1.
Album
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Album, is a collection of audio recordings issued as a single item on CD, record, audio tape, or another medium. Albums of recorded music were developed in the early 20th century, first as books of individual 78rpm records, vinyl LPs are still issued, though in the 21st century album sales have mostly focused on compact disc and MP3 formats. The audio cassette was a format used from the late 1970s through to the 1990s alongside vinyl, an album may be recorded in a recording studio, in a concert venue, at home, in the field, or a mix of places. Recording may take a few hours to years to complete, usually in several takes with different parts recorded separately. Recordings that are done in one take without overdubbing are termed live, the majority of studio recordings contain an abundance of editing, sound effects, voice adjustments, etc. With modern recording technology, musicians can be recorded in separate rooms or at times while listening to the other parts using headphones. Album covers and liner notes are used, and sometimes additional information is provided, such as analysis of the recording, historically, the term album was applied to a collection of various items housed in a book format. In musical usage the word was used for collections of pieces of printed music from the early nineteenth century. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, the LP record, or 33 1⁄3 rpm microgroove vinyl record, is a gramophone record format introduced by Columbia Records in 1948. It was adopted by the industry as a standard format for the album. Apart from relatively minor refinements and the important later addition of stereophonic sound capability, the term album had been carried forward from the early nineteenth century when it had been used for collections of short pieces of music. Later, collections of related 78rpm records were bundled in book-like albums, as part of a trend of shifting sales in the music industry, some commenters have declared that the early 21st century experienced the death of the album. Sometimes shorter albums are referred to as mini-albums or EPs, Albums such as Tubular Bells, Amarok, Hergest Ridge by Mike Oldfield, and Yess Close to the Edge, include fewer than four tracks. There are no rules against artists such as Pinhead Gunpowder referring to their own releases under thirty minutes as albums. These are known as box sets, material is stored on an album in sections termed tracks, normally 11 or 12 tracks. A music track is a song or instrumental recording. The term is associated with popular music where separate tracks are known as album tracks. When vinyl records were the medium for audio recordings a track could be identified visually from the grooves
2.
Kevin Ayers
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Kevin Ayers was an English singer-songwriter and a major influential force in the English psychedelic movement. Ayers was a member of the pioneering psychedelic band Soft Machine in the mid-1960s. After living for years in Deià, Majorca, he returned to the United Kingdom in the mid-1990s before moving to the south of France. His last album was The Unfairground, recorded in New York City, Tucson, the British rock journalist Nick Kent wrote, Kevin Ayers and Syd Barrett were the two most important people in British pop music. Everything that came after came from them, Ayers was born in Herne Bay, Kent, the son of BBC producer Rowan Ayers. Following his parents divorce and his mothers subsequent marriage to a British civil servant, Ayers returned to England at the age of twelve. In his early years he took up with the burgeoning musicians scene in the Canterbury area. He was quickly drafted into the Wilde Flowers, a band that featured Robert Wyatt and Hugh Hopper, Ayers stated in interviews that the primary reason he was asked to join was that he probably had the longest hair. However, this prompted him to writing songs and singing. The Wilde Flowers morphed into Soft Machine with the addition of keyboardist Mike Ratledge, Ayers switched to bass and shared vocals with the drummer Robert Wyatt. The contrast between Ayers baritone and Wyatts reedy tenor, plus the freewheeling mix of rock and jazz influences, the band often shared stages with Pink Floyd. They released their debut single Love Makes Sweet Music/Feelin Reelin Squeelin in February 1967 and their debut album, The Soft Machine, was recorded in the USA for ABC/Probe and released in 1968. It is considered a classic of the genre, to many in the U. S, the Soft Machine was best known for being the opening act on the second U. S. tour by Jimi Hendrix, thus exposing them to an entire new audience. While there, Ayers went on a songwriting binge that resulted in the songs that would make up his first album, the album was one of the first released on the new Harvest label, alongside Pink Floyds Ummagumma. Ayers colleagues from Soft Machine backed him, with the addition on some cuts of Rob Tait, one interesting product of the sessions was the single, Religious Experience, early recordings of which featured Syd Barrett on guitar and backing vocals. However the 2004 CD reissue of Joy of a Toy includes a mix of this song featuring Barretts guitar as a bonus track, Ayers was to all intents and purposes a member of Gong in 1971 when the band first toured the UK. He also played a role in Steve Hillage appearing in Gong in 1972. A second album, Shooting at the Moon, soon followed, again Ayers came up with a batch of engaging songs interspersed with avant-garde instrumentals and a heavy dose of whimsy
3.
John Cale
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John Davies Cale, OBE is a musician, composer, singer-songwriter and record producer, born in Wales, who was a founding member of the experimental rock band the Velvet Underground. Over his five-decade career, Cale has worked in various styles across rock, drone, classical, avant-garde, since leaving the band in 1968, he has released approximately 30 albums. He produced the first albums of the Stooges, the Modern Lovers, Patti Smith, Squeeze, Cale was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Velvet Underground in 1996, and appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 2010. John Cale was born on 9 March 1942 in Garnant in the industrial Amman Valley of Wales to Will Cale, a miner, and Margaret Davies. Cale was molested by two different men during his childhood, one of the men was an Anglican priest who molested him in a church. Having discovered a talent for viola, Cale studied music at Goldsmiths College, while he was there he organised an early Fluxus concert, A Little Festival of New Music, on 6 July 1964. He also contributed to the short film Police Car and had two published in Fluxus Preview Review for the nascent avant-garde collective. He conducted the first performance in the UK of Cages Concert for Piano and Orchestra, with the composer and pianist Michael Garrett as soloist. He also enjoyed rock music from an age and in 1963 he travelled to the United States to continue his musical training, thanks to the help. In New York City Cale met a number of influential composers, on 9 September 1963 he participated, along with John Cage and several others, in an 18-hour piano-playing marathon that was the first full-length performance of Erik Saties Vexations. After the performance Cale appeared on the panel show Ive Got a Secret. Cales secret was that he had performed in an 18-hour concert, Cale also played in La Monte Young and Tony Conrads ensemble the Theatre of Eternal Music, also known as the Dream Syndicate. The heavily drone-laden music he played there proved to be a big influence in his work with his next group, one of his collaborators on these recordings was the Velvet Underground guitarist Sterling Morrison. Three albums of his experimental work from this period were released in 2001. In early 1965, he co-founded the Velvet Underground with Lou Reed, recruiting his flatmate Angus MacLise, Cale left the band in September 1968, owing in part to creative disagreements with Reed. Initially hired to play one show, she soon became a permanent member and her tribal pounding style became an integral part of the groups music. The very first commercially available recording of the Velvet Underground, a track called Loop given away with Aspen Magazine, was a feedback experiment written. His creative relationship with Reed was integral to the sound of the Velvet Undergrounds first two albums, The Velvet Underground & Nico and White Light/White Heat, on these albums he plays viola, bass guitar and piano, and sings occasional backing vocals
4.
Brian Eno
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Brian Peter George St John le Baptiste de la Salle Eno, RDI is an English musician, composer, record producer, singer, writer, and visual artist. He is best known for his work in rock, ambient, pop. He has been described as one of musics most influential. Born in Suffolk, Eno studied painting and experimental music at art school in the late 1960s before joining glam rock group Roxy Music as synthesizer player in 1971. He took part in frequent collaborations with such as Robert Fripp, Cluster, David Bowie on his Berlin Trilogy. In subsequent decades, Eno continued to record albums, collaborate, and produce for other artists, including U2, Coldplay, Laurie Anderson, James, Grace Jones. He continues to release music, produce, and write, the unusual surname Eno, long established in Suffolk, derives from the French Huguenot surname Hennot. Maria had already had a daughter, and together William and Maria would have two children, Roger and Arlette. In school, Eno used a tape recorder as an instrument and experimented with his first, sometimes improvisational. From that collaboration, he involved in Cornelius Cardews Scratch Orchestra. The first released recording in which Eno played is the Deutsche Grammophon edition of Cardews The Great Learning, Another early recording was the Berlin Horse soundtrack, by Malcom Le Grice, a nine-minute,2 ×16 mm-double-projection, released in 1970 and presented in 1971. He then progressed to appearing on stage as a member of the group. He quit the band on completing the tour for the bands second album, For Your Pleasure, because of disagreements with lead singer Bryan Ferry. If Id walked ten yards further on the platform, or missed that train, or been in the next carriage, during his period with Roxy Music, and for his first three solo albums, he was credited on records only as Eno. Eno embarked on a career almost immediately. Between 1973 and 1977 he created four albums of electronically inflected art pop, Here Come the Warm Jets, Taking Tiger Mountain, Another Green World, and Before and After Science. Tiger Mountain contains the galloping Third Uncle, one of Enos best-known songs and these four albums were remastered and reissued in 2004 by Virgins Astralwerks label. Due to Enos decision not to add any extra tracks of the original material, in 1972, Eno and Robert Fripp developed the Frippertronics tape delay system, a year later, the pair released the proto-ambient album
5.
Nico
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Christa Päffgen, better known by her stage name Nico, was a German singer-songwriter, lyricist, composer, musician, fashion model, and actress who became famous as a Warhol superstar in the 1960s. She is known for her vocals on the Velvet Undergrounds debut album, The Velvet Underground & Nico and she also had roles in several films, including Federico Fellinis La Dolce Vita and Andy Warhols Chelsea Girls. Nico was born Christa Päffgen in Cologne, when she was two years old, she moved with her mother and grandfather to the Spreewald forest outside of Berlin to escape the World War II bombardments of Cologne. In 1946, Nico and her mother relocated to downtown Berlin and she attended school until the age 13, and began selling lingerie in the exclusive department store KaDeWe, eventually getting modeling jobs in Berlin. At five feet ten inches and with chiseled features and porcelain skin, at the age of 15, while working as a temp for the U. S. Air Force, Nico was raped by an American sergeant. The sergeant was court-martialled and Nico gave evidence for the prosecution at his trial, Nicos song Secret Side from the album The End makes oblique references to the rape. Nico was discovered at 16 by the photographer Herbert Tobias while both were working at a KaDeWe fashion show in Berlin and he gave her the name Nico after her ex-boyfriend, filmmaker Nikos Papatakis, and she used it for the rest of her life. She moved to Paris and began working for Vogue, Tempo, Vie Nuove, Mascotte Spettacolo, Camera, Elle, at age 17, she was contracted by Coco Chanel to promote their products, but she fled to New York City and abandoned the job. Through her travels, she learned to speak English, Spanish, after appearing in several television advertisements, Nico got a small role in Alberto Lattuadas film La Tempesta. She also appeared in Rudolph Matés For the First Time, with Mario Lanza, later that year. In 1959, she was invited to the set of Federico Fellinis La Dolce Vita, where she attracted the attention of the acclaimed director, by this time, she was living in New York and taking acting classes with Lee Strasberg. She appears as the model on jazz pianist Bill Evans 1962 album. After splitting her time between New York and Paris, she got the role in Jacques Poitrenauds Strip-Tease. She recorded the track, which was written by Serge Gainsbourg but not released until 2001. In 1962, Nico gave birth to her son, Christian Aaron Ari Päffgen, the child was raised mostly by Delons mother and her husband and eventually was adopted by them, taking their surname, Boulogne. Nicos first performances as a singer took place in December 1963 at New Yorks Blue Angel nightclub, where she sang standards such as My Funny Valentine. In 1965, Nico met the Rolling Stones guitarist Brian Jones and recorded her first single, Im Not Sayin with the B-side The Last Mile, actor Ben Carruthers introduced her to Bob Dylan in Paris that summer. In 1967 Nico recorded his song Ill Keep It with Mine for her first album, Dylan had written the tune for Judy Collins in 1964, according to her own liner notes from the Geffen Records album Judy Collins Sings Dylan
6.
Rainbow Theatre
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Rainbow Theatre is a Grade II*-listed building located in Finsbury Park, London, England. Built as a cinema in 1930, it became well known as a music venue and is now a Pentecostal church. Former Stage Manager, Rick Burton has published a website with a history of who has performed at the theatre. When it opened in 1930, the Astoria Cinema was one of the largest in the world, standing at the junction of Isledon Road and Seven Sisters Road on an island site, it was the fourth of the famous London suburban Astoria Theatres built by film exhibitor Arthur Segal. It was opened on 29 September 1930, there were three other Astorias, Streatham, Old Kent Road and Brixton. It was in use as a cinema until September 1971 when it was given over to live music – although rock concerts had been a feature throughout the 1960s. The plain faience exterior, designed by Edward A. Stone, acted as a foil to a lavish atmospheric interior by Somerford & Barr, with decoration carried out by Marc-Henri and G. Laverdet. A Moorish foyer with a goldfish-filled fountain led to an auditorium recalling an Andalucian village at night, the stage,35 feet deep and spanned by a 64-foot-wide proscenium arch, was equipped with a twin-console Compton 3-manual/13-rank theatre organ. Backstage, there were 12 dressing rooms, the opening night,29 September 1930, featured Ronald Colman in Condemned and a Gala Stage Spectacle, with artists from the other Astoria Theatres making a special engagement on the stage. In December 1930, the Astoria was taken over by Paramount Pictures and it was taken over again, on 27 November 1939, by Oscar Deutschs Odeon Theatres Ltd. One-night concerts were held on the stage in the 1960s, with the building becoming one of the music venues in the capital. It was at this theatre that Jimi Hendrix first burnt a guitar, with the collusion of his manager Chas Chandler and a journalist from NME. Hendrix proceeded to set fire to his Fender Stratocaster guitar on 31 March 1967 on the night of the Walker Brothers tour. The Beach Boys album, Live In London, was recorded here in 1968, renamed Odeon on 17 November 1970, the theatre was closed by the Rank Organisation on 25 September 1971 with Bill Travers in Gorgo and Hayley Mills in Twisted Nerve. The Odeon was converted into the Rainbow Theatre from 4 November 1971, the Who later wrote and recorded the song Long Live Rock, which celebrates the theatre. The Osmonds made their appearance in London at the Rainbow Theatre in the early 1970s. Zappa was in the hospital for six weeks, the Faces performed there on 12 February 1972. Pink Floyd played a four-night stand at the venue during the beginning of their Eclipsed Tour, on which its main set is known as the pre-Dark Side Of The Moon set
7.
London
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London /ˈlʌndən/ is the capital and most populous city of England and the United Kingdom. Standing on the River Thames in the south east of the island of Great Britain and it was founded by the Romans, who named it Londinium. Londons ancient core, the City of London, largely retains its 1. 12-square-mile medieval boundaries. London is a global city in the arts, commerce, education, entertainment, fashion, finance, healthcare, media, professional services, research and development, tourism. It is crowned as the worlds largest financial centre and has the fifth- or sixth-largest metropolitan area GDP in the world, London is a world cultural capital. It is the worlds most-visited city as measured by international arrivals and has the worlds largest city airport system measured by passenger traffic, London is the worlds leading investment destination, hosting more international retailers and ultra high-net-worth individuals than any other city. Londons universities form the largest concentration of education institutes in Europe. In 2012, London became the first city to have hosted the modern Summer Olympic Games three times, London has a diverse range of people and cultures, and more than 300 languages are spoken in the region. Its estimated mid-2015 municipal population was 8,673,713, the largest of any city in the European Union, Londons urban area is the second most populous in the EU, after Paris, with 9,787,426 inhabitants at the 2011 census. The citys metropolitan area is the most populous in the EU with 13,879,757 inhabitants, the city-region therefore has a similar land area and population to that of the New York metropolitan area. London was the worlds most populous city from around 1831 to 1925, Other famous landmarks include Buckingham Palace, the London Eye, Piccadilly Circus, St Pauls Cathedral, Tower Bridge, Trafalgar Square, and The Shard. The London Underground is the oldest underground railway network in the world, the etymology of London is uncertain. It is an ancient name, found in sources from the 2nd century and it is recorded c.121 as Londinium, which points to Romano-British origin, and hand-written Roman tablets recovered in the city originating from AD 65/70-80 include the word Londinio. The earliest attempted explanation, now disregarded, is attributed to Geoffrey of Monmouth in Historia Regum Britanniae and this had it that the name originated from a supposed King Lud, who had allegedly taken over the city and named it Kaerlud. From 1898, it was accepted that the name was of Celtic origin and meant place belonging to a man called *Londinos. The ultimate difficulty lies in reconciling the Latin form Londinium with the modern Welsh Llundain, which should demand a form *lōndinion, from earlier *loundiniom. The possibility cannot be ruled out that the Welsh name was borrowed back in from English at a later date, and thus cannot be used as a basis from which to reconstruct the original name. Until 1889, the name London officially applied only to the City of London, two recent discoveries indicate probable very early settlements near the Thames in the London area
8.
Avant-garde
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The avant-garde are people or works that are experimental, radical, or unorthodox, with respect to art, culture, and society. It may be characterized by nontraditional, aesthetic innovation and initial unacceptability, the avant-garde pushes the boundaries of what is accepted as the norm or the status quo, primarily in the cultural realm. The avant-garde is considered by some to be a hallmark of modernism, the avant-garde also promotes radical social reforms. Several writers have attempted, with limited success, to map the parameters of avant-garde activity, the Italian essayist Renato Poggioli provides one of the best-known analyses of vanguardism as a cultural phenomenon in his 1962 book Teoria dellarte davanguardia. Other authors have attempted both to clarify and to extend Poggiolis study, bürgers essay also greatly influenced the work of contemporary American art-historians such as the German Benjamin H. D. Buchloh. Buchloh, in the collection of essays Neo-avantgarde and Culture Industry critically argues for an approach to these positions. Subsequent criticism theorized the limitations of these approaches, noting their circumscribed areas of analysis, including Eurocentric, chauvinist, and genre-specific definitions. The concept of avant-garde refers primarily to artists, writers, composers and thinkers whose work is opposed to cultural values. For Greenberg, these forms were therefore kitsch, phony, faked or mechanical culture, for instance, during the 1930s the advertising industry was quick to take visual mannerisms from surrealism, but this does not mean that 1930s advertising photographs are truly surreal. In this way the autonomous artistic merit so dear to the vanguardist was abandoned and sales became the measure. It has become common to describe successful rock musicians and celebrated film-makers as avant-garde, nevertheless, an incisive critique of vanguardism as against the views of mainstream society was offered by the New York critic Harold Rosenberg in the late 1960s. Since then it has been flanked by what he called avant-garde ghosts to the one side, and this has seen culture become, in his words, a profession one of whose aspects is the pretense of overthrowing it. Avant-garde in music can refer to any form of working within traditional structures while seeking to breach boundaries in some manner. The term is used loosely to describe the work of any musicians who radically depart from tradition altogether, although most avant-garde composers have been men, this is not exclusively the case. Women avant-gardists include Pauline Oliveros, Diamanda Galás, Meredith Monk, there are movements in theatre history that are characterized by their contributions to the avant-garde traditions in both the United States and Europe. Among these are Fluxus, Happenings, and Neo-Dada, Avant-garde – Wikipedia book Barron, Stephanie, and Maurice Tuchman. The Avant-garde in Russia, 1910–1930, New Perspectives, Los Angeles County Museum of Art Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Los Angeles, CA, Los Angeles County Museum of Art ISBN 0-87587-095-3, Cambridge, MA, ISBN 0-671-20422-X Berg, Hubert van den, and Walter Fähnders
9.
Island Records
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Island Records is a major record label that operates as a division of UMG Recordings, Inc. It was founded by Chris Blackwell, Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong in Jamaica in 1959, Blackwell sold the label to PolyGram in 1989. Three Island labels exist in the world, Island UK, Island US, and Island Australia, current key people of Island Records include Island president Darcus Beese, OBE and MD Jon Turner. Partially due to the labels significant legacy, Island remains one of UMGs pre-eminent record labels, Island Records was founded in Jamaica on 4 July 1959 by Chris Blackwell, Graeme Goodall and Leslie Kong, and partially financed by Stanley Borden from RKO. Its name was inspired by the Harry Belafonte song Island in the Sun. Blackwell explained in 2009, “I loved music so much, I just wanted to get into it, or be as close to it as I could. ”Tom Hayes, the labels sales manager between 1965 and 1967, referred to the early period of the label in the UK as “organized chaos”. “My Boy Lollipop”, sung by Millie Small, was the labels first success in the UK, Blackwell explained in a 50-year-anniversary documentary that he was only interested in building long-term careers at that stage in time, rather than short-term projects. Suzette Newman has been a colleague of Chris Blackwells since working together in the early days of Island Records. Suzette Newman and Chris Salewicz were the editors for the book “The Story of Island Records, Blackwell relocated to England in May 1962 to garner greater levels of attention after the local Jamaican sound systems proved to be overwhelmingly successful. The vast majority of the artists who had signed to Blackwells fledgling label while he was in Jamaica agreed to allow the entrepreneur to release their music in the UK. While in England, Blackwell travelled throughout the city carrying his stock with him and he did not provide any copies to radio stations, as they would not play any of the Island music, the music was also not reviewed by the press. Meanwhile, Goodall left to start the Doctor Bird record label in 1965, Blackwell signed the Spencer Davis Group to the label. The group became popular and Island started their own independent series to spotlight UK rock talent. They signed artists like John Martyn, Fairport Convention, Free, by the late 1960s and early 1970s, they were a major label in England with artists like Roxy Music, King Crimson, Traffic, The Wailers, and many others. Blackwell had signed Bob Marley, and now Toots and the Maytals, in November 2016, Jackie Jackson described the formation of the group in a radio interview for Kool 97 FM Jamaica. Accompanied by Paul Douglas and Radcliffe Dougie Bryan in studio, Jackson explained, Were all original members of Toots, first it was Toots and the Maytals, three guys, Toots, Raleigh, and Jerry. …And then they were signed to Island Records, Chris Blackwell, and we were their recording band. One day we were summoned to Chris house, and he says, Alright gentleman, I think its time
10.
Record producer
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A record producer or music producer oversees and manages the sound recording and production of a band or performers music, which may range from recording one song to recording a lengthy concept album. A producer has many roles during the recording process, the roles of a producer vary. The producer may perform these roles himself, or help select the engineer, the producer may also pay session musicians and engineers and ensure that the entire project is completed within the record companies budget. A record producer or music producer has a broad role in overseeing and managing the recording. Producers also often take on an entrepreneurial role, with responsibility for the budget, schedules, contracts. In the 2010s, the industry has two kinds of producers with different roles, executive producer and music producer. Executive producers oversee project finances while music producers oversee the process of recording songs or albums. In most cases the producer is also a competent arranger, composer. The producer will also liaise with the engineer who concentrates on the technical aspects of recording. Noted producer Phil Ek described his role as the person who creatively guides or directs the process of making a record, indeed, in Bollywood music, the designation actually is music director. The music producers job is to create, shape, and mold a piece of music, at the beginning of record industry, producer role was technically limited to record, in one shot, artists performing live. The role of producers changed progressively over the 1950s and 1960s due to technological developments, the development of multitrack recording caused a major change in the recording process. Before multitracking, all the elements of a song had to be performed simultaneously, all of these singers and musicians had to be assembled in a large studio and the performance had to be recorded. As well, for a song that used 20 instruments, it was no longer necessary to get all the players in the studio at the same time. Examples include the rock sound effects of the 1960s, e. g. playing back the sound of recorded instruments backwards or clanging the tape to produce unique sound effects. These new instruments were electric or electronic, and thus they used instrument amplifiers, new technologies like multitracking changed the goal of recording, A producer could blend together multiple takes and edit together different sections to create the desired sound. For example, in jazz fusion Bandleader-composer Miles Davis album Bitches Brew, producers like Phil Spector and George Martin were soon creating recordings that were, in practical terms, almost impossible to realise in live performance. Producers became creative figures in the studio, other examples of such engineers includes Joe Meek, Teo Macero, Brian Wilson, and Biddu
11.
The Confessions of Dr. Dream and Other Stories
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The Confessions of Dr. Dream and Other Stories is the fifth studio album by Kevin Ayers. Ayers moved to Island Records for this release which employed a vast array of session musicians, the album also marked the arrival of Patto guitarist Ollie Halsall, who would become a constant musical partner for Ayers. The album was acclaimed on release with the NMEs Nick Kent describing it as Ayers most formidable recorded work to date. The album features many of Ayers most accessible songs and arrangements, didnt Feel Lonely til I Thought of You Tracks 12-15 are recorded 7 July 1974 at the BBCs Maida Vale studios 16
12.
Lady June's Linguistic Leprosy
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Lady Junes Linguistic Leprosy is an experimental music/spoken word album by poet Lady June. It features musical contributions by Kevin Ayers and Brian Eno, the recording was made for £400 in the living room of Kevin Ayers Maida Vale home. The original release was of 5000 copies which quickly sold once followers of Eno, the album was later reissued by Market Square Records. Music by Kevin Ayers and Brian Eno, words by June Campbell Cramer
13.
Paris 1919 (album)
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Paris 1919 is the third studio album by Welsh musician John Cale. It was released in 1973 by Reprise Records, musicians such as Lowell George and Wilton Felder worked with Cale on the release. Its title is a reference to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, in contrast to the experimental rock of much of John Cales work before and after Paris 1919, the album is noted for its orchestral-influenced style, reminiscent of contemporary pop rock music. It has been suggested that a big reason for the sound was the employment of Chris Thomas as producer for Paris 1919, the album has received critical praise from several publications over the years. Reviewer Jason Ankeny of Allmusic labeled the album as one of John Cales very finest solo efforts, critic Stephen Holden of Rolling Stone called the release one of the most ambitious albums ever released under the name of pop, he considered it a masterpiece for the artist. AllMusic considers it the most accessible and traditional of Cales albums, the albums title makes reference to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, an event that established a new partitioning of Europe that as well as the assignment of unilateral war reparations. The album was released to critical reception. For example, the Los Angeles Times called Paris 1919 the idiosyncratic pinnacle to Cales thrilling yet perverse career, Rolling Stone writer Stephen Holden remarked, Paris 1919 is one of the most ambitious albums ever released under the name of pop. He stated that the means that it requires a great deal of listening in order for its full implications to be perceived. Subsequent positive reviews continued to be published years later. Allmusic critic Jason Ankeny gave the album four-and-a-half stars, praising its richly poetic songs for functioning as enigmatic period pieces strongly evocative of their time and place. He also wrote that theres little here to suggest either Cales noisy, never achieved a similar beauty again. Paris 1919 received a full reissue on 19 June 2006 by Rhino Records UK, notably, Pitchfork Media gave the reissue a 9.5 out of 10 rating. The show was staged again in 2010 in London, Norwich, Paris, Brescia, Los Angeles, and Melbourne, then in 2011 in Barcelona, Essen, the Wire placed Paris 1919 in their list One Hundred Records That Set the World on Fire. The February 2016 edition of Uncut placed the album at number 99 in their list of the Top 200 Greatest Albums of All Time, All tracks written by John Cale
14.
Fear (John Cale album)
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Fear is the fourth solo studio album by Welsh musician John Cale, released on 1 October 1974 by record label Island. Fear is the first of three albums for Island Records, all of which were released in a period of just over a year. During this time Cale was also producing records for artists, working on albums such as Horses by Patti Smith. Gun features an unusual two-man guitar solo from Manzanera and Eno, the promotional album for Fear released by Island Records contained an interview with Cale. He announced cover versions of Jerusalem, Girl from the North Country, Eight Miles High, keith Morris was responsible for the sleeve photography. Fear was released on 1 October 1974, the Man Who Couldnt Afford to Orgy b/w Sylvia Said was released as a single. The album was remastered in 1996 as part of the 2CD release The Island Years, containing also Slow Dazzle and it contained the following bonus track Sylvia Said making the single version of Sylvia Said unissued on CD. Trouser Press called it a brilliant record full of surprises and great. All tracks composed and written by John Cale
15.
Here Come the Warm Jets
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Here Come the Warm Jets is the debut solo album by Brian Eno, credited only as Eno. Produced by him, it was released on Island Records in January 1974, the musical style of Here Come the Warm Jets is a hybrid of glam rock and art rock, similar to Enos previous album work with Roxy Music, although in a stronger experimental fashion. Here Come the Warm Jets peaked at number 26 on the United Kingdom album charts and number 151 on the US Billboard charts and it was re-issued on compact disc in 1990 on Island Records and in 2004 on Virgin Records, and continued to elicit praise. Critic Steve Huey of AllMusic stated that the album still sounds exciting, forward-looking, Here Come the Warm Jets was recorded in twelve days at Majestic Studios in London during September 1973 by recording engineer Derek Chandler. It was mixed at Air and Olympic Studios by Eno and audio engineer Chris Thomas, the albums title was believed to be a slang term for urination. However, in an interview with Mojo magazine in 1996, Eno explained that it came from a description he wrote for the guitar on the title track. Because the guitar sounded like a tuned jet, Eno selected them on the basis that he thought they were incompatible with each other musically. He stated that he got them together merely because I wanted to see what happens when you combine different identities like that, is organized with the knowledge that there might be accidents, accidents which will be more interesting than what I had intended. Eno directed the musicians by using language and dancing, as well as through verbal suggestion, to influence their playing. He felt at the time that this was a way to communicate with musicians. The album credits Eno with instruments such as guitar, simplistic piano. These terms were used to describe the character or the means of production used to treat the instruments. Enos girlfriend at the time, potter Carol McNicoll, supervised the design of the cover for the album, the songs on Here Come the Warm Jets reference various musical styles from the past and present. The overall style of the album has been described as glammed-up art-pop, showcasing glam rocks simple yet theatrical crunchy guitar rock and art pops sonic texture, in some tracks, Enos vocals emulate the manner of the lead singer of his former band Roxy Music, Bryan Ferry. On other songs such as Babys on Fire, they were described as more nasal, to create the lyrics, Eno would later play these backing tracks singing nonsense syllables to himself, then take them and form them into actual words, phrases and meaning. This lyric-writing method was used for all his more vocal-based recordings of the 1970s, the lyrics on Here Come the Warm Jets are macabre with an underlying sense of humour. They are mostly free-associative and have no particular meaning, exceptions include The Paw Paw Negro Blowtorch, about the historical A. W. Underwood of Paw Paw, Michigan with the ability to set items ablaze with his breath, according to Eno
16.
Taking Tiger Mountain (By Strategy)
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Taking Tiger Mountain is the second solo album by English musician Brian Eno. Produced by Eno, it was released by Island Records in November 1974. Unlike his previous album Here Come the Warm Jets, Eno used a band of five instrumentalists. Also participating was guitarist and co-writer Phil Manzanera, who had played with Eno in Roxy Music, to help guide production of the album, Eno and Peter Schmidt developed instruction cards called Oblique Strategies to use through the creative process of the album. Taking Tiger Mountain is a concept album with topics ranging from espionage to the Chinese Communist revolution. The albums music has an upbeat and bouncy sound but with dark lyrical themes, the album did not chart in the United Kingdom or United States, but received greater attention from the rock press. It was re-issued in a version in 2004 by Virgin Records. The album has received attention, with varying opinions on its style. Like on his previous album, and following album Another Green World, Brian Eno names himself only as Eno on the sleeve, the album was inspired by a series of postcards of a Chinese revolutionary opera, titled Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy. Eno described his understanding of the title as referring to the dichotomy between the archaic and the progressive, half Taking Tiger Mountain – that Middle Ages physical feel of storming a military position – and half – that very, very 20th-century mental concept of a tactical interaction of systems. To further explore the possibilities of the setting, Eno and his friend Peter Schmidt developed instruction cards. During recording of the album, he would allow the cards to dictate the next unconsidered action in the recording process, Phil Manzanera, Enos former bandmate in Roxy Music, spoke positively about the recording experience. Manzanera described the recording of the album as. just doing anything we felt like doing at the time, the engineer we used, Rhett Davies, also did Diamond Head and 801 Live and Quiet Sun, so it was like family. Unlike his previous album Here Come the Warm Jets, Eno worked with a group of musicians on Taking Tiger Mountain. The group consisted of Manzanera of Roxy Music, Brian Turrington and Freddie Smith of The Winkies, during the same period, Eno was producing Robert Calverts album Lucky Leif and the Longships, and the majority of the players on Taking Tiger Mountain were also involved in that project. Several guest musicians played on select songs on the album, including Andy Mackay of Roxy Music and the Portsmouth Sinfonia. The orchestras philosophy allowed anybody to join as long as that person had no experience with the instrument to be played in the orchestra, for guest drummer Phil Collins, Eno called in a favour from Collins group Genesis. After Eno had helped with the production of Genesis album The Lamb Lies Down on Broadway, Eno looked at Collins, stating that he needed a drummer, and Collins played drums on Mother Whale Eyeless
17.
The End...
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The End. is the fifth studio album by German musician Nico. It was recorded in 1973 and produced by John Cale and it was released in November 1974, on record label Island. The End. is her collaboration with John Cale and second with him as producer. It carries the same harmonium-based sound heard on The Marble Index and Desertshore, with the addition of Brian Enos synthesizers and electronic instruments. The song You Forget to Answer tells of the misery felt by Nico when she failed to reach ex-lover, the album was her first since Morrisons death in 1971. All but two of the songs on the album were written by Nico, the cover of the Doors The End, Brian Eno plays synthesizer on It Has Not Taken Long, You Forgot to Answer and Innocent and Vain. The front and back covers feature stills from the Philippe Garrel film Les hautes solitudes in which Nico appears, the End. was released in November 1974, on record label Island, her only album on the label. Despite strong reviews, like its predecessors, it was not a commercial success and it was her last studio album until she found a deal with Aura to release Drama of Exile in 1981. All tracks written by Nico, except as noted, note, The original CD edition of the album erroneously cuts off the song You Forget To Answer about ten seconds early. The deluxe 2CD remastered edition corrects this error
18.
Drama of Exile
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Drama of Exile is an album by German musician, Nico, which has two different versions and was initially recorded in 1981. The album featured a Middle Eastern rhythm section and was produced by Corsican bassist Philippe Quilichini and this is Nicos first album to feature no input from frequent collaborator John Cale. She did, however, continue to write new songs and perform intermittently, purple Lips featured in her solo sets as early as March 1975, and was also performed on French television in April 1975. Its lyrics were recited by Nico in the Philippe Garrel film Le Berceau de Cristal, the earliest recorded performance of Genghis Khan dates to August 6,1975, with non-LP Procession and Henry Hudson featuring in set lists from February 1977. By March 1978, with The Sphinx also introduced into her set, Nico had settled on the title Drama of Exile, Nico continued to write and by early 1981 had enough songs ready to record a new album. In 1981 executive producer Nadette Duget, who was Philippe Quilichinis girlfriend, Duget also had heroin connections, She supported her own mild drug consumption, as well as her partner Quilichinis and Nicos more serious addictions. Corsican photographer Antoine Giacomoni, who described Quilichini as his brother at the time, also lived there with his girlfriend, French actress an beauty queen Agnès Berthon. Titled Congo, the album, which featured Quilichini on bass. They headed to London to produce another record, which time would turn out to be arguably Nicos finest, most mainstream album considering the contents of her previous. Aura Records offered to one album, to be recorded in London. Contracts were drawn up, Aura advanced the costs and recording began almost immediately in April/May 1981. J. Johnson of Wayne Countys Electric Chairs and Andy Clark, sessions were attended by French journalist Bruno Blum, a friend of J. J. Johnsons who later published the inside story in French rock magazine Best. The original album was plagued by suspicious circumstances, there are different versions of the story, and the truth remains ambiguous. Which is unlikely as Aaron Sixx had a contract with Duget and Quilichini. Nevertheless, Aaron Sixx supposedly scuppered those plans by taking possession of all the multitrack, a legal battle ensued, which was to last almost 3 years. Duget claimed Nico had not signed the contract, true, but an agreement was made and Aura had paid out considerable sums in production costs. Ownership of the recordings therefore rested with Aura — but was Aura really allowed to scoop the tapes and mix them without the artist, Duget, Quilichini and Giacomoni subsequently moved to a Linden Gardens basement flat in Notting Hill Gate, London. Supported by Nico and the musicians, Duget and Quilichini also proceeded to record the entire Drama of Exile album again, meanwhile, an inferior, demo-quality mix of the unfinished Drama of Exile album was hurriedly released by Aaron Sixx on the Aura Records label in late 1981
19.
AllMusic
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AllMusic is an online music guide service website. It was launched in 1991 by All Media Guide which later became All Media Network, AllMusic was launched in 1991 by Michael Erlewine of All Media Guide. The aim was to discographic information on every artist whos made a record since Enrico Caruso gave the industry its first big boost and its first reference book was published the following year. When first released onto the Internet, AMG predated the World Wide Web and was first available as a Gopher site, the AMG consumer web properties AllMusic. com, AllMovie. com and AllGame. com were sold by Rovi in July 2013 to All Media Network, LLC. All Media Network, LLC. was formed by the founders of SideReel. com. The following are contributors to AllMusic, as of this date, All Media Network also produced the AllMusic guide series that includes the AllMusic Guide to Rock, the All Music Guide to Jazz and the All Music Guide to the Blues. Vladimir Bogdanov is the president of the series, in August 2007, PC Magazine included AllMusic in its Top 100 Classic Websites list. All Media Network AllGame AllMovie SideReel All Music Guide to the Blues All Music Guide to Jazz Stephen Thomas Erlewine Official website
20.
Robert Christgau
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Robert Thomas Christgau is an American essayist, music journalist, and self-proclaimed Dean of American Rock Critics. One of the earliest professional rock critics, he spent 37 years as the music critic and senior editor for The Village Voice. He has also covered popular music for Esquire, Creem, Newsday, Playboy, Rolling Stone, Billboard, NPR, Blender, and MSN Music, and is a visiting arts teacher at New York University. Christgau is known for his terse capsule reviews, first published in his Consumer Guide columns during his tenure at The Village Voice from 1969 to 2006 and he has written three books based on those columns, along with two collections of essays. He continued writing capsule reviews in MSN Music, Cuepoint, Christgau was born in Greenwich Village and grew up in Queens, the son of a fireman. He has said he became a rock and roll fan when disc jockey Alan Freed moved to the city in 1954. After attending a school in New York City, he left New York for four years to attend Dartmouth College. While at college his musical interests turned to jazz, but he returned to rock after moving back to New York. Christgau has said that Miles Davis 1960 album Sketches of Spain initiated in him one phase of the disillusionment with jazz that resulted in my return to rock and he was deeply influenced by New Journalism writers such as Gay Talese and Tom Wolfe. My ambitions when I went into journalism were always, to an extent, literary, Christgau initially wrote short stories, before giving up fiction in 1964 to become a sportswriter, and later, a police reporter for the Newark Star-Ledger. He became a writer after a story he wrote about the death of a woman in New Jersey was published by New York magazine. He was asked to take over the dormant music column at Esquire, after Esquire discontinued the column, Christgau moved to The Village Voice in 1969, and he also worked as a college professor. In early 1972, he accepted a job as music critic for Newsday. Christgau returned to the Village Voice in 1974 as music editor and he remained there until August 2006, when he was fired shortly after the papers acquisition by New Times Media. Two months later, Christgau became an editor at Rolling Stone. Late in 2007, Christgau was fired by Rolling Stone, although he continued to work for the magazine for three months. Starting with the March 2008 issue, he joined Blender, where he was listed as senior critic for three issues and then contributing editor, Christgau had been a regular contributor to Blender before he joined Rolling Stone. He continued to write for Blender until the magazine ceased publication in March 2009, in 1987, he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in the field of Folklore and Popular Culture to study the history of popular music
21.
Spin (magazine)
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Spin is an American music magazine founded in 1985 by publisher Bob Guccione, Jr. The magazine stopped running in print in 2012 and currently runs as a webzine, in its early years, the magazine was known for its broad music coverage with an emphasis on college rock, grunge, indie rock, and the ongoing emergence of hip-hop. The magazine was eclectic and bold, if sometimes haphazard and it pointedly provided a national alternative to Rolling Stones more establishment-oriented style. Spin prominently placed newer artists such as R. E. M, Spins extensive coverage of hip-hop music and culture, especially that of contributing editor John Leland, was notable at the time. Editorial contributions by musical and cultural figures included Lydia Lunch, Henry Rollins, David Lee Roth, the magazine also reported on cities such as Austin, Texas, or Glasgow, Scotland, as cultural incubators in the independent music scene. A1990 article on the country blues scene brought R. L. Burnside to national attention for the first time. During this time, it was published by Camouflage Associates, in 1997, Guccione sold Spin to Miller Publishing. In February 2006, Miller Publishing sold the magazine to a San Francisco-based company called the McEvoy Group LLC and that company formed Spin Media LLC as a holding company. The new owners replaced editor-in-chief Sia Michel with Andy Pemberton, an editor at Blender. The first issue to be published under his command was the July 2006 issue—sent to the printer in May 2006—which featured Beyoncé on the cover. Pemberton and Spin parted ways the next month, in June 2006, the following editor, Doug Brod, was executive editor during Michels tenure. For Spins 20th anniversary, it published a book chronicling the prior two decades in music. The book has essays on grunge, Britpop, and emo, among other genres of music, as well as pieces on musical acts including Marilyn Manson, Tupac Shakur, nirvana, Weezer, Nine Inch Nails, Limp Bizkit, and the Smashing Pumpkins. In July 2012, Spin was sold to Buzzmedia, which renamed itself SpinMedia. The September/October 2012 issue of Spin was the magazines last print edition, in December 2016, Eldridge Industries acquired SpinMedia via the Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group for an undisclosed amount. In 1995, Spin produced its first book, entitled Spin Alternative Record Guide, although the book was not a sales success, it inspired a disproportionate number of young readers to pursue music criticism. Notable contributors to Spin have included, SPIN began compiling year-end lists in 1990, note, The 2000 album of the year was awarded to your hard drive, acknowledging the impact that filesharing had on the music listening experience in 2000. Kid A was listed as number 2, the highest ranking given to an actual album,1994 roadside attack on Spin magazine journalists Anon
22.
Mike Oldfield
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Michael Gordon Mike Oldfield is an English musician and composer. His work blends progressive rock with world, folk, classical, electronic, ambient and his biggest commercial success is the 1973 album Tubular Bells – which launched Virgin Records and became a hit in America after its opening was used as the theme for the film The Exorcist. He also recorded the 1983 hit single Moonlight Shadow and a rendition of the Christmas piece In Dulci Jubilo, Oldfield has released more than 20 albums with the most recent being a sequel to his 1975 album Ommadawn titled Return to Ommadawn. It was released on 20 January 2017, Mike Oldfields parents were Raymond Oldfield, a general practitioner, and Maureen Liston, an Irish nurse. His older sister Sally and older brother Terry are also musicians and have appeared on several of Mikes albums. He also had a brother, David, who had Down syndrome. Oldfield was born in the Battle Hospital in Reading, Berkshire, and attended St. Josephs Convent School, Highlands Junior School, St. Edwards preparatory school, the family lived in Western Elms Avenue, Reading. When he was 13, he moved with his parents to Harold Wood in Essex and attended Hornchurch Grammar School, having taught himself to play the guitar, Oldfields career began in his early teenage years, playing acoustic guitar in local folk clubs. At this time, he had written two 15-minute instrumental pieces in which he would go through all sorts of moods, precursors to his landmark 1970s compositions. In his early teens, Oldfield was involved in a group playing The Shadows-style music. In 1967, Oldfield and his sister Sally formed the folk duo The Sallyangie and, an album, Children of the Sun, was issued in 1968. After The Sallyangie disbanded, Mike formed another duo called Barefoot with his brother, in 1970, Oldfield joined The Whole World – former Soft Machine vocalist Kevin Ayerss backing group – playing bass and occasionally lead guitar. He and Ayers shared a flat for a time at the end of the Seven Sisters Road in London. Oldfield is featured on two Ayers albums, Whatevershebringswesing and Shooting at the Moon, Oldfield was also the reserve guitarist for the musical Hair and played with Alex Harvey. Having recorded sections of this version of Tubular Bells as demo pieces. Branson already had business ventures and was about to start his own record label, Virgin Records. Newman and Heyworth heard some of Oldfields demo music and took it to Branson and Draper, during this week, he completed Part One of Tubular Bells, Part Two was compiled over a number of months. Tubular Bells is Oldfields most famous work, the instrumental composition was recorded in 1972 and released on 25 May 1973 as the inaugural album of Richard Branson and Simon Drapers label Virgin Records
23.
Robert Wyatt
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Robert Wyatt is an English musician, and founding member of the influential Canterbury scene band Soft Machine, with a long and distinguished solo career. He is married to English painter and songwriter Alfreda Benge and his mother was Honor Wyatt, a journalist with the BBC, and his father, George Ellidge, was an industrial psychologist. Wyatt had two half-brothers from his parents marriages, Honor Wyatts son, actor Julian Glover, and George Ellidges son. His parents friends were quite bohemian, and his upbringing was unconventional, Wyatt said It seemed perfectly normal to me. My father didnt join us until I was six, and he died ten years later, having retired early with multiple sclerosis and it was during this period that Wyatt met and became friends with expatriate Australian musician Daevid Allen, who rented a room in Wyatts family home. In 1962, Wyatt and Neidorf moved to Majorca, living near the poet Robert Graves, the following year, Wyatt returned to England and joined the Daevid Allen Trio with Allen and Hugh Hopper. Allen subsequently left for France, and Wyatt and Hopper formed the Wilde Flowers, with Kevin Ayers, Richard Sinclair, Wyatt was initially the drummer in the Wilde Flowers, but following the departure of Ayers, he also became lead singer. In 1966, the Wilde Flowers disintegrated, and Wyatt, along with Mike Ratledge, was invited to join Soft Machine by Kevin Ayers, Wyatt both drummed and shared vocals with Ayers, an unusual combination for a stage rock band. He was paralysed from the waist down and consequently uses a wheelchair, on 4 November that year, Pink Floyd performed two benefit concerts, in one day, at Londons Rainbow Theatre, supported by Soft Machine, and compered by John Peel. The concerts raised a reported £10,000 for Wyatt, the injury led Wyatt to abandon the Matching Mole project, and his rock drumming. He promptly embarked on a career, and with musician friends released his solo album Rock Bottom on 26 July 1974. The album, the title of which was a reference to his paraplegia, was largely composed prior to Wyatts accident. The album was met mostly positive reviews. Two months later Wyatt put out a single, a version of Im a Believer. Both were produced by Pink Floyd drummer Nick Mason, Wyatt won the day and lost his rag but not the wheelchair. A contemporary issue of New Musical Express featured the band, all in wheelchairs, Wyatt subsequently sang lead vocals on Masons first solo album Fictitious Sports in 1981. Wyatts next solo album, Ruth Is Stranger Than Richard, produced by Wyatt apart from one produced by Mason, was more jazz-led. Guest musicians included Brian Eno on guitar, synthesizer and direct inject anti-jazz ray gun, Wyatt went on to appear on the fifth release of Enos Obscure Records label, Jan Steele/John Cage, Voices and Instruments, singing two Cage songs
24.
Ollie Halsall
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He is also notable as one of the few players of the vibraphone in rock music. He was known as Ollie because of his way of pronouncing his surname with a dropped h. The Ollie Halsall Archive was established in 1985, with the aim of documenting and promoting the work of a unique musician, Ollie may not have been the best guitarist in the world, but he was certainly among the top two. John Halsey,1997 Halsall, came to London in October 1966 to play vibraphone with the pop rock outfit Timebox (which included bassist Clive Griffiths, Halsall took up guitar, they enlisted Mike Patto on vocals and drummer Admiral John Halsey. In 1970, following the departure of Holmes, Timebox evolved into the band Patto and they played a blend of progressive Jazz rock featuring Halsalls guitar work. In 1973, Halsall left to join Jon Hisemans Tempest, after less than a year, he quit and did numerous sessions, including a track for Kevin Ayers which led to a permanent position in Ayers band The Soporifics. He was briefly considered as a replacement for Mick Taylor following his departure from the Rolling Stones. In 1975, Patto staged a brief reunion comprising just three benefit gigs, the reuniting of Halsall and Patto sparked the formation of Boxer during 1975. Eric Idle was cast in his place in the film and Halsall only featured in a very minor cameo role as Leppo. During 1976 Halsall had rejoined Ayers with whom he stayed for the sixteen years. For much of time he frequented the town of Deia in the north of the Spanish island of Mallorca, commuting to Madrid on the mainland to produce. In the 1980s he was, together with vocalist Zanna Gregmar, in 1989, he replaced the ill Enrique Sierra in Radio Futura, another Spanish rock band. A finished solo album, produced by Robert Fripp, remains unreleased, Halsall died from a drug-induced heart attack on 29 May 1992 at 43 Calle de la Amargura, Madrid, Spain. Halsall has been described as an influence by Alvin Lee, Bill Nelson, Allan Holdsworth and Cheap Tricks guitarist Rick Nielsen. XTCs Andy Partridge cites Halsall as one of his top three influences, saying He made the sound more like Albert Ayler or John Coltrane. Dream and Other Stories 1974 June 1,19741975 Sweet Deceiver 1976 Yes We Have No Mañanas 1978 Rainbow Takeaway 1980 Thats What You Get Babe 1983 Diamond Jack and the Queen of Pain 1984 Deià
25.
Deutschlandlied
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The Deutschlandlied, or part of it, has been the national anthem of Germany since 1922, except in East Germany, whose anthem was Auferstanden aus Ruinen from 1949 to 1990. Since World War II and the fall of Nazi Germany, only the third stanza has been used as the national anthem. The stanzas beginning, Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit is considered the national motto of Germany, and is inscribed on modern German Army belt buckles. The song is well known by the beginning and refrain of the first stanza, Deutschland, Deutschland über alles. Along with the flag of Germany, it was one of the symbols of the March Revolution of 1848, in order to endorse its republican and liberal tradition, the song was chosen as the national anthem of Germany in 1922, during the Weimar Republic. West Germany adopted the Deutschlandlied as its national anthem in 1952 for similar reasons. Upon German reunification in 1990, only the third stanza was confirmed as the national anthem, the melody of the Deutschlandlied was originally written by Joseph Haydn in 1797 to provide music to the poem Gott erhalte Franz den Kaiser by Lorenz Leopold Haschka. The song was a birthday anthem honouring Francis II, Habsburg emperor and it has been conjectured that Haydn took the first four measures of the melody from a Croatian folk song. Supporters of this note that a similar melody appears in a composition by Telemann. This hypothesis has never achieved unanimous agreement, the theory is that Haydns original tune was adapted from a folk song of different origin. The same melody was used by Haydn as the basis for the second movement of his Opus 76 No. 3, a quartet, often called the Emperor or Kaiser quartet. The melody in this movement is termed the Emperors Hymn. It should be noted that Haydns music and Hanns Eislers composition for the GDRs anthem Auferstanden aus Ruinen can be used interchangeably for both texts because the texts have the same meter. The Holy Roman Empire, stemming from the Middle Ages, was already disintegrating when the French Revolution, however, hopes for the Enlightenment, human rights and republican government after Napoleon Is defeat in 1815 were dashed when the Congress of Vienna reinstated many small German principalities. The German Confederation was a federation of 35 monarchical states and four republican free cities. They began to remove internal customs barriers during the Industrial Revolution, in 1840 Hoffmann wrote a song about the Zollverein, also to Haydns melody, in which he praised the free trade of German goods which brought Germans and Germany closer. After the 1848 March Revolution, the German Confederation handed over its authority to the Frankfurt Parliament, however, after 1849 the two largest German monarchies, Prussia and Austria, put an end to this liberal movement toward national unification
26.
Heartbreak Hotel
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Heartbreak Hotel is a song recorded by American singer Elvis Presley. It was released as a single on January 27,1956 and it was written by Tommy Durden, Mae Boren Axton, and Elvis Presley. A newspaper article about the suicide of a man who jumped from a hotel window inspired the lyrics. Axton presented the song to Presley in November 1955 at a music convention in Nashville. Presley agreed to record it, and did so on January 10,1956, in a session with his band, the Blue Moon Boys, the guitarist Chet Atkins, and the pianist Floyd Cramer. Heartbreak Hotel comprises an eight-bar blues progression, with heavy reverberation throughout the track, Heartbreak Hotel achieved unheard of feats as it reached the top 5 of Country and Western, pop, and Rhythm n Blues charts simultaneously. It would eventually be certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. It became a staple of Presleys repertoire in live appearances, last performed by him on May 29,1977, at the Civic Center in Baltimore, Maryland. In 1995 Heartbreak Hotel was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame and that year it was also included in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fames 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll. The song was written in 1955, by Mae Boren Axton, a school teacher with a background in musical promotion. Kroliks story was published in media, and received further publicity after he was shot and killed in an attempted robbery in El Paso. On August 25,1955, the El Paso Times reported Kroliks death under the headline Story Of Person Who Walked Lonely Street, Axton and Durden give different accounts of how the song was written. Durdens account is that he had written the song and performed it with his band the Swing Billys before he presented it to Axton. Axtons account is that Durden had only written a few lines of the song and she says that the report of the suicide stunned her, and she told Durden, Everybody in the world has someone who cares. Lets put a Heartbreak Hotel at the end of this lonely street and they were interrupted by the arrival of Glenn Reeves, a local performer who had previously worked with Axton. The duo asked Reeves to help with the song, but after hearing the title he remarked that it was the silliest thing Ive ever heard, the song was written within an hour, and Durden recorded it onto Axtons tape recorder. Reeves returned, and after hearing the song he was asked to provide a demo for Axton in the style of Elvis Presley. Reeves obliged, but once again turned down the offer of a credit for his input
27.
Mae Boren Axton
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Mae Boren Axton was known in the music industry as the Queen Mother of Nashville. She co-wrote the Elvis Presley hit single Heartbreak Hotel with Tommy Durden and she worked with Mel Tillis, Reba McEntire, Willie Nelson, Eddy Arnold, Tanya Tucker, Johnny Tillotson, and Blake Shelton. Mae Boren was born in Texas to Mark L. and Nannie Boren, the only daughter out of nine children, she was the sister of United States Congressman Lyle Boren. When Boren was two years old the family moved to Oklahoma and she attended East Central State College and the University of Oklahoma, where she earned a bachelors degree in journalism. She obtained a teaching certificate and taught English and journalism at schools throughout Oklahoma. Boren married John T. Axton, an officer in the US Navy, the family lived in Comanche, Oklahoma during the childrens pre-teen years. In 1949, Axton was stationed in Jacksonville, Florida and the family moved there, Boren taught English at Dupont High School. Boren is credited with writing approximately 200 songs, skid Row a song recorded by Jerry Lee Lewis is perhaps her most famous song after Heartbreak Hotel. Boren was the link between Elvis Presley and RCA Victor and she introduced a 19-year-old Presley to Colonel Tom Parker after a performance in Jacksonville, FL. She worked on behalf of Bob Neal to promote Presley and pressured RCA Victors Nashville division head Stephen H. Sholes to sign Presley, in 1955 Boren co-wrote the Elvis Presley hit-song Heartbreak Hotel with Tommy Durden. Durden presented the idea to Mae Axton, from an article he had read about a man who had killed himself. It was Boren who suggested there be a Heartbreak Hotel at the end of the mans lonely street thus creating Elvis first #1 record and one of rock n rolls greatest hits. In 1997 at the age of 82, Mae drowned in her hot tub at her home in Hendersonville, Tennessee, country Singers as I Know Em. Mae Boren Axton from Black Cat Rockabilly Europe Obituary from The Independent Oklahoma Womens Hall of Fame Oral History Project -- OSU Library
28.
Tommy Durden
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Thomas Russell Tommy Durden was an American steel guitarist and songwriter, who is most notable for co-writing Elvis Presleys breakthrough hit, Heartbreak Hotel. He was born in Morgan County, Georgia, the son of a sharecropper, the family later moved to Jacksonville, Florida, where he learned slide guitar and later steel guitar. He performed with the Westernaires as steel guitarist, and in the early 1950s, after moving to Gainesville, joined country band Smilin Jack Herring, the bands other members were Herring, Pee Wee Jenkins, and Bob Chisolm. Another account from an owner has it that Durden had written the song in its entirety months previous and had already been performing it onstage. In any case, the song was recorded as a demo by Reeves who had a singing voice. Axton had promised to write a song for Elvis Presley and presented Presley with the demo at a 1955 disc jockey convention in Nashville. Presley liked the song, and he and Parker, his manager, agreed that he should record it so long as he was given a co-writing credit, Heartbreak Hotel eventually became Presleys first record on RCA Records and his first number one hit. Although Durden continued to write songs with Axton and Reeves, including Honey Bop which was recorded by Wanda Jackson in 1960 and he later performed as steel guitarist for Tex Ritter, Johnny Cash and Johnny Tillotson. He moved to live in Houghton Lake, Michigan, and worked as a commercial dishwasher repairman until retiring in the early 1980s, in later years he recorded two albums, Moods, which included a version of Heartbreak Hotel, and I Believe. He was inducted into the Michigan Country Music Hall of Fame in 1994 and he died in Houghton Lake, Michigan in 1999 at the age of 79
29.
Elvis Presley
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Elvis Aaron Presley was an American singer and actor. Regarded as one of the most significant cultural icons of the 20th century, he is referred to as the King of Rock and Roll. Presley was born in Tupelo, Mississippi, and relocated to Memphis and his music career began there in 1954, when he recorded a song with producer Sam Phillips at Sun Records. Accompanied by guitarist Scotty Moore and bassist Bill Black, Presley was a popularizer of rockabilly. RCA Victor acquired his contract in a deal arranged by Colonel Tom Parker, Presleys first RCA single, Heartbreak Hotel, was released in January 1956 and became a number-one hit in the United States. He was regarded as the figure of rock and roll after a series of successful network television appearances. In November 1956, Presley made his debut in Love Me Tender. In 1958, he was drafted into military service, in 1973, Presley featured in the first globally broadcast concert via satellite, Aloha from Hawaii. Several years of drug abuse severely damaged his health. Presley is one of the most celebrated and influential musicians of the 20th century and he won three Grammys, also receiving the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award at age 36, and has been inducted into multiple music halls of fame. Presley was born on January 8,1935, in Tupelo, Mississippi, to Gladys Love and Vernon Elvis Presley, Jesse Garon Presley, his identical twin brother, was delivered stillborn 35 minutes before his own birth. Thus, as a child, Presley became close to both parents and formed an especially close bond with his mother. The family attended an Assembly of God, where he found his musical inspiration. Although he was in conflict with the Pentecostal church in his later years, rev. Rex Humbard officiated at his funeral, as Presley had been an admirer of Humbards ministry. Presleys ancestry was primarily a Western European mix, including Scots-Irish, Scottish, German, gladyss great-great-grandmother, Morning Dove White, was possibly a Cherokee Native American. Gladys was regarded by relatives and friends as the dominant member of the small family, Vernon moved from one odd job to the next, evincing little ambition. The family often relied on help from neighbors and government food assistance, the Presleys survived the F5 tornado in the 1936 Tupelo–Gainesville tornado outbreak. In 1938, they lost their home after Vernon was found guilty of kiting a check written by the landowner, Orville S. Bean and he was jailed for eight months, and Gladys and Elvis moved in with relatives
30.
John Densmore
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John Paul Densmore is an American musician, songwriter, author and actor. He is best known as the drummer of the rock band The Doors and he was the sole drummer in the Doors history and appeared on every recording made by the band. Densmore has worked additionally in the arts as a dancer and actor. Born in Los Angeles on December 1,1944, Densmore grew up playing piano and he also played timpani in orchestra. Densmore attended Santa Monica City College and California State University, Northridge, Densmores influences included hard jazz figures Elvin Jones and Art Blakey. The quartet released six studio and several albums, eventually selling over 100 million units. Morrison’s death in 1971 marked the end of an era, though the trio recorded two more albums of songs and an instrumental backdrop for the late singer’s recorded poetry. Densmore remained a member until the dissolution in 1973. According to Densmores own book, he quit the band on one occasion in reaction to Jim Morrisons increasingly self-destructive behavior and he repeatedly suggested that the band stop touring, but Krieger and Manzarek were resistant to this notion. After The Doors final performance with Morrison in New Orleans on December 12,1970, the New Orleans performance would be the bands last public performance as a quartet. Densmore formed a band with fellow ex-Doors Robby Krieger in 1973 called Butts Band, the band released two albums with two different lineups but disbanded in 1975. Densmore left rock and roll in the 1980s, moving to the world of dance as he performed with Bess Snyder, in 1984, at La Mama Theatre in New York, he made his stage acting debut in Skins, a one-act play he had written. In 1985, he won the LA Weekly Theater Award for music with Methusalem, the play Rounds, which he co-produced, won the NAACP award for theatre in 1987. In 1988, he played a role in Band Dreams. He developed and performed a piece from the Donald Barthelme short story, The King of Jazz. With Adam Ant, he co-produced Be Bop A Lula at Theatre Theatre in 1992 and his film credits include Get Crazy with Malcolm McDowell, Dudes directed by Penelope Spheeris, and The Doors directed by Oliver Stone. In the latter film he was portrayed by actor Kevin Dillon, Densmore wrote his best-selling autobiography, Riders on the Storm, about his life and the time he spent with Morrison and the Doors. In the first chapter Densmore describes the day on which he
31.
Robby Krieger
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Robert Alan Robby Krieger is an American guitarist and singer-songwriter best known as the guitarist of the rock band the Doors, and as such has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Krieger wrote or co-wrote many of the Doors songs, including the hits Light My Fire, Love Me Two Times, Touch Me, after the Doors disbanded, Krieger continued his performing and recording career with other musicians including former Doors band mates John Densmore and Ray Manzarek. He was listed by Rolling Stone as one of the greatest guitarists of all time, Krieger was born in Los Angeles, California to a Jewish family. His father, an engineer, was a fan of marching music, and much of young Robbys early exposure to music was classical, including Peter and the Wolf, which was the first music that captivated him. When he was seven, Krieger accidentally broke his record player, but the radio introduced him to the likes of Fats Domino, Elvis Presley, at the age of 10, he tried the trumpet, but found it was not for him. He began playing the blues on his parents piano with more success than the trumpet. While Krieger was a student at a private school called Menlo School in Menlo Park, California. He began by first de-tuning a ukulele to the four strings of a guitar. Later, in the mid-1960s, Asian American scholar Frank Chin taught Krieger how to play the flamenco guitar, during a Christmas break, Krieger and two classmates took a vacation to Puerto Vallarta where he purchased a peg-tuned Ramírez guitar and took lessons for a few months. He bounced around genres, including flamenco, folk, blues, after high school, Krieger attended the University of California, Santa Barbara. Krieger listed guitarists Wes Montgomery, Albert King, and Larry Carlton among the biggest influences on his style, kriegers flamenco guitar playing can be found present in the song Spanish Caravan. Krieger became a member of the Doors in 1965, joining keyboard player Ray Manzarek, drummer John Densmore and vocalist Jim Morrison, at an early Doors rehearsal Morrison heard Krieger playing bottleneck guitar and initially wanted the technique featured on every song on the first album. Kriegers fingerstyle approach to the guitar, broad musical tastes. Krieger occasionally sang lead vocal with the Doors and he can be heard on the song Runnin Blue. He also sang on the last two Doors albums, recorded after Morrisons death, Other Voices and Full Circle, after Morrison’s death in 1971, Krieger, Manzarek and Densmore carried on as a trio. After the Doors disbanded in 1973, Krieger formed the Butts Band with Densmore and he enjoyed some success as a jazz-fusion guitarist, recording a handful of albums in the 1970s and 1980s, including Versions, Robby Krieger, and No Habla. For his first solo release in 1977, Robbie Krieger & Friends, in 1982, Krieger made an album with the Los Angeles group Acid Casualties. Their album, Panic Station, was released by Rhino Records, in the early 90s, Krieger formed a trio called the Robby Krieger Organization featuring Skip Van Winkle and Dale Alexander
32.
Ray Manzarek
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Manzarek was notable for performing on a keyboard bass during many live shows and some recordings, taking on a role usually filled by a bass guitar player. He recorded on track of all eight Doors studio albums. He was a member of Nite City from 1977 to 1978. Raymond Daniel Manczarek, Jr. was born and raised on the South Side of Chicago and he was born to Polish immigrants Helena and Raymond Manczarek, Sr. Growing up, he took piano lessons from Bruno Michelotti. He originally wanted to play basketball, but he wanted to only power forward or center. When he was sixteen his coach insisted either he play guard or not at all, Manzarek said later if it was not for that ultimatum, he might never have been with The Doors. He went to Everett Elementary School on South Bell Street and attended St. Rita of Cascia High School and he graduated from the Universitys College of Commerce with a degree in economics in 1960. In the fall of 1961, Manzarek briefly enrolled at the University of California, while in the Army, Manzarek played in various musical ensembles and first smoked and grew cannabis. However, because he wanted to eventually visit Poland, he refused to sign the security clearance and was discharged as a private first class after several months of undesignated duty. In 1962, he re-enrolled in UCLAs graduate film program, where he received a M. F. A. in cinematography in 1965, during this period, he met future wife Dorothy Fujikawa and undergraduate film student Jim Morrison. At the time, Manzarek was in a band called Rick & the Ravens with his brothers Rick, forty days after finishing film school, thinking they had gone their separate ways, Manzarek and Morrison met by chance on Venice Beach in California. Morrison said he had some songs, and Manzarek expressed an interest in hearing them, whereupon Morrison sang rough versions of Moonlight Drive, My Eyes Have Seen You. Manzarek liked the songs and co-founded the Doors with Morrison at that moment, Manzarek met guitarist Robby Krieger and drummer John Densmore at a Transcendental Meditation lecture. Densmore said, There wouldnt be any Doors without Maharishi, in January 1966, the Doors became the house band at the London Fog on the Sunset Strip. According to Manzarek, Nobody ever came in the place. an occasional sailor or two on leave, a few drunks, all in all it was a very depressing experience, but it gave us time to really get the music together. The same day the Doors were fired from the London Fog, the Doors first recording contract was with Columbia Records. After a few months of inactivity, they learned they were on Columbias drop list, at that point, they asked to be released from their contract
33.
Jim Morrison
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James Douglas Jim Morrison was an American singer, songwriter, and poet, best remembered as the lead singer of the Doors. Morrison co-founded the Doors in the summer of 1965 in Venice, the band spent two years in obscurity until shooting to prominence with the #1 single in the USA, Light My Fire, taken from their first album. Morrison recorded a total of six albums with the Doors, all of which sold well. Though the Doors recorded two albums after his death, the loss of Morrison was crippling to the band. In 1993, Morrison, as a member of the Doors, was inducted into the Rock, since his death, his fame has endured as one of the popular cultures most rebellious and oft-displayed icons, representing the generation gap and youth counterculture. He was also known for improvising spoken word poetry passages while the band played live. Morrison was ranked number 47 on Rolling Stones list of the 100 Greatest Singers of All Time, Ray Manzarek, who co-founded The Doors with him, said Morrison embodied hippie counterculture rebellion. Morrison was sometimes referred to by nicknames, such as Lizard King, Mr. Mojo Risin. Morrison developed an alcohol dependency during the 1960s, which at times affected his performances on stage and he died at the age of 27 in Paris. As no autopsy was performed, the cause of Morrisons death is not known. Morrison is interred at Père Lachaise Cemetery in eastern Paris, Morrison had a sister, Anne Robin, who was born in 1947 in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and a brother, Andrew Lee Morrison, who was born in 1948 in Los Altos, California. His ancestors were Scottish, Irish, and English, in 1947, Morrison, then four years old, allegedly witnessed a car accident in the desert, in which a family of Native Americans were injured and possibly killed. Morrison believed this incident to be the most formative event of his life, and made repeated references to it in the imagery in his songs, poems and his family does not recall this incident happening in the way he told it. According to the Morrison biography No One Here Gets Out Alive, Morrisons family did drive past a car accident on an Indian reservation when he was a child, and he was very upset by it. The book The Doors, written by the members of the Doors. This book quotes his father as saying, We went by several Indians and it did make an impression on him. He always thought about that crying Indian and this is contrasted sharply with Morrisons tale of Indians scattered all over the highway, bleeding to death. In the same book, his sister is quoted as saying, He enjoyed telling that story and he said he saw a dead Indian by the side of the road, and I dont even know if thats true
34.
Stranger in Blue Suede Shoes
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Stranger in Blue Suede Shoes was a Kevin Ayers single release. The song taken from his classic 1971 album Whatevershebringswesing and it would be re-released as a single in 1976 when Ayers re-signed to Harvest Records. The B-side, Stars was a non album track that would be included on the 1976 compilation Odd Ditties. The Ladybirds / backing vocals on Stars One live version of the song was released on the album June 1,1974, to celebrate the return of Kevin Ayers to Harvest Records, in November 1976 the label reissued his 1971 neo-rockabilly single. This time the track was accompanied by another unreleased song from the Whatevershebringswesing sessions – Fake Mexican Tourist Blues. ”Both songs were included on a collection Harvest released that year of Ayers rarities and B-sides entitled Odd Ditties, lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics
35.
Pump organ
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The pump organ, reed organ, harmonium, or melodeon is a type of free-reed organ that generates sound as air flows past a vibrating piece of thin metal in a frame. The piece of metal is called a reed, the finer instruments have a unique tone, and the cabinets of those intended for churches and affluent homes were often excellent pieces of furniture. Several million free-reed organs and melodeons were made in the USA, during this time Estey Organ and Mason & Hamlin were popular manufacturers. The harmoniums design incorporates free reeds and derives from the earlier regal, a harmonium-like instrument was exhibited by Gabriel Joseph Grenié in 1810. He called it an orgue expressif, because his instrument was capable of greater expression, alexandre Debain improved Greniés instrument and gave it the name harmonium when he patented his version in 1840. There was concurrent development of similar instruments, beginning in 1885, the firm of Mason & Hamlin, of Boston made their instruments with the suction bellows, and this method of construction soon superseded all others in America. Harmoniums reached the height of their popularity in the West in the late 19th, an added attraction of the harmonium in tropical regions was that the instrument held its tune regardless of heat and humidity, unlike the piano. This export market was lucrative for manufacturers to produce harmoniums with cases impregnated with chemicals to prevent woodworm. At the peak of the instruments Western popularity around 1900, a variety of styles of harmoniums were being produced. These ranged from simple models with plain cases and only four or five stops, up to large instruments with ornate cases, up to a dozen stops, expensive harmoniums were often built to resemble pipe organs, with ranks of fake pipes attached to the top of the instrument. Small numbers of harmoniums were built with two manuals, some were even built with pedal keyboards, which required the use of an assistant to run the bellows or, for some of the later models, an electrical pump. The invention of the organ in the mid-1930s spelled the end of the harmoniums success in the West. By this time, harmoniums had reached high levels of complexity, not only through the need to provide instruments with a greater tonal range. The last mass-producer of harmoniums in North America was the Estey company, which ceased manufacture in the mid-1950s, as the existing stock of instruments aged and spare parts became hard to find, more and more were either scrapped or sold. It was not uncommon for harmoniums to be modernised by having electric blowers fitted, the majority of Western harmoniums today are in the hands of enthusiasts, though the instrument remains popular in South Asia. Modern electronic keyboards can emulate the sound of the pump organ, the acoustical effects described below are a result of the free-reed mechanism. Therefore, they are identical for the Western and Indian harmoniums. And as its vibrators also admit of a delicate and durable tuning and this arrangement was difficult to play on
36.
John Bundrick
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John Douglas Rabbit Bundrick is an American rock keyboardist, pianist and organist. He is best known for his work with The Who and associations with others including Eric Burdon, Bob Marley, Bundrick is noted as the principal musician for the cult film The Rocky Horror Picture Show. In the mid-1970s, he was a member of the short-lived group Mallard and he is also known as a composer and has recorded solo albums. In 1971, Bundrick recorded and wrote five tracks for the album Kossoff, Kirke, Tetsu and Rabbit with guitarist Paul Kossoff, drummer Simon Kirke, Bundrick toured and recorded with Texan vocalist Johnny Nash. Bundrick played on Nashs hit single and album I Can See Clearly Now and he met Bob Marley while in Sweden, while working on the soundtrack to the Swedish film Vill så gärna tro. Marley, Bundrick, and Johnny Nash became roommates there during the stay, around this time, Bundrick also worked with Chris Blackwell of Island Records, appearing on recordings by the company. In 1972 the members of Free reformed joined by Bundrick on keyboards and they recorded Frees final album Heartbreaker, which included Muddy Water and Common Mortal Man by Bundrick, who was also credited for collaborations on two other tracks. After a brief period of touring Free broke up. Bundrick first worked with Pete Townshend in 1977 when he performed on Rough Mix, Townshends solo collaboration with Ronnie Lane, former bass player for Small Faces and Faces. He was invited to play on the Whos album Who Are You, Bundrick later rejoined the band performing with them at Live Aid in 1985 and played live with them until 2012. He missed the start of the leg of the North American tour due to the illness of his wife Sue. Townshend said at the time that Sue was very close to the end, in the spring of 2008, Bundrick married Canadian Jody Ahern. On July 12,2008, he performed at the recording of VH1 Honors The Who in Los Angeles and he then worked with English alternative folk band Small Engine Repair and has recently played on their track This Whole Setup Is A Lie. In December 2009, it was announced he was working with the band Night Parade on their new album, Bundrick performed with the Who for their Super Bowl XLIV halftime show in 2010. He played with the group in 2011 at a charity show but was replaced in the subsequent tours, Pete Townshend has commented that there. Was an issue between Roger and Rabbit
37.
Organ (music)
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In music, the organ is a keyboard instrument of one or more pipe divisions, each played with its own keyboard, played either with the hands on a keyboard or with the feet using pedals. The organ is an old musical instrument, dating from the time of Ctesibius of Alexandria. It was played throughout the Ancient Greek and Ancient Roman world, subsequently it re-emerged as a secular and recital instrument in the Classical music tradition. Pipe organs use air moving through pipes to produce sounds, since the 16th century, pipe organs have used various materials for pipes, which can vary widely in timbre and volume. The pipes are divided into ranks and controlled by the use of hand stops, although the keyboard is not expressive as on a piano and does not affect dynamics, some divisions may be enclosed in a swell box, allowing the dynamics to be controlled by shutters. Some organs are enclosed, meaning that all the divisions can be controlled by one set of shutters. Some special registers with free reed pipes are expressive and these instruments vary greatly in size, ranging from a cubic yard to a height reaching five floors, and are built in churches, synagogues, concert halls, and homes. Small organs are called positive or portative, increasingly hybrid organs are appearing in which pipes are augmented with electronic additions. Great economies of space and cost are possible especially when the lowest of the pipes can be replaced, non-piped organs include the reed organ or harmonium, which like the accordion and harmonica use air to excite free reeds. Electronic organs or digital organs, notably the Hammond organ, generate electronically produced sound through one or more loudspeakers, mechanical organs include the barrel organ, water organ, and Orchestrion. These are controlled by means such as pinned barrels or book music. Little barrel organs dispense with the hands of an organist and bigger organs are powered in most cases by a grinder or today by other means such as an electric motor. The pipe organ is the grandest musical instrument in size and scope, along with the clock, it was considered one of the most complex human-made mechanical creations before the Industrial Revolution. Pipe organs range in size from a short keyboard to huge instruments with over 10,000 pipes. A large modern organ typically has three or four keyboards with five each, and a two-and-a-half octave pedal board. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart called the organ the King of instruments, some of the biggest instruments have 64-foot pipes, and it sounds to an 8 Hz frequency fundamental tone. For instance, the Wanamaker organ, located in Philadelphia, USA, has sonic resources comparable with three simultaneous symphony orchestras, most organs in Europe, the Americas, and Australasia can be found in Christian churches. The introduction of organs is traditionally attributed to Pope Vitalian in the 7th century
38.
Bass drum
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A bass drum, or kick drum, is a large drum that produces a note of low definite or indefinite pitch. Bass drums are percussion instruments and vary in size and are used in musical genres. Three major types of bass drums can be distinguished, the type usually seen or heard in orchestral, ensemble or concert band music is the orchestral, or concert bass drum. It is the largest drum of the orchestra, the kick drum, a term for a bass drum associated with a drum kit. It is struck with an attached to a pedal, usually seen on drum kits. The pitched bass drum, generally used in marching bands and drum corps and this is tuned to a specific pitch and is usually played in a set of three to six drums. A bass drum is cylindrical with the drums diameter much greater than the drums depth. There is normally a head at both ends of the cylinder. The heads may be made of skin or plastic. There is normally a means of adjusting the tension either by threaded taps or by strings, Bass drums are built in a variety of sizes, but size has little to do with the volume produced by the drum. The size chosen being based on convenience and aesthetics, music Bass drums have many synonyms and translations, such as Gran Cassa, Grosse caisse, Grosse Trommel, and Bombo. Bass drums are too large to be held and are always mounted in some way. The usual ways of mounting a bass drum are, Using a shoulder harness so that the heads are vertical, on a floor stand as part of a drum kit. The heads are always vertical when mounted in this way, in this situation, the heads may be adjusted to any position between vertical and horizontal. It is possible for the drum to have a single cymbal mounted on it. Bass drums can have a variety of strikers depending on the music, when the drum is mounted vertically, the mallet above may be held in one hand and a rute held in the other. 2 matching bass drum mallets or a double headed mallet are used for playing drum rolls, when used as part of a drum kit, a variation of the mallet described above is mounted on a pedal and called a beater. The earliest known predecessor to the drum was the Turkish davul
39.
Timpani
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Timpani, or kettledrums, are musical instruments in the percussion family. A type of drum, they consist of a skin called a head stretched over a large bowl traditionally made of copper and they are played by striking the head with a specialized drum stick called a timpani stick or timpani mallet. Timpani evolved from military drums to become a staple of the orchestra by the last third of the 18th century. Today, they are used in many types of ensembles, including concert bands, marching bands, orchestras. Timpani is an Italian plural, the singular of which is timpano and they are also often incorrectly termed timpanis. A musician who plays the timpani is a timpanist, alternative spellings with y in place of either or both is—tympani, tympany, or timpany—are occasionally encountered in older English texts. Although the word timpani has been adopted in the English language. The German word for timpani is Pauken, the French and Spanish is timbales, the Ashanti pair of talking drums are known as atumpan. The tympanum is defined in the Etymologiae of St. Isidore of Seville, est enim pars media symphoniae in similitudinem cribri. Tympanum autem dictum quod medium est, unde, et margaritum medium tympanum dicitur, et ipsum ut symphonia ad virgulam percutitur. The tympanum is skin or hide stretched over a wooden vessel which extends out. It is said by the symphonias to resemble a sieve, but has also likened to half a pearl. It is struck with a wand, beating time for the symphonia, the reference comparing the tympanum to half a pearl is borrowed from Pliny the Elder. The basic timpani drum consists of a drumhead stretched across the opening of a bowl made of copper or, in less expensive models, fiberglass. In the Sachs–Hornbostel classification, the timpani are thus considered membranophones, the heads tension can be adjusted by loosening or tightening the rods. Most timpani have six to eight tension rods, the shape of the bowl contributes to the quality of the drum. For example, hemispheric bowls produce brighter tones while parabolic bowls produce darker tones, another factor that affects the timbre of the drum is the quality of the bowls surface. Copper bowls may have a smooth, machined surface or a surface with many small dents hammered into it
40.
Backing vocalist
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Backing vocalists are singers who provide vocal harmony with the lead vocalist or other backing vocalists. In some cases, a singer may sing alone as a lead-in to the main vocalists entry or to sing a counter-melody. Backing vocalists are used in a range of popular music, traditional music. Solo artists may employ professional backing vocalists in studio recording sessions as well as during concerts, in many rock and metal bands, the musicians doing backup vocals also play instruments, such as guitar, electric bass, drums, or keyboards. In Latin or Afro-Cuban groups, backup singers may play percussion instruments or shakers while singing, in some pop and hip-hop groups and in musical theater, the backup singers may be required to perform elaborately choreographed dance routines while they sing through headset microphones. The style of singing used by backup singers varies according to the type of song, in pop and country songs, backup vocalists may perform vocal harmony parts to support the lead vocalist. In hardcore punk or rockabilly, other members who play instruments may sing or shout backup vocals during the chorus section of the songs. While some bands use performers whose sole on-stage role is performing backing vocals, two notable examples of band members who sang back-up are The Beach Boys and The Beatles. The Beach Boys were well known for their vocal harmonies, occasionally with all five members singing at once such as In My Room. All five members would sing lead, although most often Brian Wilson or Mike Love would sing lead with guitarists Carl Wilson and Al Jardine, examples of three-part harmonies by Lennon, McCartney and Harrison include Nowhere Man, Because, Day Tripper, and This Boy. Former guitarist John Frusciante of the Red Hot Chili Peppers sang nearly all backing vocals often singing some parts without accompaniment from lead vocalist Anthony Kiedis, the bands bassist Flea occasionally filled in for additional vocals. Frusciante usually sang one song by himself during concerts, another example is No Frontiers by The Corrs, which is sung by Sharon and Caroline. In the recording studio, some lead singers record their own backing vocals by overdubbing, one famous example is Freddie Mercury of Queen singing the first part of Bohemian Rhapsody himself by overdubbing. With the exception of a few songs on album, Dan Fogelberg, Eddie Rabbitt, David Bowie. Some bands, such as Hawthorne Heights and Finch have the backup singers do harsh vocals to highlight specific lyrics. Pop and R&B vocalists such as Diana Ross, Ariana Grande, Mariah Carey, Michael Jackson, Janet Jackson, Beyoncé Knowles, Brandy, Faith Evans, DAngelo, when they perform live, they may have backing vocalists that impersonate their voices. Some bands use backing vocals in order to contrast with the singer who may be performing an unusual vocal technique. In rap music, a rapper who chants and rhymes to support the main artist is often referred to as hype man
41.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker
42.
Discogs
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Discogs, short for discographies, is a website and crowdsourced database of information about audio recordings, including commercial releases, promotional releases, and bootleg or off-label releases. The Discogs servers, currently hosted under the domain name discogs. com, are owned by Zink Media, Inc. and are located in Portland, Oregon, US. While the site lists releases in all genres and on all formats, it is known as the largest online database of electronic music releases. Discogs currently contains over 8 million releases, by nearly 4 and he was inspired by the success of community-built sites such as Slashdot, eBay, and Open Directory Project, and decided to use this model for a music discography database. The sites original goal was to build the most comprehensive database of music, organized around the artists, labels. In 2003 the Discogs system was rewritten, and in January 2004 it began to support other genres. Since then, it has expanded to include rock and jazz in January 2005 and funk/soul, Latin, in January 2006 blues and non-music were added. On 30 June 2004, Discogs published a report, which included information about the number of its contributors and this report claimed that Discogs had 15,788 contributors and 260,789 releases. On 20 July 2007 a new system for sellers was introduced on the site called Market Price History. However, at the beginning of 2008, the Market Price History was also free of charge for all users. In late 2014, the company released two new beta websites, gearogs lets users add and track music equipment like synths, drum machines, and other electronic music making equipment. At the start of 2015, the company began another beta project — Bibliogs, users can submit information about their books, physical or electronic, different versions and editions, and also connect different credits to these books. 21,000 books were submitted by the end of 2016, the project remains in its beta phase. The license has since changed to a public domain one. Prior to the advent of this license and API, Discogs data was only accessible via the Discogs web sites HTML interface and was intended to be viewed only using web browsers, the HTML interface remains the only authorized way to modify Discogs data. On 7 June 2011 version 2 of the API was released, notable in this release was that a license key was no longer required, the default response was changed from XML to JSON, and the 5000 queries per day limit was removed. On 1 November 2011 a major update to version 2 of the API was released and this new release dropped support for XML, data is always returned in JSON format, however the monthly data dumps of new data are only provided in XML format. Additionally the Premium API service was dropped, on 24 June 2014 Discogs deprecated their XML API in lieu of a JSON-formatted API
43.
Joy of a Toy
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Joy of a Toy is the debut solo album of Kevin Ayers, a founding member of Soft Machine. Its whimsical and unique vision is an indication of how Soft Machine might have progressed under Ayers tenure. He is accompanied on the LP by his Soft Machine colleagues Robert Wyatt, Mike Ratledge, after a Soft Machine tour of the USA with the Jimi Hendrix Experience, Ayers had decided to retire from the music business. Hendrix however, presented Ayers with an acoustic Gibson J-200 guitar on the promise that he continue his songwriting. Joy features many of Ayers most enduring songs from The Lady Rachel to Girl on a Swing, for the recording of Syd Barretts first solo album—The Madcap Laughs—Soft Machine was brought in to do overdubs for a few of Barretts tracks. A third guitar is present on track, most noticeably at 0, 54-1,03,1, 37-1,42 and 2. Kevin Ayers by Richard Williams Joy of a Toy liner notes by Mark Powell Joy of a Toy liner notes by Martin Wakeling Joy of a Toy - Best Albums of All Time by Peter Paphides
