, it was quickly determined that relay networks were easy to build, especially over mountainous regions and rough terrain. Coaxial systems connected all major US cities, but the primary links used microwaves, formal opening of the United States coast-to-coast connection was on August 17,1951 via AT&Ts network control center in New York City. A presidential address from Harry Truman at the San Francisco Peace Conference on September 4,1951 opened the network, the first regularly scheduled show to use this was Edward R. Murrows See It Now on November 18,1951. By the 1980s, alternatives supplemented what was in place, Long Lines briefly published a periodical, TWX, targeted to companies that used AT&Ts equipment and services, particularly TeletypeWriter eXchange, from which it took its name. The periodical was discontinued in 1952, in 1950, New York Citys five boroughs were dialed from various communities in New Jersey with the digits 1-1 followed by the 7 digit telephone number. The use of the 11+ code from Englewood to call New York City had been in place for a while, the use of area code 201 to call New Jersey from New York City didnt begin until the latter 1950s. Other cities in northeastern New Jersey were dialable in 1951 from Englewood by simply dialing the two letters of the name and remaining five digits. In addition to New York City, the Nassau County part of Long Island was dialable from Englewood, also Westchester County, Rockland County, and portions of Orange and Putnam Counties were also dialable from Englewood and Teaneck in 1951 using area code 914. Early in the 20th century, the companies organized a Separations. The mid-century advent of microwave and other high capacity systems dramatically cut the cost of long-haul operations, rather, the local fraction of revenue-sharing rose to subsidize local service. AT&T Communications became one of the three core units of AT&T after reorganization of assets. AT&T divided AT&T Communications into 22 operating companies, serving the regions of each Bell Operating Company that was spun off, some of these companies are currently operating, AT&T Communications of Indiana, G. P. AT&T Communications of New York, Inc, AT&T Communications of Virginia, LLC AT&T Communications of Washington D. C
38.
Schaeffler Group
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KG is a manufacturer of rolling element bearings for automotive, aerospace and industrial uses before October 9,2015 IPO in Germany. It was founded in 1946 by brothers Dr. Wilhelm and Dr. -Ing, in August 2008 the firm agreed to a staggered €12 billion acquisition of larger rival Continental AG, whereby Schaeffler would defer taking a majority stake until at least 2012. However, in 2011 Schaeffler sold off €1.8 billion shares of Continental, currently, the company owns 46% of Continental shares. Schaeffler Group also owns the brands INA, FAG and LuK, in Germany, the main brands of the Schaeffler Group – INA, FAG and LuK – are marketed by Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG and LuK GmbH & Co. oHG,1883, Friedrich Fischer of Schweinfurt designs a machine to allow steel balls to be ground to an absolutely round state for the first time – and in large volumes. 1905, On 29 July, the FAG brand is registered with the patent office in Berlin, the registered trademark FAG is an acronym for Fischers Automatische Gusstahlkugelfabrik, or Fischers Automatic Steel Ball Factory. 1946, Brothers Wilhelm and Georg Schaeffler, both holders of Ph. D. degrees, found INA in Herzogenaurach,1949, The needle roller cage, developed by Georg Schaeffler, makes the needle roller bearing a reliable component for industrial applications. 1965, LuK Lamellen und Kupplungsbau GmbH is founded in Bühl,1999, INA takes over LuK GmbH2002, Acquisition of FAG Kugelfischer AG, Schweinfurt. 2003, INA, FAG and LuK form the Schaeffler Group,2008, Schaeffler Group buys the much larger Continental AG. 2009, President and CEO of the Schaeffler Group, Dr. Juergen M. Geissinger, was elected president of the World Bearing Association,2011, Schaeffler Group becomes Schaeffler AG and Schaeffler Technologies AG & Co. KG2013, On 4 October, a letter said. Mr. Klaus Rosenfeld will take over as acting CEO in addition to his current responsibilities as Chief Financial Officer,2013, The third generation of Schaeffler’s electric axle, presented in Schaeffler’s ACTIVeDRIVE, becomes a promising pilot production product. 2014, Schaeffler opens its first Russian plant Ulyanovsk, from which it supplies high-quality products to domestic and overseas automobile manufacturers as well as to the railway industry. 2015, Schaeffler successfully completes its initial public offering on October 9,2015 under the motto We share our success,2016, The strategy Mobility for tomorrow is adopted. U. S. and China plants are expanded and a new facility is opened in Chonburi, Thailand along with a new office in Moscow, Russia
39.
Leggett & Platt
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Leggett & Platt, based in Carthage, Missouri, is a diversified manufacturer that designs and produces various engineered components and products. The firm was founded in 1883, and consists of 17 business units,20,000 employee-partners, Leggett & Platt also produces and distributes carpet cushion for residential and commercial applications. In addition, they are a distributor of geo components used in ground stabilization, drainage protection, erosion control. Leggett & Platt is the leading independent manufacturer of proprietary chair controls, bases. In addition, they produce select lines of private-label finished furniture and they are also a leading supplier of adjustable beds and fashion bed products, which are sold primarily to bedding retailers and major bedding producers. Leggett & Platt is a producer of steel wire. The companys three wire mills produce virtually all of the wire consumed by their other business, as well as supplying external customers. Much of the rod used to produce this wire is manufactured in Leggett & Platts own rod mill. They also produce and distribute wire products for industrial applications. Leggett & Platt is a designer and manufacturer of automotive seating support, pneumatic and they are also a supplier of titanium, nickel, and stainless steel tubing to the aerospace industry. It is a supplier of service van interiors and computer docking stations used in commercial vehicles, as of January 2016, senior corporate executives included, Karl G. Glassman, President & CEO Matthew C. The bedspring could then be used as a base for the then-popular cotton, needing expertise in manufacturing and production, he recruited his soon-to-be brother-in-law, C. B. Platt, whose father owned and operated Platt Plow Works, into the partnership. Together, they produced the components of their Leggett & Platt bedspring, the Carthage market for their new product was very limited. To expand the market to a region, Mr. Platt and George Leggett, brother of J. P. Leggett, would load a horse-drawn wagon with bedsprings. Often, to space, they would load the springs and slats separately into the wagon. The partnership prospered, and the business was incorporated in 1901, the company built its first factory and offices in Carthage in 1895. The workforce at that time consisted of the two partners and five employees, soon after completion of the Carthage plant, a second factory was built in Louisville, Kentucky. During the next 50 years, three factories were built
40.
Fortune 500
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The Fortune 500 is an annual list compiled and published by Fortune magazine that ranks 500 of the largest U. S. corporations by total revenue for their respective fiscal years. The list includes public companies, along with privately held companies for which revenues are publicly available, the concept of the Fortune 500 was created by Edgar P. Smith, a Fortune editor, and the first list was published in 1955. The Fortune 500 is more used than its subset Fortune 100 or wider list Fortune 1000. The original Fortune 500 was limited to companies whose revenues were derived from manufacturing, mining, at the same time, Fortune published companion Fortune 50 lists of the 50 largest commercial banks, utilities, life insurance companies, retailers and transportation companies. Fortune magazine changed its methodology in 1994 to include service companies, with the change came 291 new entrants to the famous list including three in the Top 10. The Fortune 500 was first published in 1955, created by Edgar P. Smith, the original top ten companies were General Motors, Exxon Mobil, U. S. Steel, General Electric, Esmark, Chrysler, Armour, Gulf Oil, Mobil and DuPont
41.
Joplin Regional Airport
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Joplin Regional Airport is a city-owned airport four miles north of Joplin, in Jasper County, Missouri. It has airline service subsidized by the Essential Air Service program, airline flights and general aviation are in separate terminals. Federal Aviation Administration records say the airport had 26,380 passenger boardings in calendar year 2014 and it is included in the Federal Aviation Administration National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems for 2017–2021, in which it is categorized as a non-hub primary commercial service facility. In the 1990s and early-mid-2000s Joplin had flights to St. Louis, Missouri by RegionsAir and to Memphis, Tennessee by Mesaba Airlines and Pinnacle Airlines. Air Midwest commenced service to Kansas City International Airport on August 1,2006 The airline also started flying to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport on October 5,2006. In 2007 Great Lakes Airlines began EAS-subsidised service to Kansas City International Airport after the end of service by Mesa Airlines. The airline flew under its own certificate, but flights were code-shares with United Airlines, Air Midwest ended service to Joplin in 2009. Great Lakes Airlines ended service on February 10,2011, the day before American Eagle Airlines began daily service between Dallas/Fort Worth and Joplin, on February 11,2011, American Airlines, operated by American Eagle as Executive Airlines began service between Joplin and Dallas/Fort Worth. Executive Airlines has terminated service to Joplin as American Eagle operated by Envoy Air now operates regional jets to Dallas–Fort Worth, American Airlines flew to Joplin from the 1940s until 1963, the first jets were Ozark DC-9s in 1968. The airport covers 970 acres at an elevation of 981 feet and it has three asphalt runways, 13/31 is 6,501 by 150 feet, 18/36 is 6,500 by 100 feet, 5/23 is 3,604 by 75 feet. For the 12-month period ending December 31,2016, the airport had 25,425 aircraft operations, an average of 69 per day, 94% general aviation, 5% airline, and 1% military. In March 2017 there were 126 aircraft were based at the airport,105 single-engine,10 multi-engine,6 jets,2 helicopters. The fixed based operators at Joplin Regional Airport are Alpha Air Center and Mizzou Aviation, both located near the General Aviation terminal
42.
Webb City, Missouri
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Webb City is a city in Jasper County, Missouri, United States. The population was 10,996 at the 2010 census and it is part of the Joplin, Missouri Metropolitan Statistical Area. Webb City also has a department, a fire department. Webb City, was platted by John C. Webb in September,1875 and incorporated in December,1876, the city was located on a portion of Webbs 200 acre farm, which he entered in February,1857. There, in 1873, Webb discovered lead while plowing, with the assistance of W. A. Daugherty, he sank the first pump-shaft in 1874. Webb then leased his land to Daugherty and G. P, in 1876 the Center Creek Mining Company leased the land and began operations. He gave land for a school and the first Methodist Episcopal Church and he built the Webb City Bank and the first hotel. The St. Louis and San Francisco Railroad was built to Webb City in 1879, the population increased from 1,588 in 1880 to 9,201 in 1900. After the success of the first Webb City sheet ground mine in the 1890s, the 100 room Newland Hotel was built and co-educational Webb City College was established. The Webb City Mining District was prominently represented at the Chicago Columbia Exposition in 1893, Webb City received for its mineral display the only silver medal awarded. During World War I zinc and lead produced in the Webb City ~ Carterville ~ Prosperity District were valued at more than $18 million. Webb Citys population increased to some 15,000, after the decline of mining in the postwar period, Webb City turned to diversified industrial and agricultural production. In the 1930s and during World War II, explosives were manufactured by powder plants located near Webb City, the Downtown Webb City Historic District and Middle West Hotel are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Webb City is located at 37°8′40″N 94°28′9″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.63 square miles, all of it land. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries Webb City was part of the Tri-State Mining District at the time the worlds largest and most productive lead, the area remains surrounded by chat piles that are used primarily in road-building. As of the census of 2010, there were 10,996 people,4,230 households, the population density was 1,274.2 inhabitants per square mile. There were 4,730 housing units at a density of 548.1 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 90. 7% White,1. 6% African American,1. 5% Native American,0. 9% Asian,0. 1% Pacific Islander,2. 2% from other races, and 3. 0% from two or more races
Joplin travel guide from Wikivoyage
