1.
Film poster
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A film poster is a poster used to promote and advertise a film. Studios often print several posters that vary in size and content for various domestic and they normally contain an image with text. Todays posters often feature photographs of the main actors, prior to the 1990s, illustrations instead of photos were far more common. The text on film posters usually contains the title in large lettering. It may also include a tagline, the name of the director, names of characters, film posters are displayed inside and on the outside of movie theaters, and elsewhere on the street or in shops. The same images appear in the film exhibitors pressbook and may also be used on websites, DVD packaging, flyers, advertisements in newspapers and magazines, film posters have been used since the earliest public exhibitions of film. They began as outside placards listing the programme of films to be shown inside the hall or movie theater, by the early 1900s, they began to feature illustrations of a film scene or an array of overlaid images from several scenes. Other posters have used artistic interpretations of a scene or even the theme of the film, as an economy measure, the NSS regularly recycled posters that were returned, sending them back out to be used again at another theater. During this time, a film could stay in circulation for several years and those posters which were not returned were often thrown away by the theater owner, but some found their way into the hands of collectors. Today there is a thriving market in film posters, some have become very valuable. The record price for a poster was set on November 15,2005 when $690,000 was paid for a poster of Fritz Langs 1927 film Metropolis from the Reel Poster Gallery in London. The 1931 Frankenstein six-sheet poster, of only one copy is known to exist, is considered to be the most valuable film poster in the world. Over the years, old Bollywood posters, especially with hand-painted art, have become collectors items, occasionally, rare film posters have been found being used as insulation in attics and walls. In 2011,33 film posters, including a Dracula Style F one-sheet, from 1930-1931 were discovered in an attic in Berwick, Pennsylvania, as a result of market demand, some of the more popular older film posters have been reproduced either under license or illegally. Although the artwork on reproductions is the same as originals, reproductions can often be distinguished by size, printing quality, several websites on the Internet offer authentication tests to distinguish originals from reproductions. Original film posters distributed to theaters and other venues by the movie studios are never sold directly to the public. However, most modern posters are produced in quantities and often become available for purchase by collectors indirectly through various secondary markets such as eBay. Accordingly, most modern posters are not as valuable, however some recent posters, such as the recalled Pulp Fiction Lucky Strike U. S. one sheet poster, are quite rare
Film poster
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This Gun for Hire (1945) one sheet movie poster
Film poster
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Rudolph Valentino in Blood and Sand, 1922
Film poster
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The Battleship Potemkin, 1925
Film poster
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Old
Bollywood posters, like
Hunterwali (1935) featuring
Fearless Nadia are collectors items.
2.
Robert McCall (artist)
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Robert Theodore McCall was an American conceptual artist, known particularly for his works of space art. McCall was an illustrator for Life magazine in the 1960s, created artwork for Stanley Kubricks film 2001, A Space Odyssey. Tora. and worked as an artist for NASA, documenting the history of the Space Race, McCall was also production illustrator on Star Trek, The Motion Picture. The character Commander William Riker expressed admiration for the work of Bob McCall in one episode of the television series Star Trek, mcCalls work can be found on U. S. postage stamps, and also NASA mission patches such as for Apollo 17. His murals grace the walls of the National Air and Space Museum, the National Gallery of Art, The Pentagon, Epcot, McCall died in 2010 of heart failure in Scottsdale, Arizona. He is survived by his wife Louise, their two daughters, Linda and Catherine, and four grandchildren
Robert McCall (artist)
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Robert McCall with wife Louise (2003)
3.
Richard Lester
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Richard Lester is an American film director based in Britain. Lester is notable for his work with the Beatles in the 1960s, Lester was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A child prodigy, he studies at the University of Pennsylvania at the age of 15. He started in television in 1950, working as a hand, floor manager, assistant director and then director in less than a year. He directed Action in the Afternoon an American western television series aired live on CBS from February 2,1953 to January 29,1954. The series originated from the studios and back lot of WCAU, Channel 10 in Philadelphia, the half-hour series aired variously at 3,30 pm or 4,00 pm, throughout its run. A variety show he produced caught the eye of Peter Sellers and it was a hit, as were two follow-up shows, A Show Called Fred and Son of Fred. Lester recalls that A Show Called Fred was broadcast live and thats why I went into directing where you can do a second take. A short film Lester made with Spike Milligan and Peter Sellers, The Running Jumping & Standing Still Film, was a favourite of the Beatles, when the band members were contracted to make a film in 1964, they chose Lester from a list of possible directors. A Hard Days Night showed an exaggerated and simplified version of The Beatles characters, many of its stylistic innovations survive today as the conventions of music videos, in particular the multi-angle filming of a live performance. Lester was sent an award from MTV as Father of the Music Video, Lester directed the second Beatles film Help. in 1965. Between the two Beatles films, Lester directed the first of several quintessential swinging films, the sex comedy The Knack …and How to Get It, which won the Palme dOr at the Cannes Film Festival. Although set in World War II, the movie is indeed a reference to the Vietnam War and at one point, breaking the fourth wall. In 1991 he directed a film of Paul McCartney entitled Get Back. However his biggest commercial successes in this period were The Three Musketeers, the films were somewhat controversial at the time because the producers, Alexander and Ilya Salkind, decided to split the first film into two after principal photography was completed. Many of the cast principals sued the Salkinds as a result, production on Superman II began before Superman was completed, and had to be halted to concentrate on getting the first movie completed. Although Donner had shot a majority of what was planned for the film, gene Hackman, who played Lex Luthor, refused to return for the reshoots, so Lester instead used a stunt double and an impersonator to loop Luthors lines onto footage of Hackman shot by Donner. Some of Donners original footage was integrated into television versions of the film
Richard Lester
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Lester in
Bologna in 2014
4.
Richard Harris
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Richard St John Harris was an Irish actor and singer. He appeared on stage and in films, appearing as Frank Machin in This Sporting Life, and King Arthur in the 1967 film Camelot. Harris had a top ten hit in the United Kingdom and United States with his 1968 recording of Jimmy Webbs song MacArthur Park, Harris, the sixth of nine children of Mildred Josephine and Ivan John Harris, was born in Limerick. He was brought up in a class and staunchly Roman Catholic family. Harris siblings included Patrick Ivan, Noel William Michael, Diarmid and his maternal niece is actress Annabelle Wallis. Harris was schooled by the Jesuits at Crescent College, a talented rugby player, he was on several Munster Junior and Senior Cup teams for Crescent, and played for Garryowen. Harris athletic career was cut short when he caught tuberculosis in his teens, after recovering from tuberculosis, Harris moved to Britain, wanting to become a director. He could not find any suitable training courses, and enrolled in the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art to learn acting. He had failed an audition at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art and had been rejected by the Central School of Speech and Drama, while still a student, Harris rented the tiny off-West End Irving Theatre, and there directed his own production of Clifford Odets play Winter Journey. This show was a success, but was a financial failure. As a result, Harris ended up homeless, sleeping in a coal cellar for six weeks. After completing his studies at the Academy, Harris joined Joan Littlewoods Theatre Workshop and he began getting roles in West End theatre productions, starting with The Quare Fellow in 1956, a transfer from the Theatre Workshop. Harris spent nearly a decade in obscurity, learning his profession on stages throughout the UK, Harris made his film debut in 1958 in the film Alive and Kicking, and played the lead role in The Ginger Man in the West End in 1959. His second film was shot in Ireland, a role as a terrorist in Shake Hands with the Devil. It was directed by Michael Anderson who offered Harris a role in his movie, The Wreck of the Mary Deare. Harris hated it so much that he refused to return there for several years, Harris played another IRA terrorist in A Terrible Beauty, alongside Robert Mitchum. He had a bit part in the film The Guns of Navarone as a Royal Australian Air Force pilot who reports that blowing up the bloody guns of the island of Navarone is impossible by an air raid. He had a part in The Long and the Short
Richard Harris
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Harris in Boston in 1985
Richard Harris
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A statue in Kilkee, Republic of Ireland, of the young Richard Harris playing squash
5.
Omar Sharif
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Omar Sharif was an Egyptian actor. He began his career in his country in the 1950s. His films included Lawrence of Arabia, Doctor Zhivago, and Funny Girl and he was nominated for an Academy Award. He won three Golden Globe Awards and a César Award, Sharif, who spoke Arabic, English, Greek, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Italian fluently, was often cast as a foreigner of some sort. He bridled at travel restrictions imposed by the government of Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser, the estrangement led to an amicable divorce from his wife, the iconic Egyptian actress Faten Hamama. He had converted to Islam in order to marry her and he was a lifelong horse racing enthusiast, and at one time ranked among the worlds top contract bridge players. Omar Sharif, whose adopted surname means noble or nobleman in Arabic, was born on 10 April 1932 as Michel Dimitri Chalhoub in Alexandria, Egypt, to a Melkite Catholic family. His father, Joseph Chalhoub, a precious woods merchant originally from Zahlé, Lebanon, moved to the city of Alexandria in the early 20th century. His family moved to Cairo when he was four and his mother, Claire Saada, was a noted society hostess, and Egypts King Farouk was a regular visitor prior to his deposition in 1952. In his youth, Sharif studied at Victoria College, Cairo and he later graduated from Cairo University with a degree in mathematics and physics. He worked for a while in his fathers precious wood business before studying acting at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, in 1955, Sharif changed his name and converted to Islam in order to marry fellow Egyptian actress Faten Hamama. In 1954, Sharif began his career in Egypt with a role in Shaytan Al-Sahra. In the same year he appeared in Sira Fi al-Wadi and he quickly rose to stardom, appearing in Egyptian productions, including La Anam in 1958, Sayyidat al-Qasr in 1959 and the Anna Karenina adaptation Nahr el hub in 1961. He and his wife co-starred in several movies as romantic leads, Sharifs first English-language role was that of Sherif Ali in David Leans historical epic Lawrence of Arabia in 1962. Casting Sharif in what is now considered one of the most demanding supporting roles in Hollywood history was complex and risky as he was virtually unknown at the time outside of Egypt. However, as historian Steven Charles Caton notes, Lean insisted on using ethnic actors when possible to make the film authentic, Sharif would later use his ambiguous ethnicity in other films, I spoke French, Greek, Italian, Spanish and even Arabic, he said. As Sharif noted, his accent enabled him to play the role of a foreigner without anyone knowing exactly where I came from, over the next few years, Sharif co-starred in other films, including Behold a Pale Horse. Director Fred Zinnemann said he chose Sharif partly on the suggestion of David Lean and he said he was an absolutely marvelous actor, If you possibly can take a look at him
Omar Sharif
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Sharif in 1963
Omar Sharif
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With
Geraldine Chaplin in
Doctor Zhivago (1965)
Omar Sharif
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Sharif at the
Venice Film Festival in 2009
Omar Sharif
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Omar Sharif on a bridge demonstration in the Netherlands in 1967
6.
David Hemmings
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David Edward Leslie Hemmings was an English film, theatre and television actor, as well as a film and television director and producer. He founded also the Hemdale Film Corporation in 1967 and he is noted for his role as the photographer in the drama mystery-thriller film Blowup, directed by Michelangelo Antonioni. Early in his career, Hemmings was a boy soprano appearing in operatic roles, David Hemmings was born in Guildford, in the county of Surrey, to a biscuit salesman father. Most notably, Hemmings created the role of Miles in Brittens chamber opera Turn of the Screw and his intimate, yet innocent, relationship with Britten is described in John Bridcuts book Brittens Children. Hemmings had earlier played the role in Brittens The Little Sweep. Britten was furious, waved Hemmings away, and never had any contact with him. Hemmings then moved on to acting and directing in film and he made his first film appearance in the drama film The Rainbow Jacket, but he first became well known as a pin-up and film star in the mid-1960s. Antonioni, who detested the Method way of acting, sought to find a young face for the lead in his next production. Then, he found Hemmings, at the acting in small stage theatre in London, although at their first meeting, Antonioni told Hemmings. Hemmings directed the drama film The 14, which won the Silver Bear at the 23rd Berlin International Film Festival and he appeared in the Italian giallo film Profondo Rosso directed by Dario Argento. In 1977 he appeared as Eddy in the film Islands in the Stream and he directed David Bowie and Marlene Dietrich in the drama film Schöner Gigolo, armer Gigolo. The film was received, with Bowie describing it as my 32 Elvis Presley films rolled into one. Hemmings directed the horror film The Survivor, based on James Herberts 1976 novel of the name, starring Robert Powell. He once joked, People thought I was dead, I was just directing The A-Team. He directed the thriller film Race for the Yankee Zephyr, which stars Ken Wahl, Lesley Ann Warren, Donald Pleasence, Hemmings also directed the puzzle-contest video Money Hunt, The Mystery of the Missing Link. He directed the television film The Key to Rebecca, an adaptation of Ken Folletts 1980 novel of the same name and he also briefly served as a producer on the NBC crime-drama television series Stingray. Hemmings played a cop in the docudrama film Beyond Reasonable Doubt about Arthur Allan Thomas, a New Zealand farmer jailed for the murder of Harvey and Jeannette Crewe. In later years, he had roles including appearing as Cassius in the epic film Gladiator, with Russell Crowe, as well as appearing in the drama film Last Orders
David Hemmings
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David Hemmings (1976)
7.
Anthony Hopkins
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Sir Philip Anthony Hopkins CBE, is a Welsh actor of film, stage, and television. In 1968, he got his break in film in The Lion in Winter, since 2016, he has starred in the critically acclaimed HBO television series Westworld. Along with his Academy Award, Hopkins has won three BAFTA Awards, two Emmys, and the Cecil B, in 1993, he was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for services to the arts. He received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2003, Hopkins was born on New Years Eve 1937, in Margam, a suburb of Port Talbot, Glamorgan. His parents were Annie Muriel and Richard Arthur Hopkins, a baker and his school days were unproductive, he would rather immerse himself in art, such as painting and drawing, or playing the piano, than attend to his studies. In 1949, to discipline, his parents insisted he attend Jones West Monmouth Boys School in Pontypool. He remained there for five terms and was educated at Cowbridge Grammar School in the Vale of Glamorgan. Hopkins was influenced and encouraged by Welsh compatriot Richard Burton, whom he met at the age of 15, Hopkins promptly enrolled at the Royal Welsh College of Music & Drama in Cardiff, from which he graduated in 1957. After two years in the British Army doing his national service, he moved to London, where he trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. Hopkins made his first professional appearance in the Palace Theatre, Swansea. In 1965, after years in repertory, he was spotted by Laurence Olivier. Hopkins became Oliviers understudy, and filled in when Olivier was struck with appendicitis during a production of August Strindbergs The Dance of Death, despite his success at the National, Hopkins tired of repeating the same roles nightly and yearned to be in films. He made his debut in a 1967 BBC broadcast of A Flea in Her Ear. His first starring role in a film came in 1964 in Changes, in 1968, he got his break in The Lion in Winter playing Richard I. Although Hopkins continued in theatre he gradually moved away from it to more established as a television. He portrayed Charles Dickens in the BBC television film The Great Inimitable Mr. Dickens in 1970, and Pierre Bezukhov in the BBCs mini series War and Peace. In 1972 he starred as British politician David Lloyd George in Young Winston, in 1980, he starred in The Elephant Man as the English doctor Sir Frederick Treves, who attends to Joseph Merrick, a severely deformed man in 19th century London. That year he starred opposite Shirley MacLaine in A Change of Seasons
Anthony Hopkins
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Hopkins at the
Toronto International Film Festival, September 2010
Anthony Hopkins
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Isabella Rossellini and Sir Anthony Hopkins in Berlin to shoot scenes for
The Innocent (1993)
Anthony Hopkins
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Hopkins at the
Tuscan Sun Festival,
Cortona,
Italy, August 2009
Anthony Hopkins
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Panorama of
Snowdonia in north Wales which Hopkins described as "one of the most beautiful places in the world and Snowdon is the jewel that lies at its heart. It must be cherished and protected."
8.
Shirley Knight
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She is a member of the Actors Studio. Knight has been nominated twice for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress, for The Dark at the Top of the Stairs and Sweet Bird of Youth. In the 1960s, she had leading roles in a number of Hollywood movies such as The Couch, House of Women, The Group, The Counterfeit Killer and she also received Volpi Cup for Best Actress for her role in the British film Dutchman. In 1976 Knight won a Tony Award for her performance in Kennedys Children, in later years, she played supporting roles in many films, include Endless Love, As Good as It Gets, Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood, and Grandmas Boy. For her performances on television, Knight eight times was nominated for Primetime Emmy Award, Knight was born in Goessel in Marion County, east central Kansas, the daughter of Virginia and Noel Johnson Knight, an oil company executive. At the age of 14, she wrote a story which was published in a national magazine. Knight later attended Phillips University and Wichita State University and trained acting with Erwin Piscator and Lee Strasberg. Knight was cast in 1958 and 1959 as Mrs. Newcomb in twenty of the episodes of the NBC western television series, Buckskin, with Tom Nolan, Sally Brophy. She was nominated for the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Actress in a Play twice, for Landscape of the Body and The Young Man from Atlanta, for which she received another Tony nomination. She also appeared, with Alison Fraser, in Come Back, Come Back, Wherever You Are and her television credits include Target, The Corruptors. Her guest performance in thirtysomething earned her a 1988 Emmy for Best Guest Performer in a Drama Series and she won Emmy in 1995 for her guest performance in the NYPD Blue episode Large Mouth Bass. She appeared in the first segment of If These Walls Could Talk and she also had a recurring role on Desperate Housewives. Knight was married twice, to actor and producer Gene Persson, from 1959 until they divorced in 1969 and she has two daughters, actress Kaitlin Hopkins and elementary school teacher Sophie Hopkins. com TalkMoviesWorld. com
Shirley Knight
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Shirley Knight in 1963
9.
Ian Holm
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Sir Ian Holm CBE is an English actor known for his stage work and many film roles. He won the 1981 BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his role as athletics trainer Sam Mussabini in Chariots of Fire, for which he was also nominated for an Academy Award. Holm was born Ian Holm Cuthbert on 12 September 1931 in Goodmayes, in Essex, to Scottish parents, Jean Wilson and James Harvey Cuthbert. His mother was a nurse, and his father was a psychiatrist who worked as the superintendent of the West Ham Corporation Mental Hospital and was one of the pioneers of electric shock therapy and he had an older brother, Eric, who died in 1943. Holm was educated at the independent Chigwell School in Essex and his parents retired to Mortehoe, Devon and then Worthing where he joined an amateur dramatic society. They were then interrupted a second time when he volunteered to go on an tour of the United States in 1952. Holm was a star of the Royal Shakespeare Company before making an impact on television. In 1965, he played Richard III in the BBC serialisation of The Wars of The Roses, based on the RSC production of the plays, what a Lovely War, Nicholas and Alexandra, Mary, Queen of Scots and Young Winston. In 1967, he won a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play as Lenny in The Homecoming by Harold Pinter, in 1977, Holm appeared in the TV mini-series Jesus of Nazareth as the Sadducee Zerah, and a villainous Moroccan in March or Die. The following year he played J. M. Barrie in the award-winning BBC TV series The Lost Boys, in 1981 he played Frodo Baggins in the BBC radio adaptation of J. R. R. Tolkiens Lord of the Rings. Holms first film role to have an impact was that of the treacherous android, Ash. His portrayal of Sam Mussabini in Chariots of Fire, earned him an award at the Cannes Film Festival. Back home in England, he won a BAFTA award, for Best Supporting Actor, for Chariots, in the 1980s, he had memorable roles in Time Bandits, Greystoke, The Legend of Tarzan, Lord of the Apes and Terry Gilliams Brazil. He played Lewis Carroll, author of Alice in Wonderland in the Dennis Potter-scripted fantasy Dreamchild, in 1989 Holm was nominated for a BAFTA award for the TV series Game, Set and Match. Based on the novels by Len Deighton, this tells the story of an officer who discovers that his own wife is an enemy spy. He continued to perform Shakespeare, and appeared with Kenneth Branagh in Henry V, Holm was reunited with Kenneth Branagh in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, playing the father of Branaghs Victor Frankenstein. Holm raised his profile in 1997 with two prominent roles, as the stressed but gentle priest Vito Cornelius in The Fifth Element, in 2001 he starred in From Hell as the physician Sir William Withey Gull. He reappeared in the trilogy in The Lord of the Rings, The Return of the King and he reprised his role as the elder Bilbo Baggins in the movie The Hobbit, An Unexpected Journey and The Hobbit, The Battle of the Five Armies
Ian Holm
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Holm in
Edinburgh, August 2004
10.
United Artists
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United Artists is an American film and television entertainment studio. The studio was bought, sold and restructured over the ensuing century. On December 14 of the year, however, MGM acquired the 48% stake of UAMG it did not own. UA was incorporated as a joint venture on February 5,1919, by Pickford, Chaplin, Fairbanks, each held a 20% stake, with the remaining 20% held by lawyer William Gibbs McAdoo. The idea for the venture originated with Fairbanks, Chaplin, Pickford, already Hollywood veterans, the four stars talked of forming their own company to better control their own work. They were spurred on by established Hollywood producers and distributors who were tightening their control over salaries and creative decisions. With the addition of Griffith, planning began, but Hart bowed out before anything was formalized, when he heard about their scheme, Richard A. Rowland, head of Metro Pictures, is said to have observed, The inmates are taking over the asylum. The four partners, with advice from McAdoo, formed their distribution company and its headquarters was established at 729 Seventh Avenue in New York City. The original terms called for each of the stars to produce five pictures each year, UAs first film was a success. Without selling stock to the public, following the other studios, as a result, production was slow and the company distributed an annual average of five films during its first five years. By 1924 Griffith had dropped out and the company was facing a crisis, veteran producer Joseph Schenck was hired as president. He had been producing pictures for a decade, and he brought commitments for films starring his wife, Norma Talmadge, his sister-in-law, Constance Talmadge, contracts were signed with independent producers, most notably Samuel Goldwyn, and Howard Hughes. In 1933, Schenck organized a new company with Darryl F. Zanuck, called Twentieth Century Pictures, Schenck formed a separate partnership with Pickford and Chaplin to buy and build theaters under the United Artists name. They began international operations, first in Canada and then in Mexico, by the end of the 1930s, United Artists was represented in over 40 countries. When he was denied a share in 1935, Schenck resigned. He set up 20th Century Pictures merger with Fox Film Corporation to form 20th Century Fox, al Lichtman succeeded Schenck as company president. Other independent producers distributed through United Artists in the 1930s including, Walt Disney Productions, Alexander Korda, Hal Roach, David O. Selznick, as the years passed, and the dynamics of the business changed, these producing partners drifted away. Samuel Goldwyn Productions and Disney went to RKO, and Wanger to Universal Pictures, in the late 1930s, UA turned a profit
United Artists
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List of UA stockholders in 1920
United Artists
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United Artists Media Group
United Artists
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D.W. Griffith,
Mary Pickford,
Charlie Chaplin (seated) and Douglas Fairbanks at the signing of the contract establishing United Artists motion picture studio in 1919. Lawyers Albert Banzhaf (left) and Dennis F. O'Brien (right) stand in the background.
11.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state—the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government
United Kingdom
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Stonehenge, in
Wiltshire, was erected around 2500 BC.
United Kingdom
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Flag
United Kingdom
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The
Bayeux Tapestry depicts the
Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it.
United Kingdom
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The
Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain.
12.
Crime film
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Crime films are a genre of film that focus on crime. The stylistic approach to a crime film varies from realistic portrayals of real-life criminal figures, films dealing with crime and its detection are often based on plays rather than novels. Agatha Christies stage play Witness for the Prosecution was adapted for the big screen by director Billy Wilder in 1957, the film starred Marlene Dietrich and Charles Laughton and is a classic example of a courtroom drama. In a courtroom drama, a charge is brought against one of the main characters, another major part is played by the lawyer representing the defendant in court and battling with the public prosecutor. He or she may enlist the services of an investigator to find out what really happened. However, in most cases it is not clear at all whether the accused is guilty of the crime or not—this is how suspense is created. Often, the private investigator storms into the courtroom at the very last minute in order to bring a new and this type of literature lends itself to the literary genre of drama focused more on dialogue and little or no necessity for a shift in scenery. The auditorium of the theatre becomes an extension of the courtroom, in Witness for the Prosecution, Leonard Vole, a young American living in England, is accused of murdering a middle-aged lady he met in the street while shopping. His wife hires the best lawyer available because she is convinced, or rather she knows, another classic courtroom drama is U. S. playwright Reginald Roses Twelve Angry Men, which is set in the jury deliberation room of a New York Court of Law. Eleven members of the jury, aiming at a verdict of guilty. The popularity of TV brought about the emergence of TV series featuring detectives, investigators, special agents, lawyers, in Britain, The Avengers about the adventures of gentleman agent John Steed and his partner, Emma Peel, achieved cult status. In Germany, Derrick became a household word, breaking Bad character Walter White is a methamphetamine drug manufacturer, this offered a different approach whereby the protagonist is the criminal instead of being the detective. Crime films may fall under several different subgenres and these include, Crime comedy - A hybrid of crime and comedy films. Mafia comedy looks at organized crime from a comical standpoint, humor comes from the incompetence of the criminals and/or black comedy. Examples include Analyze This, The Pope of Greenwich Village, Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels, In Bruges, tower Heist and Pain & Gain. Crime drama - A combination of crime and dramatic films, examples include such films as Straight Time and Badlands. Crime thriller - A thriller in which the characters are involved in crime, either in its investigation, as the perpetrator or, less commonly. While some action films could be labelled as such for merely having criminality and thrills, the emphasis in this genre is the drama, examples include Untraceable, Silence of the Lambs, Heat, Seven, Witness, Memories of Murder, The Call, and Running Scared
Crime film
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Humphrey Bogart in
The Petrified Forest (1936)
13.
Suspense film
–
Thriller film, also known as suspense film or suspense thriller, is a film genre that falls under the general thriller genre. The thriller films key characteristics are excitement and suspense, the suspense element, found in most films plots, is particularly exploited by the filmmaker in this genre. Tension is created by delaying what the audience sees as inevitable, a strict definition of the thriller film is that the films overarching goal is to build tension in audiences as the film approaches its climax. Tension is built through situations that are menacing or where escape seems impossible, Life is typically threatened in thriller film, such as when the protagonist does not realize entering a dangerous situation. Thriller films characters conflict with other or with an outside force. Thriller films are typically hybridized with other genres, there exist adventure thrillers, science fiction thrillers, Western thrillers, Thriller films also share a close relationship with horror films, both eliciting tension. In plots about crime, thriller films focus less on the criminal or the detective, common themes include terrorism, political conspiracy, pursuit, or romantic triangles leading to murder. Alfred Hitchcocks first thriller was his silent film, The Lodger. His next thriller was Blackmail, his and Britains first sound film and his notable thrillers in the 1930s include The Man Who Knew Too Much and The 39 Steps. 326 —this film would be an inspiration for the future James Bond films, the German film M, directed by Fritz Lang, starred Peter Lorre as a criminal deviant who preys on children. Hitchcock continued his suspense-thrillers, directing Foreign Correspondent, the Oscar-winning Rebecca, Suspicion, Saboteur and Shadow of a Doubt, notable non-Hitchcock films of the 1940s include The Spiral Staircase and Sorry, Wrong Number. In the 1950s, Hitchcock added technicolor to his thrillers, now with exotic locales and he reached the zenith of his career with a succession of classic films such as, Strangers on a Train, Dial M For Murder with Ray Milland, Rear Window and Vertigo. Non-Hitchcock thrillers of the 1950s include The Night of the Hunter —Charles Laughtons only film as director—and Orson Welless crime thriller Touch of Evil, director Michael Powells Peeping Tom featured Carl Boehm as a psychopathic cameraman. After Hitchcocks classic films of the 1950s, he produced Psycho about a lonely, mother-fixated motel owner, J. Lee Thompsons Cape Fear, with Robert Mitchum, had a menacing ex-con seeking revenge. A famous thriller at the time of its release was Wait Until Dark by director Terence Young, john Boormans Deliverance followed the perilous fate of four Southern businessmen during a weekends trip. In Francis Ford Coppolas The Conversation, a bugging-device expert systematically uncovered a covert murder while he himself was being spied upon, Peter Hyams science fiction thriller Capricorn One proposed a government conspiracy to fake the first mission to Mars. His notable films include Sisters, Obsession, which was inspired by Vertigo, Dressed to Kill. Other films include Curtis Hansons The Hand That Rocks the Cradle and Unlawful Entry, detectives/FBI agents hunting down a serial killer was another popular motif in the 90s
Suspense film
–
A common theme in thrillers involves innocent victims dealing with deranged adversaries, as seen in Hitchcock's film
Rebecca (1940), where Mrs. Danvers tries to persuade Mrs. De Winter to leap to her death.
Suspense film
–
A common occurrence in thrillers is characters being taken as
hostages and with a
ransom in need. (Hostages, 1896 painting by
Jean-Paul Laurens, Musée des Beaux-Arts, Lyon)
Suspense film
–
Little Red Riding Hood is an early example of a psychotic stalker story, a common convention in the thriller genre (art by
Gustave Doré).
Suspense film
–
Rear Window is considered to be one of Hitchcock's best and one of the
greatest movies ever made. The film received four
Academy Award nominations.
14.
TS Maxim Gorkiy
–
TS Maxim Gorkiy was, until 30 November 2008, a cruise ship owned by Sovcomflot, Russia, under long-term charter to Phoenix Reisen, Germany. She was built in 1969 by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft, Hamburg, West Germany for the German Atlantic Line as TS Hamburg, in late 1973 she was very briefly renamed TS Hanseatic. On 20 August 2008 Maxim Gorkiy was sold to Orient Lines and she was due to enter service with her new owners on 15 April 2009 under the name TS Marco Polo II, but in November 2008 the relaunch of the Orient Lines brand was cancelled. On 8 January 2009 the ship was sold for scrap, and she was beached at Alang, although never used as such, the ship was originally planned as a dual ocean liner/cruise ship, for service between Hamburg and New York City as well as cruising. She was the first major passenger liner built in Germany since 1938, on entering service for the Black Sea Shipping Company, she became the first four-star cruise ship operated under the Soviet flag. Several variants of the name were used through her career. Some sources refer to her with the prefix TS instead of SS, while her final name Maxim Gorkiy was also written as Maksim Gorkiy and Maxim Gorki. She should not be confused with any of the Soviet era cruise liners of the Ivan Franko-class, in 1965 the company decided to order a replacement for Hanseatic. In order to finance this, a new company German Atlantic Line was founded, the unusual scheme was successful, and an order was placed for the new ship at Deutsche Werft, Hamburg in November 1966. Before the ship was delivered, Deutsche Werft merged with Howaldtswerke to form Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft, the new ship, eventually named Hamburg was originally planned to operate both as an ocean liner and as a cruise ship, similarly to RMS Queen Elizabeth 2, under construction at the time. However, by the time Hamburg was delivered in March 1969, German Atlantic Line had abandoned liner service and Hamburg was used for full-time cruising. Additionally the first Hanseatic had burnt in September 1966, and instead of replacing her Hamburg now entered service alongside the second Hanseatic that had purchased from Zim Lines in 1967. The ships interiors were modernized 1988, however most public spaces were in the configuration as they were when the ship was built until the end of her career. The new flagship of the German Atlantic Line, Hamburg, set on her voyage from Cuxhaven. She was the first major German-built passenger liner to enter service since 1938, until 1973 Hamburg was used for cruising around Europe and the Americas alongside the second Hanseatic. The operations of the German Atlantic Line were badly hit by the oil crises in 1973. Additionally their sister company Home Lines had lost their SS Homeric in a fire earlier that year, on the same day the second Hanseatic was sold, Hamburg was in turn renamed Hanseatic, becoming the third ship to bear the name. Her career under the new name proved short however, as already on 1 December 1973 German Atlantic Line ceased operations, japanese Ryutsu Kaiun KK were interested in buying the ship, but that deal did not materialise
TS Maxim Gorkiy
–
TS Maxim Gorkiy in
Helsinki, Finland in June 2006.
TS Maxim Gorkiy
–
TS Maxim Gorkiy departing
Helsinki,
Finland in Sovcomflot colours, c. 2004.
TS Maxim Gorkiy
–
A manipulated photograph showing the TS Hamburg in German Atlantic Line colours.
15.
North Sea
–
The North Sea is a marginal sea of the Atlantic Ocean located between Great Britain, Scandinavia, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium, and France. An epeiric sea on the European continental shelf, it connects to the ocean through the English Channel in the south and it is more than 970 kilometres long and 580 kilometres wide, with an area of around 570,000 square kilometres. The North Sea has long been the site of important European shipping lanes as well as a major fishery, the North Sea was the centre of the Vikings rise. Subsequently, the Hanseatic League, the Netherlands, and the British each sought to dominate the North Sea and thus the access to the markets, as Germanys only outlet to the ocean, the North Sea continued to be strategically important through both World Wars. The coast of the North Sea presents a diversity of geological and geographical features, in the north, deep fjords and sheer cliffs mark the Norwegian and Scottish coastlines, whereas in the south it consists primarily of sandy beaches and wide mudflats. Due to the population, heavy industrialization, and intense use of the sea and area surrounding it. In the southwest, beyond the Straits of Dover, the North Sea becomes the English Channel connecting to the Atlantic Ocean, in the east, it connects to the Baltic Sea via the Skagerrak and Kattegat, narrow straits that separate Denmark from Norway and Sweden respectively. In the north it is bordered by the Shetland Islands, and connects with the Norwegian Sea, the North Sea is more than 970 kilometres long and 580 kilometres wide, with an area of 570,000 square kilometres and a volume of 54,000 cubic kilometres. Around the edges of the North Sea are sizeable islands and archipelagos, including Shetland, Orkney, the North Sea receives freshwater from a number of European continental watersheds, as well as the British Isles. A large part of the European drainage basin empties into the North Sea including water from the Baltic Sea, the largest and most important rivers flowing into the North Sea are the Elbe and the Rhine – Meuse watershed. Around 185 million people live in the catchment area of the rivers discharging into the North Sea encompassing some highly industrialized areas, for the most part, the sea lies on the European continental shelf with a mean depth of 90 metres. The only exception is the Norwegian trench, which extends parallel to the Norwegian shoreline from Oslo to a north of Bergen. It is between 20 and 30 kilometres wide and has a depth of 725 metres. The Dogger Bank, a vast moraine, or accumulation of unconsolidated glacial debris and this feature has produced the finest fishing location of the North Sea. The Long Forties and the Broad Fourteens are large areas with uniform depth in fathoms. These great banks and others make the North Sea particularly hazardous to navigate, the Devils Hole lies 200 miles east of Dundee, Scotland. The feature is a series of trenches between 20 and 30 kilometres long,1 and 2 kilometres wide and up to 230 metres deep. Other areas which are less deep are Cleaver Bank, Fisher Bank, the International Hydrographic Organization defines the limits of the North Sea as follows, On the Southwest
North Sea
–
North Sea
North Sea
–
The German North Sea coast
North Sea
–
The
Afsluitdijk (Closure-dike) is a major dam in the Netherlands
North Sea
–
Zuid-Beveland,
North Sea flood of 1953
16.
QE2
–
Queen Elizabeth 2, often referred to simply as QE2, is an ocean liner built for the Cunard Line which was operated by Cunard as both a transatlantic liner and a cruise ship from 1969 to 2008. She was designed for the service from her home port of Southampton, UK, to New York. She served as the flagship of the line from 1969 until succeeded by RMS Queen Mary 2 in 2004, before she was refitted with a diesel power plant in 1986/87, QE2 was also the last oil-fired passenger steamship to cross the Atlantic in scheduled liner service. During almost forty years of service, Queen Elizabeth 2 undertook regular world cruises and later operated predominantly as a ship, sailing out of Southampton. QE2 had no running mate and never ran a year-round weekly transatlantic service to New York. QE2 did, however, continue the Cunard tradition of regular scheduled transatlantic crossings every year of her service life, QE2 was never given a Royal Mail Ship designation, instead carrying the SS and later MV or MS prefixes in official documents. QE2 retired from active Cunard service on 27 November 2008 and she was acquired by Istithmar, the private equity arm of Dubai World, which planned to begin conversion of the vessel to a 500-room floating hotel moored at the Palm Jumeirah, Dubai. The 2008 financial crisis however intervened and the ship laid up at Port Rashid. Subsequent conversion plans were announced by Istithmar in 2012 and by the Oceanic Group in 2013, as of January 2016 the ship remains laid up in Dubai while the port operator claimed that there were future plans for the ship and no intent to scrap her. At the time of retirement, the ship had a tonnage of 70,327 and is 963 ft long. She had a top speed of 32.5 knots with her steam turbines. By the mid 1960s transatlantic travel was dominated by air due to its speed and low cost relative to the sea route. Conversely, Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth were becoming increasingly expensive to operate, Cunard did not want to give up the business of passenger service, and so gambled $80 million on a new ocean liner to replace the original ageing Queens. Realising the decline of trade, and the rising costs of fuel and labour. The new ship was designed to run at the service speed of 28.5 knots as the previous Queens. Staff was also reduced from the levels on the older vessels, the interior and superstructure for the QE2 was designed by James Gardner. His design for the liner was described by The Council of Industrial Design as that of a very big yacht and with a look sleek, modern. Originally designated Q4, she was to be a three-class liner, Queen Elizabeth 2 was built by the John Brown Shipyard in Clydebank, Scotland
QE2
–
Queen Elizabeth 2 during her farewell tour in
South Queensferry, Scotland, 2008.
QE2
–
Number 736 on the slipway
QE2
–
QE2 in Southampton, 1976.
QE2
–
Berthed in
Málaga Spain 1982, with her original white funnel repainted red
17.
Royal Marine
–
The Corps of Royal Marines is the United Kingdoms amphibious light infantry force, forming part of the Naval Service, along with the Royal Navy. The Royal Marines were formed in 1755 as the Royal Navys infantry troops, as a highly specialised and adaptable light infantry force, the Royal Marines are trained for rapid deployment worldwide and capable of dealing with a wide range of threats. The Royal Marines have close ties with allied marine forces, particularly the United States Marine Corps. Today, the Royal Marines are a fighting force within the British Armed forces. The Royal Marines can trace its origins back as far as 28 October 1664 when at the grounds of the Honourable Artillery Company the Duke of York and Albanys maritime regiment of foot was first formed. On 5 April 1755, His Majestys Marine Forces, fifty Companies in three Divisions, headquartered at Chatham, Portsmouth, and Plymouth, were formed by Order of Council under Admiralty control. Initially all field officers were Royal Navy officers as the Royal Navy felt that the ranks of Marine field officers were largely honorary and this meant that the furthest a Marine officer could advance was to lieutenant colonel. It was not until 1771 that the first Marine was promoted to colonel and this attitude persisted well into the 1800s. During the rest of the 18th century, they served in numerous landings all over the world and they also served in the American War of Independence, being particularly courageous in the Battle of Bunker Hill led by Major John Pitcairn. In 1788 a detachment of four companies of marines, under Major Robert Ross, due to an error the Fleet left Portsmouth without its main supply of ammunition, and were not resupplied until the Fleet docked in Rio de Janeiro midway through the voyage. In 1802, largely at the instigation of Admiral the Earl St. Vincent, the Royal Marines Artillery was formed as a separate unit in 1804 to man the artillery in bomb ketches. These had been manned by the Armys Royal Regiment of Artillery, during the Napoleonic Wars the Royal Marines participated in every notable naval battle on board the Royal Navys ships and also took part in multiple amphibious actions. In the Caribbean theatre volunteers from freed French slaves on Marie-Galante were used to form Sir Alexander Cochranes first Corps of Colonial Marines and these men bolstered the ranks, helping the British to hold the island until reinforcements arrived. This practice was repeated during the War of 1812, where escaped American slaves were formed into Cochranes second Corps of Colonial Marines and these men were commanded by Royal Marines officers and fought alongside their regular Royal Marines counterparts at the Battle of Bladensburg. Throughout the war Royal Marines units raided up and down the east coast of America including up the Penobscot River and they fought in the Battle of New Orleans and later helped capture Fort Bowyer in Mobile Bay in what was the last action of the war. In 1855 the Infantry forces were renamed the Royal Marines Light Infantry, during the Crimean War in 1854 and 1855, three Royal Marines earned the Victoria Cross, two in the Crimea and one in the Baltic. In 1862 the name was altered to Royal Marine Light Infantry. The Royal Navy did not fight any other ships after 1850, in these Naval Brigades, the function of the Royal Marines was to land first and act as skimishers ahead of the sailor Infantry and Artillery
Royal Marine
–
Major General John Tupper His Majesty's Marine Forces.
Royal Marine
–
Crest
Royal Marine
–
Royal Marines parade in the streets of
Chania in spring 1897, following British occupation.
Royal Marine
–
British Commandos in action during
Operation Archery, Norway.
18.
Special Boat Service
–
The Special Boat Service is the special forces unit of the Naval Service of the United Kingdom. The Special Boat Service is described as the special forces of the United Kingdom. The operational capabilities of units are broadly similar. However, the SBS has the training and equipment to lead in the maritime, amphibious. Both units come under the command of HQ Directorate of Special Forces and undergo an identical selection process, enjoy significant interoperability in training. In times of armed conflict and war, the Special Boat Service and 22 Special Air Service Regiment are required to operate in small parties in enemy-controlled territory. Operations of this nature require men of courage and high morale who have excellent tactical awareness be it knowledge of tactics or simply knowing ones place in a polyvalent unit. Intelligence, reliability, determination and also being physically fit are key skills, the SBS also provide immediate response Military Counter Terrorism and Maritime Counter Terrorism teams. The SBS can trace its origins to the Second World War and they became the Special Boat Squadron after the Second World War and the Special Boat Service in the 1980s. The SBS is manned by ranks drawn mostly from the Royal Marines and carries out a role that is similar to the Special Air Service and their training involves parachute exercises, helicopter training and boat training, which recruits will get the chance to earn their licence for. All of the SBSs four squadrons, C, Z, M and X, are configured for general operations, the SBS also operates on land, with recent operations in the mountains of landlocked Afghanistan and in the deserts of Iraq. The Special Boat Section was founded in July 1940 by a Commando officer, Roger Courtney, Courtney became a commando recruit in mid-1940, and was sent to the Combined Training Centre in Scotland. He decided to infiltrate HMS Glengyle, a Landing Ship, Infantry anchored in the River Clyde, Courtney paddled to the ship, climbed aboard undetected, wrote his initials on the door to the captains cabin, and stole a deck gun cover. He presented the soaking cover to a group of high-ranking Royal Navy officers meeting at a nearby Inveraray hotel and he was promoted to captain, and given command of twelve men, the first Special Boat Service/Special Boat Section. It was initially named the Folboat Troop, after the type of folding canoe employed in raiding operations, attached to Layforce, they moved to the Middle East. In December 1941 Courtney returned to the United Kingdom where he formed No2 SBS, in June 1942, they took part in the Crete airfield raids. In September 1942, they carried out Operation Anglo, a raid on two airfields on the island of Rhodes, from only two men returned. Destroying three aircraft, a dump and numerous buildings, the surviving SBS men had to hide in the countryside for four days before they could reach the waiting submarine
Special Boat Service
–
Major
Anders Lassen,
VC,
MC and two bars, was an SBS commander during the Second World War.
19.
Ocean liner
–
An ocean liner is a ship designed to transport people from one seaport to another along regular long-distance maritime routes according to a schedule. Liners may also carry cargo or mail, and may sometimes be used for other purposes, cargo vessels running to a schedule are sometimes called liners. The category does not include ferries or other vessels engaged in trading, nor dedicated cruise ships where the voyage itself. Nor does it include tramp steamers, even those equipped to handle limited numbers of passengers, some shipping companies refer to themselves as lines and their container ships, which often operate over set routes according to established schedules, as liners. Ocean liners are usually built with a high freeboard to withstand rough seas. Additionally, they are designed with thicker hull plating than is found on cruise ships. Once the dominant form of travel between continents, ocean liners were rendered obsolete by the emergence of long-distance aircraft after World War II. Advances in automobile and railway also played a role. As of 2015, RMS Queen Mary 2 was the ship still in service as an ocean liner. Ocean liners were the mode of intercontinental travel for over a century. In addition to passengers, liners carried mail and cargo, ships contracted to carry British Royal Mail used the designation RMS. Liners were also the way to move gold and other high-value cargoes. The busiest route for liners was on the North Atlantic with ships travelling between Europe and North America and it was on this route that the fastest, largest and most advanced liners travelled. Shipping lines are companies engaged in shipping passengers and cargo, often on established routes and schedules, regular scheduled voyages on a set route are called line voyages and vessels trading on these routes to a timetable are called liners. The alternative to liner trade is tramping whereby vessels are notified on a basis as to the availability of a cargo to be transported. The term ocean liner has come to be used interchangeably with passenger liner, beginning at the advent of the Jet Age, where transoceanic ship service declined, a gradual transition from passenger ships as mean of transportation to nowadays cruise ships started. In order for ocean liners to remain profitable, cruise lines have modified some of them to operate on routes, such as the Queen Elizabeth 2. The Italian Lines SS Michelangelo and SS Raffaello, the last ocean liners to be primarily for crossing the North Atlantic
Ocean liner
–
RMS Queen Mary, pictured during her service days, is now a floating museum in Long Beach, California – and one of the last surviving Atlantic liners.
Ocean liner
–
RMS Lusitania arriving in New York in 1907. As the primary means of trans-oceanic voyages for over a century, ocean liners were essential to the transportation needs of national governments, business firms, and the general public.
Ocean liner
–
RMS Queen Elizabeth (1940), one of the most famous ocean liners.
Ocean liner
–
The first voyage of
SS Great Western (1838)
20.
Atlantic Ocean
–
The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the worlds oceans with a total area of about 106,460,000 square kilometres. It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earths surface and about 29 percent of its surface area. It separates the Old World from the New World, the Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Eurasia and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. The Equatorial Counter Current subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean, in contrast, the term Atlantic originally referred specifically to the Atlas Mountains in Morocco and the sea off the Strait of Gibraltar and the North African coast. The Greek word thalassa has been reused by scientists for the huge Panthalassa ocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea hundreds of years ago. The term Aethiopian Ocean, derived from Ancient Ethiopia, was applied to the Southern Atlantic as late as the mid-19th century, many Irish or British people refer to the United States and Canada as across the pond, and vice versa. The Black Atlantic refers to the role of ocean in shaping black peoples history. Irish migration to the US is meant when the term The Green Atlantic is used, the term Red Atlantic has been used in reference to the Marxian concept of an Atlantic working class, as well as to the Atlantic experience of indigenous Americans. Correspondingly, the extent and number of oceans and seas varies, the Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America. It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the Denmark Strait, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea, to the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe, the Strait of Gibraltar and Africa. In the southeast, the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean, the 20° East meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica defines its border. In the 1953 definition it extends south to Antarctica, while in later maps it is bounded at the 60° parallel by the Southern Ocean, the Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays, gulfs, and seas. Including these marginal seas the coast line of the Atlantic measures 111,866 km compared to 135,663 km for the Pacific. Including its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers an area of 106,460,000 km2 or 23. 5% of the ocean and has a volume of 310,410,900 km3 or 23. 3%. Excluding its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers 81,760,000 km2 and has a volume of 305,811,900 km3, the North Atlantic covers 41,490,000 km2 and the South Atlantic 40,270,000 km2. The average depth is 3,646 m and the maximum depth, the bathymetry of the Atlantic is dominated by a submarine mountain range called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It runs from 87°N or 300 km south of the North Pole to the subantarctic Bouvet Island at 42°S, the MAR divides the Atlantic longitudinally into two halves, in each of which a series of basins are delimited by secondary, transverse ridges. The MAR reaches above 2000 m along most of its length, the MAR is a barrier for bottom water, but at these two transform faults deep water currents can pass from one side to the other
Atlantic Ocean
–
The Atlantic Ocean as seen from the western coast of
Portugal
Atlantic Ocean
–
The Atlantic Ocean, not including
Arctic and
Antarctic regions
Atlantic Ocean
–
The Atlantic Ocean as seen from
Atlantic City, New Jersey.
Atlantic Ocean
–
Myrtle Beach, South Carolina view of the Atlantic Ocean.
21.
London
–
London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
London
–
Palace of Westminster,
Buckingham Palace and
Central London skyline
London
London
London
–
The name London may derive from the
River Thames
22.
Irish English
–
Hiberno‐English or Irish English is the set of English dialects natively written and spoken within the island of Ireland. English was brought to Ireland as a result of the Norman invasion of Ireland of the late 12th century, initially, it was mainly spoken in an area known as the Pale around Dublin, with mostly Irish spoken throughout the rest of the country. However, the English conquest and colonisation of Ireland in the 16th century marked a revival in the use of English, by the mid-19th century, English was the majority language spoken in the country. It has retained this status to the present day, with even those whose first language is Irish being fluent in English as well. Phonologists today often divide Hiberno-English into four or five major dialects or accents, Ulster English, West and South-West Hiberno-English, Dublin English, and supraregional Hiberno-English. Its main subdivisions are mid Ulster English as well as Ulster Scots English, all Ulster English has more obvious pronunciation similarities with Scottish English than other Irish English dialects. Ulster varieties distinctly pronounce, An ordinarily grammatically structured declarative sentences, often, /ɪ/ as lowered, in the general vicinity of. /ʌ/ as fronted and slightly rounded, more closely approaching, /uː/ and /ʊ/ both in the general vicinity of. /aʊ/ with a backed on-glide and fronted off-glide, putting it in the vicinity of, /aɪ/ as, particularly before voiceless consonants. /eɪ/ as, though nowadays commonly or even when in a closed syllable, /oʊ/, almost always, as a slightly raised monophthong. A lack of happy-tensing, with the vowel of happy, holy, money. Syllable-final /l/ occasionally as dark, though especially before a consonant, christine Bleakley, Jamie Dornan, Rory McIlroy, Liam Neeson – The Northern Irish accent is the sexiest in the UK, according to a new poll. Daniel ODonnell – the languid Donegal accent made famous by Daniel ODonnell Colin Morgan – Colin Morgan has revealed that fans of the show are often confused by his accent. The 23-year-old. is originally from Northern Ireland West and South-West Irish English here refers to varieties of Irelands West and South-West Regions. Accents of both regions are known for, The pin–pen merger The backing and slight lowering of /aʊ/ towards, the more open starting point for /ɔːr/ and /ɔː/ of and, respectively. The preservation of /oʊ/ as monophthongal, /θ/ and /ð/, respectively, as and. Roy Keane – Cork accent Dáithí Ó Sé – his Kerry dialect The Rubberbandits – Rubberbandits strong Limerick accent, sits on a frequency like a tambourine which can cut through any noise Dublin English is highly internally diverse and refers collectively to the related Irish English varieties of eastern Ireland. The accent that most strongly uses the traditional working-class features is called local Dublin English
Irish English
23.
Booby-trapped
–
A booby trap is a device or setup that is intended to kill, harm or surprise a person, unknowingly triggered by the presence or actions of the victim. As the word implies, they sometimes have some form of bait designed to lure the victim towards it. At other times, the trap is set to act upon trespassers that violate personal or restricted areas, the device can be triggered when the victim performs some type of everyday action e. g. opening a door, picking something up or switching something on. They can also be triggered by driving along a road as in the case of victim-operated improvised explosive devices. Booby traps should not be confused with mantraps which are designed to catch a person, booby traps which merely cause discomfort or embarrassment are a popular form of practical joke. The Spanish word bobo translates to stupid, daft, naïve, simple, fool, idiot, clown, funny man, one who is easily cheated, the slang of bobo, bubie, translates to dunce. Variations of this word exist in other languages, with their meaning being to stammer, the word has also been applied to the Sula genus of sea birds, with their common name being boobies. These birds, adapted for sea flight and swimming, have flat feet and wide wingspans. As a result, they are considered clumsy and easy to catch when onshore and they are also known for landing aboard seagoing vessels, whereupon they have been eaten by the crew. In approximately 1590, the word appearing in the English language as booby, meaning stupid person. The phrase booby trap originally applied to schoolboy pranks, but took on its more sinister connotation during World War I. A military booby trap may be designed to kill or injure a person who activates its trigger, most, but not all, military booby traps involve explosives. There is no division between a booby trap and buried conventional land mines triggered by a tripwire or directional mine. Other, similar devices include spring-guns and mechanisms such as the SM-70 directional antipersonnel mine, what distinguishes a booby trap is that its activation is intended to be unexpected to its victim. Thus booby trap design is varied, with traps or their trigger mechanisms often hidden. Frequently at least part of the device is improvised from standard ordnance, such as a shell, grenade. Part of the skill in placing booby traps lies in exploiting natural human behaviors such as habit, self-preservation, an example that exploits an instinct for self-preservation was used in the Vietnam War. Spikes known as Punji sticks were hidden in grassy areas, when fired upon soldiers instinctively sought to take cover by throwing themselves down on the ground, impaling themselves on the spikes
Booby-trapped
–
A group of 105mm
artillery shells with
plastic explosive stuffed into their
fuze pockets. Each of the 5 shells has been linked together with red
detcord to make them
detonate simultaneously. To turn this assembly into a booby trap, the final step would be to connect an M142 firing device to the detcord and hide everything under some form of cover e.g. newspapers or a bed-sheet.
Booby-trapped
–
Boobytrap firing devices, c. 1941: Press, pull and release switches; mass-produced components intended for the construction of booby traps.
Booby-trapped
–
USSR booby trap firing device - pull
fuze: normally connected to a
tripwire
Booby-trapped
–
Alternative design of USSR booby trap firing device - pull fuze: normally connected to tripwire
24.
Bombs
–
A bomb is an explosive weapon that uses the exothermic reaction of an explosive material to provide an extremely sudden and violent release of energy. Bombs have been in use since the 11th century in Song Dynasty China, the term bomb is not usually applied to explosive devices used for civilian purposes such as construction or mining, although the people using the devices may sometimes refer to them as a bomb. The military use of the bomb, or more specifically aerial bomb action, typically refers to airdropped, unpowered explosive weapons most commonly used by air forces. Other military explosive weapons not classified as bombs include grenades, shells, depth charges, warheads when in missiles, in unconventional warfare, other names can refer to a range of offensive weaponry. For instance, in recent Middle Eastern conflicts, bombs called improvised explosive devices have been employed by insurgent fighters to great effectiveness, the word comes from the Latin bombus, which in turn comes from the Greek βόμβος, an onomatopoetic term meaning booming, buzzing. Explosive bombs were used in China in 1221, by a Jin dynasty army against a Song Dynasty city, Bombs built using bamboo tubes appear in the 11th century. Bombs made of cast iron shells packed with explosive gunpowder date to 13th century China, the term was coined for this bomb during a Jin dynasty naval battle of 1231 against the Mongols. When hit, even iron armour was pierced through. The Ming Dynasty text Huolongjing describes the use of gunpowder bombs. During the Mongol invasions of Japan, the Mongols used the explosive thunder-crash bombs against the Japanese, archaeological evidence of the thunder-crash bombs has been discovered in an underwater shipwreck off the shore of Japan by the Kyushu Okinawa Society for Underwater Archaeology. X-rays by Japanese scientists of the excavated shells confirmed that they contained gunpowder, explosive shock waves can cause situations such as body displacement, dismemberment, internal bleeding and ruptured eardrums. Shock waves produced by explosive events have two components, the positive and negative wave. The positive wave shoves outward from the point of detonation, followed by the vacuum space sucking back towards the point of origin as the shock bubble collapses. The greatest defense against shock injuries is distance from the source of shock, as a point of reference, the overpressure at the Oklahoma City bombing was estimated in the range of 28 MPa. A thermal wave is created by the release of heat caused by an explosion. Military bomb tests have documented temperatures of up to 2,480 °C, while capable of inflicting severe to catastrophic burns and causing secondary fires, thermal wave effects are considered very limited in range compared to shock and fragmentation. This would be fatal to humans, as tests have proven. Fragmentation is produced by the acceleration of shattered pieces of bomb casing, the use of fragmentation in bombs dates to the 14th century, and appears in the Ming Dynasty text Huolongjing
Bombs
–
The
Massive Ordnance Air Blast (MOAB) bomb produced in the
United States is the second most powerful conventional bomb in the world.
Bombs
–
A "wind-and-dust" bomb depicted in the
Ming Dynasty book
Huolongjing. The pot contains a tube of gunpowder, and was thrown at invaders.
Bombs
–
An illustration depicting early bombs thrown at Manchu assault ladders during the siege of Ningyuan, from the book Thai Tsu Shih Lu Thu (Veritable Records of the Great Ancestor) written in 1635. The bombs are known as "thunder-crash bombs."
Bombs
–
An illustration of a fragmentation bomb from the 14th century Ming Dynasty text Huolongjing. The black dots represent iron pellets.
25.
Subsidy
–
A subsidy is a form of financial aid or support extended to an economic sector generally with the aim of promoting economic and social policy. Although commonly extended from government, the subsidy can relate to any type of support – for example from NGOs or as implicit subsidies. Subsidies come in forms including, direct and indirect. Furthermore, they can be broad or narrow, legal or illegal, ethical or unethical, the most common forms of subsidies are those to the producer or the consumer. Producer/production subsidies ensure producers are better off by either supplying market price support, direct support, consumer/consumption subsidies commonly reduce the price of goods and services to the consumer. For example, in the US at one time it was cheaper to buy gasoline than bottled water, whether subsidies are positive or negative is typically a normative judgment. As a form of intervention, subsidies are inherently contrary to the markets demands. However, they can also be used as tools of political, a production subsidy encourages suppliers to increase the output of a particular product by partially offsetting the production costs or losses. The objective of production subsidies is to expand production of a product more so than the market would promote. This type of subsidy is found in developed markets. Other examples of production include the assistance in the creation of a new firm, industry. A consumption subsidy is one that subsidises the behavior of consumers, for example, some governments offer lifeline rates for electricity, that is, the first increment of electricity each month is subsidised. An export subsidy is a support from the government for products that are exported, usha Haley and George Haley identified the subsidies to manufacturing industry provided by the Chinese Government and how they have altered trade patterns. Traditionally, economists have argued that subsidies benefit consumers but hurt the subsidizing countries, export subsidy is known for being abused. For example, some exporters substantially over declare the value of their goods so as to more from the export subsidy. Thus the trader benefits from the subsidy without creating real trade value to the economy. Export subsidy as such can become a self-defeating and disruptive policy, an employment subsidy serves as an incentive to businesses to provide more job opportunities to reduce the level of unemployment in the country or to encourage research and development. With an employment subsidy, the government provides assistance with wages, Another form of employment subsidy is the social security benefits
Subsidy
–
Contents
26.
Terrorism
–
Terrorism is, in its broadest sense, the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror or fear, in order to achieve a political, religious, or ideological aim. It is classified as fourth-generation warfare and as a violent crime, in modern times, terrorism is considered a major threat to society and therefore illegal under anti-terrorism laws in most jurisdictions. It is also considered a war crime under the laws of war when used to target non-combatants, such as civilians, neutral military personnel, a broad array of political organizations have practiced terrorism to further their objectives. It has been practiced by both right-wing and left-wing political organizations, nationalist groups, religious groups, revolutionaries, and ruling governments, there is no universally agreed upon definition of the term, and many definitions exist. According to data from the Global Terrorism Database, more than 61,000 incidents of non-state terrorism, Terrorism comes from the French word terrorisme, and originally referred specifically to state terrorism as practiced by the French government during the 1793–1794 Reign of Terror. The French word terrorisme in turn derives from the Latin verb terrere meaning to frighten, the Jacobins, coming to power in France in 1792, are said to have initiated the Reign of Terror. After the Jacobins lost power, the word terrorist became a term of abuse, although terrorism originally referred to acts committed by a government, currently it usually refers to the killing of innocent people for political purposes in such a way as to create a spectacle. This meaning can be traced back to Sergey Nechayev, who described himself as a terrorist, Nechayev founded the Russian terrorist group Peoples Retribution in 1869. It is a form of state-terrorism, the concept was however developed long before the Second Gulf War by Harlan Ullman as chair of a forum of retired military personnel. The definition of terrorism has proven controversial, various legal systems and government agencies use different definitions of terrorism in their national legislation. Moreover, the community has been slow to formulate a universally agreed. These difficulties arise from the fact that the term terrorism is politically and emotionally charged, in this regard, Angus Martyn, briefing the Australian parliament, stated, The international community has never succeeded in developing an accepted comprehensive definition of terrorism. The international community has adopted a series of conventions that define. U. S. Bruce Hoffman, a scholar, has noted, experts and other long-established scholars in the field are equally incapable of reaching a consensus. Four years and a second later, Schmid was no closer to the goal of his quest. Walter Laqueur despaired of defining terrorism in both editions of his work on the subject, maintaining that it is neither possible to do so nor worthwhile to make the attempt. Hoffman believes it is possible to some key characteristics of terrorism. A definition proposed by Carsten Bockstette at the George C, such acts are meant to send a message from an illicit clandestine organization
Terrorism
–
United Airlines Flight 175, which had been taken over by hijackers, hits the South Tower of the former
World Trade Center on
September 11, 2001, in
New York City,
United States.
Terrorism
–
Mass killings in the
Vendée during the
Reign of Terror in France, 1793
Terrorism
–
Attack at the
Bologna railway station on 2 August 1980 by the neo-fascist group
Nuclei Armati Rivoluzionari. With 85 deaths, it is the deadliest massacre in the
history of Italy as a Republic.
Terrorism
–
The
Baghdad bus station was the scene of a triple
car bombing in August 2005 that killed 43 people.
27.
Royal Navy
–
The Royal Navy is the United Kingdoms naval warfare force. Although warships were used by the English kings from the medieval period. The modern Royal Navy traces its origins to the early 16th century, from the middle decades of the 17th century and through the 18th century, the Royal Navy vied with the Dutch Navy and later with the French Navy for maritime supremacy. From the mid 18th century it was the worlds most powerful navy until surpassed by the United States Navy during the Second World War. The Royal Navy played a key part in establishing the British Empire as the world power during the 19th. Due to this historical prominence, it is common, even among non-Britons, following World War I, the Royal Navy was significantly reduced in size, although at the onset of the Second World War it was still the worlds largest. By the end of the war, however, the United States Navy had emerged as the worlds largest, during the Cold War, the Royal Navy transformed into a primarily anti-submarine force, hunting for Soviet submarines, mostly active in the GIUK gap. The Royal Navy is part of Her Majestys Naval Service, which includes the Royal Marines. The professional head of the Naval Service is the First Sea Lord, the Defence Council delegates management of the Naval Service to the Admiralty Board, chaired by the Secretary of State for Defence. The strength of the fleet of the Kingdom of England was an important element in the power in the 10th century. English naval power declined as a result of the Norman conquest. Medieval fleets, in England as elsewhere, were almost entirely composed of merchant ships enlisted into service in time of war. Englands naval organisation was haphazard and the mobilisation of fleets when war broke out was slow, early in the war French plans for an invasion of England failed when Edward III of England destroyed the French fleet in the Battle of Sluys in 1340. Major fighting was confined to French soil and Englands naval capabilities sufficed to transport armies and supplies safely to their continental destinations. Such raids halted finally only with the occupation of northern France by Henry V. Henry VII deserves a large share of credit in the establishment of a standing navy and he embarked on a program of building ships larger than heretofore. He also invested in dockyards, and commissioned the oldest surviving dry dock in 1495 at Portsmouth, a standing Navy Royal, with its own secretariat, dockyards and a permanent core of purpose-built warships, emerged during the reign of Henry VIII. Under Elizabeth I England became involved in a war with Spain, the new regimes introduction of Navigation Acts, providing that all merchant shipping to and from England or her colonies should be carried out by English ships, led to war with the Dutch Republic. In the early stages of this First Anglo-Dutch War, the superiority of the large, heavily armed English ships was offset by superior Dutch tactical organisation and the fighting was inconclusive
Royal Navy
–
Royal Navy
Royal Navy
–
The
Battle of Sluys as depicted in
Froissart's Chronicles; late 14th century
Royal Navy
–
A late 16th century painting of the
Spanish Armada in battle with English warships
Royal Navy
–
The Dutch
Raid on the Medway in 1667 during the Second Anglo–Dutch War
28.
Scotland Yard
–
Scotland Yard is a metonym for the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Service, the territorial police force responsible for policing most of London. The name derives from the location of the original Metropolitan Police headquarters at 4 Whitehall Place, the Scotland Yard entrance became the public entrance to the police station, and over time the street and the Metropolitan Police became synonymous. The New York Times wrote in 1964 that just as Wall Street gave its name to New Yorks financial district, Scotland Yard became the name for police activity in London. The force moved from Great Scotland Yard in 1890, to a completed building on the Victoria Embankment. An adjacent building was completed in 1906, a third building was added in 1940. In 1967, the MPS moved its headquarters from the complex to a tall. In November 2016, MPS moved to its new headquarters, which continues to bear the name of New Scotland Yard. the sign spins around non stop and it has a camera inside it. The Metropolitan Police Service is responsible for law enforcement within Greater London, excluding the square mile of the City of London, additionally, the London Underground and National Rail networks are the responsibility of the British Transport Police. The Metropolitan Police was formed by Robert Peel with the implementation of the Metropolitan Police Act, Peel, with the help of Eugène-François Vidocq, selected the original site on Whitehall Place for the new police headquarters. The first two commissioners, Charles Rowan and Richard Mayne, along with police officers and staff. Previously a private house,4 Whitehall Place backed onto a street called Great Scotland Yard, in 1888, during the construction of the new building, workers discovered the dismembered torso of a female, the case, known as the Whitehall Mystery, was never solved. In 1890, police moved to the new location, which was named New Scotland Yard. By this time, the Metropolitan Police had grown from its initial 1,000 officers to about 13,000 and needed more administrative staff, further increases in the size and responsibilities of the force required even more administrators and space. Therefore, new buildings were constructed and completed in 1906 and 1940, the first two buildings are now a Grade I listed structure known as the Norman Shaw Buildings. The original building at 4 Whitehall Place still has an entrance on Great Scotland Yard. Stables for some of the branch are still located at 7 Great Scotland Yard. By the 1960s the requirements of modern technology and further increases in the size of the force meant that it had outgrown its three-building complex on Victoria Embankment. In 1967 New Scotland Yard moved to a newly constructed building on Broadway, from 1967 to 2016, the third building of the first New Scotland Yard was partly used as the base for the Mets Territorial Support Group
Scotland Yard
–
The famous revolving sign outside the current New Scotland Yard building, located in
Victoria, London.
Scotland Yard
–
The original New Scotland Yard, now called the
Norman Shaw Buildings
Scotland Yard
–
The current New Scotland Yard building in Victoria Street
29.
Robot
–
A robot is a machine—especially one programmable by a computer—capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically. Robots can be guided by a control device or the control may be embedded within. Robots may be constructed to take on human form but most robots are designed to perform a task with no regard to how they look. By mimicking a lifelike appearance or automating movements, a robot may convey a sense of intelligence or thought of its own. These technologies deal with automated machines that can take the place of humans in dangerous environments or manufacturing processes, or resemble humans in appearance, many of todays robots are inspired by nature contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics. These robots have also created a branch of robotics, soft robotics. From the time of ancient civilization there have many accounts of user-configurable automated devices and even automata resembling animals and humans. As mechanical techniques developed through the Industrial age, there appeared more practical applications such as automated machines, remote-control and wireless remote-control. The word robot was first used to denote a fictional humanoid in a 1920 play R. U. R. by the Czech writer, Karel Čapek but it was Karels brother Josef Čapek who was the words true inventor. Electronics evolved into the force of development with the advent of the first electronic autonomous robots created by William Grey Walter in Bristol. The first digital and programmable robot was invented by George Devol in 1954 and was named the Unimate, there are concerns about the increasing use of robots and their role in society. Robots are blamed for rising unemployment as they replace workers in increasing numbers of functions, the use of robots in military combat raises ethical concerns. The possibilities of robot autonomy and potential repercussions have been addressed in fiction, the word robot can refer to both physical robots and virtual software agents, but the latter are usually referred to as bots. Closely related to the concept of a robot is the field of Synthetic Biology, the idea of automata originates in the mythologies of many cultures around the world. Engineers and inventors from ancient civilizations, including Ancient China, Ancient Greece, since circa 400 BC, myths of Crete include Talos, a man of bronze who guarded the Cretan island of Europa from pirates. In ancient Greece, the Greek engineer Ctesibius applied a knowledge of pneumatics and hydraulics to produce the first organ, in the 4th century BC, the Greek mathematician Archytas of Tarentum postulated a mechanical steam-operated bird he called The Pigeon. Hero of Alexandria, a Greek mathematician and inventor, created numerous user-configurable automated devices, the 11th century Lokapannatti tells of how the Buddhas relics were protected by mechanical robots, from the kingdom of Roma visaya, until they were disarmed by King Ashoka. Yan Shi proudly presented the king with a life-size, human-shaped figure of his mechanical handiwork made of leather, wood, in 1066, the Chinese inventor Su Song built a water clock in the form of a tower which featured mechanical figurines which chimed the hours
Robot
–
ASIMO (2000) at the
Expo 2005, a
bipedal humanoid robot.
Robot
–
Articulated welding robots used in a factory, a type of
industrial robot.
Robot
–
The
quadrupedal military robot Cheetah, an evolution of
BigDog (pictured), was clocked as the world's fastest legged robot in 2012, beating the record set by an
MIT bipedal robot in 1989.
Robot
–
KITT (a fictitious robot) is mentally anthropomorphic
30.
Roy Kinnear
–
Roy Mitchell Kinnear was a British actor. He is known for his roles in films directed by Richard Lester, clapper in How I Won the War, and Planchet in The Three Musketeers, reprising the latter role in the 1974 and 1989 sequels. He is also known for playing Henry Salt in the 1971 film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, Kinnear made his stage debut in 1955, and came to prominence in the BBC satirical comedy series That Was the Week That Was in 1962. He went on to appear in numerous British television comedy programmes, including The Dick Emery Show, Kinnear was born in Wigan, Lancashire, the son of Annie Smith and Roy Kinnear. Scotland Rugby League have named their Student Player of the Year Award after him, Kinnear was educated at George Heriots School in Edinburgh. At the age of 17 he enrolled in the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, in the 1950s Kinnear began a career in repertory theatre when he appeared in a show at Newquay. In 1959 he joined Joan Littlewoods Theatre Workshop at the Theatre Royal Stratford East, prior to joining Littlewoods workshop, he was a member of the cast of Perth Repertory Theatre. The cast also included Valerie Lush, Jane Cain and Russell Hunter and he continued to work on stage and radio before gaining national attention as a participant in the television show That Was The Week That Was. Kinnear was Stanley Bakers original choice to play VC recipient Frederick Hitch in the film Zulu, Kinnear later appeared in many films and television shows, including Help. Doctor at Large, Man About the House, George and Mildred, The Dick Emery Show and he starred in Cowboys, a sitcom about builders. His best-known films are those he made with director and close friend Richard Lester, a Funny Thing Happened On the Way to the Forum, How I Won the War, The Bed-Sitting Room and the Musketeer series of the 1970s and 1980s. He appeared with Christopher Lee in the Hammer horror film Taste the Blood of Dracula, also in 1970 he played Mr. Perkins, Melodys father in Waris Husseins Melody, a puppy love story. He played the father of spoiled rich girl Veruca Salt in the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, an adaptation of Roald Dahls childrens novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. He guest-starred in The Goodies episode Rome Antics as the Roman Emperor and he narrated and provided voices for the stop-motion childrens television show Bertha. He appeared in two videos for Mike + The Mechanics as the bands manager, in the former. He narrated Towser and Bertha, voiced Pipkin in the 1978 film Watership Down, Kinnear appeared regularly on the stage. In later life he appeared in such as The Travails of Sancho Panza. In 1987, Kinnear starred in the ITV sitcom Hardwicke House, following his death, the Casualty episode was postponed
Roy Kinnear
–
Publicity photo of Kinnear possibly taken in the 1980s.
31.
Mark Burns (actor)
–
Mark Burns was an English film and television actor. Burns was born in Bromsgrove, Worcestershire and educated at Ampleforth College and he originally planned to enter the priesthood, but after a short-service commission with the 15th/19th The Kings Royal Hussars, in which he served in Malaya and Northern Ireland, he became an actor. His career began in 1960 with the film Tunes of Glory followed by the TV series Lorna Doone, one of his most prominent roles was as the male lead in the cult 1966 mystery film Death Is a Woman. Burns also appeared in The Saint episode The Scales of Justice and he played William Morris in The Charge of the Light Brigade, Bernie in A Day at the Beach, Alfred in Death in Venice and Hans Von Bülow in Ludwig. Mark Burns obtained his first big role in House of the Living Dead by Ray Austin in 1974, in 1975, together with Lynne Frederick he did A Long Return by Pedro Lazaga. He also appeared in Count Dracula and The Bitch and his career stagnated in the 1980s and 1990s, his last film being Stardust. Mark Burns at the Internet Movie Database
Mark Burns (actor)
–
Mark Burns
32.
Julian Glover
–
He also voiced the giant spider Aragog in Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets. With a career spanning fifty years, he first appeared on television as Richard the Lionheart in Doctor Who – The Crusade. Recently he played the role of Grand Maester Pycelle in HBOs Game of Thrones from 2011 to 2016 and, in January 2013. Glover was born in Hampstead, London, the son of Honor Ellen Morgan, née Wyatt – a BBC journalist and Claude Gordon Glover and his younger half-brother is the musician Robert Wyatt. Glover has been married to actresses, Eileen Atkins and Isla Blair, with whom he has a son. Glover attended Bristol Grammar School, where he was in the class as actor Timothy West. He also attended Alleyns School in Dulwich, London and then trained at the National Youth Theatre, in 1967, Glover featured as Professor Quatermass nemesis Colonel Breen in the Hammer Films production of Quatermass and the Pit, an adaptation of Nigel Kneales 1958–59 BBC TV original. Glover later recorded DVD commentaries for the The Crusade episode The Wheel of Fortune and he has also played a leading role in the British film Brash Young Turks. In the 2002 film version of Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, in 2009, Glover played the role of Mr. Brownlow in the West End revival of the musical Oliver. At the Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, in the short film Battle for Britain, Glover played a 101-year-old Polish veteran Royal Air Force pilot. Glover portrayed the character of Grand Maester Pycelle in the HBO series Game of Thrones between 2011 and 2016 appearing in a total of 31 episodes across the first six seasons of the show. In 2013, Glover played the role of General Beauvilliers in the BBC Four drama series The Spies of Warsaw, in May 2014, he played the character Joe Goodridge in two episodes of the BBC TV medical drama series Holby City. In the same year, he portrayed an old man in Nazism horror thriller Backtrack, Glover is an Associate Member of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. In 1993, Glover was awarded the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role for his role in the Royal Shakespeare Companys 1992 production of Henry IV, Part 1. Glover was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire by The Queen in the 2013 Birthday Honours for services to drama, Julian Glover at the Internet Movie Database Julian Glover at the TCM Movie Database Julian Glover at AllMovie
Julian Glover
–
Julian Glover in 2014.
33.
Michael Hordern
–
Sir Michael Murray Hordern, CBE was an English stage and film actor whose career spanned nearly 60 years. He is best known for his Shakespearean roles, especially that of King Lear and he then successfully assumed the role on television five years later. He often appeared in film, rising from a bit actor in the late 1930s to a member of the main cast. His later work was predominantly in television and radio, born in Hertfordshire into a family with no theatrical connections, Hordern was educated at Windlesham House School where he became interested in drama. He went on to Brighton College where his interest in the theatre developed, after leaving the college he joined an amateur dramatics company, and came to the notice of several influential Shakespearean directors who cast him in minor roles in Othello and Macbeth. During the Second World War he served on HMS Illustrious where he reached the rank of lieutenant commander, upon his demobilisation he resumed his acting career and made his television debut, becoming a reliable bit-part actor in many films, particularly in the war film genre. Hordern came to prominence in the early 1950s when he took part in a competition at the Arts Theatre in London. The following season Hordern joined Michael Benthalls company at the Old Vic where, among other parts, he played Polonius in Hamlet, and the title role in King John. In 1958 he won a best actor award at that years British Academy Television Awards for his role as the barrister in John Mortimers courtroom drama The Dock Brief. Along with his theatrical responsibilities Hordern had regular roles in various films including Cleopatra. In the late 1960s Hordern met the British theatre director Jonathan Miller, who cast him in Whistle and Ill Come to You, Horderns next major play was Jumpers which appeared at the Royal National Theatre at the start of 1972. His performance was praised by critics and he reprised the role four years later and his television commitments increased towards the end of his life. His credits include Paradise Postponed, the BAFTA award-winning Memento Mori, and he was appointed a CBE in 1972 and was knighted eleven years later. Hordern suffered from disease during the 1990s and died from it in 1995 at the age of 83. Horderns mother, Margaret Murray, was descended from James Murray, the invention earned him a knighthood and brought the family great wealth. Margaret grew up in England, and attended St Audries School for Girls in Somerset, Horderns father, Edward, was the son of a Lancastrian priest who was the rector at the Holy Trinity Church in Bury. As a young man Edward joined the Royal Indian Marines and gained the rank of lieutenant, during a short break on home-leave he fell in love with Margaret, after they were introduced by one of his brothers. The courtship was brief and the couple married in Burma on 28 November 1903
Michael Hordern
–
Sir Michael Hordern
CBE
Michael Hordern
–
The Poplars,
Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, birthplace of Sir Michael Hordern
34.
Jack Watson (actor)
–
Jack Watson, was an English actor who appeared in many British films and television dramas from the 1950s onwards. During the Second World War, he was a training instructor in the Royal Navy. During the war he was resident compère of Navy Mixture and his first major role was in Coronation Street where he became Elsie Tanners first lover. Probably his best-known television role was as Llud, Arthurs craggy sidekick in Arthur of the Britons and his last major TV role was in the award-winning Edge of Darkness. He died 14 years later at the age of 84 and his films included Peeping Tom, This Sporting Life, Grand Prix, Tobruk, The McKenzie Break, The Devils Brigade and The Wild Geese. In total he appeared in over 70 films, Jack Watson at the Internet Movie Database Jack Watson at Find a Grave
Jack Watson (actor)
–
Watson in the trailer for The Devil's Brigade (1968)
35.
Kenneth Colley
–
Kenneth Colley is an English actor. A long-time character actor, he came to prominence through his role as Admiral Piett in Star Wars Episode V, The Empire Strikes Back and Star Wars Episode VI. Unlike the other ill-fated officers who appeared alongside him in The Empire Strikes Back, Colley reprised his role as Piett in the Cartoon Network animated special Lego Star Wars, The Empire Strikes Out in September 2012. Coincidently, Colley and David Prowse had a part in the 1977 fantasy film Jabberwocky, Colley was born in Manchester, Lancashire. He played Jesus in The Life of Brian, having appeared in the earlier Monty Python-related production Ripping Yarns episode The Testing of Eric Olthwaite alongside Michael Palin. As a Shakespearean actor he played the Duke of Vienna in the BBC Television Shakespeare production of Measure for Measure in 1979. Colley also held an important role in the Clint Eastwood film Firefox, Colley went on to play SS-Standartenführer Paul Blobel in the Second World War drama War and Remembrance. He directed one film to date, Greetings, a 2007 horror film starring Kirsty Cox, Henry Dunn, according to comments which Terry Gilliam made in the DVD audio commentaries for both films, Colley is a terrible stammerer in real life. When he had a role in a film, however, he could recite the lines perfectly, stuttering is a character trait, however, in his role as the Accordion Man in the 1978 BBC television drama, Pennies from Heaven. Kenneth Colley at the Internet Movie Database
Kenneth Colley
–
Julian Glover, Kenneth Colley and
Richard LeParmentier at
Générations Star Wars et Science Fiction.
36.
Kenneth Cope
–
For the musician, see Kenneth Cope. Kenneth Cope is an English actor and he is best known for his roles as Marty Hopkirk in Randall and Hopkirk, Jed Stone in Coronation Street and Ray Hilton in Brookside. Kenneth Cope was born 14 June 1931 in Liverpool, Lancashire, in Randall and Hopkirk, Cope played the ghostly private eye Marty Hopkirk opposite Mike Pratts very much alive Jeff Randall. He had previously had a role in Coronation Street as the shady Jed Stone. Copes appearance in Coronation Street led to the recording of a novelty pop single Hands Off, although the song was not a hit it led to Cope being given a regular slot as a disc jockey with Radio Luxembourg. He played Subutai in the 1965 film of the life of Genghis Khan and he also took leading roles in two Carry On films. In Carry On at Your Convenience he played Vic Spanner, the shop steward central to the films trade union and industrial problems storyline. In Carry On Matron he took the more sympathetic role of Cyril Carter, once there Cyril finds love with a real nurse. In 1984 Cope starred in a surreal sitcom about a failing themed cowboy village on the outskirts of Merseyside called Bootle Saddles. He played the lead character Percy James, who was passionate about the park despite the financial returns. The series appeared to be less of a parody but more a sort of homage to 1950s and 60s westerns, with episodes structured loosely around epics like High Noon, the characters rarely strayed out of their diegetic cowboy personas, despite the contemporary setting. The series was axed after one season, in 1997 Cope played dodgy ex-copper Charlie Fairclough alongside David Jason in an episode of A Touch of Frost entitled True Confessions. From 1999 to 2002 he played Ray Hilton in the Channel Four soap opera Brookside, Cope was offered a cameo role in the 2000-2001 revival of Randall and Hopkirk starring Vic Reeves and Bob Mortimer, but turned it down. He did, however, feature on the Behind the Scenes section of the Series 1 DVD and he also provided the foreword to a Randall and Hopkirk retrospective book, published in 1994. In 2008, Copes Coronation Street character Jed Stone returned to the ITV soap after 42 years absence, the character was kept onscreen for several months before being written out again. Cope now resides in Southport, and writes a column for the weekly Visiter newspaper. Cope married actress Renny Lister, whom he had met when she worked on Coronation Street and his daughter Martha Cope is also an actress. His sons Nick Cope and Mark Cope were members of the group the Candyskins
Kenneth Cope
–
Jed Stone as portrayed by Kenneth Cope in the
ITV soap opera Coronation Street
Kenneth Cope
–
Cope as
Jed Stone in
ITV 's
Coronation Street in the 1960s
Kenneth Cope
–
Kenneth Cope as Marty Hopkirk from
Randall and Hopkirk (Deceased) in a promotional picture
37.
John Bindon
–
John Dennis Biffo Bindon was an English actor and bodyguard who had close links with the London underworld. The son of a London cab driver, Bindon was frequently in trouble as a youth for getting into fights and he was spotted in a London pub by Ken Loach who asked him to star in his film Poor Cow. Other film and television followed, with Bindon sought after to play gangsters or tough police detectives. He played a violent mobster alongside Mick Jagger in Performance and a London crime boss in Get Carter, philip Hoare described Bindon as the archetypal actor-villain, and an all-round good geezer. He was also known for having many socialite girlfriends, such as Christine Keeler, the former Playboy Bunny Girl Serena Williams and Vicki Hodge, who had a 12-year abusive relationship with Bindon. Through Hodge, Bindon gained access to British aristocratic circles, which culminated with his meeting Princess Margaret in the late 1960s, Bindon claimed he had sex with the princess, whilst Margaret later denied the meeting ever took place despite photographic evidence. Bindon lived his hard man persona on and off screen and he was believed to be running protection rackets in west London pubs and have alleged connections to the Kray twins and the Richardson Gang. In the late 1970s in addition to acting work he provided security for actors and musicians, most notoriously for Led Zeppelin on their 1977 US tour, in 1978 Bindon was tried for the murder of London gangster Johnny Darke. Bindon pleaded self-defence and was acquitted, but the case damaged his reputation, in the 1980s Bindon became reclusive and died in 1993 from an AIDS-related illness. John Bindon was born in Fulham, London, and was the son of Dennis Bindon, a merchant seaman and engineer, turned cab driver. The second eldest in a family of three children, Bindon went to St Marks Church School in Fulham where he became a noted rugby union junior. He was given the nickname Biffo for starting or getting into fights, as a teenager, he served time in a borstal for possessing live ammunition. After jobs ranging from laying asphalt to dealing in antiques Bindon pursued a career in acting, director Ken Loach, spotting him in a London pub in 1966, considered him perfect for the role of a rough husband in the film, Poor Cow. His next big break came the year with a role in Performance alongside Mick Jagger. His portrayal earned him praise and typecast him for future roles. In 1968, he met Vicki Hodge, a baronets daughter turned model and actress, however, he had been previously invited to the Caribbean island resort of Mustique, where Bindon claimed to have had sex with Princess Margaret. The biographer of the Princess, Noel Botham, was also of the opinion that Bindon had an affair with her, during this time Bindon gained the nickname Big John, due to the reported size of his penis. He went back to Mustique for a time in 1969
John Bindon
–
John Bindon
38.
Gareth Thomas (actor)
–
Gareth Daniel Thomas was a British actor. Thomas was born on 12 February 1945, in Ealing, the younger of two sons of Kenneth, a barrister who had been a junior at the Nuremberg trials, and his wife, Olga. He attended the Kings School, Canterbury, then trained at RADA, before his acting career, Thomas played rugby. Thomas made many television appearances included The Avengers, Coronation Street, Z-Cars, Special Branch, Sutherlands Law, Public Eye, Who Pays the Ferryman. Bergerac, By the Sword Divided, The Citadel, Knights of God, Boon, Londons Burning, Casualty, Taggart, Heartbeat, Sherlock Holmes, How Green Was My Valley, Torchwood, Thomas also appeared on stage in many productions. In 2010 Thomas gave a performance as Ephraim Cabot in Desire Under the Elms at the New Vic Theatre. In 2000 Gareth was the first subject of MJTVs interview/drama CD series The Actor Speaks and he talked about his character Blake in Blakes 7 in one of the interviews. In 2001 he appeared in Storm Warning, a drama based on Doctor Who by Big Finish Productions. He also played the part of Kalendorf in the Big Finish Productions Dalek Empire series, in 2006 he appeared as a guest star in the Doctor Who spin-off series Torchwood, in the episode Ghost Machine. Thomas stars as Blake in Counterfeit by Peter Anghelides and False Positive by Eddie Robson, in 2013 he appeared as Brother Cadfael in Middle Ground Theatre Companys adaption of The Virgin in the Ice by Ellis Peters. He was twice nominated for a BAFTA, for his performances in Stockers Copper, morgan’s Boy was his favourite television role, but it was Blake’s 7 that won the bigger audiences. Thomass first wife, Sheelagh, was a make-up artist, the marriage ended in divorce, after many years living in the Scottish Borders, Thomas moved to Surrey in 2009. He died of heart failure on 13 April 2016, and is survived by his wife, Linda and his son. Lentz III, Harris M. Obituaries in the Performing Arts,2013, Gareth Thomas at the Internet Movie Database Hermit. org, Biography and role listing Obituary - BBC
Gareth Thomas (actor)
–
Gareth Thomas at the Blake's 7 DVD launch, 2005
39.
Simon MacCorkindale
–
Simon Charles Pendered MacCorkindale was a British actor, film director, writer and producer. MacCorkindale spent much of his childhood moving around due to his fathers commission with the Royal Air Force, poor eyesight prevented him following a similar career in the RAF, so he instead planned to become a theatre director. Training at the Theatre of Arts in London, MacCorkindale started work as an actor and he went on to appear in numerous roles in television, including the series I, Claudius and Jesus of Nazareth, before starring as Simon Doyle in the film Death on the Nile. In 1983, MacCorkindale starred in the short-lived series Manimal as the character, Dr Jonathan Chase. Throughout the late 1980s and 1990s he directed and produced many stage, TV and film productions through his company Amy International Artists, moving to Canada, MacCorkindale starred as Peter Sinclair in the series Counterstrike for three years. He returned to the UK in 2002 and joined the cast of the BBC medical drama Casualty and he married actress Susan George in 1984 and died of colorectal cancer in 2010. MacCorkindale was born on 12 February 1952 in Ely, Cambridgeshire, England, to Scottish parents Gilliver Mary and Peter Bernard MacCorkindale OBE and he had a brother, Duncan, while his father was an RAF Group Captain station commander. MacCorkindale spent some of his childhood in Edinburgh, where his father was stationed for a period, as a result, he became an independent child. MacCorkindale attended Haileybury and Imperial Service College in Hertfordshire from 1965 to 1970, where he was Head Boy, originally intending to enlist in the RAF, he abandoned this plan at the age of 13 when his eyesight began to deteriorate. MacCorkindale considered joining the corps to become an ambassador. MacCorkindale had been a fan of theatre since writing a play at the age of eight, joking that it was unproduceable because it required an enormous cast and a considerable amount of rum drinking. Making his acting debut at the age, he went on to appear on stage and work behind the scenes of numerous school. In his time at school, he took acting classes so that he could better understand actors and, hopefully. MacCorkindale opted to continue acting after graduating from the Theatre of Arts, MacCorkindale started his acting career in theatre, touring the UK with a repertory theatre group. His first professional performance was in a 1973 run of A Bequest to the Nation at the Belgrade Theatre in Coventry. He made his West End theatre debut in a production of Pygmalion in 1974, appearing alongside Alec McCowen, in 1973, the series Hawkeye, The Pathfinder had given MacCorkindale his first TV credit. He went on to appear in a number of other TV series, including Within These Walls, Sutherlands Law, I, MacCorkindales film debut came in 1974 with Juggernaut. He was cast as Simon Doyle in the 1978 film adaptation of Agatha Christies Death on the Nile at the age of 25
Simon MacCorkindale
–
MacCorkindale in 2008 at the opening of a Headway Clinic in
Swindon
40.
Victor Lucas
–
EP Daily is a daily news television show that covers video games, movies, TV shows, comic books, collectibles and gadgets. Created and executive produced by host Victor Lucas, and his Vancouver, British Columbia production company EP Media Ltd, eP’s hosts travel the world bringing viewers behind the scenes of the global game business to meet the planet’s most respected video game creators. The show features daily coverage from Vancouver, Toronto, San Francisco, current cast and correspondents include, Victor Lucas, Scott Jones, Marissa Roberto, Jose Fubar Sanchez, Ben Silverman, Steve Tilley and Raju Mudhar. Former cast, crew and correspondents have included, Tommy Tallarico, Julie Stoffer, Jade Raymond, Geoff Keighley, Donna Mei-Ling Park, Kelly Benson, Briana McIvor, Shaun Hatton and Miri Jedeikin. At the end of the season, Scott accepted an offer to join Shiny Entertainment, so Victor took on triple duty as the shows producer, director. EP Daily aired on G4 Canada and City, the show had previously been aired in Canada on Space, Razer, A Channel, and OMNI.1, and in the United States on The Science Channel and G4. The shows website, elecplay. com, was launched in 1995, in 2002, the reviews segment of the show, Reviews on the Run, was spun off into its own show. It was known as Judgment Day in the United States and Reviews on the Run in Canada, the final airing of Judgment Day on G4 was in December 2005. In 2010 Reviews on the Run was expanded out to a daily format, the Electric Playground aired only once on OMNI.1, on September 3,2007. On December 15,2007, the series premiered on City Toronto and City Vancouver, greedy Productions Ltd. currently has a multi-year contract with Rogers Media for its television program Electric Playground. Since December 1,2010, EP Daily airs every weeknight at 8pm on SCI FI Channel Australia and it featured two specials that aired on Sunday, January 16,2011, Everythings Cool Awards and Cool Things For 2011. Weekly episodes began airing in September 2011, each episode is an hour split into two parts, either airing back to back or at separate times, depending on the station thats airing the show. Daily episodes began airing on stations on September 3,2012. As of January 2015, none of the USA broadcasters including Reelz, some of the American stations replaced EP Daily with televised versions of Q starting in September 2014. The show was known as The Electric Playground until July 2012, late in 2014, Shaun Hatton left the series and Reelz has decided not to renew the series on the network. As of 2016, EP Daily no longer airs on G4, the show continues to produce content, such as daily Rundown segments and interviews, on the Electric Playgroung Networks YouTube channel. Since then, Victor Lucas has been looking for new partners to support the show, EP Daily official website The Electric Playground at the Internet Movie Database http, //www. reviewsontherun. com EP Daily Facebook Page Shaun Hattons Twitter announcement Reelz ended the series
Victor Lucas
–
EP Daily logo
41.
Doris Nolan
–
Doris Nolan was an American actress best known for her Broadway roles and her appearance in the 1938 movie Holiday. She appeared in a number of plays and Hollywood movies during the 1930s and 1940s, later she moved to England, where she made guest appearances on British television shows. Nolan was the daughter of Frank J. Nolan, whose business was importing woolen goods and her entry into dramatics came when she was in high school in New Rochelle, New York. After graduation, she joined the Provincetown Players in 1933, working as the secretary to pay her tuition. The following summer, she joined the Clinton Hollow Theatre in Poughkeepsie and her acting as the female lead in The Late Christopher Bean there was seen by a talent scout, and that led to her getting a contract with Fox Studios. Nolans first professional acting contract was with Fox Film Corporation, when she was 16 years old. She was given a role in Our Little Girl with Shirley Temple. She then switched to Broadway, where she achieved greater success, although she was just 17, Nolan was cast as the female lead in Night of January 16th, which was being produced by her manager, Al Woods. She was very nervous about playing the part of a femme fatale who was the mistress of a rich businessman. Despite her jitters, the show was a success and Nolan got positive reviews, when Nolan left the play, Woods sent her back to Hollywood, getting her a contract with Universal Pictures. She continued to back and forth between movies and theater throughout the 1930s and 1940s. Her most prominent film appearance was in the 1938 version of Holiday and her subsequent film roles went downhill, but she reinvigorated her Broadway career with an 18-month stint in The Doughgirls, a popular comedy about the difficulties of life during World War II. Her final Broadway appearance was in The Closing Door, alongside her husband and it got poor reviews and closed after just a few weeks. After moving to England in the early 1950s, Nolan worked in stage productions. Her final television appearance was in an episode of ITVs Brideshead Revisited serial in 1981, Nolan married Canadian actor Alexander Knox in a civil ceremony on December 30,1944. The judge presiding over the wedding almost mistakenly pronounced her married to Knoxs best man, Knoxs political activity caused him trouble during the Hollywood blacklist, and the couple moved to England so he could continue working. She stayed in England after his death in 1995, until her own death on July 29,1998, Actors on Red Alert, Career Interviews With Five Actors and Actresses Affected by the Blacklist
Doris Nolan
–
Nolan in 1937
42.
Queen Elizabeth 2
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Queen Elizabeth 2, often referred to simply as QE2, is an ocean liner built for the Cunard Line which was operated by Cunard as both a transatlantic liner and a cruise ship from 1969 to 2008. She was designed for the service from her home port of Southampton, UK, to New York. She served as the flagship of the line from 1969 until succeeded by RMS Queen Mary 2 in 2004, before she was refitted with a diesel power plant in 1986/87, QE2 was also the last oil-fired passenger steamship to cross the Atlantic in scheduled liner service. During almost forty years of service, Queen Elizabeth 2 undertook regular world cruises and later operated predominantly as a ship, sailing out of Southampton. QE2 had no running mate and never ran a year-round weekly transatlantic service to New York. QE2 did, however, continue the Cunard tradition of regular scheduled transatlantic crossings every year of her service life, QE2 was never given a Royal Mail Ship designation, instead carrying the SS and later MV or MS prefixes in official documents. QE2 retired from active Cunard service on 27 November 2008 and she was acquired by Istithmar, the private equity arm of Dubai World, which planned to begin conversion of the vessel to a 500-room floating hotel moored at the Palm Jumeirah, Dubai. The 2008 financial crisis however intervened and the ship laid up at Port Rashid. Subsequent conversion plans were announced by Istithmar in 2012 and by the Oceanic Group in 2013, as of January 2016 the ship remains laid up in Dubai while the port operator claimed that there were future plans for the ship and no intent to scrap her. At the time of retirement, the ship had a tonnage of 70,327 and is 963 ft long. She had a top speed of 32.5 knots with her steam turbines. By the mid 1960s transatlantic travel was dominated by air due to its speed and low cost relative to the sea route. Conversely, Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth were becoming increasingly expensive to operate, Cunard did not want to give up the business of passenger service, and so gambled $80 million on a new ocean liner to replace the original ageing Queens. Realising the decline of trade, and the rising costs of fuel and labour. The new ship was designed to run at the service speed of 28.5 knots as the previous Queens. Staff was also reduced from the levels on the older vessels, the interior and superstructure for the QE2 was designed by James Gardner. His design for the liner was described by The Council of Industrial Design as that of a very big yacht and with a look sleek, modern. Originally designated Q4, she was to be a three-class liner, Queen Elizabeth 2 was built by the John Brown Shipyard in Clydebank, Scotland
Queen Elizabeth 2
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Queen Elizabeth 2 during her farewell tour in
South Queensferry, Scotland, 2008.
Queen Elizabeth 2
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Number 736 on the slipway
Queen Elizabeth 2
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QE2 in Southampton, 1976.
Queen Elizabeth 2
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Berthed in
Málaga Spain 1982, with her original white funnel repainted red
43.
Lenny (film)
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Lenny is a 1974 American biographical film about the comedian Lenny Bruce, starring Dustin Hoffman and directed by Bob Fosse. The screenplay by Julian Barry is based on his play of the same name and we watch as up-and-coming Bruce courts his Shiksa goddess, a stripper named Honey. With family responsibilities, Lenny is encouraged to do a safe act, constantly in trouble for flouting obscenity laws, Lenny develops a near-messianic complex which fuels both his comedy genius and his talent for self-destruction. Worn out by a lifetime of tilting at Establishment windmills, Lenny Bruce dies of an overdose in 1966. In 2012, British film critic Mark Kermode put Hoffmans performance as Lenny Bruce at number eight in a video of Hoffmans best performances. Director Fosse decided to cast a real life Broward County Bailiff in the role of the Dade County Bailiff that would drag Dustin Hoffman out of the Courtroom, Aldo DeMeo, the President of the Bailiffs Association at the time, was offered the role. Though Aldo was uncredited, the scene when Lenny is removed from the courtroom was chosen as the clip screened at the Academy Awards to represent the film as a candidate for Best Picture, casting was completed by Florida-based casting director, Beverly McDermott. Lenny was released to DVD by MGM Home Video on April 1,2003 as a Region 1 widescreen DVD, list of American films of 1974 Lenny at the Internet Movie Database Lenny at Rotten Tomatoes
Lenny (film)
–
Original movie poster
Lenny (film)
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Real Life Bailiff and 'one time actor' Aldo DeMeo and Dustin Hoffman between takes from the scene when 'Lenny' is dragged from the courtroom
Lenny (film)
–
The real
Lenny Bruce arrested in 1961
44.
Bryan Forbes
–
Bryan Forbes, CBE was an English film director, screenwriter, film producer, actor and novelist, described as a Renaissance man and one of the most important figures in the British film industry. Best known as the director of the film The Stepford Wives, he wrote and directed several critically acclaimed films, including Whistle Down the Wind, Séance on a Wet Afternoon. He also scripted several films directed by others, such as The League of Gentlemen, The Angry Silence, Forbes was born John Theobald Clarke on 22 July 1926 in Queen Marys Hospital, Stratford, West Ham, Essex. A schoolfriend at West Ham was artist Albert Herbert, lionel Gamlin of the BBC took him on as the host of Junior Brains Trust, and invented Clarkes pseudonym of Bryan Forbes. Forbes trained as an actor at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art from age 17 and he did four years of military service in the Intelligence Corps and Combined Forces Entertainment Unit, during which time he started to write short stories. After completing his service in 1948, following British Equity rules. Forbes began to act, appearing on stage and playing supporting roles in British films, in particular An Inspector Calls. He published a story collection in the early 1950s, which induced producer Cubby Broccoli to offer him screenwriting work on The Black Knight. He received his first credit for Second World War film The Cockleshell Heroes, while other early screenplays include I Was Montys Double, directed by Basil Dearden, Forbes also starred. The film recounted a bank heist carried out by ex-army officers, in 1959, he formed a production company, Beaver Films, with his frequent collaborator Richard Attenborough. Beaver Films made The Angry Silence, a screenplay by Forbes in which Attenborough took the lead role. It starred child actor Hayley Mills and Alan Bates, in one of his earliest film roles, the film was nominated for four BAFTA awards, including Best Film from any Source. It was the basis for a 1996 musical by Andrew Lloyd Webber, the L-Shaped Room, his next film as director, with Leslie Caron in the female lead, led to her gaining a nomination for an Oscar, and winning the BAFTA and Golden Globe awards. Comments Phil Wickham, It feels like half a new wave film – a mid-point between the innovation of the Woodfall Films and the mainstream of the British film industry. Forbes wrote and directed Séance on a Wet Afternoon, and the year he wrote the third screen adaptation of the Somerset Maugham novel Of Human Bondage. In 1965, he went to Hollywood to make King Rat and he followed this with The Wrong Box and The Whisperers, the latter featuring Edith Evans. A caper film, Deadfall, starred Michael Caine, in 1969, Forbes was appointed chief of production and managing director of the film studio Associated British. Under Forbess leadership, the studio produced The Railway Children, The Tales of Beatrix Potter and The Go-Between and his tenure though, was short-lived and marked by financial problems and failed projects
Bryan Forbes
–
Bryan Forbes
CBE
45.
Screenplay
–
A screenplay or script is a written work by screenwriters for a film, video game, or television program. These screenplays can be original works or adaptations from existing pieces of writing, in them, the movement, actions, expression, and dialogues of the characters are also narrated. A screenplay written for television is also known as a teleplay, the format is structured in a way that one page usually equates to one minute of screen time. In a shooting script, each scene is numbered, and technical direction may be given, in a spec or a draft in various stages of development, the scenes are not numbered, and technical direction is at a minimum. The standard font for a screenplay is 12 point,10 pitch Courier Typeface, the major components are action and dialogue. The action is written in the present tense, the dialogue are the lines the characters speak. Unique to the screenplay is the use of slug lines, a slug line, also called a master scene heading, occurs at the start of every scene, and is usually made up of three parts. Part one states whether the scene is set inside outside, or both, Part two states location of the scene. Part three, separated from Part two by a hyphen, refers to the time of the scene, each slug line begins a new scene. In a shooting script, the lines are numbered consecutively. These scene numbers serve as mile-post markers in a script and this allows any part of the script to be referred to by scene number. In the United States letter size paper and Courier 12 point are mandatory, the tab settings of the scene elements, which constitute the screenplays layout. The dialogue must be centered and the names must be capitalized, a script usually begins with FADE IN, followed by the first scene description. It might get more specific, e. g. FADE IN ON AN ECU of Ricky as he explains the divorce to Bob, a script will usually end with FADE TO BLACK, though there are variables, like CUT TO BLACK for abrupt endings. The style consists of a grammar that is specific to screenplays and this grammar also consists of two aspects, A prose that is manifestation-oriented, i. e. focuses largely on what is audible and what is visible on screen. This prose may only supply interpretations and explanation if clarity would otherwise be adversely affected, American screenplays are printed single-sided on three-hole-punched paper using the standard American letter size. They are then together with two brass brads in the top and bottom hole. The middle hole is left empty as it would make it harder to quickly read the script
Screenplay
–
Screenplay for
The Godfather Part II, Turin, Italy
Screenplay
–
Sample from a screenplay, showing dialogue and action descriptions
46.
Cruise ship
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Transportation is not the only purpose of cruising, particularly on cruises that return passengers to their originating port, with the ports of call usually in a specified region of a continent. There are even cruises to nowhere or nowhere voyages where the ship makes 2–3 night round trips without any ports of call, by contrast, dedicated transport oriented ocean liners do line voyages and typically transport passengers from one point to another, rather than on round trips. The gradual evolution of passenger ship design from ocean liners to cruise ships has seen passenger cabins shifted from inside the hull to the superstructure with private verandas, the distinction between ocean liners and cruise ships has blurred, particularly with respect to deployment. Larger cruise ships have also engaged in longer trips such as transoceanic voyages which may not return to the port for months. Some former ocean liners operate as cruise ships, such as Marco Polo, the only dedicated transatlantic ocean liner in operation as a liner of December 2013 is Queen Mary 2 of the Cunard fleet. The industrys rapid growth has seen nine or more newly built ships catering to a North American clientele added every year since 2001, smaller markets, such as the Asia-Pacific region, are generally serviced by older ships. These are displaced by new ships in the growth areas. The worlds largest cruise ship is currently Royal Caribbean Internationals Harmony of the Seas beating her sister ships by about 2.15 meters, the birth of leisure cruising began with the formation of the Peninsular & Oriental Steam Navigation Company in 1822. The company started out as a line with routes between England and the Iberian Peninsula, adopting the name Peninsular Steam Navigation Company. It won its first contract to deliver mail in 1837, in 1840, it began mail delivery to Alexandria, Egypt, via Gibraltar and Malta. The company was incorporated by Royal Charter the same year, becoming the Peninsular, P&O first introduced passenger cruising services in 1844, advertising sea tours to destinations such as Gibraltar, Malta and Athens, sailing from Southampton. The forerunner of modern cruise holidays, these voyages were the first of their kind, the company later introduced round trips to destinations such as Alexandria and Constantinople. It underwent a period of expansion in the latter half of the 19th century, commissioning larger. Some sources mention Francesco I, flying the flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies and she was built in 1831 and sailed from Naples in early June 1833, preceded by an advertising campaign. The cruise ship was boarded by nobles, authorities, and royal princes from all over Europe, however, it was restricted to the aristocracy of Europe and was not a commercial endeavour. Christian Wilhelm Allers published an account of it as Backschisch. The first vessel built exclusively for cruising, was Prinzessin Victoria Luise of Germany, designed by Albert Ballin. The ship was completed in 1900, the practice of luxury cruising made steady inroads on the more established market for transatlantic crossings
Cruise ship
–
Majesty of the Seas
Cruise ship
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Cruise ships in
Tallinn Passenger Port of
Tallinn,
Estonia - a popular tourist destination
Cruise ship
–
SS Strathaird, a P&O cruise ship of the early 20th century. The company began offering luxury cruise services in 1844.
Cruise ship
–
Prinzessin Victoria Luise was the first ship purpose-built as a cruise ship.
47.
Soviet Union
–
The Soviet Union, officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a socialist state in Eurasia that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was nominally a union of national republics, but its government. The Soviet Union had its roots in the October Revolution of 1917 and this established the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic and started the Russian Civil War between the revolutionary Reds and the counter-revolutionary Whites. In 1922, the communists were victorious, forming the Soviet Union with the unification of the Russian, Transcaucasian, Ukrainian, following Lenins death in 1924, a collective leadership and a brief power struggle, Joseph Stalin came to power in the mid-1920s. Stalin suppressed all opposition to his rule, committed the state ideology to Marxism–Leninism. As a result, the country underwent a period of rapid industrialization and collectivization which laid the foundation for its victory in World War II and postwar dominance of Eastern Europe. Shortly before World War II, Stalin signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact agreeing to non-aggression with Nazi Germany, in June 1941, the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, opening the largest and bloodiest theater of war in history. Soviet war casualties accounted for the highest proportion of the conflict in the effort of acquiring the upper hand over Axis forces at battles such as Stalingrad. Soviet forces eventually captured Berlin in 1945, the territory overtaken by the Red Army became satellite states of the Eastern Bloc. The Cold War emerged by 1947 as the Soviet bloc confronted the Western states that united in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in 1949. Following Stalins death in 1953, a period of political and economic liberalization, known as de-Stalinization and Khrushchevs Thaw, the country developed rapidly, as millions of peasants were moved into industrialized cities. The USSR took a lead in the Space Race with Sputnik 1, the first ever satellite, and Vostok 1. In the 1970s, there was a brief détente of relations with the United States, the war drained economic resources and was matched by an escalation of American military aid to Mujahideen fighters. In the mid-1980s, the last Soviet leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, sought to reform and liberalize the economy through his policies of glasnost. The goal was to preserve the Communist Party while reversing the economic stagnation, the Cold War ended during his tenure, and in 1989 Soviet satellite countries in Eastern Europe overthrew their respective communist regimes. This led to the rise of strong nationalist and separatist movements inside the USSR as well, in August 1991, a coup détat was attempted by Communist Party hardliners. It failed, with Russian President Boris Yeltsin playing a role in facing down the coup. On 25 December 1991, Gorbachev resigned and the twelve constituent republics emerged from the dissolution of the Soviet Union as independent post-Soviet states
Soviet Union
–
Vladimir Lenin addressing a crowd with Trotsky, 1920
Soviet Union
–
Flag
Soviet Union
–
Stalin and
Nikolai Yezhov, head of the
NKVD. After Yezhov was executed, he was
edited out of the image.
Soviet Union
48.
Black Sea Shipping Company
–
Black Sea Shipping Company is a shipping company of Ukraine based in Odessa. In February 2009 it was recognized bankrupt by the Higher Commercial Court of Ukraine, on 11 January 2017, the State Property Fund of Ukraine decided to sell the company at auction. The Black Sea - Azov Sea Shipping company splits into Black Sea Shipping Company, Azov Sea Shipping Company, another split took place in 1964 when a new company, Novorossiysk Shipping Company, was created from the tanker division of the Black Sea Shipping Company. Azov Sea region management of Black Sea Shipping Company was created in Zhdanov in 1953, Azov Sea region management was reorganized in Azov Sea Shipping Company in 1967. It is why some ships of Black Sea Shipping Company ships were handed over changed to Azov Sea Shipping Company, so, two sister ships Nezhin and Smela were transferred to Azov Sea Shipping Company in 1969 or in 1967. In 1990 Black Sea Shipping was the biggest one in Europe among other shipping companies and the second in whole world. With the fall of the Soviet Union, the company was passed from the Ministry of Sea Fleet of the USSR as a company of Ukraine. On August 13,1993 President Leonid Kravchuk issued the Decree #303, the Decree was canceled in January 1995. Speaking in 2013, Leonid Kravchuk accepted his blame for decisions leading to ruining of the Black Sea Shipping Company, Black Sea Shipping company was the biggest company in the world in 1980-es years as per quantity of sea-going vessels. The company had more than 250 sea-going ship during the best times, after the collapse of the Soviet Union these ports separated from the shipping company. Ports of Black Sea Shipping Co, and most of tonnage of cargо passed via Constellation of the Blackerranean - Odessa, Illichivsl, Yuzhny ports. Sevastopol - was not Black Sea Shipping Co. port and it was naval port of Soviet Union in Black Sea. Вторая Пятилетка, Karaganda, Иркутск, Кавказ, Капитан Вислобоков were transferred in 1950, the ship Karaganda was used on the line between Black Sea Soviet ports and India ports. Requiem for the Black Sea squadron, how was destroyed Black Sea Shipping Company
Black Sea Shipping Company
–
Funnels of the Black Sea Shipping Co. cargo ships during Soviet Union period were the same as the funnel of cargo ship "Pyetr Saveliev". Some vessels, mostly passenger ships, had the same red stripe and red emblem on the white color funnels.
Black Sea Shipping Company
–
Soviet-times logo of the company.
49.
Chartering (shipping)
–
Chartering is an activity within the shipping industry. In some cases a charterer may own cargo and employ a shipbroker to find a ship to deliver the cargo for a certain price, a voyage charter is the hiring of a vessel and crew for a voyage between a load port and a discharge port. The charterer pays the owner on a per-ton or lump-sum basis. The owner pays the costs, fuel costs and crew costs. The payment for the use of the vessel is known as freight, a voyage charter specifies a period, known as laytime, for loading and unloading the cargo. If laytime is exceeded, the charterer must pay demurrage, if laytime is saved, the charter party may require the shipowner to pay despatch to the charterer. A Contract of Affreightment is a similar to a voyage charter. Agreed frequency of cargoes may require more than one ship, a time charter is the hiring of a vessel for a specific period of time, the owner still manages the vessel but the charterer selects the ports and directs the vessel where to go. The charterer pays for all fuel the vessel consumes, port charges, commissions, a trip time charter is a comparatively short time charter agreed for a specified route only. A bareboat charter or demise charter is an arrangement for the hiring of a vessel whereby no administration or technical maintenance is included as part of the agreement, the charterer obtains possession and full control of the vessel along with the legal and financial responsibility for it. The charterer pays for all operating expenses, including fuel, crew, port expenses and P&I, in commercial demise chartering, a subtype of bareboat chartering, the charter period may last for many years and may end with the charterer acquiring title of the ship. In this case, a charter is a form of hire-purchase from the owners. Demise chartering is common for tankers and bulk-carriers, tanker operations, a handbook for the person-in-charge. Turpin, Edward A. McEwen, William A. Ch.18, United States Navigation Laws and Ships Business
Chartering (shipping)
–
Admiralty law
50.
Lifeboat (shipboard)
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A lifeboat is a small, rigid or inflatable boat carried for emergency evacuation in the event of a disaster aboard a ship. Lifeboat drills are required by law on larger commercial ships, in the military, a lifeboat may double as a whaleboat, dinghy, or gig. The ships tenders of cruise ships often double as lifeboats, recreational sailors usually carry inflatable life rafts, though a few prefer small proactive lifeboats that are harder to sink and can be sailed to safety. Inflatable lifeboats may be equipped with auto-inflation canisters or mechanical pumps, a quick release and pressure release mechanism is fitted on ships so that the canister or pump automatically inflates the lifeboat, and the lifeboat breaks free of the sinking vessel. Commercial aircraft are required to carry auto-inflating life rafts in case of an emergency water landing. Ship-launched lifeboats are lowered from davits on a deck, and are hard to sink in normal circumstances. The cover serves as protection from sun, wind and rain, can be used to collect rainwater, lifeboats have oars, flares and mirrors for signaling, first aid supplies, and food and water for several days. Modern lifeboats carry an Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon and either a radar reflector or Search, during the Age of Sail, the ships boats were often also used as lifeboats in case of emergency. In March 1870, answering a question at the House of Commons of the United Kingdom about the sinking of PS Normandy and they would encumber the decks, and rather add to the danger than detract from it. It was not until after the sinking of the RMS Titanic on April 15,1912, the Titanic′s boats had a capacity of 1,178 people on a ship capable of carrying 3,330 people. This was resolved by the use of collapsible lifeboats, a number of which had been carried on the Titanic. The US Navy asked various groups and manufacturers to suggest solutions, the result was the first enclosed, unsinkable, self-righting lifeboat, manufactured in Delanco, New Jersey, USA, the first units were delivered in 1944. These radically new lifeboats were 24 feet in length and weighed 5,000 lbs and they had two enclosed cabins at each end which could hold a total of 25 persons. The space in between was designed to help persons in the water be pulled aboard, and could be enclosed with a canvas top, the new type lifeboat could be driven either by a small motor or sail. Also, in 1943 the US developed a balsa wood liferaft that would not sink and these balsa liferafts were designed to hold five to ten men on a platform suspended on the inside or fifteen to twenty-five hanging lines placed on the outsides. They were inexpensive, and during the war thousands were stored in any space possible on US warships and these liferafts were intended only for use during a short term before lifeboats or another ship in the convoy or group could bring them aboard. Today, enclosed lifeboats are the preferred lifeboats fitted on modern merchant ships because of their protection against the elements. Generally each merchant ship has one fitted on the port side and one on the starboard side
Lifeboat (shipboard)
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Partially enclosed Lifeboats on a passenger liner
Lifeboat (shipboard)
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Roofless inflatable liferaft
Lifeboat (shipboard)
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Proactive lifeboat-safety dinghy for recreational cruisers
Lifeboat (shipboard)
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Inflatable liferaft in hard-shelled canister
